1
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Jin Y, Huang S, Zhou H, Wang Z, Zhou Y. Multi-omics comprehensive analyses of programmed cell death patterns to regulate the immune characteristics of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2024; 41:101862. [PMID: 38237211 PMCID: PMC10825548 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous cancer with high morbidity and mortality. Triggering the programmed cell death (PCD) to enhance the anti-tumor therapies is being applied in multiple cancers. However, the limited understanding of genetic heterogeneity in HNSCC severely hampers the clinical efficacy. We systematically analyzed 14 types of PCD in HNSCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We utilized ssGSEA to calculate the PCD scores and classify patients into two clusters. Subsequently, we displayed the genomic alteration landscape to unravel the significant differences in copy number alterations and gene mutations. Furthermore, we calculated the IC50 values of targeted drugs to predict the differences in sensitivity. To identify the immune-related prognostic types, we comprehensively estimated the relationship between immune indicators and all prognostic PCD in three datasets (TCGA, GSE65858, GSE41613). Finally, 7 regulators were filtered. Subsequently, we integrated 10 machine learning algorithms and 101 algorithm combinations to test the clinical predictive efficacy. Using WGCNA as a basis, we built a weighted co-expression network to identify modules involved in the immune landscape with different colors. Meanwhile, our results indicated that blue and red modules containing crucial regulators closely related to the CD4+, CD8+ T cells, TMB or PD-L1. FCGR2A from blue module, CSF2, INHBA, and THBS1 from the red module were determined. After verifying in vivo experiments, FCGR2A was identified as hub gene. In conclusion, our findings suggest a potential role of PCD in HNSCC, offering new insights into effective immunotherapy and anti-tumor therapies in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Siwei Huang
- School of Humanities and Management, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhanwang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China.
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2
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Montoro-Jiménez I, Granda-Díaz R, Menéndez ST, Prieto-Fernández L, Otero-Rosales M, Álvarez-González M, García-de-la-Fuente V, Rodríguez A, Rodrigo JP, Álvarez-Teijeiro S, García-Pedrero JM, Hermida-Prado F. Combined PIK3CA and SOX2 Gene Amplification Predicts Laryngeal Cancer Risk beyond Histopathological Grading. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2695. [PMID: 38473941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The PIK3CA and SOX2 genes map at 3q26, a chromosomal region frequently amplified in head and neck cancers, which is associated with poor prognosis. This study explores the clinical significance of PIK3CA and SOX2 gene amplification in early tumorigenesis. Gene copy number was analyzed by real-time PCR in 62 laryngeal precancerous lesions and correlated with histopathological grading and laryngeal cancer risk. Amplification of the SOX2 and PIK3CA genes was frequently detected in 19 (31%) and 32 (52%) laryngeal dysplasias, respectively, and co-amplification in 18 (29%) cases. The PIK3CA and SOX2 amplifications were predominant in high-grade dysplasias and significantly associated with laryngeal cancer risk beyond histological criteria. Multivariable Cox analysis further revealed PIK3CA gene amplification as an independent predictor of laryngeal cancer development. Interestingly, combined PIK3CA and SOX2 amplification allowed us to distinguish three cancer risk subgroups, and PIK3CA and SOX2 co-amplification was found the strongest predictor by ROC analysis. Our data demonstrate the clinical relevance of PIK3CA and SOX2 amplification in early laryngeal tumorigenesis. Remarkably, PIK3CA amplification was found to be an independent cancer predictor. Furthermore, combined PIK3CA and SOX2 amplification is emerging as a valuable and easy-to-implement tool for cancer risk assessment in patients with laryngeal precancerous lesions beyond current WHO histological grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Montoro-Jiménez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Granda-Díaz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía T Menéndez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Llara Prieto-Fernández
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Otero-Rosales
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Álvarez-González
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vanessa García-de-la-Fuente
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aida Rodríguez
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saúl Álvarez-Teijeiro
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juana M García-Pedrero
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Hermida-Prado
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Overview of Candida albicans and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection Agents and their Biomolecular Mechanisms in Promoting Oral Cancer in Pediatric Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7312611. [PMID: 34765678 PMCID: PMC8577934 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7312611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral carcinoma represents one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) account over 90% of all oral malignant tumors and are characterized by high mortality in the advanced stages. Early diagnosis is often a challenge for its ambiguous appearance in early stages. Mucosal infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for a growing number of malignancies, particularly cervical cancer and oropharyngeal carcinomas. In addition, Candida albicans (C. albicans), which is the principal fungi involved in the oral cancer development, may induce carcinogenesis through several mechanisms, mainly promoting inflammation. Medical knowledge and research on adolescent/pediatric patients' management and prevention are in continuous evolution. Besides, microbiota can play an important role in maintaining oral health and therefore all human health. The aim of this review is to evaluate epidemiological and pathophysiological characteristics of the several biochemical pathways involved during HPV and C. albicans infections in pediatric dentistry.
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4
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Sproll KC, Schorn LK, Reising B, Schumacher S, Lommen J, Kübler NR, Knoefel WT, Beier M, Neves RP, Behrens B, Horny K, Stoecklein NH. Genetic analysis of single disseminated tumor cells in the lymph nodes and bone marrow of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:333-346. [PMID: 34719102 PMCID: PMC8763651 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the limited information on the biology and molecular characteristics of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), we examined the genomic alterations in DTCs from HNSCCs and their potential clinical relevance. To analyze both the lymphatic and hematogenous routes of tumor cell dissemination, we investigated samples from lymph nodes (LNs) and bone marrow (BM) of 49 patients using immunofluorescence double staining for epithelial cells expressing cytokeratin 18 (KRT18) and/or epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM, CD326). The identified marker‐positive cells were isolated by micromanipulation followed by single‐cell whole‐genome amplification and metaphase‐based comparative genomic hybridization (mCGH) to determine genome‐wide copy number alterations. The findings were correlated with clinical parameters and follow‐up data. We detected chromosomal aberrations in KRT18‐ and EpCAM‐positive cells from both compartments; BM‐derived cells showed a significantly higher percentage of aberrant genome (PAG) per cell than cells detected in LNs. No significant association was found between DTC data and clinical follow‐up. Genomic profiling of BM‐DTCs revealed genomic alterations typical for HNSCC, suggesting hematogenous dissemination of subclones around the time of surgery. In contrast, DTC data in LNs revealed that several marker‐positive cells were not of malignant origin, indicating the presence of epithelial glandular inclusions in parts of the processed neck LN samples. Therefore, DTC detection of LNs in the neck based only on epithelial markers is not advisable and requires detection of chromosomal instability (CIN), gene mutations, or additional markers, which have yet to be identified. Nevertheless, our investigation paves the way for larger studies to focus on HNSCC BM‐DTCs with high‐resolution methods to gain deeper insights into the biology of hematogenous metastasis in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Christoph Sproll
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lara K Schorn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Benedikt Reising
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Schumacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Lommen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Norbert R Kübler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfram Trudo Knoefel
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Beier
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rui P Neves
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bianca Behrens
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Horny
- Group of Translational Skin Cancer Research (TSCR), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) & German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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Santacroce L, Di Cosola M, Bottalico L, Topi S, Charitos IA, Ballini A, Inchingolo F, Cazzolla AP, Dipalma G. Focus on HPV Infection and the Molecular Mechanisms of Oral Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040559. [PMID: 33810374 PMCID: PMC8067023 DOI: 10.3390/v13040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is focused on the epidemiological characteristics and biomolecular mechanisms that lead to the development of precancerous and cancerous conditions of oral lesions related to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections. Current evidence from the literature demonstrates the role of HPV in potentially malignant oral disorders. Therefore, the underlying biomolecular processes can give arise, or contribute to, benign lesions as well as to oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (CEDICLO), University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, School of Technical Medical Sciences, “A. Xhuvani” University of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Michele Di Cosola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.D.C.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Lucrezia Bottalico
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (CEDICLO), University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (S.T.)
| | - Skender Topi
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (CEDICLO), University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, School of Technical Medical Sciences, “A. Xhuvani” University of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (CEDICLO), University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Ballini
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Campus Universitario “G. Quagliarello”, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.A.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.I.); (G.D.)
| | - Angela Pia Cazzolla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.D.C.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari “A. Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.I.); (G.D.)
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6
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Polo V, Pasello G, Frega S, Favaretto A, Koussis H, Conte P, Bonanno L. Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and of the head and neck: new insights on molecular characterization. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25050-63. [PMID: 26933818 PMCID: PMC5041888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and of the head and neck district share strong association with smoking habits and are characterized by smoke-related genetic alterations. Driver mutations have been identified in small percentage of lung squamous cell carcinoma. In parallel, squamous head and neck tumors are classified according to the HPV positivity, thus identifying two different clinical and molecular subgroups of disease.This review depicts different molecular portraits and potential clinical application in the field of targeted therapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Polo
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Pasello
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Frega
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Adolfo Favaretto
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Pierfranco Conte
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanno
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy
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7
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Davidson MA, Shanks EJ. 3q26-29 Amplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review of established and prospective oncogenes. FEBS J 2017; 284:2705-2731. [PMID: 28317270 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is significantly underrepresented in worldwide cancer research, yet survival rates for the disease have remained static for over 50 years. Distant metastasis is often present at the time of diagnosis, and is the primary cause of death in cancer patients. In the absence of routine effective targeted therapies, the standard of care treatment remains chemoradiation in combination with (often disfiguring) surgery. A defining characteristic of HNSCC is the amplification of a region of chromosome 3 (3q26-29), which is consistently associated with poorer patient outcome. This review provides an overview of the role the 3q26-29 region plays in HNSCC, in terms of both known and as yet undiscovered processes, which may have potential clinical relevance.
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8
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Yalniz Z, Demokan S, Karabulut B, Ulusan M, Suoglu Y, Dalay N. Copy number profiling of tumor suppressor genes in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2016; 39:341-346. [PMID: 27696595 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitive and reliable new biomarkers are needed in head and neck cancer to predict the outcome and for therapy that is more effective. Copy number alterations are frequent and play a critical role in cancer. METHODS Copy number alterations of 24 tumor suppressor genes in head and neck cancer were analyzed simultaneously in matched tumor and normal samples from 93 patients using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). RESULTS Chromosomes 3p and 9p displayed the most common alterations. The gene displaying most frequent losses was the mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) gene, followed by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) and CDKN2B genes. A significant correlation was observed between the CDKN2A and CDKN2B genes. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)3 gene alterations were observed in 8 tumors. CONCLUSION Our data confirm previous observations and suggest that losses of the MLH1 and CDKN2 genes and alterations of the TIMP3 gene play an important role in head and neck carcinogenesis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 341-346, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubeyde Yalniz
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semra Demokan
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burak Karabulut
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Ulusan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusufhan Suoglu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nejat Dalay
- Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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Pfisterer K, Fusi A, Klinghammer K, Knödler M, Nonnenmacher A, Keilholz U. PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR polymorphisms: association with clinical outcome in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma receiving cetuximab-docetaxel. Head Neck 2015; 37:471-8. [PMID: 24421178 DOI: 10.1002/hed.23604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AKT1, AKT2, FRAP1, PIK3CA, and PTEN were associated with treatment response and clinical outcome in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed tissue of 45 patients with recurrent or initially metastatic HNSCC, and SNPs were genotyped by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system or direct sequencing. RESULTS The AKT2:rs8100018 and the PTEN:rs12569998 homozygous variants resulted as associated with an increased risk of progression (hazard ratio [HR], 4.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-21.03; and HR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.24-4.50, respectively). An additive effect on risk of progression was observed. The AKT2:rs8100018 homozygous variant was significantly associated with a higher risk of death (HR, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.06-12.00), whereas the presence of at least one variant allele of AKT1:rs3803304 was associated with a lower risk of death (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27-0.97). CONCLUSION We identified combined genotypes associated with outcome of HNSCC, which might have an impact for identification of a target population for cetuximab-docetaxel treatment. Results should be considered as an initial finding and warrant validation in larger clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Pfisterer
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Riaz N, Morris LG, Lee W, Chan TA. Unraveling the molecular genetics of head and neck cancer through genome-wide approaches. Genes Dis 2014; 1:75-86. [PMID: 25642447 PMCID: PMC4310010 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen an unprecedented increase in our understanding of the biology and etiology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Genome-wide sequencing projects have identified a number of recurrently mutated genes, including unexpected alterations in the NOTCH pathway and chromatin related genes. Gene-expression profiling has identified 4 distinct genetic subtypes which show some parallels to lung squamous cell carcinoma biology. The identification of the human papilloma virus as one causative agent in a subset of oropharyngeal cancers and their association with a favorable prognosis has opened up avenues for new therapeutic strategies. The expanding knowledge of the underlying molecular abnormalities in this once very poorly understood cancer should allow for increasingly rational clinical trial design and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Riaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luc G. Morris
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy A. Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Human Oncology and Pathogenesis, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Konkimalla VB, Suhas VL, Chandra NR, Gebhart E, Efferth T. Diagnosis and therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:317-29. [PMID: 17338652 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma ranks among the top ten most common cancers worldwide. Despite the success in diagnosis and therapy during the past 30 years, oral squamous cell carcinoma still belongs to the tumor types with a very unfavorable prognosis. In an effort to identify genomic alterations with prognostic relevance, we applied the comparative genomic hybridization technique on oral squamous cell carcinoma. The tumors exhibited from five up to 47 DNA copy number alterations, indicating a considerable degree of genomic imbalance. Out of 35 tumors, 19 showed a gain of chromosome band 7p12. Genomic imbalances were investigated by hierarchical cluster analysis and clustered image mapping to investigate whether genomic profiles correlate with clinical data. Results of the present investigation show that profiling of genomic imbalances in general, and especially of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on 7p12, may be suitable as prognostic factors. In order to identify small-molecule inhibitors for EGFR, we established a database of 531 natural compounds derived from medicinal plants used in traditional Chinese medicine. Candidate compounds were identified by correlation analysis using the Kendall tau-test of IC50 values of tumor cell lines and microarray-based EGFR mRNA expression. Further validation was performed by molecular docking studies using the AutoDock program with the crystal structure of EGFR tyrosine kinase domain as docking template. We estimate these results will be a further step toward the ultimate goal of individualized, patient-adapted tumor treatment based on tumor molecular profiling.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Aporphines/chemistry
- Aporphines/pharmacology
- Azo Compounds/chemistry
- Azo Compounds/pharmacology
- Azo Compounds/therapeutic use
- Berberine/analogs & derivatives
- Berberine/chemistry
- Berberine/pharmacology
- Berberine/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Databases, Factual
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/chemistry
- ErbB Receptors/physiology
- Erlotinib Hydrochloride
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, erbB-1
- Humans
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prognosis
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Quinazolines/chemistry
- Quinazolines/pharmacology
- Risk Factors
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Stilbenes/chemistry
- Stilbenes/pharmacology
- Stilbenes/therapeutic use
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- V Badireenath Konkimalla
- German Cancer Research Centre, Pharmaceutical Biology of Natural Products (C015), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Genome stability pathways in head and neck cancers. Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:464720. [PMID: 24364026 PMCID: PMC3834617 DOI: 10.1155/2013/464720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability underlies the transformation of host cells toward malignancy, promotes development of invasion and metastasis and shapes the response of established cancer to treatment. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of genomic stability in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), with an emphasis on DNA repair pathways. HNSCC is characterized by distinct profiles in genome stability between similarly staged cancers that are reflected in risk, treatment response and outcomes. Defective DNA repair generates chromosomal derangement that can cause subsequent alterations in gene expression, and is a hallmark of progression toward carcinoma. Variable functionality of an increasing spectrum of repair gene polymorphisms is associated with increased cancer risk, while aetiological factors such as human papillomavirus, tobacco and alcohol induce significantly different behaviour in induced malignancy, underpinned by differences in genomic stability. Targeted inhibition of signalling receptors has proven to be a clinically-validated therapy, and protein expression of other DNA repair and signalling molecules associated with cancer behaviour could potentially provide a more refined clinical model for prognosis and treatment prediction. Development and expansion of current genomic stability models is furthering our understanding of HNSCC pathophysiology and uncovering new, promising treatment strategies.
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13
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Marescalco MS, Capizzi C, Condorelli DF, Barresi V. Genome-wide analysis of recurrent copy-number alterations and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:20-7. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmela Capizzi
- Scuola Superiore di Catania; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Scuola Superiore di Catania; University of Catania; Catania Italy
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences; Section of Biochemistry; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Scuola Superiore di Catania; University of Catania; Catania Italy
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences; Section of Biochemistry; University of Catania; Catania Italy
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Molecular subtypes in head and neck cancer exhibit distinct patterns of chromosomal gain and loss of canonical cancer genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56823. [PMID: 23451093 PMCID: PMC3579892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a frequently fatal heterogeneous disease. Beyond the role of human papilloma virus (HPV), no validated molecular characterization of the disease has been established. Using an integrated genomic analysis and validation methodology we confirm four molecular classes of HNSCC (basal, mesenchymal, atypical, and classical) consistent with signatures established for squamous carcinoma of the lung, including deregulation of the KEAP1/NFE2L2 oxidative stress pathway, differential utilization of the lineage markers SOX2 and TP63, and preference for the oncogenes PIK3CA and EGFR. For potential clinical use the signatures are complimentary to classification by HPV infection status as well as the putative high risk marker CCND1 copy number gain. A molecular etiology for the subtypes is suggested by statistically significant chromosomal gains and losses and differential cell of origin expression patterns. Model systems representative of each of the four subtypes are also presented.
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15
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van der Schroeff MP, Steyerberg EW, Wieringa MH, Langeveld TPM, Molenaar J, Baatenburg de Jong RJ. Prognosis: A variable parameter. Dynamic prognostic modeling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2011; 34:34-41. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.21693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are caused by tobacco and alcohol consumption and by infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Tumours often develop within preneoplastic fields of genetically altered cells. The persistence of these fields after treatment presents a major challenge, because it might lead to local recurrences and second primary tumours that are responsible for a large proportion of deaths. Aberrant signalling pathways have been identified in HNSCCs and inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has proved a successful therapeutic strategy. In this Review, we discuss the recent literature on tumour heterogeneity, field cancerization, molecular pathogenesis and the underlying causative cancer genes that can be exploited for novel and personalized treatments of patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are caused by tobacco and alcohol consumption and by infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Tumours often develop within preneoplastic fields of genetically altered cells. The persistence of these fields after treatment presents a major challenge, because it might lead to local recurrences and second primary tumours that are responsible for a large proportion of deaths. Aberrant signalling pathways have been identified in HNSCCs and inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has proved a successful therapeutic strategy. In this Review, we discuss the recent literature on tumour heterogeneity, field cancerization, molecular pathogenesis and the underlying causative cancer genes that can be exploited for novel and personalized treatments of patients with HNSCC.
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18
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Establishment and Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of a Cell Culture Model of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC). Genes (Basel) 2010; 1:388-412. [PMID: 24710094 PMCID: PMC3966227 DOI: 10.3390/genes1030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) established several biomarkers that have been correlated to clinical parameters during the past years. Adequate cell culture model systems are required for functional studies investigating those potential prognostic markers in HNSCC. We have used a cell line, CAL 33, for the establishment of a cell culture model in order to perform functional analyses of interesting candidate genes and proteins. The cell line was cytogenetically characterized using array CGH, spectral karyotyping (SKY) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). As a starting point for the investigation of genetic markers predicting radiosensitivity in tumor cells, irradiation experiments were carried out and radiation responses of CAL 33 have been determined. Radiosensitivity of CAL 33 cells was intermediate when compared to published data on tumor cell lines.
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19
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Bilodeau E, Alawi F, Costello BJ, Prasad JL. Molecular diagnostics for head and neck pathology. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2010; 22:183-94. [PMID: 20159486 DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostic techniques are quickly finding a role in the detection and diagnosis of tumors, and in predicting their behavior. They may also prove useful in developing new therapeutic approaches to head and neck cancer. The surgeon working in the craniomaxillofacial region should have an understanding of these technologies, their availability in various settings, and how they affect various aspects of treatment, particularly in the detection and treatment of malignancies. This article offers an overview of recent advances in molecular diagnostic techniques, with their implications for diagnosis and management of head and neck tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bilodeau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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20
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Teh MT, Gemenetzidis E, Chaplin T, Young BD, Philpott MP. Upregulation of FOXM1 induces genomic instability in human epidermal keratinocytes. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:45. [PMID: 20187950 PMCID: PMC2907729 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human cell cycle transcription factor FOXM1 is known to play a key role in regulating timely mitotic progression and accurate chromosomal segregation during cell division. Deregulation of FOXM1 has been linked to a majority of human cancers. We previously showed that FOXM1 was upregulated in basal cell carcinoma and recently reported that upregulation of FOXM1 precedes malignancy in a number of solid human cancer types including oral, oesophagus, lung, breast, kidney, bladder and uterus. This indicates that upregulation of FOXM1 may be an early molecular signal required for aberrant cell cycle and cancer initiation. Results The present study investigated the putative early mechanism of UVB and FOXM1 in skin cancer initiation. We have demonstrated that UVB dose-dependently increased FOXM1 protein levels through protein stabilisation and accumulation rather than de novo mRNA expression in human epidermal keratinocytes. FOXM1 upregulation in primary human keratinocytes triggered pro-apoptotic/DNA-damage checkpoint response genes such as p21, p38 MAPK, p53 and PARP, however, without causing significant cell cycle arrest or cell death. Using a high-resolution Affymetrix genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping technique, we provided the evidence that FOXM1 upregulation in epidermal keratinocytes is sufficient to induce genomic instability, in the form of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and copy number variations (CNV). FOXM1-induced genomic instability was significantly enhanced and accumulated with increasing cell passage and this instability was increased even further upon exposure to UVB resulting in whole chromosomal gain (7p21.3-7q36.3) and segmental LOH (6q25.1-6q25.3). Conclusion We hypothesise that prolonged and repeated UVB exposure selects for skin cells bearing stable FOXM1 protein causes aberrant cell cycle checkpoint thereby allowing ectopic cell cycle entry and subsequent genomic instability. The aberrant upregulation of FOXM1 serves as a 'first hit' where cells acquire genomic instability which in turn predisposes cells to a 'second hit' whereby DNA-damage checkpoint response (eg. p53 or p16) is abolished to allow damaged cells to proliferate and accumulate genetic aberrations/mutations required for cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK.
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Kuribayashi Y, Morita KI, Tomioka H, Uekusa M, Ito D, Omura K. Gene expression analysis by oligonucleotide microarray in oral leukoplakia. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:356-61. [PMID: 19220711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kuribayashi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Restitution, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Järvinen AK, Autio R, Kilpinen S, Saarela M, Leivo I, Grénman R, Mäkitie AA, Monni O. High-resolution copy number and gene expression microarray analyses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of tongue and larynx. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:500-9. [PMID: 18314910 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene amplifications and deletions are frequent in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) but the association of these alterations with gene expression is mostly unknown. Here, we characterized genome-wide copy number and gene expression changes on microarrays for 18 oral tongue SCC (OTSCC) cell lines. We identified a number of altered regions including nine high-level amplifications such as 6q12-q14 (CD109, MYO6), 9p24 (JAK2, CD274, SLC1A1, RLN1), 11p12-p13 (TRAF6, COMMD9, TRIM44, FJX1, CD44, PDHX, APIP), 11q13 (FADD, PPFIA1, CTTN), and 14q24 (ABCD4, HBLD1, LTBP2, ZNF410, COQ6, ACYP1, JDP2) where 9% to 64% of genes showed overexpression. Across the whole genome, 26% of the amplified genes had associated overexpression in OTSCC. Furthermore, our data implicated that OTSCC cell lines harbored similar genomic alterations as laryngeal SCC cell lines We have previously analyzed, suggesting that despite differences in clinicopathological features there are no marked differences in molecular genetic alterations of these two HNSCC sites. To identify genes whose expression was associated with copy number increase in head and neck SCC, a statistical analysis for oral tongue and laryngeal SCC cell line data were performed. We pinpointed 1,192 genes that had a statistically significant association between copy number and gene expression. These results suggest that genomic alterations with associated gene expression changes play an important role in the malignant behavior of head and neck SCC. The identified genes provide a basis for further functional validation and may lead to the identification of novel candidates for targeted therapies. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Kaarina Järvinen
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedicum Biochip Center, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Actin cytoskeletal mediators of motility and invasion amplified and overexpressed in head and neck cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2008; 25:289-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-008-9154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Tsantoulis PK, Kastrinakis NG, Tourvas AD, Laskaris G, Gorgoulis VG. Advances in the biology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:523-34. [PMID: 17258495 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of oral cancer remains high and is associated with many deaths in both Western and Asian countries. Several risk factors for the development of oral cancer are now well known, including smoking, drinking and consumption of smokeless tobacco products. Genetic predisposition to oral cancer has been found in certain cases but its components are not yet entirely clear. In accordance with the multi-step theory of carcinogenesis, the natural history of oral cancer seems to gradually evolve through transitional precursor lesions from normal epithelium to a full-blown metastatic phenotype. A number of genomic lesions accompany this transformation and a wealth of related results has appeared in recent literature and is being summarized here. Furthermore, several key genes have been implicated, especially well-known tumor suppressors like the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, TP53 and RB1 and oncogenes like the cyclin family, EGFR and ras. Viral infections, particularly with oncogenic HPV subtypes and EBV, can have a tumorigenic effect on oral epithelia and their role is discussed, along with potential therapeutic interventions. A brief explanatory theoretical model of oral carcinogenesis is provided and potential avenues for further research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Tsantoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Antaiou 53 Str., Lamprini, Ano Patissia, GR-11146 Athens, Greece
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