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Burggren W, Fahlman A, Milsom W. Breathing patterns and associated cardiovascular changes in intermittently breathing animals: (Partially) correcting a semantic quagmire. Exp Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38502538 DOI: 10.1113/ep091784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Many animal species do not breathe in a continuous, rhythmic fashion, but rather display a variety of breathing patterns characterized by prolonged periods between breaths (inter-breath intervals), during which the heart continues to beat. Examples of intermittent breathing abound across the animal kingdom, from crustaceans to cetaceans. With respect to human physiology, intermittent breathing-also termed 'periodic' or 'episodic' breathing-is associated with a variety of pathologies. Cardiovascular phenomena associated with intermittent breathing in diving species have been termed 'diving bradycardia', 'submersion bradycardia', 'immersion bradycardia', 'ventilation tachycardia', 'respiratory sinus arrhythmia' and so forth. An examination across the literature of terminology applied to these physiological phenomena indicates, unfortunately, no attempt at standardization. This might be viewed as an esoteric semantic problem except for the fact that many of the terms variously used by different authors carry with them implicit or explicit suggestions of underlying physiological mechanisms and even human-associated pathologies. In this article, we review several phenomena associated with diving and intermittent breathing, indicate the semantic issues arising from the use of each term, and make recommendations for best practice when applying specific terms to particular cardiorespiratory patterns. Ultimately, we emphasize that the biology-not the semantics-is what is important, but also stress that confusion surrounding underlying mechanisms can be avoided by more careful attention to terms describing physiological changes during intermittent breathing and diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Andreas Fahlman
- Fundación Oceanogràfic, Valencia, Spain
- Kolmården Wildlife Park, Kolmården, Sweden
- IFM, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - William Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Strain MM, Conley NJ, Kauffman LS, Espinoza L, Fedorchak S, Martinez PC, Crook ME, Jalil M, Hodes GE, Abbott SB, Güler AD, Campbell JN, Boychuk CR. Dorsal motor vagal neurons can elicit bradycardia and reduce anxiety-like behavior. iScience 2024; 27:109137. [PMID: 38420585 PMCID: PMC10901094 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovagal neurons (CVNs) innervate cardiac ganglia through the vagus nerve to control cardiac function. Although the cardioinhibitory role of CVNs in nucleus ambiguus (CVNNA) is well established, the nature and functionality of CVNs in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (CVNDMV) is less clear. We therefore aimed to characterize CVNDMV anatomically, physiologically, and functionally. Optogenetically activating cholinergic DMV neurons resulted in robust bradycardia through peripheral muscarinic (parasympathetic) and nicotinic (ganglionic) acetylcholine receptors, but not beta-1-adrenergic (sympathetic) receptors. Retrograde tracing from the cardiac fat pad labeled CVNNA and CVNDMV through the vagus nerve. Using whole-cell patch-clamp, CVNDMV demonstrated greater hyperexcitability and spontaneous action potential firing ex vivo despite similar resting membrane potentials, compared to CVNNA. Chemogenetically activating DMV also caused significant bradycardia with a correlated reduction in anxiety-like behavior. Thus, DMV contains uniquely hyperexcitable CVNs and is capable of cardioinhibition and robust anxiolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty M. Strain
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Lily S. Kauffman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Liliana Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie Fedorchak
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Maisie E. Crook
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maira Jalil
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Georgia E. Hodes
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Stephen B.G. Abbott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John N. Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Carie R. Boychuk
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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3
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Braga VHDS, Armelin VA, Noll IG, Florindo LH, Milsom WK. Cardiorespiratory reflexes in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus): Lack of cardiac baroreflex response to blood pressure manipulation? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 288:111554. [PMID: 37989399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Arterial pressure (Pa) regulation is essential to adequately distribute nutrients to metabolizing tissues, remove wastes and avoid lesions associated with hypertension. In vertebrates, short-term Pa regulation is achieved through the baroreflex, which elicits inversely proportional changes in heart rate (fH) and vascular resistance to restore Pa. The cardiac limb of this reflex has been reported in all vertebrate groups studied to date: teleosts, amphibians, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, birds and mammals - which led to the suggestion that the baroreflex is an ancient trait present in all vertebrate species. However, it is not clear whether more basal groups of vertebrates, such as cyclostomes, elasmobranchs and chondrosteans, manifest baroreflex regulation of fH. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus; Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) exhibits a cardiac baroreflex. To do so, we induced Pa perturbations through injections of phenylephrine, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and saline solution (hypervolemia), and examined possible fH baroreflex responses. We also investigated whether fH responses triggered by fright and chemoreflex were present in this species, in order to confirm the potential of sturgeon to perform reflexive cardiac adjustments. The findings indicate that A. transmontanus exhibits reflex bradycardia in response to fright and chemoreceptor stimulation, illustrating its capacity for short-term cardiac regulation. However, this species does not display baroreflex control of fH across its physiological range. This dissociation suggests that while the nervous and cardiovascular systems of A. transmontanus are primed for rapid reflex responses, a cardiac baroreflex mechanism remains absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil. https://twitter.com/b07855682
| | - Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Physiology, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão - Travessa 14 - N. 101, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Igor Guagnoni Noll
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Aquaculture Centre (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, n/n, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - William Kenneth Milsom
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia (UBC), 4200 - 6270 University Blvd, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, Canada
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4
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Cummins JB, Crossley DA. Cardiovascular physiology of embryonic neotropic cormorants (Phalacrocorax brasilianus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 287:111539. [PMID: 37884170 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular maturation in avian species has primarily been studied in precocial species of birds, with few studies conducted on altricial species, which make up the majority of avian species. In the precocial species of birds studied to date, cardiovascular regulation is derived primarily from an adrenergic receptor stimulation that is present from approximately 50% to 60% of incubation until hatching. Conversely, the cholinergic modulation of heart rate differs in its timing of activation, as it is reported to be present in some studies at 60% of incubation to as late as after hatching in others. This has led to the speculation that, although adrenergic stimulation is critical to cardiovascular homeostasis, cholinergic stimulation prior to hatching in birds is species-specific and therefore is not critical for cardiovascular homeostasis in embryonic birds. In this work, we conducted a series of studies on an altricial species, the neotropic cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus), to gain novel data regarding cardiovascular development in a largely unstudied group of birds. We investigated cholinergic and adrenergic receptor mediated control of both arterial blood pressure and heart rate. We predicted that, given the state of this altricial species at hatching, both cholinergic and adrenergic tone on the cardiovascular system would be functional in the embryo. Our findings indicate that cholinergic tone was present at 90% of incubation. However, there was a pronounced adrenergic tone on the cardiovascular system that was relatively greater than that reported in the other studies of avian embryos. Therefore, our findings support our prediction regarding the function of cholinergic tone and adrenergic tone prior to hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Cummins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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5
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Strain MM, Conley NJ, Kauffman LS, Espinoza L, Fedorchak S, Martinez PC, Crook ME, Jalil M, Hodes GE, Abbott SBG, Güler AD, Campbell JN, Boychuk CR. Dorsal Motor Vagal Neurons Can Elicit Bradycardia and Reduce Anxiety-Like Behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.566855. [PMID: 38014247 PMCID: PMC10680764 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.566855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovagal neurons (CVNs) innervate cardiac ganglia through the vagus nerve to control cardiac function. Although the cardioinhibitory role of CVNs in nucleus ambiguus (CVNNA) is well established, the nature and functionality of CVNs in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (CVNDMV) is less clear. We therefore aimed to characterize CVNDMV anatomically, physiologically, and functionally. Optogenetically activating cholinergic DMV neurons resulted in robust bradycardia through peripheral muscarinic (parasympathetic) and nicotinic (ganglionic) acetylcholine receptors, but not beta-1-adrenergic (sympathetic) receptors. Retrograde tracing from the cardiac fat pad labeled CVNNA and CVNDMV through the vagus nerve. Using whole cell patch clamp, CVNDMV demonstrated greater hyperexcitability and spontaneous action potential firing ex vivo despite similar resting membrane potentials, compared to CVNNA. Chemogenetically activating DMV also caused significant bradycardia with a correlated reduction in anxiety-like behavior. Thus, DMV contains uniquely hyperexcitable CVNs capable of cardioinhibition and robust anxiolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty M. Strain
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Lily S. Kauffman
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Liliana Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Stephanie Fedorchak
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - Maisie E. Crook
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Maira Jalil
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Georgia E. Hodes
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - John N. Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Carie R. Boychuk
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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6
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Cococcetta C, Coutant T, Phouratsamay A, Zoller G, Bagur S, Huynh M. Effect of Hooding on Physiological Parameters During Manual Restraint in Rhode Island Red Hybrid Hens ( Gallus gallus domesticus). J Avian Med Surg 2023; 37:155-164. [PMID: 37733454 DOI: 10.1647/21-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Manual handling of chickens is required for many veterinary, research, and breeding procedures. This study aimed to assess the changes in physiological parameters over time during manual restraint of chickens, as well as the effect of hooding on these parameters. Heart rate, heart rate variability, respiratory rate, and body temperature were measured every 3 minutes for 15 minutes during manual restraint in 13 adult laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Heart rate variability was significantly higher in hooded hens than in nonhooded hens (P= 0.003) but was not significant over time. Hooded hens were also found to have significantly lower heart rate (P = 0.043) and respiratory rate (P = 0.042) compared to nonhooded hens. Heart rate and respiratory rate significantly decreased over time, independent of the use of the hood (P = 0.008; P = 0.01, respectively). Temperature was found to increase significantly (P = 0.001) over time for both groups. Overall, hooding increased heart rate variability, a factor associated with a lower stress level, and decreased heart rate and respiratory rate. In conclusion, these data suggest that the use of the hood reduces stress levels in birds during manual restraint. Therefore, the use of the hood is encouraged for short (less than 15 minutes) painless procedures, such as physical examination or radiographic acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Cococcetta
- Service des Nouveaux Animaux de Compagnie, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, 94110 Arcueil, France,
| | - Thomas Coutant
- Service des Nouveaux Animaux de Compagnie, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, 94110 Arcueil, France
| | - Albert Phouratsamay
- Service des Nouveaux Animaux de Compagnie, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, 94110 Arcueil, France
| | - Graham Zoller
- Unité des Nouveaux Animaux de Compagnie, Clinique Vétérinaire Only Vet, 69800 Saint-Priest, France
| | - Sophie Bagur
- Institut de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Minh Huynh
- Service des Nouveaux Animaux de Compagnie, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, 94110 Arcueil, France
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7
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Grossman P. FUNDAMENTAL CHALLENGES AND LIKELY REFUTATIONS OF THE FIVE BASIC PREMISES OF THE POLYVAGAL THEORY. Biol Psychol 2023:108589. [PMID: 37230290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The polyvagal collection of hypotheses is based upon five essential premises, as stated by its author (Porges, 2011). Polyvagal conjectures rest on a primary assumption that the brainstem ventral and dorsal regions in mammals each have their own unique mediating effects upon vagal control of heart rate. The polyvagal hypotheses link these putative dorsal- vs. ventral-vagal differences to socioemotional behavior (e.g. defensive immobilization, and social affiliative behaviors, respectively), as well as to trends in the evolution of the vagus nerve (e.g. Porges, 2011 & 2021a). Additionally, it is essential to note that only one measurable phenomenon-as index of vagal processes-serves as the linchpin for virtually every premise. That phenomenon is respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), heart-rate changes coordinated to phase of respiration (i.e. inspiration vs. expiration), often employed as an index of vagally, or parasympathetically, mediated control of heart rate. The polyvagal hypotheses assume that RSA is a mammalian phenomenon, since Porges (2011) states "RSA has not been observed in reptiles." I will here briefly document how each of these basic premises have been shown to be either untenable or highly implausible based on the available scientific literature. I will also argue that the polyvagal reliance upon RSA as equivalent to general vagal tone or even cardiac vagal tone is conceptually a category mistake (Ryle, 1949), confusing an approximate index (i.e. RSA) of a phenomenon (some general vagal process) with the phenomenon, itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grossman
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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8
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Gee MM, Lenhoff AM, Schwaber JS, Ogunnaike BA, Vadigepalli R. Closed-loop modeling of central and intrinsic cardiac nervous system circuits underlying cardiovascular control. AIChE J 2023; 69:e18033. [PMID: 37250861 PMCID: PMC10211393 DOI: 10.1002/aic.18033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The baroreflex is a multi-input, multi-output control physiological system that regulates blood pressure by modulating nerve activity between the brainstem and the heart. Existing computational models of the baroreflex do not explictly incorporate the intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICN), which mediates central control of the heart function. We developed a computational model of closed-loop cardiovascular control by integrating a network representation of the ICN within central control reflex circuits. We examined central and local contributions to the control of heart rate, ventricular functions, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Our simulations match the experimentally observed relationship between RSA and lung tidal volume. Our simulations predicted the relative contributions of the sensory and the motor neuron pathways to the experimentally observed changes in the heart rate. Our closed-loop cardiovascular control model is primed for evaluating bioelectronic interventions to treat heart failure and renormalize cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Gee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Daniel Baugh Institute of Functional Genomics/Computational Biology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Abraham M Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - James S Schwaber
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Daniel Baugh Institute of Functional Genomics/Computational Biology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Babatunde A Ogunnaike
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Daniel Baugh Institute of Functional Genomics/Computational Biology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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9
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Neuhuber WL, Berthoud HR. Functional anatomy of the vagus system: How does the polyvagal theory comply? Biol Psychol 2022; 174:108425. [PMID: 36100134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to its pivotal role in autonomic networks and interoception, the vagus attracts continued interest from both basic scientists and therapists of various clinical disciplines. In particular, the widespread use of heart rate variability as an index of autonomic cardiac control and a proposed central role of the vagus in biopsychological concepts, e.g., the polyvagal theory, provide a good opportunity to recall basic features of vagal anatomy. In addition to the "classical" vagal brainstem nuclei, i.e., dorsal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and nucleus tractus solitarii, the spinal trigeminal and paratrigeminal nuclei come into play as targets of vagal afferents. On the other hand, the nucleus of the solitary tract receives and integrates not only visceral but also somatic afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried L Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Krankenhausstrasse 9, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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10
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Tavares D, da Silva Matos SLB, Duran LM, Castro SA, Taylor EW, Filogonio R, Fernandes MN, Leite CA. Baroreflex responses of decerebrate rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus) are comparable to awake animals. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 273:111286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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An overview of the phylogeny of cardiorespiratory control in vertebrates with some reflections on the 'Polyvagal Theory'. Biol Psychol 2022; 172:108382. [PMID: 35777519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammals show clear changes in heart rate linked to lung ventilation, characterized as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). These changes are controlled in part by variations in the level of inhibitory control exerted on the heart by the parasympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system (PNS). This originates from preganglionic neurons in the nucleus ambiguous that supply phasic, respiration-related activity to the cardiac branch of the vagus nerve, via myelinated, efferent fibres with rapid conduction velocities. An elaboration of these central mechanisms, under the control of a 'vagal system' has been endowed by psychologists with multiple functions concerned with 'social engagement' in mammals and, in particular, humans. Long-term study of cardiorespiratory interactions (CRI) in other major groups of vertebrates has established that they all show both tonic and phasic control of heart rate, imposed by the PNS. This derives centrally from neurones located in variously distributed nuclei, supplying the heart via fast-conducting, myelinated, efferent fibres. Water-breathing vertebrates, which include fishes and larval amphibians, typically show direct, 1:1 CRI between heart beats and gill ventilation, controlled from the dorsal vagal motor nucleus. In air-breathing, ectothermic vertebrates, including reptiles, amphibians and lungfish, CRI mirroring RSA have been shown to improve oxygen uptake during phasic ventilation by changes in perfusion of their respiratory organs, due to shunting of blood over across their undivided hearts. This system may constitute the evolutionary basis of that generating RSA in mammals, which now lacks a major physiological role in respiratory gas exchange, due to their completely divided systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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12
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Coverdell TC, Abraham-Fan RJ, Wu C, Abbott SBG, Campbell JN. Genetic encoding of an esophageal motor circuit. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110962. [PMID: 35705034 PMCID: PMC9255432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control of the striated esophagus originates in the nucleus ambiguus (nAmb), a vagal motor nucleus that also contains upper airway motor neurons and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons for the heart and lungs. We disambiguate nAmb neurons based on their genome-wide expression profiles, efferent circuitry, and ability to control esophageal muscles. Our single-cell RNA sequencing analysis predicts three molecularly distinct nAmb neuron subtypes and annotates them by subtype-specific marker genes: Crhr2, Vipr2, and Adcyap1. Mapping the axon projections of the nAmb neuron subtypes reveals that Crhr2nAmb neurons innervate the esophagus, raising the possibility that they control esophageal muscle function. Accordingly, focal optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic Crhr2+ fibers in the esophagus results in contractions. Activating Crhr2nAmb neurons has no effect on heart rate, a key parasympathetic function of the nAmb, whereas activating all of the nAmb neurons robustly suppresses heart rate. Together, these results reveal a genetically defined circuit for motor control of the esophagus. Primary motor neurons for the esophagus reside in the nucleus ambiguus (nAmb) of the hindbrain, but little is known about their molecular identity. Coverdell et al. find that the nAmb comprises three molecularly and anatomically distinct neuron subtypes, one of which selectively innervates and can contract esophageal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana C Coverdell
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | | | - Chen Wu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen B G Abbott
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - John N Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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13
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Joyce W, Wang T. Regulation of heart rate in vertebrates during hypoxia: A comparative overview. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13779. [PMID: 34995393 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to low oxygen (hypoxia) places conflicting demands on the heart. Whilst an increase in heart rate (tachycardia) may compensate systemic oxygen delivery as arterial oxygenation falls, the heart itself is an energetically expensive organ that may benefit from slowing (bradycardia) to reduce work when oxygen is limited. Both strategies are apparent in vertebrates, with tetrapods (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) classically exhibiting hypoxic tachycardia and fishes displaying characteristic hypoxic bradycardia. With a richer understanding of the ontogeny and evolution of the responses, however, we see similarities in the underlying mechanisms between vertebrate groups. For example, in adult mammals, primary bradycardia results from the hypoxic stimulation of carotid body chemoreceptors that are overwhelmed by mechano-sensory feedback from the lung associated with hyperpnoea. Fish-like bradycardia prevails in the mammalian foetus (which, at this stage, is incapable of pulmonary ventilation), and in fish and foetus alike, the bradycardia ensues despite an elevation of circulating catecholamines. In both cases, the reduced heart rate may primarily serve to protect the heart. Thus, the comparative perspective offers fundamental insight into how and why different vertebrates regulate heart rate in different ways during periods of hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology—Zoophysiology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology—Zoophysiology Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark
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14
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Boukens BJD, Joyce W, Kristensen DL, Hooijkaas I, Jongejan A, Wang T, Jensen B. Catecholamines are key modulators of ventricular repolarization patterns in the ball python (Python regius). J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:212914. [PMID: 34910097 PMCID: PMC8679508 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202012761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectothermic vertebrates experience daily changes in body temperature, and anecdotal observations suggest these changes affect ventricular repolarization such that the T-wave in the ECG changes polarity. Mammals, in contrast, can maintain stable body temperatures, and their ventricular repolarization is strongly modulated by changes in heart rate and by sympathetic nervous system activity. The aim of this study was to assess the role of body temperature, heart rate, and circulating catecholamines on local repolarization gradients in the ectothermic ball python (Python regius). We recorded body-surface electrocardiograms and performed open-chest high-resolution epicardial mapping while increasing body temperature in five pythons, in all of which there was a change in T-wave polarity. However, the vector of repolarization differed between individuals, and only a subset of leads revealed T-wave polarity change. RNA sequencing revealed regional differences related to adrenergic signaling. In one denervated and Ringer's solution-perfused heart, heating and elevated heart rates did not induce change in T-wave polarity, whereas noradrenaline did. Accordingly, electrocardiograms in eight awake pythons receiving intra-arterial infusion of the β-adrenergic receptor agonists adrenaline and isoproterenol revealed T-wave inversion in most individuals. Conversely, blocking the β-adrenergic receptors using propranolol prevented T-wave change during heating. Our findings indicate that changes in ventricular repolarization in ball pythons are caused by increased tone of the sympathetic nervous system, not by changes in temperature. Therefore, ventricular repolarization in both pythons and mammals is modulated by evolutionary conserved mechanisms involving catecholaminergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan J D Boukens
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William Joyce
- Department of Biology, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ingeborg Hooijkaas
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Carli G, Farabollini F. Autonomic correlates of defense responses, including tonic immobility (TI). PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 271:191-228. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Neuhuber WL, Berthoud HR. Functional anatomy of the vagus system - Emphasis on the somato-visceral interface. Auton Neurosci 2021; 236:102887. [PMID: 34634680 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to its pivotal role in autonomic networks, the vagus attracts continuous interest from both basic scientists and clinicians. In particular, recent advances in vagus nerve stimulation strategies and their application to pathological conditions beyond epilepsy provide a good opportunity to recall basic features of vagal peripheral and central anatomy. In addition to the "classical" vagal brainstem nuclei, i.e., dorsal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and nucleus tractus solitarii, the spinal trigeminal and paratrigeminal nuclei come into play as targets of vagal afferents. On the other hand, the nucleus of the solitary tract receives and integrates not only visceral but also somatic afferents. Thus, the vagus system participates significantly in what may be defined as "somato-visceral interface".
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried L Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Krankenhausstrasse 9, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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17
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Porges SW. Polyvagal Theory: A biobehavioral journey to sociality. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 7:100069. [PMID: 35757052 PMCID: PMC9216697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A polyvagal perspective clarifies the neurobiological and biobehavioral shifts that occurred during evolutionary transition from asocial reptiles to social mammals. This transition enabled mammals, unlike their reptilian ancestors, to derive a biological benefit from social interactions. This innovation enabled social behavior to function as a neuromodulator that could efficiently regulate and optimize autonomic function to support homeostatic processes. This journey is highlighted by the phylogenetic transition during which the autonomic nervous system was repurposed to suppress defensive strategies to support and express sociality. The product of this transition was an autonomic nervous system with capacities to self-calm, to spontaneous socially engage others, and to mitigate threat reactions in ourselves and others through social cues. Thus, social behavior became embedded with specific neurobiological processes that had capabilities to support homeostatic functions leading to optimized health, growth, and restoration. Polyvagal Theory emphasizes sociality as the core process in mitigating threat reactions and supporting mental and physical health. Sociality in mammals co-evolved with a repurposed autonomic nervous system. Evolution repurposed the mammalian ventral vagal complex in the brainstem to support sociality. Social behavior functions as a neuromodulator optimizing behavioral, autonomic, and emotional state regulation. Neuroception reflexively detects risk or safety without awareness and shifts autonomic state to support adaptive behaviors. Unlike their reptilian ancestors, mammals have a neuroception to safety that fosters sociality by calming autonomic state.
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18
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Rocha GC, Castro SA, Taylor EW, Tavares D, Leite CAC. A Decerebrate Preparation of the Rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, Provides an Experimental Model for Study of Autonomic Modulation of the Cardiovascular System in Reptiles. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 94:269-285. [PMID: 34142933 DOI: 10.1086/714973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, has been successfully used as an experimental model to study control of the cardiovascular system in squamate reptiles. Recent technical advances, including equipment miniaturization, have lessened the impact of instrumentation on in vivo recordings, and an increased range of anesthetic drugs has improved recording conditions for in situ preparations. Nevertheless, any animal-based experimental approach has to manage limitations regarding the avoidance of pain and stress the stability of the preparation and duration of experiments and the potentially overriding effects of anesthesia. To address such aspects, we tested a new experimental preparation, the decerebrate rattlesnake, in a study of the autonomic control of cardiovascular responses following the removal of general anesthesia. The preparation exhibited complex cardiovascular adjustments to deal with acute increases in venous return (caused by tail lifting), to compensate for blood flow reduction in the cephalic region (caused by head lifting), for body temperature control (triggered by an external heating source), and in response to stimulation of chemoreceptors (triggered by intravenous injection of NaCN). The decerebrate preparation retained extensive functional integrity of autonomic centers, and it was suitable for monitoring diverse cardiac and vascular variables. Furthermore, reanesthetizing the preparation markedly blunted cardiovascular performance. Isoflurane limited the maintenance of recovered cardiovascular variables in the prepared animal and reduced or abolished the observed cardiovascular reflexes. This preparation enables the recording of multiple concomitant cardiovascular variables for the study of mechanistic questions regarding the central integration of autonomic reflex responses in the absence of anesthesia.
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19
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Espinoza L, Fedorchak S, Boychuk CR. Interplay Between Systemic Metabolic Cues and Autonomic Output: Connecting Cardiometabolic Function and Parasympathetic Circuits. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624595. [PMID: 33776789 PMCID: PMC7991741 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is consensus that the heart is innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. However, the role of the parasympathetic nervous system in controlling cardiac function has received significantly less attention than the sympathetic nervous system. New neuromodulatory strategies have renewed interest in the potential of parasympathetic (or vagal) motor output to treat cardiovascular disease and poor cardiac function. This renewed interest emphasizes a critical need to better understand how vagal motor output is generated and regulated. With clear clinical links between cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, addressing this gap in knowledge is undeniably critical to our understanding of the interaction between metabolic cues and vagal motor output, notwithstanding the classical role of the parasympathetic nervous system in regulating gastrointestinal function and energy homeostasis. For this reason, this review focuses on the central, vagal circuits involved in sensing metabolic state(s) and enacting vagal motor output to influence cardiac function. It will review our current understanding of brainstem vagal circuits and their unique position to integrate metabolic signaling into cardiac activity. This will include an overview of not only how metabolic cues alter vagal brainstem circuits, but also how vagal motor output might influence overall systemic concentrations of metabolic cues known to act on the cardiac tissue. Overall, this review proposes that the vagal brainstem circuits provide an integrative network capable of regulating and responding to metabolic cues to control cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Fedorchak
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Carie R Boychuk
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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20
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Armelin VA, Braga VHDS, Teixeira MT, Guagnoni IN, Wang T, Florindo LH. The baroreflex in aquatic and amphibious teleosts: Does terrestriality represent a significant driving force for the evolution of a more effective baroreflex in vertebrates? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 255:110916. [PMID: 33545361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
All vertebrates have baroreflexes that provide fast regulation of arterial blood pressure (PA) to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and avoid vascular lesions from excessive pressures. The baroreflex is a negative feedback loop, where altered PA results in reciprocal changes in heart rate (fH) and systemic vascular conductance to restore pressure. In terrestrial environments, gravity usually leads to blood pooling in the lower body reducing venous return, cardiac filling, cardiac output and PA. Conversely, in aquatic environments, the hydrostatic pressure of surrounding water mitigates blood pooling and prevents vascular distensions. In this context, we aimed to test the hypothesis that vertebrate species that were exposed to gravity-induced hemodynamic disturbances throughout their evolutionary histories have a more effective barostatic reflex than those that were not. We examined the cardiac baroreflex of fish that perform (Clarias gariepinus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) and do not perform (Hoplias malabaricus and Oreochromis niloticus) voluntary terrestrial sojourns, using pharmacological manipulations of PA to characterize reflex changes in fH using a four-variable sigmoidal logistic function (i.e. the "Oxford technique"). Our results revealed that amphibious fish exhibit higher baroreflex gain and responsiveness to hypotension than strictly aquatic fish, suggesting that terrestriality and the gravitational circulatory stresses constitute a relevant driving force for the evolution of a more effective baroreflex in vertebrates. We also demonstrate that strictly aquatic teleosts have considerable baroreflex gain, supporting the view that the baroreflex is an ancient cardiovascular trait that appeared before vertebrates colonized the gravity-dominated realm of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil; Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Teodoro Teixeira
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Noll Guagnoni
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tobias Wang
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University (AU), C. F. Møllers Allé 3, Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil; Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane n/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Nørgaard S, Joyce W, Jensen MF, Enok S, Skovgaard N, Wang T. Histamine exerts both direct H 2-mediated and indirect catecholaminergic effects on heart rate in pythons. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:347-355. [PMID: 33474644 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate heart is regulated by excitatory adrenergic and inhibitory cholinergic innervations, as well as non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) factors that may be circulating in the blood or released from the autonomic nerves. As an example of NANC signaling, an increased histaminergic tone, acting through stimulation of H2 receptors, contributes markedly to the rise in heart rate during digestion in pythons. In addition to the direct effects of histamine, it is also known that histamine can reinforce the cholinergic and adrenergic signaling. Thus, to further our understanding of the histaminergic regulation of the cardiovascular response in pythons, we designed a series of in vivo experiments complemented by in vitro experiments on sinoatrial and vascular ring preparations. We demonstrate the tachycardic mechanism of histamine works partly through a direct binding of cardiac H2 receptors and in part through a myocardial histamine-induced catecholamine release, which strengthens the sympathetic adrenergic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nørgaard
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - William Joyce
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maja Fuhlendorff Jensen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sanne Enok
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nini Skovgaard
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1131, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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22
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Gurung S, Dubansky B, Virgen CA, Verbeck GF, Murphy DW. Effects of crude oil vapors on the cardiovascular flow of embryonic Gulf killifish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141627. [PMID: 33181982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Direct contact with toxicants in crude oil during embryogenesis causes cardiovascular defects, but the effects of exposure to airborne volatile organic compounds released from spilled oil are not well understood. The effects of crude oil-derived airborne toxicants on peripheral blood flow were examined in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) since this model completes embryogenesis in the air. Particle image velocimetry was used to measure in vivo blood flow in intersegmental arteries of control and oil-exposed embryos. Significant effects in oil-exposed embryos included increased pulse rate, reduced mean blood flow speed and volumetric flow rate, and decreased pulsatility, demonstrating that normal-appearing oil-exposed embryos retain underlying cardiovascular defects. Further, hematocrit moderately increased in oil-exposed embryos. This study highlights the potential for fine-scale physiological measurement techniques to better understand the sub-lethal effects of oil exposure and demonstrates the efficacy of Gulf killifish as a unique teleost model for aerial toxicant exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Gurung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States
| | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Camila A Virgen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, United States
| | - David W Murphy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.
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23
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Ruthsatz K, Dausmann KH, Paesler K, Babos P, Sabatino NM, Peck MA, Glos J. Shifts in sensitivity of amphibian metamorphosis to endocrine disruption: the common frog ( Rana temporaria) as a case study. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa100. [PMID: 33343902 PMCID: PMC7735370 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Effective conservation actions require knowledge on the sensitivity of species to pollution and other anthropogenic stressors. Many of these stressors are endocrine disruptors (EDs) that can impair the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and thus alter thyroid hormone (TH) levels with physiological consequences to wildlife. Due to their specific habitat requirements, amphibians are often sentinels of environmental degradation. We investigated how altered TH levels affected the bioenergetics of growth and development (i.e. age, size, metabolism, cardiac function and energy stores) before, during and after metamorphosis in the European common frog (Rana temporaria). We also determined how ontogenetic stage affected susceptibility to endocrine disruption and estimated juvenile performance. TH levels significantly affected growth and energetics at all developmental stages. Tadpoles and froglets exposed to high TH levels were significantly younger, smaller and lighter at all stages compared to those in control and low TH groups, indicating increased developmental and reduced growth rates. Across all ontogenetic stages tested, physiological consequences were rapidly observed after exposure to EDs. High TH increased heart rate by an average of 86% and reduced energy stores (fat content) by 33% compared to controls. Effects of exposure were smallest after the completion of metamorphosis. Our results demonstrate that both morphological and physiological traits of the European common frog are strongly impacted by endocrine disruption and that ontogenetic stage modulates the sensitivity of this species to endocrine disruption. Since endocrine disruption during metamorphosis can impair the physiological stress response in later life stages, long-term studies examining carry-over effects will be an important contribution to the conservation physiology of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ruthsatz
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 4, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin H Dausmann
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Paesler
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Babos
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikita M Sabatino
- Department of Life Sciences, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Myron A Peck
- Institute of Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries Science, Universität Hamburg, Große Elbstraße 133, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Coastal Systems, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59 1790, AB Den Burg, Netherlands
| | - Julian Glos
- Institute of Zoology, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Guagnoni IN, Armelin VA, da Silva Braga VH, Rantin FT, Florindo LH. Postprandial cardiorespiratory responses and the regulation of digestion-associated tachycardia in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 191:55-67. [PMID: 33005989 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory adjustments that occur after feeding are essential to supply the demands of digestion in vertebrates. The well-documented postprandial tachycardia is triggered by an increase in adrenergic activity and by non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) factors in mammals and crocodilians, while it is linked to a withdrawal of vagal drive and NANC factors in non-crocodilian ectotherms-except for fish, in which the sole investigation available indicated no participation of NANC factors. On the other hand, postprandial ventilatory adjustments vary widely among air-breathing vertebrates, with different species exhibiting hyperventilation, hypoventilation, or even no changes at all. Regarding fish, which live in an environment with low oxygen capacitance that requires great ventilatory effort for oxygen uptake, data on the ventilatory consequences of feeding are also scarce. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the postprandial cardiorespiratory adjustments and the mediation of digestion-associated tachycardia in the unimodal water-breathing teleost Oreochromis niloticus. Heart rate (fH), cardiac autonomic tones, ventilation rate (fV), ventilation amplitude, total ventilation and fH/fV variability were assessed both in fasting and digesting animals under untreated condition, as well as after muscarinic cholinergic blockade with atropine and double autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol. The results revealed that digestion was associated with marked tachycardia in O. niloticus, determined by a reduction in cardiac parasympathetic activity and by circulating NANC factors-the first time such positive chronotropes were detected in digesting fish. Unexpectedly, postprandial ventilatory alterations were not observed, although digestion triggered mechanisms that were presumed to increase oxygen uptake, such as cardiorespiratory synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Noll Guagnoni
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 321, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565‑905, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil. .,Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, n/n, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT, FAPESP/CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Filogonio R, Sartori MR, Morgensen S, Tavares D, Campos R, Abe AS, Taylor EW, Rodrigues GJ, De Nucci G, Simonsen U, Leite CAC, Wang T. Cholinergic regulation along the pulmonary arterial tree of the South American rattlesnake: vascular reactivity, muscarinic receptors, and vagal innervation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R156-R170. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00310.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tone in the reptilian pulmonary vasculature is primarily under cholinergic, muscarinic control exerted via the vagus nerve. This control has been ascribed to a sphincter located at the arterial outflow, but we speculated whether the vascular control in the pulmonary artery is more widespread, such that responses to acetylcholine and electrical stimulation, as well as the expression of muscarinic receptors, are prevalent along its length. Working on the South American rattlesnake ( Crotalus durissus), we studied four different portions of the pulmonary artery (truncus, proximal, distal, and branches). Acetylcholine elicited robust vasoconstriction in the proximal, distal, and branch portions, but the truncus vasodilated. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) caused contractions in all segments, an effect partially blocked by atropine. We identified all five subtypes of muscarinic receptors (M1–M5). The expression of the M1 receptor was largest in the distal end and branches of the pulmonary artery, whereas expression of the muscarinic M3 receptor was markedly larger in the truncus of the pulmonary artery. Application of the neural tracer 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindo-carbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) revealed widespread innervation along the whole pulmonary artery, and retrograde transport of the same tracer indicated two separate locations in the brainstem providing vagal innervation of the pulmonary artery, the medial dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and a ventro-lateral location, possibly constituting a nucleus ambiguus. These results revealed parasympathetic innervation of a large portion of the pulmonary artery, which is responsible for regulation of vascular conductance in C. durissus, and implied its integration with cardiorespiratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Filogonio
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marina R. Sartori
- Department of Zoology, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susie Morgensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary, and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Driele Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Rafael Campos
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Augusto S. Abe
- Department of Zoology, State University of São Paulo, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edwin W. Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gerson J. Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary, and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cléo A. C. Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Sawashita Y, Hirata N, Yoshikawa Y, Terada H, Tokinaga Y, Yamakage M. Remote ischemic preconditioning reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through unacylated ghrelin-induced activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:50. [PMID: 32607622 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) offers cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The humoral factors involved in RIPC that are released from parasympathetically innervated organs have not been identified. Previous studies showed that ghrelin, a hormone released from the stomach, is associated with cardioprotection. However, it is unknown whether or not ghrelin is involved in the mechanism of RIPC. This study aimed to determine whether ghrelin serves as one of the humoral factors in RIPC. RIPC group rats were subjected to three cycles of ischemia and reperfusion for 5 min in two limbs before left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. Unacylated ghrelin (UAG) group rats were given 0.5 mcg/kg UAG intravenously 30 min before LAD ligation. Plasma levels of UAG in all groups were measured before and after RIPC procedures and UAG administration. Additionally, JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor (AG490) was injected in RIPC and UAG groups to investigate abolishment of the cardioprotection of RIPC and UAG. Plasma levels of UAG, infarct size and phosphorylation of STAT3 were compared in all groups. Infarct size was significantly reduced in RIPC and UAG groups, compared to the other groups. Plasma levels of UAG in RIPC and UAG groups were significantly increased after RIPC and UAG administration, respectively. The cardioprotective effects of RIPC and UAG were accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation of STAT3 and abolished by AG490. This study indicated that RIPC reduces myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury through UAG-induced activation of JAK/STAT pathway. UAG may be one of the humoral factors involved in the cardioprotective effects of RIPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Sawashita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Hirata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Terada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tokinaga
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Michiaki Yamakage
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8543, Japan
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27
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Jensen B, Christoffels VM. Reptiles as a Model System to Study Heart Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037226. [PMID: 31712265 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A chambered heart is common to all vertebrates, but reptiles show unparalleled variation in ventricular septation, ranging from almost absent in tuataras to full in crocodilians. Because mammals and birds evolved independently from reptile lineages, studies on reptile development may yield insight into the evolution and development of the full ventricular septum. Compared with reptiles, mammals and birds have evolved several other adaptations, including compact chamber walls and a specialized conduction system. These adaptations appear to have evolved from precursor structures that can be studied in present-day reptiles. The increase in the number of studies on reptile heart development has been greatly facilitated by sequencing of several genomes and the availability of good staging systems. Here, we place reptiles in their phylogenetic context with a focus on features that are primitive when compared with the homologous features of mammals. Further, an outline of major developmental events is given, and variation between reptile species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Kupriyanov SV, Bochkarev SV, Semenova LM, Kruglikov NY, Myasnikova IA, Nizova DI, Zhuravleva NV. Cardiopulmonary Index of Organism Adaptation to Low Physical Exercises of Increasing Power. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/8217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Abstract
In the 1950s, Arthur C. Guyton removed the heart from its pedestal in cardiovascular physiology by arguing that cardiac output is primarily regulated by the peripheral vasculature. This is counterintuitive, as modulating heart rate would appear to be the most obvious means of regulating cardiac output. In this Review, we visit recent and classic advances in comparative physiology in light of this concept. Although most vertebrates increase heart rate when oxygen demands rise (e.g. during activity or warming), experimental evidence suggests that this tachycardia is neither necessary nor sufficient to drive a change in cardiac output (i.e. systemic blood flow, Q̇ sys) under most circumstances. Instead, Q̇ sys is determined by the interplay between vascular conductance (resistance) and capacitance (which is mainly determined by the venous circulation), with a limited and variable contribution from heart function (myocardial inotropy). This pattern prevails across vertebrates; however, we also highlight the unique adaptations that have evolved in certain vertebrate groups to regulate venous return during diving bradycardia (i.e. inferior caval sphincters in diving mammals and atrial smooth muscle in turtles). Going forward, future investigation of cardiovascular responses to altered metabolic rate should pay equal consideration to the factors influencing venous return and cardiac filling as to the factors dictating cardiac function and heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark .,Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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30
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Duran LM, Taylor EW, Sanches PVW, Cruz AL, Tavares D, Sartori MR, Abe AS, Leite CAC. Heart rate variability in the tegu lizard, Salvator merianae, its neuroanatomical basis and role in the assessment of recovery from experimental manipulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 240:110607. [PMID: 31707060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using long-term, remote recordings of heart rate (fH) on fully recovered, undisturbed lizards, we identified several components of heart rate variability (HRV) associated with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA): 1.) A peak in the spectral representation of HRV at the frequency range of ventilation. 2.) These cardiorespiratory interactions were shown to be dependent on the parasympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system. 3.) Vagal preganglionic neurons are located in discrete groups located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and also, in a ventro-lateral group, homologous to the nucleus ambiguus of mammals. 4.) Myelinated nerve fibers in the cardiac vagus enabling rapid communication between the central nervous system and the heart. Furthermore, the study of the progressive recovery of fH in tegu following anesthesia and instrumentation revealed that 'resting' levels of mean fH and reestablishment of HRV occurred over different time courses. Accordingly, we suggest that, when an experiment is designed to study a physiological variable reliant on autonomic modulation at its normal, resting level, then postsurgical reestablishment of HRV should be considered as the index of full recovery, rather than mean fH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia M Duran
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Edwin W Taylor
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Pollyana V W Sanches
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - André L Cruz
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador 40.140-310, BA, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Driele Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina R Sartori
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto S Abe
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleo A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13.565-905, SP, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology, INCT, FISC, FAPESP/CNPq, Rio Claro 13.506-900, SP, Brazil.
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Leo S, Gattuso A, Mazza R, Filice M, Cerra MC, Imbrogno S. Cardiac influence of the β3-adrenoceptor in the goldfish ( Carassius auratus): a protective role under hypoxia? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.211334. [PMID: 31527180 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The goldfish (Carassius auratus) exhibits a remarkable capacity to survive and remain active under prolonged and severe hypoxia, making it a good model for studying cardiac function when oxygen availability is a limiting factor. Under hypoxia, the goldfish heart increases its performance, representing a putative component of hypoxia tolerance; however, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of β3-adrenoreceptors (ARs) in the mechanisms that modulate goldfish heart performance along with the impact of oxygen levels. By western blotting analysis, we found that the goldfish heart expresses β3-ARs, and this expression increases under hypoxia. The effects of β3-AR stimulation were analysed by using an ex vivo working heart preparation. Under normoxia, the β3-AR-selective agonist BRL37344 (10-12 to 10-7 mol l-1) elicited a concentration-dependent increase of contractility that was abolished by a specific β3-AR antagonist (SR59230A; 10-8 mol l-1), but not by α/β1/β2-AR inhibitors (phentolamine, nadolol and ICI118,551; 10-7 mol l-1). Under acute hypoxia, BRL37344 did not affect goldfish heart performance. However, SR59230A, but not phentolamine, nadolol or ICI118,551, abolished the time-dependent enhancement of contractility that characterizes the hypoxic goldfish heart. Under both normoxia and hypoxia, adenylate cyclase and cAMP were found to be involved in the β3-AR-dependent downstream transduction pathway. In summary, we show the presence of functional β3-ARs in the goldfish heart, whose activation modulates basal performance and contributes to a hypoxia-dependent increase of contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Leo
- Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (BEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Alfonsina Gattuso
- Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (BEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Rosa Mazza
- Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (BEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Mariacristina Filice
- Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (BEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (BEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Sandra Imbrogno
- Dept of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (BEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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Lieder HR, Kleinbongard P, Skyschally A, Hagelschuer H, Chilian WM, Heusch G. Vago-Splenic Axis in Signal Transduction of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Pigs and Rats. Circ Res 2019; 123:1152-1163. [PMID: 30359199 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.313859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The signal transduction of remote ischemic conditioning is still largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Characterization of neurohumoral signal transfer and vago-splenic axis in remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). METHODS AND RESULTS Anesthetized pigs were subjected to 60 minutes of coronary occlusion and 180 minutes of reperfusion (placebo+ischemia/reperfusion [PLA+I/R]). RIPC was induced by 4×5/5 minutes of hindlimb I/R 90 minutes before coronary occlusion (RIPC+I/R). Arterial blood samples were taken after placebo or RIPC before I/R. In subgroups of pigs, bilateral cervical vagotomy, splenectomy, or splenic denervation were performed before PLA+I/R or RIPC+I/R, respectively. In pigs with RIPC+I/R, infarct size (percentage of area at risk) was less than in those with PLA+I/R (23±12% versus 45±8%); splenectomy or splenic denervation abrogated (splenectomy+RIPC+I/R: 38±15%; splenic denervation+RIPC+I/R: 43±5%), and vagotomy attenuated (vagotomy+RIPC+I/R: 36±11%) RIPC protection. RIPC increased phosphorylation of STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) in left ventricular biopsies taken at early reperfusion. Splenectomy or splenic denervation, but not vagotomy, abolished this increased phosphorylation. In rats with vagotomy, splenectomy, or splenic denervation, RIPC (3×5/5 minutes of hindlimb occlusion/reperfusion) or placebo was performed, respectively. Hearts were isolated, saline perfused, and subjected to 30/120-minute global I/R. With RIPC, infarct size (percentage of ventricular mass) was less (20±7%) than with placebo (37±6%), and vagotomy, splenectomy, or splenic denervation abrogated RIPC protection (38±12%, 36±9%, and 36±7%), respectively. Rat spleens were isolated, saline perfused, and splenic effluate (SEff) was sampled after infusion with carbachol (SEffcarbachol) or saline (SEffsaline). Pig plasma or SEff was infused into isolated perfused rat hearts subjected to global I/R. Infarct size was less with infusion of RIPC+I/Rplasma+ (24±6%) than with PLA+I/Rplasma (40±8%), vagotomy+PLA+I/Rplasma (39±11%), splenectomy+PLA+I/Rplasma (35±8%), vagotomy+RIPC+I/Rplasma (40±9%), splenectomy+RIPC+I/Rplasma (33±9%), or splenic denervation+RIPC+I/Rplasma (39±8%), respectively. With infusion of SEffcarbachol, infarct size was less than with infusion of SEffsaline (24 [19-27]% versus 35 [32-38]%). CONCLUSIONS Activation of a vago-splenic axis is causally involved in RIPC cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Raphael Lieder
- From the Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Germany (H.R.L., P.K., A.S., H.H., G.H.)
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- From the Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Germany (H.R.L., P.K., A.S., H.H., G.H.)
| | - Andreas Skyschally
- From the Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Germany (H.R.L., P.K., A.S., H.H., G.H.)
| | - Helene Hagelschuer
- From the Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Germany (H.R.L., P.K., A.S., H.H., G.H.)
| | | | - Gerd Heusch
- From the Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School, Germany (H.R.L., P.K., A.S., H.H., G.H.)
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33
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Cardiovascular and ventilatory interactions in the facultative air-breathing teleost Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:425-440. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Sanches PVW, Taylor EW, Duran LM, Cruz AL, Dias DPM, Leite CAC. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a major component of heart rate variability in undisturbed, remotely monitored rattlesnakes, Crotalus durissus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.197954. [PMID: 30967516 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.197954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ECG recordings were obtained using an implanted telemetry device from the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, held under stable conditions without restraining cables or interaction with researchers. Mean heart rate (f H) recovered rapidly (<24 h) from anaesthesia and operative procedures. This preceded a more gradual development of heart rate variability (HRV), with instantaneous f H increasing during each lung ventilation cycle. Atropine injection increased mean f H and abolished HRV. Complete autonomic blockade revealed a cholinergic tonus on the heart of 55% and an adrenergic tonus of 37%. Power spectral analysis of HRV identified a peak at the same frequency as ventilation. This correlation was sustained after temperature changes and it was more evident, marked by a more prominent power spectrum peak, when ventilation is less episodic. This HRV component is homologous to that observed in mammals, termed respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Evidence for instantaneous control of f H indicated rapid conduction of activity in the cardiac efferent nervous supply, as supported by the description of myelinated fibres in the cardiac vagus. Establishment of HRV 10 days after surgical intervention seems a reliable indicator of the re-establishment of control of integrative functions by the autonomic nervous system. We suggest that this criterion could be applied to other animals exposed to natural or imposed trauma, thus improving protocols involving animal handling, including veterinarian procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana V W Sanches
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FISC - FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Edwin W Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Livia M Duran
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FISC - FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - André L Cruz
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FISC - FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.,Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, 40140-310 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daniel P M Dias
- Barão de Mauá University Center, Ribeirão Preto, 14090-180 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleo A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT - FISC - FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
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35
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Distribution and properties of cardiac and pulmonary β-adrenergic receptors in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and Boa constrictor (Boa constrictor). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 233:17-23. [PMID: 30930202 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize β-adrenergic receptors in the snake heart and lung of corn and Boa constrictor snakes. The β-adrenergic receptor binding sites were studied in purified heart and lung membranes using the specific β-adrenergic receptor antagonist [125J]-iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) and subtypes using selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist CGP-20712A and selective β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI-118.551. A saturable and specific β-adrenergic receptor binding site was detected in cardiac membranes with maximal receptor density (Bmax) of 43.99 ± 3.86 fmol/mg protein (corn snake) and 58.07 ± 2.88 fmol/mg protein (Boa constrictor) as well as KD of 24.21 ± 7.38 pM (corn snake) and 21.48 ± 3.85 pM (Boa constrictor) and in lung membranes (Bmax fmol/mg protein: 55.95 ± 16.28 (corn snake) and 107.00 ± 14.21 (Boa constrictor); KD pM: 71.25 ± 21.92 (corn snake) and 55.04 ± 18.68 (Boa constrictor)). Competition-binding studies showed β-adrenergic receptors with low affinities to the β2-selective adrenergic receptor antagonist and high affinity binding to β1-selective adrenergic receptor antagonist in both heart and lung tissues of both snake species, suggesting the presence of high population of the post-synaptic β1-adrenergic receptor subtype. It seems that the presence of the predominant β1-subtype also in lung tissues may indicate the importance of the vascular system in the snake lung.
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Laborde S, Mosley E, Mertgen A. A unifying conceptual framework of factors associated to cardiac vagal control. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01002. [PMID: 30623126 PMCID: PMC6313821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac vagal control (CVC) reflects the activity of the vagus nerve regulating cardiac functioning. CVC can be inferred via heart rate variability measurement, and it has been positively associated to a broad range of cognitive, emotional, social, and health outcomes. It could then be considered as an indicator for effective self-regulation, and given this role, one should understand the factors increasing and decreasing CVC. The aim of this paper is to review the broad range of factors influencing CVC, and to provide a unifying conceptual framework to integrate comprehensively those factors. The structure of the unifying conceptual framework is based on the theory of ecological rationality, while its functional aspects are based on the neurovisceral integration model. The structure of this framework distinguishes two broad areas of associations: person and environment, as this reflects adequately the role played by CVC regarding adaptation. The added value of this framework lies at different levels: theoretically, it allows integrating findings from a variety of scientific disciplines and refining the predictions of the neurovisceral integration model; methodologically, it helps identifying factors that increase and decrease CVC; and lastly at the applied level, it can play an important role for society regarding health policies and for the individual to empower one's flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laborde
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Psychology, Department of Performance Psychology, Germany.,Normandie Université Caen, UFR STAPS, EA 4260, Germany
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Müller MS, Vyssotski AL, Yamamoto M, Yoda K. Individual differences in heart rate reveal a broad range of autonomic phenotypes in a free-living seabird population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.182758. [PMID: 30127079 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.182758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Animals in the same population consistently differ in their physiology and behaviour, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. As the autonomic nervous system regulates wide-ranging physiological functions, many of these phenotypic differences may be generated by autonomic activity. We investigated for the first time in a free-living animal population (the streaked shearwater, Calonectris leucomelas, a long-lived seabird) whether individuals consistently differ in autonomic activity, over time and across contexts. We repeatedly recorded electrocardiograms from individual shearwaters, and from heart rate and heart rate variability quantified sympathetic activity, which drives the 'fight-or-flight' response, and parasympathetic activity, which promotes 'rest-and-digest' processes. We found a broad range of autonomic phenotypes that persisted even across years: heart rate consistently differed among individuals during periods of stress and non-stress and these differences were driven by parasympathetic activity, thus identifying the parasympathetic rest-and-digest system as a central mechanism that can drive broad phenotypic variation in natural animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina S Müller
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maki Yamamoto
- Department of BioEngineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Ken Yoda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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The effects of embryonic hypoxic programming on cardiovascular function and autonomic regulation in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) at rest and during swimming. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:967-976. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Troiano NM, Armelin VA, Braga VHDS, Abe AS, Rantin FT, Florindo LH. The autonomic control of upright posture tachycardia in the arboreal lizard Iguana iguana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 329:130-139. [PMID: 29992754 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In terrestrial environments, upright spatial orientation can dramatically influence animals' hemodynamics. Generally, large and elongated species are particularly sensitive to such influence due to the greater extent of their vascular beds being verticalized, favoring the establishment of blood columns in their bodies along with caudal blood pooling, and thus jeopardizing blood circulation through a cascade effect of reductions in venous return, cardiac filling, stroke volume, cardiac output, and arterial blood pressure. This hypotension triggers an orthostatic-(baroreflex)-tachycardia to normalize arterial pressure, and despite the extensive observation of this heart rate (fH ) adjustment in experiments on orthostasis, little is known about its mediation and importance in ectothermic vertebrates. In addition, most of the knowledge on this subject comes from studies on snakes. Thus, our objective was to expand the knowledge on this issue by investigating it in an arboreal lizard (Iguana iguana). To do so, we analyzed fH , cardiac autonomic tones, and fH variability in horizontalized and tilted iguanas (0°, 30°. and 60°) before and after muscarinic blockade with atropine and double autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol. The results revealed that I. Iguana exhibits significant orthostatic-tachycardia only at 60o inclinations-a condition that is primarily elicited by a withdrawal of vagal drive. Also, as in humans, increases in low-frequency fH oscillations and decreases in high-frequency fH oscillations were observed along with orthostatic-tachycardia, suggesting that the mediation of this fH adjustment may be evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Miriã Troiano
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Araújo Armelin
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo da Silva Braga
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Augusto Shinya Abe
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Florindo
- Department of Zoology and Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT-FAPESP/CNPq), Rio Claro, Brazil
- Aquaculture Center (CAUNESP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Thyroid hormone manipulation influences development of cardiovascular regulation in embryonic Pekin duck, Anas platyrhynchos domestica. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:843-853. [PMID: 29948159 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are key regulators of avian metabolism and may play a significant role in development at hatching. To better understand the role of thyroid hormones in avian development, we examined autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure while manipulating thyroid hormone levels in the late stage embryonic Pekin duck (Anas platyrhynchos domestica). Thyroid hormone levels were manipulated on day 24 of a 28-day incubation period with the thyroperoxidase inhibitor methimazole (MMI), triiodothyronine (T3), or saline. On day 25 of incubation, autonomic tone on cardiovascular function was studied by injections of cholinergic and adrenergic receptor antagonists. Embryos from all treatment groups expressed a cholinergic and β-adrenergic tone on heart rate at this age. Cholinergic blockade with atropine produced a larger change in heart rate in the hyperthyroid animals compared with euthyroid animals. In response to β-adrenergic blockade, hyperthyroid conditions produced a larger decrease in heart rate compared with euthyroid animals, with no change in mean arterial blood pressure. In response to α-adrenergic blockade, mean arterial blood pressure decreased in the euthyroid animals and more developed hyperthyroid animals. Collectively, the data indicate that elevated levels of T3 can influence maturation of cholinergic and adrenergic receptor-mediated cardiovascular regulation in developing Pekin ducks near the end of incubation.
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Ventilatory responses of the clown knifefish, Chitala ornata, to hypercarbia and hypercapnia. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:581-589. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Monteiro DA, Taylor EW, Sartori MR, Cruz AL, Rantin FT, Leite CAC. Cardiorespiratory interactions previously identified as mammalian are present in the primitive lungfish. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaaq0800. [PMID: 29507882 PMCID: PMC5833999 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study has revealed that the lungfish has both structural and functional features of its system for physiological control of heart rate, previously considered solely mammalian, that together generate variability (HRV). Ultrastructural and electrophysiological investigation revealed that the nerves connecting the brain to the heart are myelinated, conferring rapid conduction velocities, comparable to mammalian fibers that generate instantaneous changes in heart rate at the onset of each air breath. These respiration-related changes in beat-to-beat cardiac intervals were detected by complex analysis of HRV and shown to maximize oxygen uptake per breath, a causal relationship never conclusively demonstrated in mammals. Cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons, responsible for controlling heart rate via the parasympathetic vagus nerve, were shown to have multiple locations, chiefly within the dorsal vagal motor nucleus that may enable interactive control of the circulatory and respiratory systems, similar to that described for tetrapods. The present illustration of an apparently highly evolved control system for HRV in a fish with a proven ancient lineage, based on paleontological, morphological, and recent genetic evidence, questions much of the anthropocentric thinking implied by some mammalian physiologists and encouraged by many psychobiologists. It is possible that some characteristics of mammalian respiratory sinus arrhythmia, for which functional roles have been sought, are evolutionary relics that had their physiological role defined in ancient representatives of the vertebrates with undivided circulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT FisComp), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edwin W. Taylor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Marina R. Sartori
- Department of Zoology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André L. Cruz
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT FisComp), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Francisco T. Rantin
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT FisComp), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleo A. C. Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, 13565-905 São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT FisComp), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nelson D, Crossley DA, Elsey RM, Tate KB. Cardiovascular adjustments with egg temperature at 90% incubation in embryonic American alligators, Alligator mississippiensis. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:471-480. [PMID: 29380053 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) deposit eggs in a mound nest, potentially subjecting embryos to daily variations in temperature. Whilst adult crocodilian cardiovascular responses to changes in temperature have been investigated, similar studies in alligator embryos are limited. We investigated cardiovascular function of embryonic alligators during heating and cooling as well as at different temperatures. We measured arterial blood pressure (Pm) and heart rate (fH) in response to cooling (30-26 °C), heating (26-36 °C), followed by a reciprocal cooling event (36-26 °C) and assessed the cardiac baroreflex at 30 and 36 °C. Embryonic fH increased during heating events and decreased during cooling events, while embryos were hypotensive at 26 and 36 °C, although Pm did not differ between heating or cooling events. There was a clear temperature-dependent heart rate hysteresis at a given embryo's temperature, depending on whether embryos were cooling or heating. Cardiovascular regulation through the cardiac limb of the baroreflex was not affected by temperature, despite previous studies suggesting that vagal tone is present at both low and high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
| | - Ruth M Elsey
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Grand Chenier, LA, USA
| | - Kevin B Tate
- Department of Biology, Truman State University Kirksville, Louisiana, MO, USA
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Sartori MR, Kohl ZF, Taylor EW, Abe AS, Crossley DA. Convective oxygen transport during development in embryos of the snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.185967. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.185967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the maturation of convective oxygen transport in embryos of the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Measurements included: mass, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (fH), blood oxygen content and affinity and blood flow distribution at 50%, 70% and 90% of the incubation period. Body mass increased exponentially, paralleled by increased cardiac mass and metabolic rate. Heart rate was constant from 50% to 70% of incubation but was significantly reduced at 90%. Hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin concentration (Hb) were constant at the three points of development studied but arteriovenous difference (A-V diff) doubled from 50 to 90% of incubation. Oxygen affinity was lower early in 50% of incubation compared to all other age groups. Blood flow was directed predominantly to the embryo but highest to the CAM at 70% incubation and was directed away from the yolk as it was depleted at 90% incubation. The findings indicate that the plateau or reduction in egg VO2 characteristic of the late incubation period of turtle embryos may be related to an overall reduction in mass-specific VO2 that is correlated with decreasing relative heart mass and plateaued CAM blood flow. Importantly, if the blood properties remain unchanged prior to hatching, as they did during the incubation period studied in the current investigation, this could account for the pattern of VO2 previously reported for embryonic snapping turtles prior to hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R. Sartori
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Zachary F. Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Edwin W. Taylor
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Augusto S. Abe
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Dane A. Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Developmental Integrative Biology Cluster, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
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Zena LA, Leite CAC, Longhini LS, Dias DPM, da Silva GSF, Hartzler LK, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Analysis of the respiratory component of heart rate variability in the Cururu toad Rhinella schneideri. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16119. [PMID: 29170531 PMCID: PMC5701079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Beat-to-beat variation in heart rate (f H ) has been used as a tool for elucidating the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of the heart. A portion of the temporal changes in f H is evidenced by a respiratory influence (cardiorespiratory interaction) on heart rate variability (HRV) with heartbeats increasing and decreasing within a respiratory cycle. Nevertheless, little is known about respiratory effects on HRV in lower vertebrates. By using frequency domain analysis, we provide the first evidence of a ventilatory component in HRV similar to mammalian respiratory sinus arrhythmia in an amphibian, the toad Rhinella schneideri. Increases in the heartbeats arose synchronously with each lung inflation cycle, an intermittent breathing pattern comprised of a series of successive lung inflations. A well-marked peak in the HRV signal matching lung inflation cycle was verified in toads whenever lung inflation cycles exhibit a regular rhythm. The cardiac beat-to-beat variation evoked at the moment of lung inflation accounts for both vagal and sympathetic influences. This cardiorespiratory interaction may arise from interactions between central and peripheral feedback mechanisms governing cardiorespiratory control and may underlie important cardiorespiratory adjustments for gas exchange improvement especially under extreme conditions like low oxygen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Zena
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cléo A C Leite
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Longhini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel P M Dias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Glauber S F da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Lynn K Hartzler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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The influence of midazolam on heart rate arises from cardiac autonomic tones alterations in Burmese pythons, Python molurus. Auton Neurosci 2017; 208:103-112. [PMID: 29104018 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The GABAA receptor agonist midazolam is a compound widely used as a tranquilizer and sedative in mammals and reptiles. It is already known that this benzodiazepine produces small to intermediate heart rate (HR) alterations in mammals, however, its influence on reptiles' HR remains unexplored. Thus, the present study sought to verify the effects of midazolam on HR and cardiac modulation in the snake Python molurus. To do so, the snakes' HR, cardiac autonomic tones, and HR variability were evaluated during four different experimental stages. The first stage consisted on the data acquisition of animals under untreated conditions, in which were then administered atropine (2.5mgkg-1; intraperitoneal), followed later by propranolol (3.5mgkg-1; intraperitoneal) (cardiac double autonomic blockade). The second stage focused on the data acquisition of animals under midazolam effect (1.0mgkg-1; intramuscular), which passed through the same autonomic blockade protocol of the first stage. The third and fourth stages consisted of the same protocol of stages one and two, respectively, with the exception that atropine and propranolol injections were reversed. By comparing the HR of animals that received midazolam (second and fourth stages) with those that did not (first and third stages), it could be observed that this benzodiazepine reduced the snakes' HR by ~60%. The calculated autonomic tones showed that such cardiac depression was elicited by an ~80% decrease in cardiac adrenergic tone and an ~620% increase in cardiac cholinergic tone - a finding that was further supported by the results of HR variability analysis.
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Longhini LS, Zena LA, da Silva GSF, Bícego KC, Gargaglioni LH. Temperature effects on the cardiorespiratory control of American bullfrog tadpoles based on a non-invasive methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3763-3770. [PMID: 28819055 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.160911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Temperature effects on cardiac autonomic tonus in amphibian larval stages have never been investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of different temperatures (15, 25 and 30°C) on the cardiorespiratory rates and cardiac autonomic tonus of premetamorphic tadpoles of the bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus To this end, a non-invasive method was developed to permit measurements of electrocardiogram (ECG) and buccal movements (fB; surface electromyography of the buccal floor). For evaluation of autonomic regulation, intraperitoneal injections of Ringer solution (control), atropine (cholinergic muscarinic antagonist) and sotalol (β-adrenergic antagonist) were performed. Ringer solution injections did not affect heart rate (fH) or fB across temperatures. Cardiorespiratory parameters were significantly augmented by temperature (fH: 24.5±1.0, 54.5±2.0 and 75.8±2.8 beats min-1 at 15, 25 and 30°C, respectively; fB: 30.3±1.1, 73.1±4.0 and 100.6±3.7 movements min-1 at 15, 25 and 30°C, respectively). A predominant vagal tone was observed at 15°C (32.0±3.2%) and 25°C (27.2±6.7%) relative to the adrenergic tone. At 30°C, the adrenergic tone increased relative to the lower temperature. In conclusion, the cholinergic and adrenergic tones seem to be independent of temperature for colder thermal intervals (15-25°C), while exposure to a hotter ambient temperature (30°C) seems to be followed by a significant increase in adrenergic tone and may reflect cardiovascular adjustments made to match oxygen delivery to demand. Furthermore, while excluding the use of implantable electrodes or cannulae, this study provides a suitable non-invasive method for investigating cardiorespiratory function (cardiac and respiratory rates) in water-breathing animals such as the tadpole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Longhini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Zena
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Glauber S F da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil
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Müller MS, Vyssotski AL, Yamamoto M, Yoda K. Heart rate variability reveals that a decrease in parasympathetic (‘rest-and-digest’) activity dominates autonomic stress responses in a free-living seabird. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 212:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Crossley DA, Crossley JL, Smith C, Harfush M, Sánchez-Sánchez H, Garduño-Paz MV, Méndez-Sánchez JF. Developmental cardiovascular physiology of the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28642099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of reptilian cardiovascular development and regulation has increased substantially for two species the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) during the past two decades. However, what we know about cardiovascular maturation in many other species remains poorly understood or unknown. Embryonic sea turtles have been studied to understand the maturation of metabolic function, but these studies have not addressed the cardiovascular system. Although prior studies have been pivotal in characterizing development, and factors that influence it, the development of cardiovascular function, which supplies metabolic function, is unknown in sea turtles. During our investigation we focused on quantifying how cardiovascular morphological and functional parameters change, to provide basic knowledge of development in the olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea). Embryonic mass, as well as mass of the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and brain increased during turtle embryo development. Although heart rate was constant during this developmental period, arterial pressure approximately doubled. Further, while embryonic olive ridley sea turtles lacked cholinergic tone on heart rate, there was a pronounced beta adrenergic tone on heart rate that decreased in strength at 90% of incubation. This beta adrenergic tone may be partially originating from the sympathetic nervous system at 90% of incubation, with the majority originating from circulating catecholamines. Data indicates that olive ridley sea turtles share traits of embryonic functional cardiovascular maturation with the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) but not the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Alan Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Janna Lee Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Camilla Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martha Harfush
- Centro Mexicano de la Tortuga CONANP-SEMARNAT, Mazunte, Tonameca, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Hermilo Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica Vanessa Garduño-Paz
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - José Fernando Méndez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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Sartori MR, Abe AS, Crossley DA, Taylor EW. Rates of oxygen uptake increase independently of changes in heart rate in late stages of development and at hatching in the green iguana, Iguana iguana. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 205:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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