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Nagel R, Pohle K, Jordán L, Tuponja I, Stainfield C, Toscani C, Fox-Clarke C, Costantini D, Czirják GÁ, Forcada J, Hoffman JI. Life-history stage influences immune investment and oxidative stress in response to environmental heterogeneity in Antarctic fur seals. Commun Biol 2024; 7:788. [PMID: 38951600 PMCID: PMC11217341 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune defenses are crucial for survival but costly to develop and maintain. Increased immune investment is therefore hypothesized to trade-off with other life-history traits. Here, we examined innate and adaptive immune responses to environmental heterogeneity in wild Antarctic fur seals. In a fully crossed, repeated measures design, we sampled 100 pups and their mothers from colonies of contrasting density during seasons of contrasting food availability. Biometric and cortisol data as well as blood for the analysis of 13 immune and oxidative status markers were collected at two key life-history stages. We show that immune responses of pups are more responsive than adults to variation in food availability, but not population density, and are modulated by cortisol and condition. Immune investment is associated with different oxidative status markers in pups and mothers. Our results suggest that early life stages show greater sensitivity to extrinsic and intrinsic effectors, and that immunity may be a strong target for natural selection even in low-pathogen environments such as Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nagel
- Department of Evolutionary Population Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK.
| | - Katja Pohle
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilla Jordán
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iva Tuponja
- Department of Evolutionary Population Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claire Stainfield
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
- Scotland's Rural College, Craibstone Estate, Ferguson Building, Aberdeen, AB21 9YA, UK
| | - Camille Toscani
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
| | - Cameron Fox-Clarke
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
| | - David Costantini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jaume Forcada
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Evolutionary Population Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OET, UK
- Center for Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment, Bielefeld University and University of Münster, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
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Selleghin-Veiga G, Magpali L, Picorelli A, Silva FA, Ramos E, Nery MF. Breathing Air and Living Underwater: Molecular Evolution of Genes Related to Antioxidant Response in Cetaceans and Pinnipeds. J Mol Evol 2024; 92:300-316. [PMID: 38735005 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-024-10170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cetaceans and pinnipeds are lineages of mammals that have independently returned to the aquatic environment, acquiring varying degrees of dependence on it while sharing adaptations for underwater living. Here, we focused on one critical adaptation from both groups, their ability to withstand the ischemia and reperfusion experienced during apnea diving, which can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative damage. Previous studies have shown that cetaceans and pinnipeds possess efficient antioxidant enzymes that protect against ROS. In this study, we investigated the molecular evolution of key antioxidant enzyme genes (CAT, GPX3, GSR, PRDX1, PRDX3, and SOD1) and the ROS-producing gene XDH, in cetaceans and pinnipeds lineages. We used the ratio of non-synonymous (dN) to synonymous (dS) substitutions as a measure to identify signatures of adaptive molecular evolution in these genes within and between the two lineages. Additionally, we performed protein modeling and variant impact analyzes to assess the functional consequences of observed mutations. Our findings revealed distinct selective regimes between aquatic and terrestrial mammals in five of the examined genes, including divergences within cetacean and pinniped lineages, between ancestral and recent lineages and between crowns groups. We identified specific sites under positive selection unique to Cetacea and Pinnipedia, with one site showing evidence of convergent evolution in species known for their long and deep-diving capacities. Notably, many sites under adaptive selection exhibited radical changes in amino acid properties, with some being damaging mutations in human variations, but with no apparent detrimental impacts on aquatic mammals. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the adaptive changes that have occurred in the antioxidant systems of aquatic mammals throughout their evolutionary history. We observed both distinctive features within each group of Cetacea and Pinnipedia and instances of convergence. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of the antioxidant system in response to challenges of the aquatic environment and provide a foundation for further investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Selleghin-Veiga
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Magpali
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Agnello Picorelli
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Silva
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elisa Ramos
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Zoological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariana F Nery
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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Allen KN, Torres-Velarde JM, Vazquez JM, Moreno-Santillán DD, Sudmant PH, Vázquez-Medina JP. Hypoxia exposure blunts angiogenic signaling and upregulates the antioxidant system in endothelial cells derived from elephant seals. BMC Biol 2024; 22:91. [PMID: 38654271 PMCID: PMC11040891 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elephant seals exhibit extreme hypoxemic tolerance derived from repetitive hypoxia/reoxygenation episodes they experience during diving bouts. Real-time assessment of the molecular changes underlying protection against hypoxic injury in seals remains restricted by their at-sea inaccessibility. Hence, we developed a proliferative arterial endothelial cell culture model from elephant seals and used RNA-seq, functional assays, and confocal microscopy to assess the molecular response to prolonged hypoxia. RESULTS Seal and human endothelial cells exposed to 1% O2 for up to 6 h respond differently to acute and prolonged hypoxia. Seal cells decouple stabilization of the hypoxia-sensitive transcriptional regulator HIF-1α from angiogenic signaling. Rapid upregulation of genes involved in glutathione (GSH) metabolism supports the maintenance of GSH pools, and intracellular succinate increases in seal but not human cells. High maximal and spare respiratory capacity in seal cells after hypoxia exposure occurs in concert with increasing mitochondrial branch length and independent from major changes in extracellular acidification rate, suggesting that seal cells recover oxidative metabolism without significant glycolytic dependency after hypoxia exposure. CONCLUSIONS We found that the glutathione antioxidant system is upregulated in seal endothelial cells during hypoxia, while this system remains static in comparable human cells. Furthermore, we found that in contrast to human cells, hypoxia exposure rapidly activates HIF-1 in seal cells, but this response is decoupled from the canonical angiogenesis pathway. These results highlight the unique mechanisms that confer extraordinary tolerance to limited oxygen availability in a champion diving mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin N Allen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Juan Manuel Vazquez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Peter H Sudmant
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Allen KN, Torres-Velarde JM, Vazquez JM, Moreno-Santillan DD, Sudmant PH, Vázquez-Medina JP. Hypoxia blunts angiogenic signaling and upregulates the antioxidant system in elephant seal endothelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.01.547248. [PMID: 37461722 PMCID: PMC10350019 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.01.547248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Elephant seals experience extreme hypoxemia during diving bouts. Similar depletions in oxygen availability characterize pathologies including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke in humans, but seals manage these repeated episodes without injury. However, the real-time assessment of the molecular changes underlying protection against hypoxic injury in seals remains restricted by their at-sea inaccessibility. Hence, we developed a proliferative arterial endothelial cell culture system to assess the molecular response to prolonged hypoxia. Seal and human cells exposed to 1% O 2 for up to 6 h demonstrated differential responses to both acute and prolonged hypoxia. Seal cells decouple stabilization of the hypoxia-sensitive transcriptional regulator HIF-1α from angiogenic signaling at both the transcriptional and cellular level. Rapid upregulation of genes involved in the glutathione (GSH) metabolism pathway supported maintenance of GSH pools and increases in intracellular succinate in seal but not human cells during hypoxia exposure. High maximal and spare respiratory capacity in seal cells after hypoxia exposure occurred in concert with increasing mitochondrial branch length and independent from major changes in extracellular acidification rate, suggesting seal cells recover oxidative metabolism without significant glycolytic dependency after hypoxia exposure. In sum, our studies show that in contrast to human cells, seal cells adapt to hypoxia exposure by dampening angiogenic signaling, increasing antioxidant protection, and maintaining mitochondrial morphological integrity and function.
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Martens GA, Folkow LP, Burmester T, Geßner C. Elevated antioxidant defence in the brain of deep-diving pinnipeds. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1064476. [PMID: 36589435 PMCID: PMC9800987 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1064476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While foraging, marine mammals undertake repetitive diving bouts. When the animal surfaces, reperfusion makes oxygen readily available for the electron transport chain, which leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species and risk of oxidative damage. In blood and several tissues, such as heart, lung, muscle and kidney, marine mammals generally exhibit an elevated antioxidant defence. However, the brain, whose functional integrity is critical to survival, has received little attention. We previously observed an enhanced expression of several antioxidant genes in cortical neurons of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata). Here, we studied antioxidant gene expression and enzymatic activity in the visual cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) and hooded seals. Moreover, we tested several genes for positive selection. We found that antioxidants in the first line of defence, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione (GSH) were constitutively enhanced in the seal brain compared to mice (Mus musculus), whereas the glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems were not. Possibly, the activity of the latter systems is stress-induced rather than constitutively elevated. Further, some, but not all members, of the glutathione-s-transferase (GST) family appear more highly expressed. We found no signatures of positive selection, indicating that sequence and function of the studied antioxidants are conserved in pinnipeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit A. Martens
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars P. Folkow
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thorsten Burmester
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Geßner
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Cornelia Geßner,
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Indicators of oxidative stress in leukocytes isolated from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in response to a proinflammatory challenge. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Piotrowski ER, Tift MS, Crocker DE, Pearson AB, Vázquez-Medina JP, Keith AD, Khudyakov JI. Ontogeny of Carbon Monoxide-Related Gene Expression in a Deep-Diving Marine Mammal. Front Physiol 2021; 12:762102. [PMID: 34744798 PMCID: PMC8567018 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.762102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals such as northern elephant seals (NES) routinely experience hypoxemia and ischemia-reperfusion events to many tissues during deep dives with no apparent adverse effects. Adaptations to diving include increased antioxidants and elevated oxygen storage capacity associated with high hemoprotein content in blood and muscle. The natural turnover of heme by heme oxygenase enzymes (encoded by HMOX1 and HMOX2) produces endogenous carbon monoxide (CO), which is present at high levels in NES blood and has been shown to have cytoprotective effects in laboratory systems exposed to hypoxia. To understand how pathways associated with endogenous CO production and signaling change across ontogeny in diving mammals, we measured muscle CO and baseline expression of 17 CO-related genes in skeletal muscle and whole blood of three age classes of NES. Muscle CO levels approached those of animals exposed to high exogenous CO, increased with age, and were significantly correlated with gene expression levels. Muscle expression of genes associated with CO production and antioxidant defenses (HMOX1, BVR, GPX3, PRDX1) increased with age and was highest in adult females, while that of genes associated with protection from lipid peroxidation (GPX4, PRDX6, PRDX1, SIRT1) was highest in adult males. In contrast, muscle expression of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators (PGC1A, ESRRA, ESRRG) was highest in pups, while genes associated with inflammation (HMOX2, NRF2, IL1B) did not vary with age or sex. Blood expression of genes involved in regulation of inflammation (IL1B, NRF2, BVR, IL10) was highest in pups, while HMOX1, HMOX2 and pro-inflammatory markers (TLR4, CCL4, PRDX1, TNFA) did not vary with age. We propose that ontogenetic upregulation of baseline HMOX1 expression in skeletal muscle of NES may, in part, underlie increases in CO levels and expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. HMOX2, in turn, may play a role in regulating inflammation related to ischemia and reperfusion in muscle and circulating immune cells. Our data suggest putative ontogenetic mechanisms that may enable phocid pups to transition to a deep-diving lifestyle, including high baseline expression of genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and immune system activation during postnatal development and increased expression of genes associated with protection from lipid peroxidation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Tift
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - Daniel E. Crocker
- Biology Department, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, United States
| | - Anna B. Pearson
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, United States
| | - José P. Vázquez-Medina
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Anna D. Keith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Jane I. Khudyakov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
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Ensminger DC, Salvador-Pascual A, Arango BG, Allen KN, Vázquez-Medina JP. Fasting ameliorates oxidative stress: A review of physiological strategies across life history events in wild vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 256:110929. [PMID: 33647461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fasting is a component of many species' life history due to environmental factors or behavioral patterns that limit access to food. Despite metabolic and physiological challenges associated with these life history stages, fasting-adapted wild vertebrates exhibit few if any signs of oxidative stress, suggesting that fasting promotes redox homeostasis. Here we review mammalian, avian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine examples of animals undergoing fasting during prolonged metabolic suppression (e.g. hibernation and estivation) or energetically demanding processes (e.g. migration and breeding) to better understand the mechanisms underlying fasting tolerance in wild vertebrates. These studies largely show beneficial effects of fasting on redox balance via limited oxidative damage. Though some species exhibit signs of oxidative stress due to energetically or metabolically extreme processes, fasting wild vertebrates largely buffer themselves from the negative consequences of oxidative damage through specific strategies such as elevating antioxidants, selectively maintaining redox balance in critical tissues, or modifying behavioral patterns. We conclude with suggestions for future research to better elucidate the protective effects of fasting on oxidative stress as well as disentangle the impacts from other life history stages. Further research in these areas will facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms wild vertebrates use to mitigate the negative impacts associated with metabolically-extreme life history stages as well as potential translation into therapeutic interventions in non-fasting-adapted species including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ensminger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - B Gabriela Arango
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Kaitlin N Allen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Weitzner EL, Fanter CE, Hindle AG. Pinniped Ontogeny as a Window into the Comparative Physiology and Genomics of Hypoxia Tolerance. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1414-1424. [PMID: 32559283 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diving physiology has received considerable scientific attention as it is a central element of the extreme phenotype of marine mammals. Many scientific discoveries have illuminated physiological mechanisms supporting diving, such as massive, internally bound oxygen stores and dramatic cardiovascular regulation. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that support the diving phenotype remain mostly unexplored as logistic and legal restrictions limit the extent of scientific manipulation possible. With next-generation sequencing (NGS) tools becoming more widespread and cost-effective, there are new opportunities to explore the diving phenotype. Genomic investigations come with their own challenges, particularly those including cross-species comparisons. Studying the regulatory pathways that underlie diving mammal ontogeny could provide a window into the comparative physiology of hypoxia tolerance. Specifically, in pinnipeds, which shift from terrestrial pups to elite diving adults, there is potential to characterize the transcriptional, epigenetic, and posttranslational differences between contrasting phenotypes while leveraging a common genome. Here we review the current literature detailing the maturation of the diving phenotype in pinnipeds, which has primarily been explored via biomarkers of metabolic capability including antioxidants, muscle fiber typing, and key aerobic and anaerobic metabolic enzymes. We also discuss how NGS tools have been leveraged to study phenotypic shifts within species through ontogeny, and how this approach may be applied to investigate the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that develop as pups become elite diving adults. We conclude with a specific example of the Antarctic Weddell seal by overlapping protein biomarkers with gene regulatory microRNA datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Weitzner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Cornelia E Fanter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Antonova EP, Ilyukha VA, Kizhina AG, Uzenbaeva LB, Khizhkin EA, Kalinina SN, Baishnikova IV, Pechorina EF. Age-Related and Seasonal Changes in Muscle Antioxidant Defense and Erythrocyte Morphometric Parameters of a Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302005004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Allen KN, Vázquez-Medina JP. Natural Tolerance to Ischemia and Hypoxemia in Diving Mammals: A Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1199. [PMID: 31620019 PMCID: PMC6763568 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury follows ischemia/reperfusion events occurring during myocardial infarction, stroke, embolism, and other peripheral vascular diseases. Decreased blood flow and reduced oxygen tension during ischemic episodes activate cellular pathways that upregulate pro-inflammatory signaling and promote oxidant generation. Reperfusion after ischemia recruits inflammatory cells to the vascular wall, further exacerbating oxidant production and ultimately resulting in cell death, tissue injury, and organ dysfunction. Diving mammals tolerate repetitive episodes of peripheral ischemia/reperfusion as part of the cardiovascular adjustments supporting long duration dives. These adjustments allow marine mammals to optimize the use of their body oxygen stores while diving but can result in selectively reduced perfusion to peripheral tissues. Remarkably, diving mammals show no apparent detrimental effects associated with these ischemia/reperfusion events. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the strategies marine mammals use to suppress inflammation and cope with oxidant generation potentially derived from diving-induced ischemia/reperfusion.
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Allen KN, Vázquez-Medina JP, Lawler JM, Mellish JAE, Horning M, Hindle AG. Muscular apoptosis but not oxidative stress increases with old age in a long-lived diver, the Weddell seal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.200246. [PMID: 31171605 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Seals experience repeated bouts of ischemia-reperfusion while diving, potentially exposing their tissues to increased oxidant generation and thus oxidative damage and accelerated aging. We contrasted markers of oxidative damage with antioxidant profiles across age and sex for propulsive (longissismus dorsi) and maneuvering (pectoralis) muscles of Weddell seals to determine whether previously observed morphological senescence is associated with oxidative stress. In longissismus dorsi, old (age 17-26 years) seals exhibited a nearly 2-fold increase in apoptosis over young (age 9-16 years) seals. There was no evidence of age-associated changes in lipid peroxidation or enzymatic antioxidant profiles. In pectoralis, 4-hydroxynonenal-Lys (4-HNE-Lys) levels increased 1.5-fold in old versus young seals, but lipid hydroperoxide levels and apoptotic index did not vary with age. Glutathione peroxidase activity was 1.5-fold higher in pectoralis of old versus young animals, but no other antioxidants changed with age in this muscle. With respect to sex, no differences in lipid hydroperoxides or apoptosis were observed in either muscle. Males had higher HSP70 expression (1.4-fold) and glutathione peroxidase activity (1.3-fold) than females in longissismus dorsi, although glutathione reductase activity was 1.4-fold higher in females. No antioxidants varied with sex in pectoralis. These results show that apoptosis is not associated with oxidative stress in aged Weddell seal muscles. Additionally, the data suggest that adult seals utilize sex-specific antioxidant strategies in longissismus dorsi but not pectoralis to protect skeletal muscles from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin N Allen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - José Pablo Vázquez-Medina
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John M Lawler
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Jo-Ann E Mellish
- School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Markus Horning
- Alaska SeaLife Center, 301 Railway Avenue, Seward, AK 99664, USA.,Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, 2030 Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Allyson G Hindle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Wang C, Zhou YL, Zhu QH, Zhou ZK, Gu WB, Liu ZP, Wang LZ, Shu MA. Effects of heat stress on the liver of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus: Histopathological changes and expression characterization of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathway genes. J Therm Biol 2018; 76:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Il’ina TN, Ilyukha VA, Baishnikova IV, Belkin VV, Sergina SN, Antonova EP. Antioxidant defense system in tissues of semiaquatic mammals. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093017040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Costantini D, Casagrande S, Casasole G, AbdElgawad H, Asard H, Pinxten R, Eens M. Immunization reduces vocal communication but does not increase oxidative stress in a songbird species. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Bennett KA, MacMillan IS, Hammill M, Currie S. HSP70 Abundance and Antioxidant Capacity in Feeding and Fasting Gray Seal Pups: Suckling Is Associated with Higher Levels of Key Cellular Defenses. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:663-76. [DOI: 10.1086/676935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Haptoglobin is required to prevent oxidative stress and muscle atrophy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100745. [PMID: 24959824 PMCID: PMC4069100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress (OS) plays a major role on tissue function. Several catabolic or stress conditions exacerbate OS, inducing organ deterioration. Haptoglobin (Hp) is a circulating acute phase protein, produced by liver and adipose tissue, and has an important anti-oxidant function. Hp is induced in pro-oxidative conditions such as systemic inflammation or obesity. The role of systemic factors that modulate oxidative stress inside muscle cells is still poorly investigated. RESULTS We used Hp knockout mice (Hp-/-) to determine the role of this protein and therefore, of systemic OS in maintenance of muscle mass and function. Absence of Hp caused muscle atrophy and weakness due to activation of an atrophy program. When animals were stressed by acute exercise or by high fat diet (HFD), OS, muscle atrophy and force drop were exacerbated in Hp-/-. Depending from the stress condition, autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome systems were differently induced. CONCLUSIONS Hp is required to prevent OS and the activation of pathways leading to muscle atrophy and weakness in normal condition and upon metabolic challenges.
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Jenni-Eiermann S, Jenni L, Smith S, Costantini D. Oxidative stress in endurance flight: an unconsidered factor in bird migration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97650. [PMID: 24830743 PMCID: PMC4022615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Migrating birds perform extraordinary endurance flights, up to 200 h non-stop, at a very high metabolic rate and while fasting. Such an intense and prolonged physical activity is normally associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and thus increased risk of oxidative stress. However, up to now it was unknown whether endurance flight evokes oxidative stress. We measured a marker of oxidative damage (protein carbonyls, PCs) and a marker of enzymatic antioxidant capacity (glutathione peroxidase, GPx) in the European robin (Erithacus rubecula), a nocturnal migrant, on its way to the non-breeding grounds. Both markers were significantly higher in European robins caught out of their nocturnal flight than in conspecifics caught during the day while resting. Independently of time of day, both markers showed higher concentrations in individuals with reduced flight muscles. Adults had higher GPx concentrations than first-year birds on their first migration. These results show for the first time that free-flying migrants experience oxidative stress during endurance flight and up-regulate one component of antioxidant capacity. We discuss that avoiding oxidative stress may be an overlooked factor shaping bird migration strategies, e.g. by disfavouring long non-stop flights and an extensive catabolism of the flight muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Jenni
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Shona Smith
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Costantini
- Institute for Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Bilham K, Sin YW, Newman C, Buesching CD, Macdonald DW. An example of life history antecedence in the European badger (Meles meles): rapid development of juvenile antioxidant capacity, from plasma vitamin E analogue. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2013.767861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vázquez-Medina JP, Soñanez-Organis JG, Rodriguez R, Viscarra JA, Nishiyama A, Crocker DE, Ortiz RM. Prolonged fasting activates Nrf2 in post-weaned elephant seals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:2870-8. [PMID: 23619404 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.081927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elephant seals naturally experience prolonged periods of absolute food and water deprivation (fasting). In humans, rats and mice, prolonged food deprivation activates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and increases oxidative damage. In elephant seals, prolonged fasting activates RAS without increasing oxidative damage likely due to an increase in antioxidant defenses. The mechanism leading to the upregulation of antioxidant defenses during prolonged fasting remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated whether prolonged fasting activates the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2, which controls the expression of antioxidant genes, and if such activation is potentially mediated by systemic increases in RAS. Blood and skeletal muscle samples were collected from seals fasting for 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks. Nrf2 activity and nuclear content increased by 76% and 167% at week 7. Plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) were 5000% and 250% higher at week 7 than at week 1. Phosphorylation of Smad2, an effector of Ang II and TGF signaling, increased by 120% at week 7 and by 84% in response to intravenously infused Ang II. NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) mRNA expression, which is controlled by smad proteins, increased 430% at week 7, while Nox4 protein expression, which can activate Nrf2, was 170% higher at week 7 than at week 1. These results demonstrate that prolonged fasting activates Nrf2 in elephant seals and that RAS stimulation can potentially result in increased Nox4 through Smad phosphorylation. The results also suggest that Nox4 is essential to sustain the hormetic adaptive response to oxidative stress in fasting seals.
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Soñanez-Organis JG, Vázquez-Medina JP, Zenteno-Savín T, Aguilar A, Crocker DE, Ortiz RM. Prolonged fasting increases purine recycling in post-weaned northern elephant seals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:1448-55. [PMID: 22496280 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.067173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Northern elephant seals are naturally adapted to prolonged periods (1-2 months) of absolute food and water deprivation (fasting). In terrestrial mammals, food deprivation stimulates ATP degradation and decreases ATP synthesis, resulting in the accumulation of purines (ATP degradation byproducts). Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) salvages ATP by recycling the purine degradation products derived from xanthine oxidase (XO) metabolism, which also promotes oxidant production. The contributions of HGPRT to purine recycling during prolonged food deprivation in marine mammals are not well defined. In the present study we cloned and characterized the complete and partial cDNA sequences that encode for HGPRT and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) in northern elephant seals. We also measured XO protein expression and circulating activity, along with xanthine and hypoxanthine plasma content in fasting northern elephant seal pups. Blood, adipose and muscle tissue samples were collected from animals after 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks of their natural post-weaning fast. The complete HGPRT and partial XOR cDNA sequences are 771 and 345 bp long and encode proteins of 218 and 115 amino acids, respectively, with conserved domains important for their function and regulation. XOR mRNA and XO protein expression increased 3-fold and 1.7-fold with fasting, respectively, whereas HGPRT mRNA (4-fold) and protein (2-fold) expression increased after 7 weeks in adipose tissue and muscle. Plasma xanthine (3-fold) and hypoxanthine (2.5-fold) levels, and XO (1.7- to 20-fold) and HGPRT (1.5- to 1.7-fold) activities increased during the last 2 weeks of fasting. Results suggest that prolonged fasting in elephant seal pups is associated with increased capacity to recycle purines, which may contribute to ameliorating oxidant production and enhancing the supply of ATP, both of which would be beneficial during prolonged food deprivation and appear to be adaptive in this species.
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Glutathione status and antioxidant enzymes in a crocodilian species from the swamps of the Brazilian Pantanal. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 163:189-98. [PMID: 22750313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study oxidative damage markers - lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation - were determined in organs of wild Caiman yacare captured in winter-2001 and summer-2002 at various developmental stages. An increase in oxidative damage occurred in the hatchling-juvenile transition (but not in the juvenile-adult transition) and winter-summer transition (in juveniles), suggesting that oxidative stress is associated with development and season. Herein the effect of development and season on glutathione (GSH) metabolism and the effect of development on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were analyzed. The ratio GSSG:GSH-eq increased in lung, liver, kidney and brain by 1.8- to 4-fold in the embryo/hatchling to juvenile transition. No changes occurred in juvenile-adult transition. GSSG:GSH-eq across seasons was significantly elevated in summer. Total-glutathione content was mostly stable in various organs; in liver it increased in the embryo-juvenile transition. Enzyme activities were only determined in summer-animals (embryos, hatchlings and juveniles). For most antioxidant enzymes, activities increased from embryo/hatchling to juvenile in liver and Kidney. In lung, there was an inverse trend for enzyme activities and total glutathione content. Thus, increased metabolic rates during early caiman growth - in embryo-juvenile transition - appears to be related to redox imbalance as suggested by increased GSSG:GSH-eq and activation of antioxidant defenses. Differences in oxidative stress across seasons were related with summer-winter nocturnal temperatures. These results, as a whole, were interpreted in the context of ecological biochemistry.
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Vázquez-Medina JP, Zenteno-Savín T, Tift MS, Forman HJ, Crocker DE, Ortiz RM. Apnea stimulates the adaptive response to oxidative stress in elephant seal pups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 214:4193-200. [PMID: 22116762 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.063644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Extended breath-hold (apnea) bouts are routine during diving and sleeping in seals. These apneas result in oxygen store depletion and blood flow redistribution towards obligatory oxygen-dependent tissues, exposing seals to critical levels of ischemia and hypoxemia. The subsequent reperfusion/reoxygenation has the potential to increase oxidant production and thus oxidative stress. The contributions of extended apnea to oxidative stress in adapted mammals are not well defined. To address the hypothesis that apnea in seals is not associated with increased oxidative damage, blood samples were collected from northern elephant seal pups (N=6) during eupnea, rest- and voluntary submersion-associated apneas, and post-apnea (recovery). Plasma 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), 8-isoprostanes (8-isoPGF(2α)), nitrotyrosine (NT), protein carbonyls, xanthine and hypoxanthine (HX) levels, along with xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, were measured. Protein content of XO, superoxide dismutase 1 (Cu,ZnSOD), catalase and myoglobin (Mb), as well as the nuclear content of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), were measured in muscle biopsies collected before and after the breath-hold trials. HNE, 8-iso PGF(2α), NT and protein carbonyl levels did not change among eupnea, apnea or recovery. XO activity and HX and xanthine concentrations were increased at the end of the apneas and during recovery. Muscle protein content of XO, CuZnSOD, catalase, Mb, HIF-1α and Nrf2 increased 25-70% after apnea. Results suggest that rather than inducing the damaging effects of hypoxemia and ischemia/reperfusion that have been reported in non-diving mammals, apnea in seals stimulates the oxidative stress and hypoxic hormetic responses, allowing these mammals to cope with the potentially detrimental effects associated with this condition.
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Vázquez-Medina JP, Zenteno-Savín T, Elsner R, Ortiz RM. Coping with physiological oxidative stress: a review of antioxidant strategies in seals. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 182:741-50. [PMID: 22327141 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While diving, seals are exposed to apnea-induced hypoxemia and repetitive cycles of ischemia/reperfusion. While on land, seals experience sleep apnea, as well as prolonged periods of food and water deprivation. Prolonged fasting, sleep apnea, hypoxemia and ischemia/reperfusion increase oxidant production and oxidative stress in terrestrial mammals. In seals, however, neither prolonged fasting nor apnea-induced hypoxemia or ischemia/reperfusion increase systemic or local oxidative damage. The strategies seals evolved to cope with increased oxidant production are reviewed in the present manuscript. Among these strategies, high antioxidant capacity and the oxidant-mediated activation of hormetic responses against hypoxia and oxidative stress are discussed. In addition to expanding our knowledge of the evolution of antioxidant defenses and adaptive responses to oxidative stress, understanding the mechanisms that naturally allow mammals to avoid oxidative damage has the potential to advance our knowledge of oxidative stress-induced pathologies and to enhance the translative value of biomedical therapies in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pablo Vázquez-Medina
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, 5200 N Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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