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Mielewczyk DA, Glover CN, Klaczek CE, Goss GG, Saari GN. Sub-chronic exposure to waterborne extracellular microcystin-LR impairs calcium homeostasis in rainbow trout. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 251:114542. [PMID: 36638564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fish mortality is associated with harmful algal blooms, although whether toxicity is related directly to the presence of cyanotoxins or the prevailing water chemistry remains unclear. Similarly, while planktivorous fish may be exposed to toxin through the diet, the hazard posed by waterborne extracellular toxin to carnivorous fish is less well understood. In this study rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed for up to 28 d to waterborne microcystin-LR at nominal concentrations of 1.5 and 50 µg L-1 (measured values 2 and 49 µg L-1, respectively). The former represents the Canadian drinking water guideline, and the latter an elevated environmental level. This study hypothesised that waterborne toxin exposure would specifically impact gill function, and given the importance of this tissue in freshwater fish ion regulation, effects on plasma ions and branchial ion transporter activity would be observed. Microcystin-LR exposure resulted in a significant and persistent hypocalcaemia at the higher exposure concentration, but plasma sodium and branchial activities of the sodium/potassium ATPase, proton ATPase and calcium ATPase enzymes remained unaffected. An in vitro assessment failed to show any effect of microcystin-LR on branchial calcium ATPase activity even at exposure concentrations as high as 1000 µg L-1. A transient increase in hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity was also observed at 49 µg L-1, but there were no effects of toxin exposure on branchial or hepatic lactate dehydrogenase activity. These results suggest that microcystin-LR exposure does not have a general effect on ion regulation, but instead produces a novel and specific impact on calcium metabolism in rainbow trout, although the mechanism underlying this effect remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A Mielewczyk
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Chantelle E Klaczek
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Landsberg JH, Hendrickson J, Tabuchi M, Kiryu Y, Williams BJ, Tomlinson MC. A large-scale sustained fish kill in the St. Johns River, Florida: A complex consequence of cyanobacteria blooms. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101771. [PMID: 32113602 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 2010, a sustained multispecies fish kill, affecting primarily adult red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina), along with various baitfish such as menhaden (Brevoortia spp.) and shad (Dorosoma spp.), was documented for six weeks along 50 km of the Lower St. Johns River (LSJR), Florida. An Aphanizomenon flos-aquae bloom was present in the freshwater reaches before the fish kill. The kill was triggered by a significant reverse-flow event and sudden influx of high-salinity water in late May that contributed to the collapse of the bloom upstream and brought euryhaline fish downstream into the vicinity of the senescing bloom or its by-products. The decomposing bloom led to a sequence of events, including the release of small amounts of cyanotoxins, bacterial lysis of cyanobacterial cells, high organic loading, and changes in the diversity and dominance of the plankton community to include Microcystis spp., Leptolyngbya sp., Pseudanabaena spp., Planktolyngbya spp., and low concentrations of Heterosigma akashiwo. Dissolved oxygen levels were within normal ranges in the reach of the fish kill, although elevated ammonia concentrations and high pH were detected farther upstream. These conditions resulted in complex pathological changes in fish that were not consistent with acute cyanotoxin exposure or with poor water quality but were attributable to chronic lethal hemolysis. Potential sources of hemolytic activity included H. akashiwo, Microcystis spp., and Bacillus cereus, a hemolytic bacterium. The continued presence of A. flos-aquae in the LSJR could have significant environmental repercussions and ideally the causal factors contributing to bloom growth and maintenance should be fully understood and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Landsberg
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 Eighth Avenue Southeast, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
| | - John Hendrickson
- St. Johns River Water Management District, P.O. Box 1429, Palatka, FL, 32178, USA
| | - Maki Tabuchi
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 Eighth Avenue Southeast, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Yasunari Kiryu
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 Eighth Avenue Southeast, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - B James Williams
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 Eighth Avenue Southeast, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Michelle C Tomlinson
- Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
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3
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Calado SLDM, Santos GS, Vicentini M, Bozza DC, Prodocimo V, Magalhães VFD, Cestari MM, Silva de Assis HC. Multiple biomarkers response in a Neotropical fish exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124616. [PMID: 31466003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Alagados Reservoir (Southern Brazil) is used as water supply, and since 2002 there have been reports with a presence of cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. In order to assess the water quality and the ecological integrity of the reservoir, we evaluated biochemical, genotoxic and osmoregulatory biomarkers in the freshwater cichlid fish (Geophagus brasiliensis) that were exposed to PSTs. The fish were sampled in the Alagados Reservoir in February 2016 (Summer) and were divided in three groups: 1) Reservoir group (RES): fish were collected immediately after sampling; 2) Depuration group (DEP): fish were submitted to the depuration experiment for 90 days in the laboratory; and 3) Reproduction group (REP): fish were kept in the laboratory until the fertilization and the chemical analyses were performed on the offspring (F1 generation). In the RES and DEP the blood, brain, muscle, liver and gills were collected for biochemical, genotoxic and osmoregulatory biomarkers analysis. Our results showed that the fish from the Alagados Reservoir (RES) presented oxidative stress and DNA damage; and after 90 days (DEP), the antioxidant system and DNA damage were recovered. Although PSTs were considered a risk to the ecological integrity of this water body; PSTs concentrations were not found in the tissues of the F1 generation. In addition, the biomarkers used were useful tools to evaluate the effects of environment contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new technologies and monitoring programs in order to reduce cyanobaterial blooms, cyanotoxins and human activities that cause the contamination in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Maiara Vicentini
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Deivyson Cattine Bozza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Viviane Prodocimo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Avenue Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Silva de Assis
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil.
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Tavares D, Paulino MG, Terezan AP, Batista Fernandes J, Giani A, Fernandes MN. Osmoregulatory disturbance in Neotropical fish exposed to the crude extracts of the cyanobacterium, Radiocystis fernandoi. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105315. [PMID: 31561138 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of cyanobacteria, a common event in eutrophic environments, result in the release of potentially toxic substances into the water. The cyanobacterium Radiocystis fernandoi produces microcystin (MC) and other peptides that may disturb homeostasis. This study evaluated the effect of intraperitoneal injections containing the crude extract (CE) of R. fernandoi strain R28 on the gills and kidneys of neotropical fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus, 3, 6 and 24 h post-injection. CE contained MC-RR, MC-YR and minor other oligopeptides. Plasma ions and the activities of the enzymes PP1 and PP2A, Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), H+-ATPase (HA) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) were determined and morphological changes in both the gills and kidneys were characterized. Compared to controls, the concentration of Na+ within the plasma of P. mesopotamicus decreased after treatment with CE 3 h post treatment and increased after 24 h; the concentration of K+ decreased after 6 h. The activity of the endogenous PP1 and PP2A was unchanged in the gills and was inhibited in the kidneys 6 h after i.p. injection. In the gills, NKA activity increased after 3 h and decreased 6 h post i.p. exposure. Further, NKA activity did not differ from the controls 24-h post injection. In the kidneys, NKA, HA and CA activities were unaffected by treatment. The mitochondria-rich cell (MRC) density in the gills decreased after 3 h in the filament and 3 and 6 h in the lamellae and was restored to the control levels 24 h post-exposure. Filament epithelial hyperplasia and hypertrophy, lamellar atrophy and rupture of the lamellar epithelium were the most common effects of treatment in the gills. No histopathological changes occurred in the kidneys. This study demonstrates that a single dose of toxic CE from R. fernandoi can cause a transitory ion imbalance in P. mesopotamicus which is related to the changes in MRC levels and NKA activity. Ionic balance was recovered 24 h post i.p. injection, however, morphological changes that occurred in the gills took a longer amount of time to return to normal. To conclude, the effects of components contained within the CE of R. fernandoi may be harmful to P. mesopotamicus. In particular, the recovery of ionic regulation depends on MRC responses and histopathological changes produced by CE may affect gas exchange and other gill functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driele Tavares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Paulino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Terezan
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Giani
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marisa Narciso Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Njoroge TM, Berenbaum MR. Laboratory Evaluation of Larvicidal and Oviposition Deterrent Properties of Edible Plant Oils for Potential Management of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Drinking Water Containers. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1055-1063. [PMID: 30855084 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) transmits several devastating arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus, making development of inexpensive and eco-friendly strategies for its control an urgent priority. We evaluated the lethality of 13 commonly used plant-derived edible oils against late-third instar Ae. aegypti and then tested the three most lethal oils for stage-specific differences in lethality. We also examined the effects of the most lethal (hempseed), moderately lethal (sunflower and peanut), and least lethal (olive) oils on survival to adulthood and oviposition behavior of gravid females. We hypothesized that the insecticidal activity of edible oils is a function of the content of their linoleic acid, a key fatty acid component with film-forming properties. Among the 13 oils tested, hempseed oil was the most lethal, with an LC50 of 348.25 ppm, followed by sesame (670.44 ppm) and pumpkinseed (826.91 ppm) oils. Oils with higher linoleic acid content were more lethal to larvae than those with low linoleic acid content. Furthermore, pure concentrated linoleic acid was more lethal to larvae compared to any edible oil. In comparison to early instars, late instars were more susceptible to hempseed, sunflower, peanut, and olive oils; these oils also acted as oviposition deterrents, with effective repellency ≥63%. The proportion of larvae surviving to adulthood was significantly reduced in hempseed, sunflower, peanut, and olive oil treatments relative to controls. Our results suggest that some edible plant oils have potential as effective, eco-friendly larvicides, and oviposition deterrents for controlling container-dwelling mosquitoes, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia M Njoroge
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - May R Berenbaum
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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6
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Huchzermeyer KDA, Woodborne S, Osthoff G, Hugo A, Hoffman AC, Kaiser H, Steyl JCA, Myburgh JG. Pansteatitis in polluted Olifants River impoundments: nutritional perspectives on fish in a eutrophic lake, Lake Loskop, South Africa. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1665-1680. [PMID: 28493486 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the aetiology of pansteatitis in Lake Loskop, relative to two other impoundments along the Olifants River. Macroscopic and microscopic pathology, age determination and analysis of stomach content, fatty acids and stable isotopes explain the high prevalence of pansteatitis in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) and several other species in Lake Loskop. All the dietary indicator comparisons between pansteatitis-affected and healthy fish fail to support a systemic cause. Pansteatitis in Lake Loskop was linked to size and weight of O. mossambicus, but not to ontogenic age. Fish in Lake Loskop showed abnormally high omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acid ratios normally only found in marine fish with no significant difference in degree of assimilation of these fatty acids between pansteatitis-affected and healthy fish. This explains the vulnerability to, but not the occurrence of, pansteatitis. As a cause for the pansteatitis, these results point towards sporadic vitamin E-depleting trigger events, known sporadic fish die-off occurrences that provide surviving fish with a rich source of rancid fats on which to scavenge. The mechanism ties pansteatitis to eutrophication and trophic cascade effects, the intrinsic drivers of the disease and suggests an adaptive management strategy that might be applied by relevant conservation authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D A Huchzermeyer
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - S Woodborne
- iThemba LABS, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G Osthoff
- Microbial Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - A Hugo
- Microbial Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - A C Hoffman
- Scientific Services, Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - H Kaiser
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - J C A Steyl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - J G Myburgh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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7
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Singh R, Parihar P, Singh M, Bajguz A, Kumar J, Singh S, Singh VP, Prasad SM. Uncovering Potential Applications of Cyanobacteria and Algal Metabolites in Biology, Agriculture and Medicine: Current Status and Future Prospects. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:515. [PMID: 28487674 PMCID: PMC5403934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria and algae having complex photosynthetic systems can channelize absorbed solar energy into other forms of energy for production of food and metabolites. In addition, they are promising biocatalysts and can be used in the field of "white biotechnology" for enhancing the sustainable production of food, metabolites, and green energy sources such as biodiesel. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover the significance of various metabolites like phenolics, phytoene/terpenoids, phytols, sterols, free fatty acids, photoprotective compounds (MAAs, scytonemin, carotenoids, polysaccharides, halogenated compounds, etc.), phytohormones, cyanotoxins, biocides (algaecides, herbicides, and insecticides) etc. Apart from this, the importance of these metabolites as antibiotics, immunosuppressant, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory agent has also been discussed. Metabolites obtained from cyanobacteria and algae have several biotechnological, industrial, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic uses which have also been discussed in this review along with the emerging technology of their harvesting for enhancing the production of compounds like bioethanol, biofuel etc. at commercial level. In later sections, we have discussed genetically modified organisms and metabolite production from them. We have also briefly discussed the concept of bioprocessing highlighting the functioning of companies engaged in metabolites production as well as their cost effectiveness and challenges that are being addressed by these companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Madhulika Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Samiksha Singh
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
| | - Vijay P. Singh
- Department of Botany, Govt. Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post-Graduate CollegeBaikunthpur, Koriya, India
| | - Sheo M. Prasad
- Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of AllahabadAllahabad, India
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Jung JM, Lee J, Kim J, Kim KH, Kim HW, Jeon YJ, Kwon EE. Enhanced thermal destruction of toxic microalgal biomass by using CO2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:575-583. [PMID: 27236623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work confirmed that dominant microalgal strain in the eutrophic site (the Han River in Korea) was Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) secreting toxins. Collected and dried microalgal biomass had an offensive odor due to microalgal lipid, of which the content reached up to 2±0.2wt.% of microalgal biomass (dry basis). This study has validated that the offensive odor is attributed to the C3-6 range of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which was experimentally identified by the non-catalytic transformation of triglycerides (TGs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) in microalgal biomass into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). In particular, this study mechanistically investigated the influence of CO2 in the thermal destruction (i.e., pyrolysis) of hazardous microalgal biomass in order to achieve dual purposes (i.e., thermal disposal of hazardous microalgal biomass and energy recovery). The influence of CO2 in pyrolysis of microalgal biomass was identified as 1) the enhanced thermal cracking behaviors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the thermal degradation of microalgal biomass and 2) the direct gas phase reaction between CO2 and VOCs. These identified influences of CO2 in pyrolysis of microalgal biomass significantly enhanced the generation of CO: the enhanced generation of CO in the presence of CO2 was 590% at 660°C, 1260% at 690°C, and 3200% at 720°C. In addition, two identified influences of CO2 (i.e., enhanced thermal cracking and direct gas phase reaction) occurred simultaneously and independently. The identified gas phase reaction in the presence of CO2 was only initiated at temperatures higher than 500°C, which was different from the Boudouard reaction. Lastly, the experimental work justified that exploiting CO2 as a reaction medium and/or chemical feedstock will provide new technical approaches for controlling syngas ratio and in-situ air pollutant control without using catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Jung
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Wook Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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Svirčev Z, Obradović V, Codd GA, Marjanović P, Spoof L, Drobac D, Tokodi N, Petković A, Nenin T, Simeunović J, Važić T, Meriluoto J. Massive fish mortality and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii bloom in Aleksandrovac Lake. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1353-1363. [PMID: 27352231 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a massive fish mortality during a Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii bloom in Aleksandrovac Lake, Serbia in mid-December 2012. According to a preliminary investigation of the samples taken on November 6 before the fish mortalities and to extended analyses of samples taken on November 15, no values of significant physicochemical parameters emerged to explain the cause(s) of the fish mortality. No industrial pollutants were apparent at this location, and results excluded the likelihood of bacterial infections. Even after freezing, the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water was sufficient for fish survival. High concentrations of chlorophyll a and phaeophytin occurred in the lake, and phytoplankton bloom samples were lethal in Artemia salina bioassays. A bloom of the cyanobacterium C. raciborskii was recorded during November. Although the A. salina bioassays indicated the presence of toxic compounds in the cyanobacterial cells, the cyanotoxins, microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesna Obradović
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Prvoslav Marjanović
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Lisa Spoof
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Damjana Drobac
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Anđelka Petković
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Tanja Nenin
- Jaroslav Černi Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Jaroslava Černog 80, Pinosava, Belgrade, 12226, Serbia
| | - Jelica Simeunović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Tamara Važić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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Silva VDCB, Ribeiro Neto JA, Alves SN, Lima LARDS. Larvicidal activity of oils, fatty acids, and methyl esters from ripe and unripe fruit of Solanum lycocarpum (Solanaceae) against the vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:610-3. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0049-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Kilulya KF, Msagati TAM, Mamba BB. Ionic Liquid-Based Extraction of Fatty Acids from Blue-Green Algal Cells Enhanced by Direct Transesterification and Determination Using GC × GC-TOFMS. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Ferrão-Filho ADS, Kozlowsky-Suzuki B. Cyanotoxins: bioaccumulation and effects on aquatic animals. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2729-2772. [PMID: 22363248 PMCID: PMC3280578 DOI: 10.3390/md9122729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with wide geographic distribution that can produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins. These toxins can be classified into three main types according to their mechanism of action in vertebrates: hepatotoxins, dermatotoxins and neurotoxins. Many studies on the effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a wide range of aquatic organisms, including invertebrates and vertebrates, have reported acute effects (e.g., reduction in survivorship, feeding inhibition, paralysis), chronic effects (e.g., reduction in growth and fecundity), biochemical alterations (e.g., activity of phosphatases, GST, AChE, proteases), and behavioral alterations. Research has also focused on the potential for bioaccumulation and transferring of these toxins through the food chain. Although the herbivorous zooplankton is hypothesized as the main target of cyanotoxins, there is not unquestionable evidence of the deleterious effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins on these organisms. Also, the low toxin burden in secondary consumers points towards biodilution of microcystins in the food web as the predominant process. In this broad review we discuss important issues on bioaccumulation and the effects of cyanotoxins, with emphasis on microcystins, as well as drawbacks and future needs in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysio da S. Ferrão-Filho
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Promotion of Environmental Health, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Betina Kozlowsky-Suzuki
- Departament of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-040, Brazil;
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Dyble J, Gossiaux D, Landrum P, Kashian DR, Pothoven S. A kinetic study of accumulation and elimination of microcystin-LR in yellow perch (Perca flavescens) tissue and implications for human fish consumption. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2553-2571. [PMID: 22363240 PMCID: PMC3280582 DOI: 10.3390/md9122553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish consumption is a potential route of human exposure to the hepatotoxic microcystins, especially in lakes and reservoirs that routinely experience significant toxic Microcystis blooms. Understanding the rates of uptake and elimination for microcystins as well as the transfer efficiency into tissues of consumers are important for determining the potential for microcystins to be transferred up the food web and for predicting potential human health impacts. The main objective of this work was to conduct laboratory experiments to investigate the kinetics of toxin accumulation in fish tissue. An oral route of exposure was employed in this study, in which juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were given a single oral dose of 5 or 20 μg of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) via food and accumulation in the muscle, liver, and tank water were measured over 24 h. Peak concentrations of the water soluble fraction of microcystin were generally observed 8-10 h after dosing in the liver and after 12-16 h in the muscle, with a rapid decline in both tissues by 24 h. Up to 99% of the total recoverable (i.e., unbound) microcystin was measured in the tank water by 16 h after exposure. The relatively rapid uptake and elimination of the unbound fraction of microcystin in the liver and muscle of juvenile yellow perch within 24 h of exposure indicates that fish consumption may not be a major route of human exposure to microcystin, particularly in the Great Lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Dyble
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 South State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA; (D.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Duane Gossiaux
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 South State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA; (D.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Peter Landrum
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 4840 South State Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA; (D.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Donna R. Kashian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Steven Pothoven
- Lake Michigan Field Station, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 1431 Beach Street, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA;
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El Ghazali I, Saqrane S, Carvalho AP, Ouahid Y, Del Campo FF, Vasconcelos V, Oudra B. Effects of the microcystin profile of a cyanobacterial bloom on growth and toxin accumulation in common carp Cyprinus carpio larvae. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 76:1415-1430. [PMID: 20537022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A 12 day growth trial was conducted to compare the effect of the variation in microcystins (MC) composition of two bloom samples of Microcystis aeruginosa on the growth performance and microcystin accumulation in common carp Cyprinus carpio larvae. Two M. aeruginosa natural bloom samples with different MC profiles were collected and larvae were exposed to cyanobacterial cells through their diet. Three diets, a basal control diet and two diets prepared from the basal diet plus the same toxins content (60 ng MC g(-1) diet) of each cyanobacterial bloom, were given at the same ration level to three groups of larvae during the experimental period. Larval mass and standard length from day 9 were significantly different between cyanobacterial treatments and in both cases lower than that of the control. The MC accumulation by larvae, inversely correlated with the growth performance, was also significantly different between cyanobacterial treatments (26.96 v. 17.32 ng g(-1) at the end of the experimental period). These results indicate that MC variants profile may have effects on the toxin uptake and toxicity. To date, this is the first laboratory study to show that fish accumulate MC depending on the toxin profile of the cyanobacterial bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- I El Ghazali
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, University Cadi Ayyad, P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
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15
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Labine M, Minuk G. Cyanobacterial toxins and liver diseaseThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue celebrating the 125th anniversary of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manitoba. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:773-88. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Blue-green algae, also known as cyanobacteria, produce a variety of toxins, some of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe and potentially life-threatening diseases in humans. As the growth of cyanobacteria within freshwater lakes increases worldwide, it is important to review our present understanding of their toxicity and potential carcinogenicity to gain insight into how these organisms impact human health. This review addresses each of these topics, with special emphasis given to cyanobacterial hepatotoxins within freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Labine
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - G.Y. Minuk
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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16
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Compensatory growth induced in zebrafish larvae after pre-exposure to a Microcystis aeruginosa natural bloom extract containing microcystins. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:133-146. [PMID: 19333438 PMCID: PMC2662464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stage tests with zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used to detect toxic effects of compounds from a Microcystis aeruginosa natural bloom extract on their embryolarval development. We carried out the exposure of developing stages of fish to complex cyanobacterial blooms containing hepatotoxic molecules - microcystins. Fish embryo tests performed with the bloom extract containing 3 mg·L−1 Eq microcystin-LR showed that after 24 h of exposure all fish embryos died. The same tests performed with other diluted extracts (containing 0.3, 0.1 and 0.03 mg·L−1 Eq microcystin-LR) were shown to have an influence on zebrafish development and a large number of embryos showed malformation signs (edema, bent and curving tail). After hatching the larvae were transferred to a medium without toxins to follow the larval development under the new conditions. The specific growth of the pre-exposed larvae was significantly more important than that of the control larvae. This may represent a compensatory growth used to reduce the difference in size with the control fish noted after hatching.
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17
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Tang JYM, Wong CKC, Au DWT. The ichthyotoxic alga Chattonella marina induces Na+, K+ -ATPase, and CFTR proteins expression in fish gill chloride cells in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 353:98-103. [PMID: 17161378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that the ichthyotoxic Chattonella marina stimulated proliferation of branchial chloride cell (CC) and induced osmotic distress akin to hyperactive elimination of ions in fish (Rhabdosargus sarba). To ascertain the in vivo effects of C. marina on key CC ion transporters, the localization and expression of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (NKA) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) proteins in response to C. marina exposure were investigated, using a quantitative immunocytochemical approach. The polarized distributions of NKA (alpha subunit) and CFTR proteins in branchial CCs of R. sarba remained unchanged under C. marina exposure. However, significant inductions of these two ion-transporters were detected in CCs of fish after 6h exposure. By real-time PCR, no significant changes in gill NKA and CFTR mRNA expressions were detected, suggesting a post-transcriptional pathway is likely involved in regulating the ion transporters abundance. This study is the first to demonstrate the in vivo effects of harmful algal toxin on NKA and CFTR protein expressions in gill transepithelial cells. Taken together, an augmentation of branchial CCs together with hyper-stimulation of NKA and CFTR in CCs attribute to the rapid development of osmotic distress in C. marina susceptible fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y M Tang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
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18
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Cazenave J, Bistoni MDLA, Zwirnmann E, Wunderlin DA, Wiegand C. Attenuating effects of natural organic matter on microcystin toxicity in zebra fish (Danio rerio) embryos -- benefits and costs of microcystin detoxication. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2006; 21:22-32. [PMID: 16463263 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To contribute to the understanding of joined factors in the environment, impact of pure microcystins (-RR and -LF) on zebra fish (Danio rerio) embryos were investigated individually and in combination with a natural organic matter (NOM). The applied NOM was a reverse osmosis isolate from Lake Schwarzer See (i.e., Black Lake, BL-NOM). Teratogenic effects were evaluated through changes in embryonic development within 48 h of exposure. Detoxication activities were assessed by the activities of phase II biotransformation enzymes, soluble and microsomal glutathione S-transferase (s, mGST). Oxidative stress was assessed by determining both the production of hydrogen peroxide and by analyzing the activities of the antioxidative enzymes, guajacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and the glutathione restoring enzyme glutathione reductase (GR). Energetic costs were evaluated by determining contents of fat, carbohydrates, and proteins in both exposed and control embryos. BL-NOM attenuated toxic effects of MC-LF and MC-RR verified by less pronounced teratological effects within 24 h, in particular, as well as less rise in the activity of s-GST, when compared with embryos exposed to either pure toxins or in combination with organic matter. BL-NOM also diminished oxidative effects caused by MC-LF; however, it failed to attenuate oxidative stress caused by MC-RR. Content of lipids was significantly reduced in exposed embryos following a trend similar to that obtained with teratological and enzymatic assays confirming the attenuating effect of BL-NOM. Physiological responses to microcystins and NOM required energetic costs, which were compensated to the expense of the energy resources of the yolk, which in turn might affect the normal development of embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Cazenave
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exáctas Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra Diversidad Animal II, Avda, Vélez Sarsfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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19
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Cazenave J, Wunderlin DA, de Los Angeles Bistoni M, Amé MV, Krause E, Pflugmacher S, Wiegand C. Uptake, tissue distribution and accumulation of microcystin-RR in Corydoras paleatus, Jenynsia multidentata and Odontesthes bonariensis. A field and laboratory study. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 75:178-90. [PMID: 16157397 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and accumulation of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) in fish was investigated under laboratory conditions and in wild fish. Jenynsia multidentata and Corydoras paleatus were exposed for 24h to 50mug/L MC-RR dissolved in water. After exposure, liver, gill, brain, intestine, gall bladder, blood and muscle were analyzed for MC-RR by HPLC and analysis confirmed by LC-ESI-TOF-MS spectrometry. Furthermore, wild individuals of Odontesthes bonariensis were sampled from the eutrophic, cyanobacteria-containing San Roque reservoir, and analyzed for the presence of MC-RR in liver, gill, intestine, and muscle. MC-RR was found in liver, gills, and muscle of all exposed and wild fish, while in C. paleatus MC-RR was also present in the intestine. Moreover, we found presence of MC-RR in brain of J. multidentata. Results indicate that MC-RR uptake might occur at two different organs: intestine and gills, through either feeding (including drinking) or respiratory activities. This suggests that MC-RR is taken into the blood stream after absorption, and distributed to different tissues. The liver showed the major bioaccumulation of MC-RR in both experimentally exposed and wild individuals, with muscle of wild fish showing relative high amounts of this toxin in comparison with those exposed in the laboratory; though MC-RR was present in muscle of fish exposed for 24h. The amount of MC-RR in muscle of O. bonariensis exceeded the value suggested by WHO to be safe, thus causing a health risk to persons consuming fish as a result of chronic exposure to microcystin. Gills also showed bioaccumulation of MC-RR, raising questions on the mechanism involved in the possible uptake of MC-RR through gills as well as on its accumulation in this organ. Although MC-LR has been reported in brain of fish, this is the first report confirming the presence of MC-RR in this organ, which means that both toxins are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. These findings also raise questions on the probable neurotoxicity of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena Cazenave
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Cátedra Diversidad Animal II, Velez Sarsfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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20
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Pichardo S, Jos A, Zurita JL, Salguero M, Camean AM, Repetto G. The use of the fish cell lines RTG-2 and PLHC-1 to compare the toxic effects produced by microcystins LR and RR. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:865-73. [PMID: 16081241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial toxins, especially microcystins (MC), are found in eutrophied waters through the world. Acute poisonings of animals and humans has been reported following MC exposure. In the present study, two fish cell lines, PLHC-1 and RTG-2, were evaluated after exposure to the cyanobacterial toxins MC-LR and MC-RR. The effects of different concentrations of the toxins were investigated in both cell lines at morphological and biochemical levels (total protein content, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, lysosomal activity and succinate dehydrogenase activity). The results obtained showed a decrease in protein content and no relevant increase in cell disruption, except for MC-LR in PLHC-1 cells. Morphological changes produced by microcystins were cellular swelling, blebbling, rounding, reduction in the cell number and increase in the number and size of lysosomal bodies. In addition, steatosis was produced in hepatoma PLHC-1 cells, particularly with MC-RR. Furthermore, the fish PLHC-1 cell line was more sensitive than RTG-2 cells to the cyanobacterial toxins compared, being the stimulation of the lysosomal function and the induction of steatosis the most specific changes detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pichardo
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/ Profesor García González no. 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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21
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Wiegand C, Pflugmacher S. Ecotoxicological effects of selected cyanobacterial secondary metabolites: a short review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 203:201-18. [PMID: 15737675 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are one of the most diverse groups of gram-negative photosynthetic prokaryotes. Many of them are able to produce a wide range of toxic secondary metabolites. These cyanobacterial toxins can be classified in five different groups: hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatotoxins, and irritant toxins (lipopolysaccharides). Cyanobacterial blooms are hazardous due to this production of secondary metabolites and endotoxins, which could be toxic to animals and plants. Many of the freshwater cyanobacterial blooms include species of the toxigenic genera Microcystis, Anabaena, or Plankthotrix. These compounds differ in mechanisms of uptake, affected organs, and molecular mode of action. In this review, the main focus is the aquatic environment and the effects of these toxins to the organisms living there. Some basic toxic mechanisms will be discussed in comparison to the mammalian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wiegand
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Mancera JM, Smolenaars M, Laiz-Carrión R, Martín del Río MDP, Bonga SEW, Flik G. 17β-Estradiol affects osmoregulation in Fundulus heteroclitus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 139:183-91. [PMID: 15465664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) on osmoregulatory performance was examined in the euryhaline killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Fish were injected once with 1, 2 and 5 microg g(-1) E(2) and, 6 h after injection, transferred from 1 ppt seawater (SW) to full strength SW (40 ppt) or from SW to 1 ppt SW. In another set of experiments, fish were injected four times on alternate days with 2 microg g(-1) E(2) and then, 6 h after the last injection, transferred from 1 ppt SW to SW or from SW to 1 ppt SW. Fish were sampled 18 h after transfer (i.e., 24 h post-injection), and plasma osmolality, Na(+) and Cl(-) concentration and gill K(+)-pNPPase activity (a reflection of the sodium pump) were examined. Transfer from 1 ppt SW to SW resulted in significantly increased plasma osmolality, but did not affect gill K(+)-pNPPase activity. A single dose of E(2) (1, 2 and 5 microg g(-1)) prior to transfer from 1 ppt SW to SW increased plasma osmolality and decreased gill K(+)-pNPPase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Prolonged treatment with E(2) increased plasma osmolality and decreased gill K(+)-pNPPase activity in 1 ppt SW-adapted fish. Transfer of fish thus treated from 1 ppt SW to SW increased plasma osmolality and did not alter gill K(+)-pNPPase activity. Transfer from SW to 1 ppt SW had no significant effect on plasma osmolality or gill K(+)-pNPPase activity. Only the highest single dose of E(2) (5 microg g(-1)) prior to transfer from SW to 1 ppt SW decreased gill K(+)-pNPPase activity. Prolonged treatment with 2 microg g(-1) E(2) decreased gill K(+)-pNPPase activity only following transfer from SW to 1 ppt SW. The results substantiate an inhibitory action of E(2) on hypoosmoregulatory capacity in this euryhaline teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Miguel Mancera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Cádiz 11510, Spain.
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. SAJ. Effect of Microcystin from Jordan on Ion Regulation and Antioxidant System in the Hepatocytes of Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2004.547.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria produce lethal toxins such as microcystins and anatoxins. During the purification of microcystins in bloom samples we found that a toxic cyanobacterium produced not only microcystins but also other types-peptides in early 1990. Since then we have isolated approximately thirty peptides from freshwater cyanobacteria. In this manuscript we focused on the following topics concerning the isolated peptides: 1) how to isolate desired compounds and to determine their structures, 2) structural classification of isolated compounds, 3) isolation of similar peptides from laboratory strains and bloom materials, 4) structurally related peptides from freshwater and marine origins, 5) beta-amino acid containing peptides from cyanobacteria, 6) comprehensive analysis system for the biosynthetic study of peptides produced by cyanobacteria, 7) biological activities of isolated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Harada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences and Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University.
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Vinagre TM, Alciati JC, Regoli F, Bocchetti R, Yunes JS, Bianchini A, Monserrat JM. Effect of microcystin on ion regulation and antioxidant system in gills of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulatus (Decapoda, Grapsidae). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 135:67-75. [PMID: 12781842 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate mechanisms of microcystin toxicity on crustacean species. Adult male crabs of Chasmagnathus granulatus (13.97+/-0.35 g) acclimated to low salinity (2 per thousand ) were injected with saline (control) or Microcystis aeruginosa aqueous extract (39.2 microg/l) at 24 h intervals for 48 h. After the exposure period, the anterior and posterior gills were dissected, measuring Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. Total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) and lipid peroxides (LPO) content were also determined. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in anterior gills was significantly lower in crabs injected with toxin than in control crabs, while no significant difference in the enzyme activity was detected in posterior gills. Both sodium and chloride concentration in the hemolymph were not affected by toxin exposure. Significant changes in GST activity were detected in posterior gills, with higher values being observed in the toxin-injected crabs. Crabs exposed to microcystin also showed a significant increase in the TOSC value against peroxyl radicals, for both anterior and posterior gills. Lipid peroxides level did not change in both gill types after exposure to the toxin. The increased levels of TOSC suggest the occurrence of a crab response against oxidative stress induced by toxin injection, which prevents lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Vinagre
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, R. Eng. Alfredo Huch 475 (96201-900), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Monserrat JM, Pinho GLL, Yunes JS. Toxicological Effects of Hepatotoxins (Microcystins) on Aquatic Organisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/08865140302427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Vinagre TM, Alciati JC, Yunes JS, Richards J, Bianchini A, Monserrat JM. Effects of extracts from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on ion regulation and gill Na+,K+-ATPase and K+-dependent phosphatase activities of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda, Grapsidae). Physiol Biochem Zool 2002; 75:600-8. [PMID: 12601616 DOI: 10.1086/344496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries indicate that microcystins affect enzymes, such as Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, involved in ion regulation of aquatic animals, through K(+)-dependent phosphatase inhibition. In vitro studies showed the inhibitory effect of Microcystis aeruginosa extracts on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and K(+)-dependent phosphatase activities in gills of Chasmagnathus granulata (Decapoda, Grapsidae). Extracts of M. aeruginosa were prepared from lyophilized or cultures cells of the cyanobacterium. For lyophilized cells, IC(50) values were estimated as 0.46 microg/L (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.40-0.52 microg/L) and 1.31 microg/L (95% CI=1.14-1.51 microg/L) for Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and K(+)-dependent phosphatase, respectively. However, extracts prepared from cultured cells presented a much lower inhibitory potency against both enzymes. Gas chromatography revealed long-chain fatty acids in the lyophilized cell extracts, indicating that they are in part responsible for the enzyme inhibition. In vivo studies showed that the toxin inhibited Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in anterior gills, whereas an increased augmented activity of glutathione-S-transferase was observed in both kind of gills, indicating that the crab has increased its ability to conjugate the toxin. No significant differences in hemolymph sodium or chloride concentration were detected. This result is in agreement with the lack of effects of microcystin on Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity of posterior (osmoregulating) gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Vinagre
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Marshall WS. Na(+), Cl(-), Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) transport by fish gills: retrospective review and prospective synthesis. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2002; 293:264-83. [PMID: 12115901 DOI: 10.1002/jez.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The secondary active Cl(-) secretion in seawater (SW) teleost fish gills and elasmobranch rectal gland involves basolateral Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and NKCC, apical membrane CFTR anion channels, and a paracellular Na(+)-selective conductance. In freshwater (FW) teleost gill, the mechanism of NaCl uptake is more controversial and involves apical V-type H(+)-ATPase linked to an apical Na(+) channel, apical Cl(-)-HCO-3 exchange and basolateral Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Ca(2+) uptake (in FW and SW) is via Ca(2+) channels in the apical membrane and Ca(2+)-ATPase in the basolateral membrane. Mainly this transport occurs in mitochondria rich (MR) chloride cells, but there is a role for the pavement cells also. Future research will likely expand in two major directions, molded by methodology: first in physiological genomics of all the transporters, including their expression, trafficking, operation, and regulation at the molecular level, and second in biotelemetry to examine multivariable components in behavioral physiological ecology, thus widening the integration of physiology from the molecular to the environmental levels while deepening understanding at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Marshall
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada, B2G 2W5
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Reinikainen M, Meriluoto JA, Spoof L, Harada K. The toxicities of a polyunsaturated fatty acid and a microcystin to Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2001; 16:444-448. [PMID: 11594032 DOI: 10.1002/tox.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential components of zooplankton diets. However, studies with PUFAs from cyanobacteria indicate toxic properties. We investigated the toxicity of the PUFA gamma-linolenic acid and the cyanobacterial peptide toxin microcystin-LR to Daphnia. The PUFA was acutely toxic at a concentration of 9 micrograms ml-1. The effect of microcystin-LR was not statistically significant at the concentration used (3 micrograms ml-1), but an additive effect with the PUFA was observed. Relative to LC50-values of well-known pollutants, the PUFA was intermediately toxic. The activity equaled that of microcystin-LR, which is commonly treated as one of the most potent cyanobacterial toxins. Our results suggest that the toxic properties of PUFAs deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reinikainen
- Umeå Marine Sciences Centre/Marine Ecology, Umeå University, Norrbyn, SE-910 20 Hörnefors, Sweden.
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Fossat B, Porthé-Nibelle J, Sola F, Masoni A, Gentien P, Bodennec G. Toxicity of fatty acid 18:5n3 from Gymnodinium cf. mikimotoi: II. Intracellular pH and K+ uptake in isolated trout hepatocytes. J Appl Toxicol 1999; 19:275-8. [PMID: 10439342 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1263(199907/08)19:4<275::aid-jat578>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effects of octadecapentaenoic acid 18:5n3 and other related polyunsaturated fatty acids present in gymnodinium cf. mikimotoi were tested in isolated trout hepatocytes. These exotoxins decreased intracellular pH followed by a slow recovery to initial value and alkalinization of acidic compartments, suggesting an inhibition of vacuolar H(+)-ATPases. Moreover, addition of 18:5n3 to the extracellular medium induced a decrease of K+ uptake into hepatocytes as a result of Na,K-ATPase inhibition. However, high concentrations (10(-5)-10(-3) M) are necessary to induce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fossat
- LPTE, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France.
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