1
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Armstrong HC, Russell DJF, Moss SEW, Pomeroy P, Bennett KA. Fitness correlates of blubber oxidative stress and cellular defences in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): support for the life-history-oxidative stress theory from an animal model of simultaneous lactation and fasting. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:551-566. [PMID: 36933172 PMCID: PMC10469160 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-history-oxidative stress theory predicts that elevated energy costs during reproduction reduce allocation to defences and increase cellular stress, with fitness consequences, particularly when resources are limited. As capital breeders, grey seals are a natural system in which to test this theory. We investigated oxidative damage (malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration) and cellular defences (relative mRNA abundance of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and redox enzymes (REs)) in blubber of wild female grey seals during the lactation fast (n = 17) and summer foraging (n = 13). Transcript abundance of Hsc70 increased, and Nox4, a pro-oxidant enzyme, decreased throughout lactation. Foraging females had higher mRNA abundance of some Hsps and lower RE transcript abundance and MDA concentrations, suggesting they experienced lower oxidative stress than lactating mothers, which diverted resources into pup rearing at the expense of blubber tissue damage. Lactation duration and maternal mass loss rate were both positively related to pup weaning mass. Pups whose mothers had higher blubber glutathione-S-transferase (GST) expression at early lactation gained mass more slowly. Higher glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lower catalase (CAT) were associated with longer lactation but reduced maternal transfer efficiency and lower pup weaning mass. Cellular stress, and the ability to mount effective cellular defences, could proscribe lactation strategy in grey seal mothers and thus affect pup survival probability. These data support the life-history-oxidative stress hypothesis in a capital breeding mammal and suggest lactation is a period of heightened vulnerability to environmental factors that exacerbate cellular stress. Fitness consequences of stress may thus be accentuated during periods of rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Armstrong
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK.
| | - Debbie J F Russell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Simon E W Moss
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Paddy Pomeroy
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Kimberley A Bennett
- Division of Health Science, School of Applied Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
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2
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Oxidative Stress Is a Potential Cost of Synchronous Nesting in Olive Ridley Sea Turtles. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091772. [PMID: 36139846 PMCID: PMC9495575 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea, exhibit a polymorphic reproductive behavior, nesting solitarily or in mass aggregations termed “arribadas”, where thousands of individuals nest synchronously. Arribada nesting provides fitness benefits including mate finding during nearshore aggregations and predator satiation at the time of hatching, but it is unknown if such benefits come with a physiological cost. We used plasma metabolite profiling, stable isotope analysis, biochemical and endocrine assays to test whether metabolic parameters differ between nesting modes, and if arribada nesting is associated with increased levels of oxidative damage compared to solitary nesting. Arribada nesters were bigger and had higher circulating thyroid hormone levels than solitary nesters. Similarly, pathways related to phospholipid and amino acid metabolism, catabolic processes, and antioxidant defense were enriched in individuals nesting in arribada. Stable isotope signatures in skin samples showed differences in feeding zones with arribada nesters likely feeding on benthic and potentially more productive grounds. Arribada nesters had increased levels of plasma lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products compared to solitary nesters. These results suggest that metabolic profiles differ between nesting modes and that oxidative stress is a trade-off for the fitness benefits associated with arribada nesting.
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3
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Dezetter M, Le Galliard JF, Leroux-Coyau M, Brischoux F, Angelier F, Lourdais O. Two stressors are worse than one: combined heatwave and drought affect hydration state and glucocorticoid levels in a temperate ectotherm. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274818. [PMID: 35319758 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heatwaves and droughts are becoming more intense and frequent with climate change. These extreme weather events often occur simultaneously and may alter organismal physiology, yet their combined impacts remain largely unknown. Here, we experimentally investigated physiological responses of a temperate ectotherm, the asp viper (Vipera aspis), to a simulated heatwave and drought. We applied a two-by-two factorial design by manipulating the daily temperature cycle (control vs. heatwave) and the water availability (water available vs. water-deprived) over a month followed by exposure to standard thermal conditions with ad libium access to water. Simulated heatwave and water deprivation additively increased mass loss, while water deprivation led to greater plasma osmolality (dehydration). Mass gain from drinking after the treatment period was higher in vipers from the heatwave and water-deprived group suggesting that thirst was synergistically influenced by thermal and water constraints. Heatwave conditions and water deprivation also additively increased baseline corticosterone levels but did not influence basal metabolic rates and plasma markers of oxidative stress. Our results demonstrate that a short-term exposure to combined heatwave and drought can exacerbate physiological stress through additive effects, and interactively impact behavioral responses to dehydration. Considering combined effects of temperature and water availability is thus crucial to assess organismal responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dezetter
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (iEES Paris), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France.,Centre d'étude biologique de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, , 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (iEES Paris), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France.,Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Département de biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 11 chemin de Busseau, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Mathieu Leroux-Coyau
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (iEES Paris), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - François Brischoux
- Centre d'étude biologique de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, , 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Fréderic Angelier
- Centre d'étude biologique de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, , 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'étude biologique de Chizé, UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, , 79360, Villiers en Bois, France.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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4
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Meniri M, Evans E, Thompson FJ, Marshall HH, Nichols HJ, Lewis G, Holt L, Davey E, Mitchell C, Johnstone RA, Cant MA, Blount JD. Untangling the oxidative cost of reproduction: An analysis in wild banded mongooses. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8644. [PMID: 35342583 PMCID: PMC8928901 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cost of reproduction plays a central role in evolutionary theory, but the identity of the underlying mechanisms remains a puzzle. Oxidative stress has been hypothesized to be a proximate mechanism that may explain the cost of reproduction. We examine three pathways by which oxidative stress could shape reproduction. The “oxidative cost” hypothesis proposes that reproductive effort generates oxidative stress, while the “oxidative constraint” and “oxidative shielding” hypotheses suggest that mothers mitigate such costs through reducing reproductive effort or by pre‐emptively decreasing damage levels, respectively. We tested these three mechanisms using data from a long‐term food provisioning experiment on wild female banded mongooses (Mungos mungo). Our results show that maternal supplementation did not influence oxidative stress levels, or the production and survival of offspring. However, we found that two of the oxidative mechanisms co‐occur during reproduction. There was evidence of an oxidative challenge associated with reproduction that mothers attempted to mitigate by reducing damage levels during breeding. This mitigation is likely to be of crucial importance, as long‐term offspring survival was negatively impacted by maternal oxidative stress. This study demonstrates the value of longitudinal studies of wild animals in order to highlight the interconnected oxidative mechanisms that shape the cost of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Meniri
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Elsa Evans
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Faye J. Thompson
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Harry H. Marshall
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
- Whitelands College Centre for Research in Ecology, Evolution & Behaviour University of Roehampton London UK
| | | | - Gina Lewis
- Department of Biosciences Swansea University Swansea UK
| | - Lauren Holt
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Emma Davey
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Christopher Mitchell
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | | | - Michael A. Cant
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Jonathan D. Blount
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences Centre for Ecology & Conservation University of Exeter Penryn UK
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5
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Rutschmann A, Dupoué A, Miles DB, Megía-Palma R, Lauden C, Richard M, Badiane A, Rozen-Rechels D, Brevet M, Blaimont P, Meylan S, Clobert J, Le Galliard JF. Intense nocturnal warming alters growth strategies, colouration and parasite load in a diurnal lizard. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1864-1877. [PMID: 33884616 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, nocturnal temperatures have been playing a disproportionate role in the global warming of the planet. Yet, they remain a neglected factor in studies assessing the impact of global warming on natural populations. Here, we question whether an intense augmentation of nocturnal temperatures is beneficial or deleterious to ectotherms. Physiological performance is influenced by thermal conditions in ectotherms and an increase in temperature by only 2°C is sufficient to induce a disproportionate increase in metabolic expenditure. Warmer nights may expand ectotherms' species thermal niche and open new opportunities for prolonged activities and improve foraging efficiency. However, increased activity may also have deleterious effects on energy balance if exposure to warmer nights reduces resting periods and elevates resting metabolic rate. We assessed whether warmer nights affected an individual's growth, dorsal skin colouration, thermoregulation behaviour, oxidative stress status and parasite load by exposing yearling common lizards (Zootoca vivipara) from four populations to either ambient or high nocturnal temperatures for approximately 5 weeks. Warmer nocturnal temperatures increased the prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation and altered allocation of resources towards structural growth rather than storage. We found no change in markers for oxidative stress. The thermal treatment did not influence thermal preferences, but influenced dorsal skin brightness and luminance, in line with a predicted acclimation response in colder environments to enhance heat gain from solar radiation. Altogether, our results highlight the importance of considering nocturnal warming as an independent factor affecting ectotherms' life history in the context of global climate change. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rutschmann
- USR5321, CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Moulis, France.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- INRA, IRD, CNRS, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES)-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Donald B Miles
- USR5321, CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Moulis, France.,Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Rodrigo Megía-Palma
- CIBIO, InBIO - Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.,School of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Clémence Lauden
- USR5321, CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Moulis, France
| | - Murielle Richard
- USR5321, CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Moulis, France
| | - Arnaud Badiane
- INRA, IRD, CNRS, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES)-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - David Rozen-Rechels
- INRA, IRD, CNRS, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES)-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Mathieu Brevet
- USR5321, CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Moulis, France
| | | | - Sandrine Meylan
- INRA, IRD, CNRS, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES)-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jean Clobert
- USR5321, CNRS, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Moulis, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- INRA, IRD, CNRS, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES)-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron Ile De France), Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
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6
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Dezetter M, Le Galliard JF, Guiller G, Guillon M, Leroux-Coyau M, Meylan S, Brischoux F, Angelier F, Lourdais O. Water deprivation compromises maternal physiology and reproductive success in a cold and wet adapted snake Vipera berus. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab071. [PMID: 34512993 PMCID: PMC8415537 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Droughts are becoming more intense and frequent with climate change. These extreme weather events can lead to mass mortality and reproduction failure, and therefore cause population declines. Understanding how the reproductive physiology of organisms is affected by water shortages will help clarify whether females can adjust their reproductive strategy to dry conditions or may fail to reproduce and survive. In this study, we investigated the consequences of a short period of water deprivation (2 weeks) during early pregnancy on the physiology and behaviour of a cold- and wet-adapted ectotherm (Vipera berus). We also examined water allocation to developing embryos and embryonic survival. Water-deprived females exhibited significant dehydration, physiological stress and loss of muscle mass. These effects of water deprivation on water balance and muscle loss were correlated with the number of developing embryos. While water-deprived females maintained water transfer to embryos at the expense of their own maintenance, water deprivation also led to embryonic mortality. Overall, water deprivation amplifies the reproductive costs of water allocation to support embryonic development. The deleterious impacts of water deprivation on female current reproductive performance and on potential survival and future reproduction could lead to severe population declines in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dezetter
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement (iEES Paris), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
- Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- Corresponding author: Centre d’Étude Biologique de Chizé CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France. Tel: + 33 (0) 5 49 09 35 52. Fax: + 33 (0) 5 49 09 65 26.
| | - Jean François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement (iEES Paris), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Département de Biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 11 Chemin de Busseau, 77140 Saint-Pierre lès-Nemours, France
| | | | - Michaël Guillon
- Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Mathieu Leroux-Coyau
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement (iEES Paris), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement (iEES Paris), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
- INSPE de Paris, Université Sorbonne, 10 rue Molitor, 75016 Paris, France
| | - François Brischoux
- Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Fréderic Angelier
- Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d’Études Biologiques de Chizé CNRS, UMR 7372, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4501, USA
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7
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Dupoué A, Trochet A, Richard M, Sorlin M, Guillon M, Teulieres‐Quillet J, Vallé C, Rault C, Berroneau M, Berroneau M, Lourdais O, Blaimont P, Bertrand R, Pottier G, Calvez O, Guillaume O, Le Chevalier H, Souchet J, Le Galliard J, Clobert J, Aubret F. Genetic and demographic trends from rear to leading edge are explained by climate and forest cover in a cold‐adapted ectotherm. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andréaz Dupoué
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
- iEES ParisSorbonne UniversitéCNRS, UMR 7618 Paris France
| | - Audrey Trochet
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Mahaut Sorlin
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Michaël Guillon
- Cistude NatureChemin du Moulinat Le Haillan France
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé ‐ ULR CNRS UMR 7372 Beauvoir sur Niort France
| | | | - Clément Vallé
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Cyrielle Rault
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | | | | | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé ‐ ULR CNRS UMR 7372 Beauvoir sur Niort France
| | - Pauline Blaimont
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz California USA
- Department of Biology Rider University Lawrenceville New Jersey USA
| | - Romain Bertrand
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Gilles Pottier
- Nature en Occitanie Maison de l’Environnement de Midi‐Pyrénées Toulouse France
| | - Olivier Calvez
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Olivier Guillaume
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Hugo Le Chevalier
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Jérémie Souchet
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Jean‐François Le Galliard
- Cistude NatureChemin du Moulinat Le Haillan France
- Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron IleDeFrance) Ecole normale supérieureCNRS UMS 3194 Saint‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours France
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d’Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
- Behavioural Ecology Lab School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley West Australia Australia
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8
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Brusch GA, Gavira RSB, Viton R, Dupoué A, Leroux-Coyau M, Meylan S, Le Galliard JF, Lourdais O. Additive effects of temperature and water availability on pregnancy in a viviparous lizard. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb228064. [PMID: 33046578 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.228064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the greatest current threats to biodiversity is climate change. However, understanding of organismal responses to fluctuations in temperature and water availability is currently lacking, especially during fundamental life-history stages such as reproduction. To further explore how temperature and water availability impact maternal physiology and reproductive output, we used the viviparous form of the European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) in a two-by-two factorial design manipulating both hydric and thermal conditions, for the first time. We collected blood samples and morphological measurements during early pregnancy and post-parturition to investigate how water availability, temperature and a combination of the two influence maternal phenology, morphology, physiology and reproductive output. We observed that dehydration during gestation negatively affects maternal physiological condition (lower mass gain, higher tail reserve mobilization) but has little effect on reproductive output. These effects are mainly additive to temperature regimes, with a proportional increase in maternal costs in warmer environments. Our study demonstrates the importance of considering combined effects of water and temperature when investigating organismal responses to climate changes, especially during periods crucial for species survival such as reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brusch
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 79360 Villiers en Bois, France .,Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - Rodrigo S B Gavira
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Robin Viton
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Mathieu Leroux-Coyau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (IEES), 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 5, France.,Ecole normale supérieure, PSL University, Département de biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 11 chemin de Busseau, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 79360 Villiers en Bois, France.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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9
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Tully T, Le Galliard JF, Baron JP. Micro-geographic shift between negligible and actuarial senescence in a wild snake. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2704-2716. [PMID: 32929717 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While it has long been known that species have contrasted life expectancy (pace of mortality) and generation time (pace of reproduction), recent studies have also uncovered that the shape of adult age trajectories of mortality and reproduction can vary remarkably among species along a continuum of senescence ranging from strong deterioration (senescence), insignificant deterioration (negligible senescence) to improvement with advancing age (negative senescence). As for many long-lived ectotherms with asymptotic growth and increasing reproductive output with age, snakes are good candidates for negligible senescence to occur. Yet, intraspecific variation in the pace and shape of actuarial and reproductive senescence across wild populations of these species remains to be explored. Here, we used 37 years of mark-recapture data in two nearby habitats inside a meadow viper Vipera ursinii population to quantify life expectancies, generation times and the shape of actuarial and reproductive senescence. Female vipers maintained stable reproductive performances at old ages, even when accounting for the predicted increase of fertility with body size, providing evidence for negligible reproductive senescence in both habitats. Males had a higher adult mortality and a shorter life expectancy on average than females and actuarial senescence shifted from negligible senescence in the optimal habitat to strong senescence in the sub-optimal habitat. Overall, these results demonstrate that micro-geographic environmental variation can generate qualitative shifts in actuarial senescence patterns. This highlights that taking into account the within-species plasticity of age-dependent trajectories could prove useful in better understanding what determines the evolution of life-history age trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tully
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, CNRS, iEES-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSPE, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, CNRS, iEES-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Département de Biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baron
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, CNRS, iEES-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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10
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Bury S, Cierniak A, Jakóbik J, Sadowska ET, Cichoń M, Bauchinger U. Cellular Turnover: A Potential Metabolic Rate-Driven Mechanism to Mitigate Accumulation of DNA Damage. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 93:90-96. [PMID: 32011970 DOI: 10.1086/707506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, the imbalance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity, may cause damage to biomolecules pivotal for cellular processes (e.g., DNA). This may impair physiological performance and, therefore, drive life-history variation and aging rate. Because aerobic metabolism is supposed to be the main source of such oxidative risk, the rate of oxygen consumption should be positively associated with the level of damage and/or antioxidants. Empirical support for such relationships remains unclear, and recent considerations suggest even a negative relationship between metabolic rate and oxidative stress. We investigated the relationship between standard metabolic rate (SMR), antioxidants, and damage in blood plasma and erythrocytes for 35 grass snakes (Natrix natrix). Reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) and nonenzymatic antioxidants were assessed in plasma, while two measures of DNA damage and the capacity to neutralize H2O2 were measured in erythrocytes. Plasma antioxidants showed no correlation to SMR, and the level of dROMs was positively related to SMR. A negative relationship between antioxidant capacity and SMR was found in erythrocytes, but no association of SMR with either measure of DNA damage was detected. No increase in DNA damage, despite lower antioxidant capacity at high SMR, indicates an upregulation in other defense mechanisms (e.g., damage repair and/or removal). Indeed, we observed a higher frequency of immature red blood cells in individuals with higher SMR, which indicates that highly metabolic individuals had increased erythrocyte turnover, a mechanism of damage removal. Such DNA protection through upregulated cellular turnover might explain the negligible senescence observed in some ectotherm taxa.
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11
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Dupoué A, Angelier F, Ribout C, Meylan S, Rozen-Rechels D, Decencière B, Agostini S, Le Galliard JF. Chronic water restriction triggers sex-specific oxidative stress and telomere shortening in lizards. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20190889. [PMID: 32097601 PMCID: PMC7058957 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals use a variety of strategies to avoid acute dehydration and death. Yet, how chronic exposure to sub-lethal dehydration may entail physiological and fitness costs remains elusive. In this study, we experimentally tested if water restriction causes increased oxidative stress (OS) and telomere length (TL) shortening, two well-described mediators of environment-fitness relationships. We exposed 100 yearling female and male common lizards (Zootoca vivipara) either to a 51-day period of water restriction or to water ad libitum, followed by 45 days in common garden outdoor conditions. We measured the kinetic changes in OS and TL and found that water-restricted males had enhanced antioxidant defences and decreased oxidative damage at day 36, whereas females did not immediately respond. A month and a half after water restriction, both sexes experienced a drop in antioxidant capacity but only males exhibited significant TL shortening. In the following 3 years, we found that lizards with longer initial TL and those who maintained stronger antioxidant defences experienced higher longevity, irrespective of sex and water restriction. Together, these results unravelled sex-specific responses to water restriction, with potential applications in better understanding the physiological costs of increasing summer droughts as a result of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréaz Dupoué
- iEES Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7618, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Angelier
- CEBC, La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR 7372, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France
| | - Cécile Ribout
- CEBC, La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR 7372, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- iEES Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7618, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - David Rozen-Rechels
- iEES Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7618, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- CEBC, La Rochelle Université, CNRS UMR 7372, 79360 Beauvoir sur Niort, France
| | - Beatriz Decencière
- École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 78 rue du château, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Simon Agostini
- École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 78 rue du château, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- iEES Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7618, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
- École normale supérieure, PSL Research University, Département de biologie, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 78 rue du château, 77140 Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
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12
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Hoekstra LA, Schwartz TS, Sparkman AM, Miller DAW, Bronikowski AM. The untapped potential of reptile biodiversity for understanding how and why animals age. Funct Ecol 2020; 34:38-54. [PMID: 32921868 PMCID: PMC7480806 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The field of comparative aging biology has greatly expanded in the past 20 years. Longitudinal studies of populations of reptiles with a range of maximum lifespans have accumulated and been analyzed for evidence of mortality senescence and reproductive decline. While not as well represented in studies of amniote senescence, reptiles have been the subjects of many recent demographic and mechanistic studies of the biology of aging. 2. We review recent literature on reptile demographic senescence, mechanisms of senescence, and identify unanswered questions. Given the ecophysiological and demographic diversity of reptiles, what is the expected range of reptile senescence rates? Are known mechanisms of aging in reptiles consistent with canonical hallmarks of aging in model systems? What are the knowledge gaps in our understanding of reptile aging? 3. We find ample evidence of increasing mortality with advancing age in many reptiles. Testudines stand out as slower aging than other orders, but data on crocodilians and tuatara are sparse. Sex-specific analyses are generally not available. Studies of female reproduction suggest that reptiles are less likely to have reproductive decline with advancing age than mammals. 4. Reptiles share many physiological and molecular pathways of aging with mammals, birds, and laboratory model organisms. Adaptations related to stress physiology coupled with reptilian ectothermy suggest novel comparisons and contrasts that can be made with canonical aging phenotypes in mammals. These include stem cell and regeneration biology, homeostatic mechanisms, IIS/TOR signaling, and DNA repair. 5. To overcome challenges to the study of reptile aging, we recommend extending and expanding long-term monitoring of reptile populations, developing reptile cell lines to aid cellular biology, conducting more comparative studies of reptile morphology and physiology sampled along relevant life-history axes, and sequencing more reptile genomes for comparative genomics. Given the diversity of reptile life histories and adaptations, achieving these directives will likely greatly benefit all aging biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Hoekstra
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Tonia S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Amanda M Sparkman
- Department of Biology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California, 93108, USA
| | - David A W Miller
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anne M Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
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13
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Dupoué A, Blaimont P, Rozen‐Rechels D, Richard M, Meylan S, Clobert J, Miles DB, Martin R, Decencière B, Agostini S, Le Galliard J. Water availability and temperature induce changes in oxidative status during pregnancy in a viviparous lizard. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andréaz Dupoué
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS‐UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Pauline Blaimont
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
| | | | - Murielle Richard
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS‐UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- Sorbonne Université, iEES ParisCNRS‐UMR 7618 Paris France
- ESPE de Paris, Sorbonne Université Paris France
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS‐UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Donald B. Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens OH USA
| | - Rémi Martin
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis CNRS‐UMR 5321 Saint Girons France
| | - Beatriz Decencière
- Centre de Recherche en Ecologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron Ile De France) Ecole Normale Supérieure CNRS‐UMS 3194 PSL Research University Saint‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours France
| | - Simon Agostini
- Centre de Recherche en Ecologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron Ile De France) Ecole Normale Supérieure CNRS‐UMS 3194 PSL Research University Saint‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours France
| | - Jean‐François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université, iEES ParisCNRS‐UMR 7618 Paris France
- Centre de Recherche en Ecologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron Ile De France) Ecole Normale Supérieure CNRS‐UMS 3194 PSL Research University Saint‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours France
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14
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Abstract
Shifts between habitats during reproduction can induce costs that are independent of the reproductive effort and that often apply to both sexes. Such shifts can also illustrate physiological costs complementary to those involving energetic currencies. In this study, we investigated osmotic consequences of reproduction in a context where reproduction induces a shift from terrestrial habitats to freshwater environments. During reproduction, toads migrate to breeding ponds where males remain for several weeks, while females leave shortly after egg-laying. We assessed plasma osmolality of male spined toads during the whole reproductive period (approx. 30 days) in conjunction with markers of individual condition. We found that osmolality decreases during the protracted period of immersion in freshwater during reproduction, presumably through water influx as indicated by body mass changes. Hormonal markers of metabolism and sexual activity were positively correlated with osmolality. Recent research has highlighted hydric 'costs' of reproduction when access to water is limited. Our study adds to this growing field of investigation, yet with an opposite perspective, where water availability linked to reproduction provokes hyperhydration rather than dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Brischoux
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Marion Cheron
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CEBC UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France
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15
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Drought-induced Suppression of Female Fecundity in a Capital Breeder. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15499. [PMID: 31664072 PMCID: PMC6820553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced global climate change is exerting increasingly strong selective pressures on a myriad of fitness traits that affect organisms. These traits, in turn, are influenced by a variety of environmental parameters such as temperature and precipitation, particularly in ectothermic taxa such as amphibians and reptiles. Over the past several decades, severe and prolonged episodes of drought are becoming commonplace throughout North America. Documentation of responses to this environmental crisis, however, is often incomplete, particularly in cryptic species. Here, we investigated reproduction in a population of pitviper snakes (copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix), a live-bearing capital breeder. This population experienced a severe drought from 2012 through 2016. We tested whether declines in number of progeny were linked to this drought. Decline in total number offspring was significant, but offspring length and mass were unaffected. Reproductive output was positively impacted by precipitation and negatively impacted by high temperatures. We hypothesized that severe declines of prey species (e.g., cicada, amphibians, and small mammals) reduced energy acquisition during drought, negatively impacting reproductive output of the snakes. Support for this view was found using the periodical cicada (Magicicada spp.) as a proxy for prey availability. Various climate simulations, including our own qualitative analysis, predict that drought events will continue unabated throughout the geographic distribution of copperheads which suggests that long-term monitoring of populations are needed to better understand geographic variation in drought resilience and cascading impacts of drought phenomena on ecosystem function.
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16
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Rozen‐Rechels D, Dupoué A, Lourdais O, Chamaillé‐Jammes S, Meylan S, Clobert J, Le Galliard J. When water interacts with temperature: Ecological and evolutionary implications of thermo-hydroregulation in terrestrial ectotherms. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:10029-10043. [PMID: 31534711 PMCID: PMC6745666 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of body temperature (thermoregulation) and of water balance (defined here as hydroregulation) are key processes underlying ecological and evolutionary responses to climate fluctuations in wild animal populations. In terrestrial (or semiterrestrial) ectotherms, thermoregulation and hydroregulation closely interact and combined temperature and water constraints should directly influence individual performances. Although comparative physiologists traditionally investigate jointly water and temperature regulation, the ecological and evolutionary implications of these coupled processes have so far mostly been studied independently. Here, we revisit the concept of thermo-hydroregulation to address the functional integration of body temperature and water balance regulation in terrestrial ectotherms. We demonstrate how thermo-hydroregulation provides a framework to investigate functional adaptations to joint environmental variation in temperature and water availability, and potential physiological and/or behavioral conflicts between thermoregulation and hydroregulation. We extend the classical cost-benefit model of thermoregulation in ectotherms to highlight the adaptive evolution of optimal thermo-hydroregulation strategies. Critical gaps in the parameterization of this conceptual optimality model and guidelines for future empirical research are discussed. We show that studies of thermo-hydroregulation refine our mechanistic understanding of physiological and behavioral plasticity, and of the fundamental niche of the species. This is illustrated with relevant and recent examples of space use and dispersal, resource-based trade-offs, and life-history tactics in insects, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rozen‐Rechels
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD INRAInstitut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IEESParisFrance
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- UMR 5321 CNRS-Université Toulouse III Paul SabatierStation d'Écologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleMoulisFrance
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- UMR 7372 CNRS-ULRCentre d'Études Biologiques de ChizéVilliers en BoisFrance
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
| | - Simon Chamaillé‐Jammes
- CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et ÉvolutiveMontpellierFrance
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD INRAInstitut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IEESParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéESPE de ParisParisFrance
| | - Jean Clobert
- UMR 5321 CNRS-Université Toulouse III Paul SabatierStation d'Écologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleMoulisFrance
| | - Jean‐François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD INRAInstitut d'Écologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement, IEESParisFrance
- École normale supérieure, CNRS, UMS 3194Centre de recherche en écologie expérimentale et prédictive (CEREEP‐Ecotron IleDeFrance), Département de biologiePSL Research UniversitySaint‐Pierre‐lès‐NemoursFrance
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17
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Webb AC, Iverson JB, Knapp CR, DeNardo DF, French SS. Energetic investment associated with vitellogenesis induces an oxidative cost of reproduction. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:461-472. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison C. Webb
- Department of Biology; Utah State University; Logan Utah
- Ecology Center; Utah State University; Logan Utah
| | | | - Charles R. Knapp
- Daniel P. Haerther Center for Conservation and Research; John G. Shedd Aquarium; Chicago Illinois
| | - Dale F. DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - Susannah S. French
- Department of Biology; Utah State University; Logan Utah
- Ecology Center; Utah State University; Logan Utah
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18
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Soulsbury CD. Income and capital breeding in males: energetic and physiological limitations on male mating strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/1/jeb184895. [PMID: 30602463 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Income and capital breeding describe two dichotomous breeding strategies that characterise the allocation of resources to reproduction. Capital breeders utilise stored endogenous resources (typically lipids) to finance reproduction, whereas income breeders use exogenous resources (typically carbohydrates). The basis for such characterisation has mainly come from studying females, yet for many species, male and female reproductive success may be determined by substantially different factors. Females allocate resources to offspring production, whereas males typically allocate resources to accessing mating opportunities, e.g. from contests or displays. The primary metabolic fuel (lipids or carbohydrates) in males appears to be dependent on the type of activity being performed (i.e. high versus low intensity or long versus short duration), rather than capital or income breeding strategy per se. Males performing sustained, long-duration effort typically utilise lipids, whereas those undergoing intense activity more often utilise carbohydrates. As a result, either fuel type can be used in either strategy. Breeding season duration can constrain strategy choice; lipids and carbohydrates can be used in short breeding season species, but only lipids provide a viable fuel source for long breeding season capital breeders. Both capital- and income-breeding males must manage their resource use during the breeding season, but capital breeders must also cope with physiological stressors associated with extended fasting. Overall, the capital-income breeding concept applies equally to male reproduction, but compared with females, there are different physical and physiological constraints that shape choice of strategy. This Commentary also highlights some key future areas that need to be investigated to further understand how capital-income breeding strategies shape male mating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Soulsbury
- School of Life Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
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19
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Kouyoumdjian L, Gangloff EJ, Souchet J, Cordero GA, Dupoué A, Aubret F. Transplanting gravid lizards to high elevation alters maternal and embryonic oxygen physiology, but not reproductive success or hatchling phenotype. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.206839. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased global temperatures have opened previously inhospitable habitats, such as at higher elevations. However, the reduction of oxygen partial pressure with increase in elevation represents an important physiological constraint that may limit colonization of such habitats, even if the thermal niche is appropriate. To test the mechanisms underlying the response to ecologically-relevant levels of hypoxia, we performed a translocation experiment with the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), a widespread European lizard amenable to establishing populations outside its natural range. We investigated the impacts of hypoxia on the oxygen physiology and reproductive output of gravid common wall lizards and the subsequent development and morphology of their offspring. Lowland females transplanted to high elevations increased their haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration within days and maintained routine metabolism compared to lizards kept at native elevations. However, transplanted lizards suffered from increased reactive oxygen metabolite production near the oviposition date, suggesting a cost of reproduction at high elevation. Transplanted females and females native to different elevations did not differ in reproductive output (clutch size, egg mass, relative clutch mass, or embryonic stage at oviposition) or in post-oviposition body condition. Developing embryos reduced heart rates and prolonged incubation times at high elevations within the native range and at extreme high elevations beyond the current range, but this reduced oxygen availability did not affect metabolic rate, hatching success, or hatchling size. These results suggest that this opportunistic colonizer is capable of successfully responding to novel environmental constraints in these important life-history stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kouyoumdjian
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - Jérémie Souchet
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UMR 5321, Moulis, France
| | - Gerardo A. Cordero
- Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- CNRS UPMC, UMR 7618, iEES Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Aubret
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS – UMR 5321, Moulis, France
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 6102 WA, Australia
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20
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Strážnická M, Marková S, Searle JB, Kotlík P. Playing Hide-and-Seek in Beta-Globin Genes: Gene Conversion Transferring a Beneficial Mutation between Differentially Expressed Gene Duplicates. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9100492. [PMID: 30321987 PMCID: PMC6209878 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that adaptation to diverse environments often involves selection on existing variation rather than new mutations. A previous study identified a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 2 of two paralogous β-globin genes of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) in Britain in which the ancestral serine (Ser) and the derived cysteine (Cys) allele represent geographically partitioned functional variation affecting the erythrocyte antioxidative capacity. Here we studied the geographical pattern of the two-locus Ser/Cys polymorphism throughout Europe and tested for the geographic correlation between environmental variables and allele frequency, expected if the polymorphism was under spatially heterogeneous environment-related selection. Although bank vole population history clearly is important in shaping the dispersal of the oxidative stress protective Cys allele, analyses correcting for population structure suggest the Europe-wide pattern is affected by geographical variation in environmental conditions. The β-globin phenotype is encoded by the major paralog HBB-T1 but we found evidence of bidirectional gene conversion of exon 2 with the low-expression paralog HBB-T2. Our data support the model where gene conversion reshuffling genotypes between high- and low- expressed paralogs enables tuning of erythrocyte thiol levels, which may help maintain intracellular redox balance under fluctuating environmental conditions. Therefore, our study suggests a possible role for gene conversion between differentially expressed gene duplicates as a mechanism of physiological adaptation of populations to new or changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Strážnická
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvia Marková
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic.
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Petr Kotlík
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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21
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Dupoué A, Le Galliard J, Josserand R, DeNardo DF, Decencière B, Agostini S, Haussy C, Meylan S. Water restriction causes an intergenerational trade‐off and delayed mother–offspring conflict in a viviparous lizard. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andréaz Dupoué
- CNRS UPMC, UMR 7618, iEES ParisUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France
| | - Jean‐François Le Galliard
- CNRS UPMC, UMR 7618, iEES ParisUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France
- Département de biologieEcole normale supérieureCNRSPSL Research University Saint‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours France
| | - Rémy Josserand
- CNRS UPMC, UMR 7618, iEES ParisUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France
| | - Dale F. DeNardo
- School of Life SciencesArizona State University Tempe AZ USA
| | - Béatriz Decencière
- Département de biologieEcole normale supérieureCNRSPSL Research University Saint‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours France
| | - Simon Agostini
- Département de biologieEcole normale supérieureCNRSPSL Research University Saint‐Pierre‐lès‐Nemours France
| | - Claudy Haussy
- CNRS UPMC, UMR 7618, iEES ParisUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France
| | - Sandrine Meylan
- CNRS UPMC, UMR 7618, iEES ParisUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie Paris France
- ESPE de ParisUniversité Sorbonne Paris IV Paris France
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