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Khan N, Khan K, Badshah Y, Trembley JH, Ashraf NM, Shabbir M, Danish L, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Justin S, Hasan Z, Razak S. Investigating pathogenic SNP of PKCι in HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12504. [PMID: 37532886 PMCID: PMC10397245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths due to its complexity in diagnosis, chemo-resistance, and aggressive nature. Identifying pathogenic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in protein kinase C iota (PKCι) can be a potential biomarker in the prognosis and treatment of HCC. This study investigated the association between a SNP in PRKCI and the Pakistani population's hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. Obtained samples were first evaluated for ALT measurements and viral load quantification through reverse transcriptase-PCR. The PKCι nsSNP rs1199520604 was evaluated computationally by multiple consensus bioinformatics tools for predicting its potential deleterious effects. Its association with hepatitis C virus- (HCV) mediated HCC was then investigated through ARMS-PCR (Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polymerase Chain Reaction). SNP analysis of rs1199520604 was performed in 100 cases and 100 controls. Variant rs1199520604's homozygous T genotype is a risk factor allele for the HCV-induced HCC (odds ratio: 4.13, relative risk: 2.01, P-value < 0.0001). The heterozygous genotype is determined to protect HCV patients from HCC development (P < 0.001). The study highlighted the disease association of variant rs1199520604 with HCV-induced HCC in the Pakistani populations. This variant, after further validation through high-throughput investigation on a larger cohort, has the potential to be translated at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasmin Badshah
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Janeen H Trembley
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Naeem Mahmood Ashraf
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Lubna Danish
- Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saira Justin
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zafarul Hasan
- College of Nursing, Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Wu Z, Huang C, Li R, Li H, Lu H, Lin Z. PRKCI Mediates Radiosensitivity via the Hedgehog/GLI1 Pathway in Cervical Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:887139. [PMID: 35785194 PMCID: PMC9243290 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.887139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Insensitivity to radiotherapy accounts for the majority of therapeutic failures in cervical cancer (CC) patients who undergo radical radiotherapy. We aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying radiosensitivity to identify methods to improve the overall 5-year survival rate. The atypical protein kinase C iota (aPKCι) gene PRKCI exhibits tumor-specific copy number amplification (CNA) in CC. We investigated how PRKCI decreases radiosensitivity in CC and assessed the interplay between PRKCI and the Hedgehog (Hh)/GLI1 pathway in the present research. Methods The biological functions of PRKCI in CC radiosensitivity were explored through immunohistochemistry, colony formation, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), cell cycle, apoptosis assays, and xenograft models. qRT-PCR, Western blotting analysis, and immunofluorescence assays were utilized to evaluate the interplay between PRKCI and the Hh/GLI1 pathway and its mechanism in PRKCI-decreased radiosensitivity in CC. Furthermore, the effect of auranofin (AF), a selective inhibitor of PKCι, on CC cells was explored through biochemical assays in vitro and in vivo. Results We found that high PRKCI expression was responsible for decreased survival in CC. PRKCI was intimately associated with radiation-triggered alterations in proliferation, the cell cycle, apoptosis, and xenograft growth. The Hh/GLI1 pathway was activated when PRKCI expression was altered. PRKCI functions downstream of the Hh/GLI1 pathway to phosphorylate and activate the transcription factor GLI1. AF acts as a radiosensitizer and showed biological effects in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions PRKCI is a therapeutic target for regulating radiosensitivity in CC. This molecule regulates radiosensitivity by modulating GLI1 relocalization and phosphorylation in CC via the Hh/GLI1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuna Wu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Chunxian Huang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huaiwu Lu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiwu Lu, ; Zhongqiu Lin,
| | - Zhongqiu Lin
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huaiwu Lu, ; Zhongqiu Lin,
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3
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Zhang H, Zhu Y, Wang J, Weng S, Zuo F, Li C, Zhu T. PKCι regulates the expression of PDL1 through multiple pathways to modulate immune suppression of pancreatic cancer cells. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110115. [PMID: 34375670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the impact of oncogenic protein kinase C isoform ι (PKCι) on the microenvironment and the immunogenic properties of pancreatic tumors, we prohibit PKCι activity in various pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines and co-culture them with human natural killer NK92 cells. The results demonstrate that PKCι suppression enhances the susceptibility of PDAC to NK cytotoxicity and promotes the degranulation and cytolytic activity of co-cultured NK92 cells. Mechanistic studies pinpoint that downstream of KRAS, both YAP1 and STAT3 are recruited by oncogenic PKCι to elevate the expression of PDL1, contributing to constitute an immune suppressive microenvironment in PDAC. Co-culture with NK92 further induces PDL1 upregulation via STAT3 to stimulate immune escape of PDAC cells. Subsequently, inhibition of PKCι in PDAC alleviates the immune suppression and enhances the cytotoxicity of NK92 towards PDAC through restraining PDL1 overexpression. Combined with PD1/PDL1 blocker, PKCι inhibitor remarkably elevates the cytotoxicity of NK92 against PDAC cells in vitro, establishing PKCι inhibitor as a promising candidate for boosting the immunotherapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Sijia Weng
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Fengqiong Zuo
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tongbo Zhu
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 3-17 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Velnati S, Centonze S, Girivetto F, Capello D, Biondi RM, Bertoni A, Cantello R, Ragnoli B, Malerba M, Graziani A, Baldanzi G. Identification of Key Phospholipids That Bind and Activate Atypical PKCs. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010045. [PMID: 33419210 PMCID: PMC7825596 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PKCζ and PKCι/λ form the atypical protein kinase C subgroup, characterised by a lack of regulation by calcium and the neutral lipid diacylglycerol. To better understand the regulation of these kinases, we systematically explored their interactions with various purified phospholipids using the lipid overlay assays, followed by kinase activity assays to evaluate the lipid effects on their enzymatic activity. We observed that both PKCζ and PKCι interact with phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. Conversely, PKCι is unique in binding also to phosphatidylinositol-monophosphates (e.g., phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, 4-phosphate, and 5-phosphate). Moreover, we observed that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate specifically activates PKCι, while both isoforms are responsive to phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. Overall, our results suggest that atypical Protein kinase C (PKC) localisation and activity are regulated by membrane lipids distinct from those involved in conventional PKCs and unveil a specific regulation of PKCι by phosphatidylinositol-monophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Velnati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Centonze
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Girivetto
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- UPO Biobank, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ricardo M. Biondi
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
- Biomedicine Research Institute of Buenos Aires—CONICET—Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Roberto Cantello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Mario Malerba
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Respiratory Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Division of Oncology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy; (S.C.); (F.G.); (D.C.); (A.B.); (R.C.); (M.M.); (G.B.)
- Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Identification of the possible therapeutic targets in the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway in a cohort of Egyptian hepatocellular carcinoma complicating chronic hepatitis C type 4. Drug Target Insights 2020; 14:1-11. [PMID: 33132693 PMCID: PMC7597224 DOI: 10.33393/dti.2020.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Molecular targeted drugs are the first line of treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to its chemo- and radioresistant nature. HCC has several well-documented etiologic factors that drive hepatocarcinogenesis through different molecular pathways. Currently, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of HCC. Therefore, we included a unified cohort of HCV genotype 4-related HCCs to study the expression levels of genes involved in the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) pathway, which is known to be involved in all aspects of cancer growth and progression. Aim: Determine the gene expression patterns of IGF1R pathway genes in a cohort of Egyptian HCV-related HCCs. Correlate them with different patient/tumor characteristics. Determine the activity status of involved pathways. Methods: Total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from 32 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of human HCV-related HCCs and 6 healthy liver donors as controls. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using RT2 Profiler PCR Array for Human Insulin Signaling Pathway was done to determine significantly up- and downregulated genes with identification of most frequently coregulated genes, followed by correlation of gene expression with different patient/tumor characteristics. Finally, canonical pathway analysis was performed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Results: Six genes – AEBP1, AKT2, C-FOS, PIK3R1, PRKCI, SHC1 – were significantly overexpressed. Thirteen genes – ADRB3, CEBPA, DUSP14, ERCC1, FRS3, IGF2, INS, IRS1, JUN, MTOR, PIK3R2, PPP1CA, RPS6KA1 – were significantly underexpressed. Several differentially expressed genes were related to different tumor/patient characteristics. Nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production pathway was significantly activated in the present cohort, while the growth hormone signaling pathway was inactive. Conclusions: The gene expression patterns identified in this study may serve as possible therapeutic targets in HCV-related HCCs. The most frequently coregulated genes may serve to guide combined molecular targeted therapies. The IGF1R pathway showed evidence of inactivity in the present cohort of HCV-related HCCs, so targeting this pathway in therapy may not be effective.
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Cavalli M, Diamanti K, Pan G, Spalinskas R, Kumar C, Deshmukh AS, Mann M, Sahlén P, Komorowski J, Wadelius C. A Multi-Omics Approach to Liver Diseases: Integration of Single Nuclei Transcriptomics with Proteomics and HiCap Bulk Data in Human Liver. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:180-194. [PMID: 32181701 PMCID: PMC7185313 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the largest solid organ and a primary metabolic hub. In recent years, intact cell nuclei were used to perform single-nuclei RNA-seq (snRNA-seq) for tissues difficult to dissociate and for flash-frozen archived tissue samples to discover unknown and rare cell subpopulations. In this study, we performed snRNA-seq of a liver sample to identify subpopulations of cells based on nuclear transcriptomics. In 4282 single nuclei, we detected, on average, 1377 active genes and we identified seven major cell types. We integrated data from 94,286 distal interactions (p < 0.05) for 7682 promoters from a targeted chromosome conformation capture technique (HiCap) and mass spectrometry proteomics for the same liver sample. We observed a reasonable correlation between proteomics and in silico bulk snRNA-seq (r = 0.47) using tissue-independent gene-specific protein abundancy estimation factors. We specifically looked at genes of medical importance. The DPYD gene is involved in the pharmacogenetics of fluoropyrimidine toxicity and some of its variants are analyzed for clinical purposes. We identified a new putative polymorphic regulatory element, which may contribute to variation in toxicity. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and we investigated all known risk genes. We identified a complex regulatory landscape for the SLC2A2 gene with 16 candidate enhancers. Three of them harbor somatic motif breaking and other mutations in HCC in the Pan Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes dataset and are candidates to contribute to malignancy. Our results highlight the potential of a multi-omics approach in the study of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavalli
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Klev Diamanti
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gang Pan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rapolas Spalinskas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated CardioMetabolic Center (KI/AZ ICMC), Department of Medicine, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Atul Shahaji Deshmukh
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Proteomics Program, Clinical Proteomics Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Proteomics Program, Clinical Proteomics Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pelin Sahlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Gene Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Komorowski
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Claes Wadelius
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Transcription co-activator P300 activates Elk1-aPKC-ι signaling mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and malignancy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:32. [PMID: 32144235 PMCID: PMC7060348 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our previous study found that atypical protein kinase C-ι (aPKC-ι) promoted the EMT process in HCC. However, how the aPKC-ι signaling pathway is regulated in HCC has not been elucidated. In this study, vector transfection was utilized to study the invasion of HCC cells, and the mechanism between P300 and aPKC-ι signaling pathways in regulating the EMT process of HCC was further elucidated in vitro and in vivo. We found both P300 and aPKC-ι were highly expressed in HCC and they were correlated with tumor progression and poor survival in HCC patients. P300 knockdown inhibited EMT, invasion and other malignant events of HCC cells but promoted cell apoptosis and cycle arrest. However, the effects mediated by P300 knockdown were abolished by aPKC-ι overexpression. Further studies showed that P300 upregulates aPKC-ι expression through increasing the transcription of Elk1, a transcriptional activator of aPKC-ι, and stabilizing Elk1 protein and its phosphorylation. In conclusion, our work uncovered the molecular mechanism by which oncogenic aPKC-ι is upregulated in HCC and suggests that P300, like aPKC-ι, may be used as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in patients with HCC.
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Tian L, Lu Y, Yang T, Deng Z, Xu L, Yao W, Ma C, Li X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang J. aPKCι promotes gallbladder cancer tumorigenesis and gemcitabine resistance by competing with Nrf2 for binding to Keap1. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101149. [PMID: 30822690 PMCID: PMC6395946 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly malignant bile duct cancer with poor prognosis characterized by its insensitivity to chemotherapy. Emerging evidence indicates that cytoprotective antioxidation is involved in drug resistance of various cancers; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we demonstrated that atypical protein kinase Cι (aPKCι) mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition in a kinase-independent manner, which played a crucial role in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, we found that aPKCι facilitated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) accumulation, nuclear translocation and activated its target genes by competing with Nrf2 for binding to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) through a highly conserved DLL motif. In addition, the aPKCι-Keap1 interaction was required for antioxidant effect, cell growth and gemcitabine resistance in GBC. Importantly, we further confirmed that aPKCι was frequently upregulated and correlated with poor prognosis in patients with GBC. Collectively, our findings suggested that aPKCι positively modulated the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway to enhance GBC growth and gemcitabine resistance, implying that the aPKCι-Keap1-Nrf2 axis may be a potential approach to overcome the drug resistance for the treatment of GBC. aPKCι inhibits ROS in a kinase-independent manner. aPKCι competes with Nrf2 for binding to Keap1 via a DLL motif. The aPKCι-Keap1 interaction promotes cell growth and gemcitabine resistance. Upregulation of aPKCι was linked to poor prognosis in patients with GBC. aPKCι-Keap1-Nrf2 axis may be a potential therapeutic target for GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhengdong Deng
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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9
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Du GS, Qiu Y, Wang WS, Peng K, Zhang ZC, Li XS, Xiao WD, Yang H. Knockdown on aPKC-ι inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells through Rac1-JNK pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 107:57-67. [PMID: 30465755 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical protein kinase C-ι (aPKC-ι) is an oncogenic factor, and required for the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of different types of cancer. Our study aimed to investigate the role of aPKC-ι in the EMT, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. METHODS Expression of aPKC-ι was evaluated in CRC cell lines treated with TGF-β1 using qPCR and western blot. After aPKC-ι was knocked down using shRNA, migration and invasion abilities of CRC cell lines were evaluated by wound healing assay and transwell assay, respectively. Activation status of downstream signaling factors of aPKC-ι, including Rac1, JNK, STAT3 and β-catenin, was measured using western blot. Furthermore, auranofin, an aPKC-ι inhibitor, was used to treat CRC cell lines to investigate its possible inhibition on the EMT of CRC cell lines, as well as on the expression of aPKC-ι and its downstream signaling factors. RESULTS TGF-β1 induced the expression of aPKC-ι in CRC cells, and knockdown on aPKC-ι inhibited the TGF-β1-induced EMT, migration and invasion of CRC cells. Interestingly, Rac1 GTPase level was decreased when aPKC-ι was knocked down, and overexpression of Rac1G12V rescued the cell EMT, migration and invasion in CRC cells as inhibited by sh-aPKC-ι. Moreover, knockdown on aPKC-ι suppressed the phosphorylation of JNK and STAT3, and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. The aPKC- ι inhibitor, Auranofin, showed similar inhibitory effects as aPKC-ι knockdown. CONCLUSION Knockdown on aPKC-ι inhibited the EMT, migration and invasion of CRC cells through suppressing of Rac1-JNK pathway. Those findings indicate that aPKC-ι may serve as a novel therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Sheng Du
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Yuan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Wen-Sheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Ke Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Zhi-Cao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China.
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10
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Tian L, Deng Z, Xu L, Yang T, Yao W, Ji L, Lu Y, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang J. Downregulation of ASPP2 promotes gallbladder cancer metastasis and macrophage recruitment via aPKC-ι/GLI1 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1115. [PMID: 30389910 PMCID: PMC6214900 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly malignant bile duct cancer with poor prognosis due to early invasion and metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms through which GBC cells interact with the tumor microenvironment (TME) remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of the tumor suppressor apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) in regulating GBC invasion and metastasis and macrophage recruitment. The clinicopathological significance of ASPP2 expression was measured by immunohistochemical analysis in 72 patients with GBC. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown or overexpression of ASPP2 was used to investigate the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of ASPP2 in GBC cells. Our data showed that downregulation of ASPP2 in patients with GBC was linked to poor prognosis. Knockdown of ASPP2 induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in GBC cells and influenced the TME. Mechanistically, we further confirmed that ASPP2 affected the expression and protein binding between atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)-ι and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1). ASPP2 also induced C−C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) 2, CCL5, and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by cancer cells, thereby promoting macrophage recruitment. The latter also induced EMT-like changes in GBC. Furthermore, ASPP2 deficiency regulated GLI1 transcriptional activity via the noncanonical Hedgehog (Hh) pathway and aPKC-ι/GLI1 signaling loop and promoted GLI1 nuclear localization and binding to the promoters of target genes. Our findings revealed that downregulation of ASPP2 promoted GBC invasion and metastasis through the aPKC-ι/GLI1 pathway and enhanced macrophage recruitment. Thus, ASPP2/aPKC-ι/GLI1 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengdong Deng
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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11
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Kwiatkowski J, Liu B, Tee DHY, Chen G, Ahmad NHB, Wong YX, Poh ZY, Ang SH, Tan ESW, Ong EH, Nurul Dinie, Poulsen A, Pendharkar V, Sangthongpitag K, Lee MA, Sepramaniam S, Ho SY, Cherian J, Hill J, Keller TH, Hung AW. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery of Potent Protein Kinase C Iota Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4386-4396. [PMID: 29688013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C iota (PKC-ι) is an atypical kinase implicated in the promotion of different cancer types. A biochemical screen of a fragment library has identified several hits from which an azaindole-based scaffold was chosen for optimization. Driven by a structure-activity relationship and supported by molecular modeling, a weakly bound fragment was systematically grown into a potent and selective inhibitor against PKC-ι.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kwiatkowski
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Doris Hui Ying Tee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Guoying Chen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Nur Huda Binte Ahmad
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Shi Hua Ang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Eldwin Sum Wai Tan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Esther Hq Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Kanda Sangthongpitag
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Sugunavathi Sepramaniam
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Soo Yei Ho
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
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12
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Yang Y, Liu Y, He JC, Wang JM, Schemmer P, Ma CQ, Qian YW, Yao W, Zhang J, Qi WP, Fu Y, Feng W, Yang T. 14-3-3ζ and aPKC-ι synergistically facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cholangiocarcinoma via GSK-3β/Snail signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55191-55210. [PMID: 27409422 PMCID: PMC5342411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) invasion and metastasis are the primary causes of poor survival rates in patients. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial step in cancer invasion and metastasis. However, it is still unclear of the molecular mechanism. In this study, the expression of 14-3-3ζ and atypical protein kinase C-ι (aPKC-ι) was further detected in CCA tissues and cell lines. Meanwhile, we established the EMT model of CCA cells and investigated 14-3-3ζ and aPKC-ι co-regulatory effect on the EMT in vitro and in vivo. Further, we identified the downstream molecular glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β)/Snail signalling pathway that contribute to regulating the EMT. Our data showed that the expression of 14-3-3ζ and aPKC-ι was synergistically increased in CCA tissues compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues and was intimately associated with differentiation and the tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that high 14-3-3ζ and aPKC-ι expression separately predicted a poor prognosis and were independent prognostic indicators in patients with CCA. The CO-IP experiment confirmed that the mutual binding relationship between 14-3-3ζ and aPKC-ι. Small interfering RNAs and siRNA rescue experiment demonstrated that 14-3-3ζ and aPKC-ι regulated each other. In addition, 14-3-3ζ and aPKC-ι pretreatment by si-RNA inhibit the phosphorylated GSK-3β and Snail expression during EMT. Meanwhile, silence of 14-3-3ζ or aPKC-ι suppressed CCA cells migration, metastasis and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Our study demonstrates that 14-3-3ζ and aPKC-ι synergistically facilitate EMT of CCA via GSK-3β/Snail signalling pathway, and may be potential therapeutic target for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jun-Chuang He
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Chao-Qun Ma
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ya-Wei Qian
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei-Peng Qi
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery/Cancer Research Center Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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13
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Sarkar S, Bristow CA, Dey P, Rai K, Perets R, Ramirez-Cardenas A, Malasi S, Huang-Hobbs E, Haemmerle M, Wu SY, McGuire M, Protopopov A, Jiang S, Liu JF, Hirsch MS, Chang Q, Lazar AJ, Sood AK, Drapkin R, DePinho R, Draetta G, Chin L. PRKCI promotes immune suppression in ovarian cancer. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1109-1121. [PMID: 28698296 PMCID: PMC5538434 DOI: 10.1101/gad.296640.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, Sarkar et al. report that PRKCI expression, which is a key feature of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), is also up-regulated in serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) and early fallopian tube (FT) lesions. Using a transgenic mouse model of ovarian cancer overexpressing PRKCI, they show that PRKCI is a deregulated ovarian cancer-specific oncogene and plays a role in early stages of cancer development. A key feature of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) is frequent amplification of the 3q26 locus harboring PRKC-ι (PRKCI). Here, we show that PRKCI is also expressed in early fallopian tube lesions, called serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. Transgenic mouse studies establish PRKCI as an ovarian cancer-specific oncogene. Mechanistically, we show that the oncogenic activity of PRKCI relates in part to the up-regulation of TNFα to promote an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment characterized by an abundance of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inhibition of cytotoxic T-cell infiltration. Furthermore, system-level and functional analyses identify YAP1 as a downstream effector in tumor progression. In human ovarian cancers, high PRKCI expression also correlates with high expression of TNFα and YAP1 and low infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. The PRKCI–YAP1 regulation of the tumor immunity provides a therapeutic strategy for highly lethal ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Sarkar
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Christopher A Bristow
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.,Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Kunal Rai
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Ruth Perets
- Division of Oncology, Clinical Research Institute at Rambam, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | | | - Shruti Malasi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Emmet Huang-Hobbs
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Monika Haemmerle
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Sherry Y Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Michael McGuire
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | | | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Joyce F Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Michelle S Hirsch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77054, USA
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of ObGyn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ronald DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Giulio Draetta
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.,Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Lynda Chin
- Institute for Health Transformation, The University of Texas System, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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14
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Li T, Liu X, Jiang Q, Lei X, Liu D. High expression of partitioning defective 3-like protein is associated with malignancy in colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698393. [PMID: 28443499 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Partitioning defective 3-like protein is a novel cell polarity protein. Recently, partitioning defective 3-like protein has been demonstrated with tumor-promoting function by disrupting tight junction, inhibiting tumor suppressor liver kinase B1, and maintaining mammary stem cells. For the first time, we studied partitioning defective 3-like protein expression in malignant colorectal cancer. We used immunohistochemistry scoring system to evaluate partitioning defective 3-like protein expression in 196 colorectal cancer tissues and 33 adjacent normal tissues. We found that colorectal cancer tissues had much stronger partitioning defective 3-like protein immunoreactivity than normal tissues, and colorectal cancer patients with positive partitioning defective 3-like protein expression were characterized with higher cancer stages, metastasis, poor tumor differentiation, larger tumor size, as well as high levels of colorectal cancer markers carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 19-9. Besides, partitioning defective 3-like protein overexpression was independently predictive of lower survival rate in colorectal cancer patients, even after adjusting the influence of cofactors. Moreover, we also found that partitioning defective 3-like protein was associated with rapid growing colorectal cancer, while knockdown of partitioning defective 3-like protein expression largely inhibited cancer cell proliferation. Our study provided the first evidence that partitioning defective 3-like protein was overexpressed in colorectal cancer and associated with disease malignancy. Also, partitioning defective 3-like protein may serve as a promising prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer treatment. Further study is necessary to understand the regulatory mechanism of partitioning defective 3-like protein in colorectal cancer and the feasibility of its application in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyuan Li
- 1 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- 2 Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qunguang Jiang
- 1 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiong Lei
- 1 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongning Liu
- 1 Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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15
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Hua K, Lin CH, Chen YL, Lin CH, Ping YH, Jou YS, Chen CF. Identification of novel cancer fusion genes using chromosome breakpoint screening. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2101-2108. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Bal M, Verma A, Ramadwar M, Deodhar K, Patil P, Goel M. Clinicopathologic characteristics of Wnt/β-catenin-deregulated hepatocellular carcinoma. Indian J Cancer 2017; 54:634-639. [DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_655_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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17
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Nicotine enhances the malignant potential of human pancreatic cancer cells via activation of atypical protein kinase C. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2404-2415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Phillips E, Lang V, Bohlen J, Bethke F, Puccio L, Tichy D, Herold-Mende C, Hielscher T, Lichter P, Goidts V. Targeting atypical protein kinase C iota reduces viability in glioblastoma stem-like cellsviaa notch signaling mechanism. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1776-87. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Phillips
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Verena Lang
- Division of Molecular Genetics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jonathan Bohlen
- Division of Molecular Genetics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frederic Bethke
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Laura Puccio
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Diana Tichy
- Division of Biostatistics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery; University of Heidelberg; Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery; University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Violaine Goidts
- DKFZ Junior Group Brain Tumor Translational Targets, German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
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19
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Fields AP, Justilien V, Murray NR. The chromosome 3q26 OncCassette: A multigenic driver of human cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 60:47-63. [PMID: 26754874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) are genetic alterations commonly observed in human tumors. One of the most frequent CNVs in human tumors involves copy number gains (CNGs) at chromosome 3q26, which is estimated to occur in >20% of human tumors. The high prevalence and frequent occurrence of 3q26 CNG suggest that it drives the biology of tumors harboring this genetic alteration. The chromosomal region subject to CNG (the 3q26 amplicon) spans from chromosome 3q26 to q29, a region containing ∼200 protein-encoding genes. The large number of genes within the amplicon makes it difficult to identify relevant oncogenic target(s). Whereas a number of genes in this region have been linked to the transformed phenotype, recent studies indicate a high level of cooperativity among a subset of frequently amplified 3q26 genes. Here we use a novel bioinformatics approach to identify potential driver genes within the recurrent 3q26 amplicon in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Our analysis reveals a set of 35 3q26 amplicon genes that are coordinately amplified and overexpressed in human LSCC tumors, and that also map to a major LSCC susceptibility locus identified on mouse chromosome 3 that is syntenic with human chromosome 3q26. Pathway analysis reveals that 21 of these genes exist within a single predicted network module. Four 3q26 genes, SOX2, ECT2, PRKCI and PI3KCA occupy the hub of this network module and serve as nodal genes around which the network is organized. Integration of available genetic, genomic, biochemical and functional data demonstrates that SOX2, ECT2, PRKCI and PIK3CA are cooperating oncogenes that function within an integrated cell signaling network that drives a highly aggressive, stem-like phenotype in LSCC tumors harboring 3q26 amplification. Based on the high level of genomic, genetic, biochemical and functional integration amongst these 4 3q26 nodal genes, we propose that they are the key oncogenic targets of the 3q26 amplicon and together define a "3q26 OncCassette" that mediates 3q26 CNG-driven tumorigenesis. Genomic analysis indicates that the 3q26 OncCassette also operates in other major tumor types that exhibit frequent 3q26 CNGs, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), ovarian serous cancer and cervical cancer. Finally, we discuss how the 3q26 OncCassette represents a tractable target for development of novel therapeutic intervention strategies that hold promise for improving treatment of 3q26-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, United States.
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, FL, United States
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Archibald A, Al-Masri M, Liew-Spilger A, McCaffrey L. Atypical protein kinase C induces cell transformation by disrupting Hippo/Yap signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3578-95. [PMID: 26269582 PMCID: PMC4603929 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-05-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are major sites of malignant transformation. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms are overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. Using normal, highly polarized epithelial cells (MDCK and NMuMG), we report that aPKC gain of function overcomes contact inhibited growth and is sufficient for a transformed epithelial phenotype. In 2D cultures, aPKC induced cells to grow as stratified epithelia, whereas cells grew as solid spheres of nonpolarized cells in 3D culture. aPKC associated with Mst1/2, which uncoupled Mst1/2 from Lats1/2 and promoted nuclear accumulation of Yap1. Of importance, Yap1 was necessary for aPKC-mediated overgrowth but did not restore cell polarity defects, indicating that the two are separable events. In MDCK cells, Yap1 was sequestered to cell-cell junctions by Amot, and aPKC overexpression resulted in loss of Amot expression and a spindle-like cell phenotype. Reexpression of Amot was sufficient to restore an epithelial cobblestone appearance, Yap1 localization, and growth control. In contrast, the effect of aPKC on Hippo/Yap signaling and overgrowth in NMuMG cells was independent of Amot. Finally, increased expression of aPKC in human cancers strongly correlated with increased nuclear accumulation of Yap1, indicating that the effect of aPKC on transformed growth by deregulating Hippo/Yap1 signaling may be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Archibald
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maia Al-Masri
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Alyson Liew-Spilger
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada
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Chen H, Zhang T, Sheng Y, Zhang C, Peng Y, Wang X, Zhang C. Methylation Profiling of Multiple Tumor Suppressor Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Epigenetic Mechanism of 3OST2 Regulation. J Cancer 2015; 6:740-9. [PMID: 26185536 PMCID: PMC4504110 DOI: 10.7150/jca.11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is considered as a significant mechanism that silences tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and could be used in the early diagnosis of cancer. Histone modifications often work together with DNA methylation; however, how these epigenetic alterations regulate TSGs remains unclear. Here, we determined the methylation status of ten TSGs (3OST2, ppENK, CHFR, LKB1, THBS1, HIC1, SLIT2, EDNRB, COX2, and CLDN7) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and corresponding noncancerous tissues. Methylation profiling revealed that four genes had very high frequencies of methylation in HCCs, but interestingly, similar high frequencies were also detected in corresponding noncancerous tissues (97.9% vs 95.8% for SLIT2, 93.8% vs 81.3% for EDNRB, 66.7% vs 85.4% for HIC1, and 56.3% vs 56.3% for ppENK, P > 0.05). Only the 3OST2 gene was frequently methylated in HCCs and there was significant difference between HCCs and corresponding noncancerous tissues (68.8% vs 37.5%, P < 0.05). 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) or trichostatin A (TSA) alone could partially reverse 3OST2 methylation, and their combination resulted in complete reversal. UHRF1 and histone H3R8me2s were both enriched on the hypermethylated 3OST2 promoter, but H3R8me2a was not. After 5-Aza-CdR or TSA treatment, the UHRF1 and H3R8me2s enrichment was decreased, while H3R8me2a enrichment increased. We demonstrated that 3OST2 methylation may play a critical role in the earliest steps of hepatocarcinogenesis and is directly regulated by UHRF1. Furthermore, H3R8me2s acted as a repressive mark, while H3R8me2a was correlated with 3OST2 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- 1. Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, P. R. China ; 2. Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Tingguo Zhang
- 1. Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yan Sheng
- 1. Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- 1. Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Peng
- 1. Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- 1. Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
| | - Cuijuan Zhang
- 1. Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, P. R. China
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Lin WH, Asmann YW, Anastasiadis PZ. Expression of polarity genes in human cancer. Cancer Inform 2015; 14:15-28. [PMID: 25991909 PMCID: PMC4390136 DOI: 10.4137/cin.s18964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity protein complexes are crucial for epithelial apical–basal polarity and directed cell migration. Since alterations of these processes are common in cancer, polarity proteins have been proposed to function as tumor suppressors or oncogenic promoters. Here, we review the current understanding of polarity protein functions in epithelial homeostasis, as well as tumor formation and progression. As most previous studies focused on the function of single polarity proteins in simplified model systems, we used a genomics approach to systematically examine and identify the expression profiles of polarity genes in human cancer. The expression profiles of polarity genes were distinct in different human tissues and classified cancer types. Additionally, polarity expression profiles correlated with disease progression and aggressiveness, as well as with identified cancer types, where specific polarity genes were commonly altered. In the case of Scribble, gene expression analysis indicated its common amplification and upregulation in human cancer, suggesting a tumor promoting function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsin Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Chen J, Liu J, Jin R, Shen J, Liang Y, Ma R, Lin H, Liang X, Yu H, Cai X. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear expression of β-catenin correlate with poor prognosis and unfavorable clinicopathological factors in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111885. [PMID: 25401330 PMCID: PMC4234306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The β-catenin is an important effector in WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, which exerts a crucial role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Some researchers have suggested that the overexpression of β-catenin in cytoplasm and/or nucleus was closely correlated to metastasis, poor differentiation and malignant phenotype of HCC while some other researchers hold opposite point. So far, no consensus was obtained on the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of cytoplasmic/nuclear β-catenin overexpression for HCCs. METHODS Systematic strategies were applied to search eligible studies in all available databases. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses and multivariate analysis were performed. In this meta-analysis, we utilized either fixed- or random-effects model to calculate the pooled odds ratios (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS A total of 22 studies containing 2334 cases were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Pooled data suggested that accumulation of β-catenin in cytoplasm and/or nucleus significantly correlated with poor 1-, 3- and 5-year OS and RFS. Moreover, nuclear accumulation combined with cytoplasmic accumulation of β-catenin tended to be associated with dismal metastasis and vascular invasion while cytoplasmic or nuclear expression alone showed no significant effect. Besides, no significant association was observed between cytoplasmic and/or nuclear β-catenin expression and poor differentiation grade, advanced TNM stage, liver cirrhosis, tumor size, tumor encapsulation, AFP and etiologies. Additional subgroup analysis by origin suggested that the prognostic value and clinicopathological significance of cytoplasmic and/or nuclear β-catenin expression was more validated in Asian population. Multivariate analyses of factors showed that cytoplasmic and/or nuclear β-catenin expression, as well as TNM stage, metastasis and tumor size, was an independent risk factors for OS and RFS. CONCLUSIONS Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, as an independent prognostic factor, significantly associated with poor prognosis and deeper invasion of HCC, and could serve as a valuable prognostic predictor for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiliang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuelong Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang University Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Jiang XM, Zhang JB, Xiong J, Huang XX, Ren ZG. Altered distribution and expression pattern of E-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinomas: correlations with prognosis and clinical features. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 13:6455-61. [PMID: 23464474 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.12.6455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE E-cadherin has been identified as a tumor suppressor in many types of carcinoma. However, some studies recently suggested that the role and expression of E-cadherin might be more complex and diverse. In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic value of E-cadherin expression with reference to levels in membranes and cytoplasm, and the membrane/cytoplasm ratio, in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) after curative hepatectomy. METHODS The expression of E-cadherin was assessed by immunohistochemistry in HCC tissue microarrays from 125 patients, and its prognostic values and other clinicopathlogical data were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were followed for a median period of 43.7 months (range 1 to 126 months). RESULTS Univariate analysis demonstrated that a high membrane/cytoplasm (M/C) ratio of E-cadherin expression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) (P =0.001) and shorter time to recurrence (TTR) (P =0.038), as well as tumor size, intrahepatic metastasis, and TNM stage. In contrast, neither membrane nor cytoplasmic expression of E-cadherin was related with OS and TTR. Furthermore, multivariate analysis confirmed the M/C ratio to be an independent predictor of OS (P =0.031). ?2 tests additionally showed that the M/C ratio of E-cadherin expression was related with early stage recurrence (P =0.012), rather than later stage recurrence. CONCLUSION The M/C ratio of E-cadherin expression is a strong predictor of postoperative survival and is associated with early stage recurrence in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Jiang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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Chen J, Zhao J, Ma R, Lin H, Liang X, Cai X. Prognostic significance of E-cadherin expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103952. [PMID: 25093414 PMCID: PMC4122395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancy of liver and HCC-related morbidity and mortality remains at high level. Researchers had investigated whether and how reduced E-cadherin expression impacted the prognosis of patients with HCC but the results reported by different teams remain inconclusive. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in all available databases to retrieve eligible studies and identify all relevant data, which could be used to evaluate the correlation between reduced E-cadherin expression and clinicopathological features and prognosis for HCC patients. A fixed or random effects model was used in this meta-analysis to calculate the pooled odds ratios (OR) and weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Total 2439 patients in thirty studies matched the selection criteria. Aggregation of the data suggested that reduced E-cadherin expression in HCC patients correlated with poor 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival. The combined ORs were 0.50 (n = 13 studies, 95% CI: 0.37–0.67, Z = 4.49, P<0.00001), 0.39 (n = 13 studies, 95% CI: 0.28–0.56, Z = 5.12, P<0.00001), 0.40 (n = 11 studies, 95% CI: 0.25–0.64, Z = 3.82, P = 0.0001), respectively. Additionally, the pooled analysis denoted that reduced E-cadherin expression negatively impacts recurrence-free survival (RSF) with no significant heterogeneity. The pooled ORs for 1-, 3- and 5- year RSF affected by down-regulated E-cadherin were 0.73 (n = 6 studies, 95% CI: 0.54–1.00, Z = 1.95, P = 0.05), 0.70 (n = 6 studies, 95% CI: 0.52–0.95, Z = 2.32, P = 0.02), 0.66 (n = 5 studies, 95% CI: 0.48–0.90, Z = 2.64, P = 0.008). And what’s more, reduced E-cadherin expression tended to be significantly associated with metastasis (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16–0.60, Z = 3.50, P = 0.0005), vascular invasion (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59–0.98, Z = 2.14, P = 0.03), advanced differentiation grade (OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.21–0.45, Z = 6.04, P<0.00001) and advanced TMN stage (T3/T4 versus T1/T2) (OR = 0.61,95% CI:0.38–0.98, Z = 2.05, P = 0.04). Conclusions Reduced E-cadherin expression indicates a poor prognosis for patients with HCC, and it may have predictive potential for prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang University Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases, which can be further classified into three PKC isozymes subfamilies: conventional or classic, novel or nonclassic, and atypical. PKC isozymes are known to be involved in cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Because of their key roles in cell signaling, PKC isozymes also have the potential to be promising therapeutic targets for several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, and multiple types of cancer. This review primarily focuses on the activation, mechanism, and function of PKC isozymes during cancer development and progression.
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Paul A, Gunewardena S, Stecklein SR, Saha B, Parelkar N, Danley M, Rajendran G, Home P, Ray S, Jokar I, Vielhauer GA, Jensen RA, Tawfik O, Paul S. PKCλ/ι signaling promotes triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1469-81. [PMID: 24786829 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a distinct breast cancer subtype defined by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), and the patients with TNBC are often diagnosed with higher rates of recurrence and metastasis. Because of the absence of ER, PR and HER2/neu expressions, TNBC patients are insensitive to HER2-directed and endocrine therapies available for breast cancer treatment. Here, we report that expression of atypical protein kinase C isoform, PKCλ/ι, significantly increased and activated in all invasive breast cancer (invasive ductal carcinoma or IDC) subtypes including the TNBC subtype. Because of the lack of targeted therapies for TNBC, we choose to study PKCλ/ι signaling as a potential therapeutic target for TNBC. Our observations indicated that PKCλ/ι signaling is highly active during breast cancer invasive progression, and metastatic breast cancers, the advanced stages of breast cancer disease that developed more frequently in TNBC patients, are also characterized with high levels of PKCλ/ι expression and activation. Functional analysis in experimental mouse models revealed that depletion of PKCλ/ι significantly reduces TNBC growth as well as lung metastatic colonization. Furthermore, we have identified a PKCλ/ι-regulated gene signature consisting of 110 genes, which are significantly associated with indolent to invasive progression of human breast cancer and poor prognosis. Mechanistically, cytokines such as TGFβ and IL1β could activate PKCλ/ι signaling in TNBC cells and depletion of PKCλ/ι impairs NF-κB p65 (RelA) nuclear localization. We observed that cytokine-PKCλ/ι-RelA signaling axis, at least in part, involved in modulating gene expression to regulate invasion of TNBC cells. Overall, our results indicate that induction and activation of PKCλ/ι promote TNBC growth, invasion and metastasis. Thus, targeting PKCλ/ι signaling could be a therapeutic option for breast cancer, including the TNBC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paul
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Gunewardena
- Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S R Stecklein
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - B Saha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - N Parelkar
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - M Danley
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G Rajendran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - P Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - I Jokar
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G A Vielhauer
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - R A Jensen
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - O Tawfik
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Paul
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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The aPKCι blocking agent ATM negatively regulates EMT and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1129. [PMID: 24651432 PMCID: PMC3973203 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has an important role in invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To explore the regulatory mechanism of atypical protein kinase C ι (aPKCι) signaling pathways to HCC development, and find an agent for targeted therapy for HCC, immortalized murine hepatocytes were employed to establish an EMT cell model of HCC, MMH-RT cells. Our study showed that EMT took place in MMH-R cells under the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) overexpressing aPKCι. Furthermore, we showed that the aPKCι blocking agent aurothiomalate (ATM) inhibited EMT and decreased invasion of hepatocytes. Moreover, ATM selectively inhibited proliferation of mesenchymal cells and HepG2 cells and induced apoptosis. However, ATM increased proliferation of epithelial cells and had little effect on apoptosis and invasion of epithelial cells. In conclusion, our result suggested that aPKCι could be an important bio-marker of tumor EMT, and used as an indicator of invasion and malignancy. ATM might be a promising agent for targeted treatment of HCC.
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Rewiring cell polarity signaling in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:939-50. [PMID: 24632617 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted cell polarity is a feature of epithelial cancers. The Crumbs, Par and Scribble polarity complexes function to specify and maintain apical and basolateral membrane domains, which are essential to organize intracellular signaling pathways that maintain epithelial homeostasis. Disruption of apical-basal polarity proteins facilitates rewiring of oncogene and tumor suppressor signaling pathways to deregulate proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Moreover, apical-basal polarity integrates intracellular signaling with the microenvironment by regulating metabolic signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling and tissue level organization. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of how polarity proteins regulate diverse signaling pathways throughout cancer progression from initiation to metastasis.
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Parker PJ, Justilien V, Riou P, Linch M, Fields AP. Atypical protein kinase Cι as a human oncogene and therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:1-11. [PMID: 24231509 PMCID: PMC3944347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase inhibitors represent a major class of targeted therapeutics that has made a positive impact on treatment of cancer and other disease indications. Among the promising kinase targets for further therapeutic development are members of the Protein Kinase C (PKC) family. The PKCs are central components of many signaling pathways that regulate diverse cellular functions including proliferation, cell cycle, differentiation, survival, cell migration, and polarity. Genetic manipulation of individual PKC isozymes has demonstrated that they often fulfill distinct, nonredundant cellular functions. Participation of PKC members in different intracellular signaling pathways reflects responses to varying extracellular stimuli, intracellular localization, tissue distribution, phosphorylation status, and intermolecular interactions. PKC activity, localization, phosphorylation, and/or expression are often altered in human tumors, and PKC isozymes have been implicated in various aspects of transformation, including uncontrolled proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis. Despite the strong relationship between PKC isozymes and cancer, to date only atypical PKCiota has been shown to function as a bona fide oncogene, and as such is a particularly attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of PKCiota in transformation and describe mechanism-based approaches to therapeutically target oncogenic PKCiota signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Parker
- London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Verline Justilien
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 45400 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Philippe Riou
- London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Mark Linch
- London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK; Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London, UK
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, 45400 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Abstract
The conserved polarity proteins Par6 and aPKC regulate cell polarization processes. However, increasing evidence also suggests that they play a role in oncogenic progression. During tumor progression, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) delineates an evolutionary conserved process that converts stationary epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells, which have an acquired ability for independent migration and invasion. In addition to signaling pathways that alter genetic programes that trigger the loss of cell-cell adhesion, alternative pathways can alter cell plasticity to regulate cell-cell cohesion and increase invasive potential. One such pathway involves TGFβ-induced phosphorylation of Par6. In epithelial cells, Par6 phosphorylation results in the dissolution of junctional complexes, cytoskeletal remodelling, and increased metastatic potential. Recently, we found that aPKC can also phosphorylate Par6 to drive EMT and increase the migratory potential of non-small cell lung cancer cells. This result has implications with respect to homeostatic and developmental processes involving polarization, and also with respect to cancer progression-particularly since aPKC has been reported to be an oncogenic regulator in various tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gunaratne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Western University; London, ON, Canada
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Kao HH, Wu CJ, Won SJ, Shin JW, Liu HS, Su CL. Kinase gene expression and subcellular protein expression pattern of protein kinase C isoforms in curcumin-treated human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep 3B cells. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 66:136-142. [PMID: 21556896 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, a yellow component of turmeric or curry powder, has been demonstrated to exhibit anti-carcinogenic effects in vitro, in vivo, and in human clinical trials. One of its molecular targets is protein kinase C (PKC) which has been reported to play essential roles in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. In this study, PKC mRNA expression was significantly inhibited in curcumin-treated human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Hep 3B cells identified using a kinase cDNA microarray. Furthermore, curcumin decreased total protein expression of all PKCs in a time-related manner by immunoblotting of whole cell lysates, nuclear, membrane, and cytosolic fractions. In cytosolic fraction, the expression of PKC-α was totally inhibited by curcumin. In contrast, the expression levels of PKC-ζ and -μ were dramatically increased. Increases in expression of PKC-δ and PKC-ζ in the membrane and nucleus, and PKC-ι in the membrane were detected. In summary, the changes in expression and distribution of subcellular PKC isoforms in curcumin-treated Hep 3B cells suggest possible PKC-associated anti-tumor mechanisms of curcumin and provide alternative therapies for human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsin Kao
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, No. 89, Wen-Hwa 1st Street, Jen-Te, Tainan, 717, Taiwan
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33
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Mimura M, Masuda A, Nishiumi S, Kawakami K, Fujishima Y, Yoshie T, Mizuno S, Miki I, Ohno H, Hase K, Minamoto T, Azuma T, Yoshida M. AP1B plays an important role in intestinal tumorigenesis with the truncating mutation of an APC gene. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1011-20. [PMID: 21484796 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that carcinoma is accompanied by the loss of cell polarity. An epithelial cell-specific form of the AP-1 clathrin adaptor complex, AP1B, is involved in the polarized transport of membrane proteins to the basolateral surface of epithelial cells. In our study, we investigated whether AP1B is involved in intestinal tumorigenesis. The cellular polarity of intestinal tumor cells was examined using APC(Min/+) mice as an in vivo model and SW480 cells with a truncating mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene as an in vitro model by confocal microscopy. Next, the expression of AP1B in intestinal tumor cells was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. The localization of β-catenin and the expression of AP1B in the tumor tissue of patients with colorectal cancer were evaluated by confocal microscopy and real-time PCR, respectively, and the relationships among cell polarity, AP1B expression and intestinal tumorigenesis were examined. Cellular polarity was lost in intestinal tumor cells, and the expression of AP1B was downregulated. In addition, the reduction in the expression level of AP1B correlated with the nuclear localization of β-catenin in human colorectal cancer. Our study indicates the close associations between AP1B, intestinal tumorigenesis and mutations in the APC gene. This is the first report to reveal the relationships among AP1B, cellular polarity and intestinal tumorigenesis, and achieving a detailed understanding of AP1B will hopefully lead to discovery of therapeutic targets and novel biomarkers for intestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Mimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Namdarian B, Wong E, Galea R, Pedersen J, Chin X, Speirs R, Humbert PO, Costello AJ, Corcoran NM, Hovens CM. Loss of APKC expression independently predicts tumor recurrence in superficial bladder cancers. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:649-55. [PMID: 21549621 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to play an important role in the development of tumor invasion and progression in tumors of epithelial origin. Our aim was to investigate the role of tight junction proteins, Par3/Par6/atypical protein kinase C (APKC), Discs large (Dlg), and Scribble in human bladder pathogenesis. METHODS We evaluated levels of APKC, Dlg, and Scribble in 92 superficial bladder tumors using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry, and correlated expression with pathologic variables and clinical outcomes. RESULTS There was a slight apparent enrichment in strong vs. weak staining for APKC (54.9% vs. 45.1%), Dlg (65.7% vs. 34.3%), and a marked enrichment for Scribble (75% vs. 25%) in the superficial bladder tumors. Univariate analysis determined that both tumor focality and APKC expression were significantly associated with tumor recurrence (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis using the Cox's proportional hazards model revealed that only APKC (P = 0.025) as well as tumor focality (P = 0.018) were independent and significant prognostic factors for tumor recurrence in all patients. We found that no immunohistochemical staining of any of the cell polarity proteins significantly predicted for tumor progression on either univariate or multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Loss of APKC expression in superficial bladder tumors is a strong predictor of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Namdarian
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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35
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Liao SF, Brown KR, Stromberg AJ, Burris WR, Boling JA, Matthews JC. Dietary supplementation of selenium in inorganic and organic forms differentially and commonly alters blood and liver selenium concentrations and liver gene expression profiles of growing beef heifers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 140:151-69. [PMID: 20387001 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In geographic regions where selenium (Se) soil concentrations are naturally low, the addition of Se to animal feed is necessary. Even though it is known that Se in grass and forage crops is primarily present in organic forms (especially as L-selenomethionine, L-selenocystine, and L-selenocystathionine), the feeding of Se in the naturally occurring organic selenium (OSe) compounds produces higher blood and tissue Se levels than the inorganic Se (ISe) salts, and that animal metabolism of OSe and ISe is fundamentally different. Se is commonly added in inorganic form as sodium selenite to cattle feeds because it is a less expensive source of supplemental Se then are OSe forms. A trial was conducted with growing cattle to determine if the addition of OSe versus ISe forms of Se in beef cattle feed produces differences in hepatic gene expression, thereby gaining insight into the metabolic consequence of feeding OSe versus ISe. Thirty maturing Angus heifers (261 ± 6 days) were fed a corn silage-based diet with no Se supplementation for 75 days. Heifers (body weight = 393 ± 9 kg) then were randomly assigned (n = 10) and fed Se supplements that contained none (control) or 3 mg Se/day in ISe (sodium selenite) or OSe (Sel-Plex®) form and enough of a common cracked corn/cottonseed hull-based diet (0.48 mg Se/day) to support 0.5 kg/day growth for 105 or 106 days. More Se was found in jugular whole blood and red blood cells and biopsied liver tissue of ISe and OSe treatment animals than control animals, and OSe animals contained more Se in these tissues than did ISe. Microarray and bioinformatic analyses of liver tissue gene expression revealed that the content of at least 80 mRNA were affected by ISe or OSe treatments, including mRNA associated with nutrient metabolism; cellular growth, proliferation, and immune response; cell communication or signaling; and tissue/organ development and function. Overall, three Se supplement-dependent gene groups were identified: ISe-dependent, OSe-dependent, and Se form-independent. More specifically, both forms of supplementation appeared to upregulate mitochondrial gene expression capacity, whereas gene expression of a protein involved in antiviral capacity was downregulated in ISe-supplemented animals, and OSe-supplemented animals had reduced levels of mRNA encoding proteins known to be upregulated during oxidative stress and cancerous states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfa F Liao
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40546, USA
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36
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Murray NR, Kalari KR, Fields AP. Protein kinase Cι expression and oncogenic signaling mechanisms in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:879-87. [PMID: 20945390 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence demonstrates that PKCι is an oncogene and prognostic marker that is frequently targeted for genetic alteration in many major forms of human cancer. Functional data demonstrate that PKCι is required for the transformed phenotype of lung, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, colon, and brain cancer cells. Future studies will be required to determine whether PKCι is also an oncogene in the many other cancer types that also overexpress PKCι. Studies of PKCι using genetically defined models of tumorigenesis have revealed a critical role for PKCι in multiple stages of tumorigenesis, including tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Recent studies in a genetic model of lung adenocarcinoma suggest a role for PKCι in transformation of lung cancer stem cells. These studies have important implications for the therapeutic use of aurothiomalate (ATM), a highly selective PKCι signaling inhibitor currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Significant progress has been made in determining the molecular mechanisms by which PKCι drives the transformed phenotype, particularly the central role played by the oncogenic PKCι-Par6 complex in transformed growth and invasion, and of several PKCι-dependent survival pathways in chemo-resistance. Future studies will be required to determine the composition and dynamics of the PKCι-Par6 complex, and the mechanisms by which oncogenic signaling through this complex is regulated. Likewise, a better understanding of the critical downstream effectors of PKCι in various human tumor types holds promise for identifying novel prognostic and surrogate markers of oncogenic PKCι activity that may be clinically useful in ongoing clinical trials of ATM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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37
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Tervonen TA, Partanen JI, Saarikoski ST, Myllynen M, Marques E, Paasonen K, Moilanen A, Wohlfahrt G, Kovanen PE, Klefstrom J. Faulty epithelial polarity genes and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2011; 111:97-161. [PMID: 21704831 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385524-4.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial architecture is formed in tissues and organs when groups of epithelial cells are organized into polarized structures. The epithelial function and integrity as well as signaling across the epithelial layer is orchestrated by apical junctional complexes (AJCs), which are landmarks for PAR/CRUMBS and lateral SCRIB polarity modules and by dynamic interactions of the cells with underlying basement membrane (BM). These highly organized epithelial architectures are demolished in cancer. In all advanced epithelial cancers, malignant cells have lost polarity and connections to the basement membrane and they have become proliferative, motile, and invasive. Clearly, loss of epithelial integrity associates with tumor progression but does it contribute to tumor development? Evidence from studies in Drosophila and recently also in vertebrate models have suggested that even the oncogene-driven enforced cell proliferation can be conditional, dependant on the influence of cell-cell or cell-microenvironment contacts. Therefore, loss of epithelial integrity may not only be an obligate consequence of unscheduled proliferation of malignant cells but instead, malignant epithelial cells may need to acquire capacity to break free from the constraints of integrity to freely and autonomously proliferate. We discuss how epithelial polarity complexes form and regulate epithelial integrity, highlighting the roles of enzymes Rho GTPases, aPKCs, PI3K, and type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs). We also discuss relevance of these pathways to cancer in light of genetic alterations found in human cancers and review molecular pathways and potential pharmacological strategies to revert or selectively eradicate disorganized tumor epithelium.
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38
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Lee NP, Poon RTP, Shek FH, Ng IOL, Luk JM. Role of cadherin-17 in oncogenesis and potential therapeutic implications in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:138-45. [PMID: 20580775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin is an important cell adhesion molecule that plays paramount roles in organ development and the maintenance of tissue integrity. Dysregulation of cadherin expression is often associated with disease pathology including tissue dysplasia, tumor formation, and metastasis. Cadherin-17 (CDH17), belonging to a subclass of 7D-cadherin superfamily, is present in fetal liver and gastrointestinal tract during embryogenesis, but the gene becomes silenced in healthy adult liver and stomach tissues. It functions as a peptide transporter and a cell adhesion molecule to maintain tissue integrity in epithelia. However, recent findings from our group and others have reported aberrant expression of CDH17 in major gastrointestinal malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), stomach and colorectal cancers, and its clinical association with tumor metastasis and advanced tumor stages. Furthermore, alternative splice isoforms and genetic polymorphisms of CDH17 gene have been identified in HCC and linked to an increased risk of HCC. CDH17 is an attractive target for HCC therapy. Targeting CDH17 in HCC can inhibit tumor growth and inactivate Wnt signaling pathway in concomitance with activation of tumor suppressor genes. Further investigation on CDH17-mediated oncogenic signaling and cognate molecular mechanisms would shed light on new targeting therapy on HCC and potentially other gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki P Lee
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Choi HS, Yim SH, Xu HD, Jung SH, Shin SH, Hu HJ, Jung CK, Choi JY, Chung YJ. Tropomyosin3 overexpression and a potential link to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:122. [PMID: 20356415 PMCID: PMC3087315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide, it is still important to understand hepatocarcinogenesis mechanisms and identify effective markers for tumor progression to improve prognosis. Amplification and overexpression of Tropomyosin3 (TPM3) are frequently observed in HCC, but its biological meanings have not been properly defined. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the roles of TPM3 and related molecular mechanisms. Methods TPM3-siRNA was transfected into 2 HCC cell lines, HepG2 and SNU-475, which had shown overexpression of TPM3. Knockdown of TPM3 was verified by real-time qRT-PCR and western blotting targeting TPM3. Migration and invasion potentials were examined using transwell membrane assays. Cell growth capacity was examined by colony formation and soft agar assays. Results Silencing TPM3 resulted in significant suppression of migration and invasion capacities in both HCC cell lines. To elucidate the mechanisms behind suppressed migration and invasiveness, we examined expression levels of Snail and E-cadherin known to be related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) after TPM3 knockdown. In the TPM3 knockdown cells, E-cadherin expression was significantly upregulated and Snail downregulated compared with negative control. TPM3 knockdown also inhibited colony formation and anchorage independent growth of HCC cells. Conclusions Based on our findings, we formulate a hypothesis that overexpression of TPM3 activates Snail mediated EMT, which will repress E-cadherin expression and that it confers migration or invasion potentials to HCC cells during hepatocarcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that TPM3 gets involved in migration and invasion of HCCs by modifying EMT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sun Choi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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TAJIMA HIDEHIRO, OHTA TETSUO, SHOJI YASUHIRO, WATANABE TOSHIFUMI, MAKINO ISAMU, HAYASHI HIRONORI, NAKAGAWARA HISATOSHI, ONISHI ICHIRO, TAKAMURA HIROYUKI, NINOMIYA ITASU, KITAGAWA HIROHISA, FUSHIDA SACHIO, TANI TAKASHI, FUJIMURA TAKASHI, KAYAHARA MASATO, ARAI KUNIAKI, YAMASHITA TATSUYA, KANEKO SHUICHI, ZEN YOH. Expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in locally recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation. Exp Ther Med 2010. [DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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41
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Polarity protein alterations in carcinoma: a focus on emerging roles for polarity regulators. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:41-50. [PMID: 20093003 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss both gene expression and protein localization changes of polarity proteins in carcinoma. We highlight the importance of protein mislocalization and its possible role in cancer. We also discuss the emerging role of polarity proteins as regulators of proliferation, apoptosis, tissue polarity, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in addition to their known role in cell junction biogenesis.
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42
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Yuzugullu H, Benhaj K, Ozturk N, Senturk S, Celik E, Toylu A, Tasdemir N, Yilmaz M, Erdal E, Akcali KC, Atabey N, Ozturk M. Canonical Wnt signaling is antagonized by noncanonical Wnt5a in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:90. [PMID: 19849855 PMCID: PMC2770486 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND beta-catenin mutations that constitutively activate the canonical Wnt signaling have been observed in a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). These mutations are associated with chromosomal stability, low histological grade, low tumor invasion and better patient survival. We hypothesized that canonical Wnt signaling is selectively activated in well-differentiated, but repressed in poorly differentiated HCCs. To this aim, we characterized differentiation status of HCC cell lines and compared their expression status of Wnt pathway genes, and explored their activity of canonical Wnt signaling. RESULTS We classified human HCC cell lines into "well-differentiated" and "poorly differentiated" subtypes, based on the expression of hepatocyte lineage, epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Poorly differentiated cell lines lost epithelial and hepatocyte lineage markers, and overexpressed mesenchymal markers. Also, they were highly motile and invasive. We compared the expression of 45 Wnt pathway genes between two subtypes. TCF1 and TCF4 factors, and LRP5 and LRP6 co-receptors were ubiquitously expressed. Likewise, six Frizzled receptors, and canonical Wnt3 ligand were expressed in both subtypes. In contrast, canonical ligand Wnt8b and noncanonical ligands Wnt4, Wnt5a, Wnt5b and Wnt7b were expressed selectively in well- and poorly differentiated cell lines, respectively. Canonical Wnt signaling activity, as tested by a TCF reporter assay was detected in 80% of well-differentiated, contrary to 14% of poorly differentiated cell lines. TCF activity generated by ectopic mutant beta-catenin was weak in poorly differentiated SNU449 cell line, suggesting a repressive mechanism. We tested Wnt5a as a candidate antagonist. It strongly inhibited canonical Wnt signaling that is activated by mutant beta-catenin in HCC cell lines. CONCLUSION Differential expression of Wnt ligands in HCC cells is associated with selective activation of canonical Wnt signaling in well-differentiated, and its repression in poorly differentiated cell lines. One potential mechanism of repression involved Wnt5a, acting as an antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling. Our observations support the hypothesis that Wnt pathway is selectively activated or repressed depending on differentiation status of HCC cells. We propose that canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways have complementary roles in HCC, where the canonical signaling contributes to tumor initiation, and noncanonical signaling to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haluk Yuzugullu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Charnley M, Textor M, Khademhosseini A, Lutolf MP. Integration column: microwell arrays for mammalian cell culture. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:625-34. [PMID: 20027371 DOI: 10.1039/b918172p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microwell arrays have emerged as robust and versatile alternatives to conventional mammalian cell culture substrates. Using standard microfabrication processes, biomaterials surfaces can be topographically patterned to comprise high-density arrays of micron-sized cavities with desirable geometry. Hundreds to thousands of individual cells or cell colonies with controlled size and shape can be trapped in these cavities by simple gravitational sedimentation. Efficient long-term cell confinement allows for parallel analyses and manipulation of cell fate during in vitro culture. These live-cell arrays have already found applications in cell biology, for example to probe the effect of cell colony size on embryonic stem cell differentiation, to dissect the heterogeneity in single cell proliferation kinetics of neural or hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell populations, or to elucidate the role of cell shape on cell function. Here, we highlight the key applications of these platforms, hopefully inspiring biologists to apply these systems for their own studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirren Charnley
- BioInterfaceGroup, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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