1
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Zhang XB, Fan YB, Jing R, Getu MA, Chen WY, Zhang W, Dong HX, Dakal TC, Hayat A, Cai HJ, Ashrafizadeh M, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacimuftuoglu A, Liu P, Li TF, Sethi G, Ahn KS, Ertas YN, Chen MJ, Ji JS, Ma L, Gong P. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: current development, challenges, and clinical perspectives. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:35. [PMID: 38835066 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are highly heterogeneous and potentially malignant tumors arising from secretory cells of the neuroendocrine system. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are the most common subtype of NENs. Historically, GEP-NENs have been regarded as infrequent and slow-growing malignancies; however, recent data have demonstrated that the worldwide prevalence and incidence of GEP-NENs have increased exponentially over the last three decades. In addition, an increasing number of studies have proven that GEP-NENs result in a limited life expectancy. These findings suggested that the natural biology of GEP-NENs is more aggressive than commonly assumed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for advanced researches focusing on the diagnosis and management of patients with GEP-NENs. In this review, we have summarized the limitations and recent advancements in our comprehension of the epidemiology, clinical presentations, pathology, molecular biology, diagnosis, and treatment of GEP-NETs to identify factors contributing to delays in diagnosis and timely treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Bin Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yi-Bao Fan
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Rui Jing
- Department of Radiology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, China
| | - Mikiyas Amare Getu
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wan-Ying Chen
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hong-Xia Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hua-Jun Cai
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Tian-Feng Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Türkiye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38280, Türkiye
- UNAM-National Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Türkiye
| | - Min-Jiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Jian-Song Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, 323000, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116044, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of General SurgeryInstitute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Ingredients and Gut Microbiomics, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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2
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Uccella S. Molecular Classification of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Are We Ready for That? Endocr Pathol 2024; 35:91-106. [PMID: 38470548 PMCID: PMC11176254 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-024-09807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In the last two decades, the increasing availability of technologies for molecular analyses has allowed an insight in the genomic alterations of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. This knowledge has confirmed, supported, and informed the pathological classification of NEN, clarifying the differences between neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC) and neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and helping to define the G3 NET category. At the same time, the identification genomic alterations, in terms of gene mutation, structural abnormalities, and epigenetic changes differentially involved in the pathogenesis of NEC and NET has identified potential molecular targets for precision therapy. This review critically recapitulates the available molecular features of digestive NEC and NET, highlighting their correlates with pathological aspects and clinical characteristics of these neoplasms and revising their role as predictive biomarkers for targeted therapy. In this context, the feasibility and applicability of a molecular classification of gastrointestinal and pancreatic NEN will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Uccella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
- Pathology Service IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Webster AP, Thirlwell C. The Molecular Biology of Midgut Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:343-350. [PMID: 38123518 PMCID: PMC11074790 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Midgut neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are one of the most common subtypes of NEN, and their incidence is rising globally. Despite being the most frequently diagnosed malignancy of the small intestine, little is known about their underlying molecular biology. Their unusually low mutational burden compared to other solid tumors and the unexplained occurrence of multifocal tumors makes the molecular biology of midgut NENs a particularly fascinating field of research. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the understanding of the interplay of the genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic landscape in the development of midgut NENs, a topic that is critical to understanding their biology and improving treatment options and outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P Webster
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Chrissie Thirlwell
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Science, University of Exeter College of Medicine and Health, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
- University of Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
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4
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Mestre-Alagarda C, Srirajaskanthan R, Zen Y, Giwa M, Howard M, Ooft ML. Genetic and epigenetic prognosticators of neuroendocrine tumours of the GI tract, liver, biliary tract and pancreas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Histopathology 2024; 84:255-265. [PMID: 37565289 DOI: 10.1111/his.15025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple recurrent genetic and epigenetic aberrations have been associated with worse prognosis in multiple studies of neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), but these have been mainly small cohorts and univariate analysis. This review and meta-analysis will focus upon the literature available on NETs of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, biliary tract and pancreas. PubMed and Embase were searched for publications that investigated the prognostic value of (epi)genetic changes of neuroendocrine tumours. A meta-analysis was performed assessing the association of the (epi)genetic alterations with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) or locoregional control (LRC). In the pancreas DAXX/ATRX [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.28-4.74] and alternative lengthening telomeres (ALT) activation (HR = 8.20; 95% CI = 1.40-48.07) showed a pooled worse survival. In the small bowel NETs gains on chromosome 14 were associated with worse survival (HR 2.85; 95% CI = 1.40-5.81). NETs from different anatomical locations must be regarded as different biological entities with diverging molecular prognosticators, and epigenetic changes being important to the pathogenesis of these tumours. This review underpins the prognostic drivers of pancreatic NET which lie in mutations of DAXX/ATRX and ALT pathways. However, there is reaffirmation that prognostic molecular biomarkers of small bowel NETs should be sought in copy number variations (CNVs) rather than in single nucleotide variations (SNVs). This review also reveals how little is known about the prognostic significance of epigenetics in NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoh Zen
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mojisola Giwa
- Department of Histopathology, King's College Hospital, King's College, London, UK
| | - Mark Howard
- Department of Histopathology, King's College Hospital, King's College, London, UK
| | - Marc Lucas Ooft
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Pathology-DNA, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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5
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Postel MD, Darabi S, Howe JR, Liang WS, Craig DW, Demeure MJ. Multiomic sequencing of paired primary and metastatic small bowel carcinoids. F1000Res 2023; 12:417. [PMID: 37954063 PMCID: PMC10632590 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130251.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Small bowel carcinoids are insidious tumors that are often metastatic when diagnosed. Limited mutation landscape studies of carcinoids indicate that these tumors have a relatively low mutational burden. The development of targeted therapies will depend upon the identification of mutations that drive the pathogenesis and metastasis of carcinoid tumors. Methods: Whole exome and RNA sequencing of 5 matched sets of normal tissue, primary small intestine carcinoid tumors, and liver metastases were investigated. Germline and somatic variants included: single nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions/deletions (indels), structural variants, and copy number alterations (CNAs). The functional impact of mutations was predicted using Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor. Results: Large-scale CNAs were observed including the loss of chromosome 18 in all 5 metastases and 3/5 primary tumors. Certain somatic SNVs were metastasis-specific; including mutations in ATRX, CDKN1B, MXRA5 (leading to the activation of a cryptic splice site and loss of mRNA), SMARCA2, and the loss of UBE4B. Additional mutations in ATRX, and splice site loss of PYGL, leading to intron retention observed in primary and metastatic tumors. Conclusions: We observed novel mutations in primary/metastatic carcinoid tumor pairs, and some have been observed in other types of neuroendocrine tumors. We confirmed a previously observed loss of chromosome 18 and CDKN1B. Transcriptome sequencing added relevant information that would not have been appreciated with DNA sequencing alone. The detection of several splicing mutations on the DNA level and their consequences at the RNA level suggests that RNA splicing aberrations may be an important mechanism underlying carcinoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie D. Postel
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sourat Darabi
- Precision Medicine, Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, 92663, USA
| | - James R. Howe
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - David W. Craig
- Institute of Translational Genomics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Demeure
- Precision Medicine, Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, 92663, USA
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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6
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Jha S, Simonds WF. Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:779-818. [PMID: 36961765 PMCID: PMC10502601 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest an increase in the overall incidence of parathyroid disorders, with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) being the most prevalent parathyroid disorder. PHPT is associated with morbidities (fractures, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease) and increased risk of death. The symptoms of PHPT can be nonspecific, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Approximately 15% of patients with PHPT have an underlying heritable form of PHPT that may be associated with extraparathyroidal manifestations, requiring active surveillance for these manifestations as seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2A. Genetic testing for heritable forms should be offered to patients with multiglandular disease, recurrent PHPT, young onset PHPT (age ≤40 years), and those with a family history of parathyroid tumors. However, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with heritable forms of PHPT remains unknown. Distinction between sporadic and heritable forms of PHPT is useful in surgical planning for parathyroidectomy and has implications for the family. The genes currently known to be associated with heritable forms of PHPT account for approximately half of sporadic parathyroid tumors. But the genetic cause in approximately half of the sporadic parathyroid tumors remains unknown. Furthermore, there is no systemic therapy for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare but potentially fatal cause of PHPT. Improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of parathyroid tumors will allow us to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
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7
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D’Agosto S, Fiorini E, Pezzini F, Delfino P, Simbolo M, Vicentini C, Andreani S, Capelli P, Rusev B, Lawlor RT, Bassi C, Landoni L, Pea A, Luchini C, Scarpa A, Corbo V. Long-term organoid culture of a small intestinal neuroendocrine tumor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:999792. [PMID: 37082125 PMCID: PMC10112019 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.999792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) are rare and highly heterogeneous neoplasms whose incidence has markedly increased over the last decades. A grading system based on the tumor cells' proliferation index predicts high-risk for G3 NETs. However, low-to-intermediate grade (G1/G2) NETs have an unpredictable clinical course that varies from indolent to highly malignant. Cultures of human cancer cells enable to perform functional perturbation analyses that are instrumental to enhance our understanding of cancer biology. To date, no tractable and reliable long-term culture of G1/G2 NET has been reported to permit disease modeling and pharmacological screens. Here, we report of the first long-term culture of a G2 metastatic small intestinal NET that preserves the main genetic drivers of the tumor and retains expression patterns of the endocrine cell lineage. Replicating the tissue, this long-term culture showed a low proliferation index, and yet it could be propagated continuously without dramatic changes in the karyotype. The model was readily available for pharmacological screens using targeted agents and as expected, showed low tumorigenic capacity in vivo. Overall, this is the first long-term culture of NETs to faithfully recapitulate many aspects of the original neuroendocrine tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina D’Agosto
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Fiorini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pietro Delfino
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Simbolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Vicentini
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Andreani
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Capelli
- Azienda Ospedaliera Integrata dell’Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Borislav Rusev
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita T. Lawlor
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Pancreas Institute, Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Landoni
- Pancreas Institute, Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Pea
- Pancreas Institute, Department of Surgery, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Corbo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Centre for Applied Research on Cancer (ARC-Net) Research Centre, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Vincenzo Corbo,
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8
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Mäkinen N, Zhou M, Zhang Z, Kasai Y, Perez E, Kim GE, Thirlwell C, Nakakura E, Meyerson M. Whole genome sequencing reveals the independent clonal origin of multifocal ileal neuroendocrine tumors. Genome Med 2022; 14:82. [PMID: 35922826 PMCID: PMC9351068 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are the most common neoplasms of the small bowel. The majority of tumors are located in the distal ileum with a high incidence of multiple synchronous primary tumors. Even though up to 50% of SI-NET patients are diagnosed with multifocal disease, the mechanisms underlying multiple synchronous lesions remain elusive. Methods We performed whole genome sequencing of 75 de-identified synchronous primary tumors, 15 metastases, and corresponding normal samples from 13 patients with multifocal ileal NETs to identify recurrent somatic genomic alterations, frequently affected signaling pathways, and shared mutation signatures among multifocal SI-NETs. Additionally, we carried out chromosome mapping of the most recurrent copy-number alterations identified to determine which parental allele had been affected in each tumor and assessed the clonal relationships of the tumors within each patient. Results Absence of shared somatic variation between the synchronous primary tumors within each patient was observed, indicating that these tumors develop independently. Although recurrent copy-number alterations were identified, additional chromosome mapping revealed that tumors from the same patient can gain or lose different parental alleles. In addition to the previously reported CDKN1B loss-of-function mutations, we observed potential loss-of-function gene alterations in TNRC6B, a candidate tumor suppressor gene in a small subset of ileal NETs. Furthermore, we show that multiple metastases in the same patient can originate from either one or several primary tumors. Conclusions Our study demonstrates major genomic diversity among multifocal ileal NETs, highlighting the need to identify and remove all primary tumors, which have the potential to metastasize, and the need for optimized targeted treatments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-022-01083-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Mäkinen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhouwei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yosuke Kasai
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Perez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Grace E Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chrissie Thirlwell
- Research Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK.,School of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, RILD Building, Exeter, UK
| | - Eric Nakakura
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Departments of Genetics and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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AKKUŞ G, ŞENGÖZ COŞKUN NS, KARAGÜN B, TETİKER BT. CDKN1B mutation analyses and biochemical characteristics in patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1095425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare clinical, biochemical and treatment modalities of the patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic PHPT (primary hyperparathyroidism), and evaluate whether the CDKN1B mutation from these patients contributes to the pathogenesis of typical, sporadic parathyroid adenomas.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective study 80 patients (66 women and 14 men, mean age 50.8 ± 12.01 years) with PHPT were enrolled. Biochemical and clinical information were collected on patients’ sex, age, biochemical examination and radiological findings (nuclear 99 mTc sestamibi scans scintigraphy, cervical ultrasound). CDKN1B sequencing, and DNA isolation was performed by using GeneMATRIX Quick Blood DNA Purification Kit. Selected primer of CDKN1BF (rs786201010, c.-456_-453delCCTT) (CAGGTTTGTTGGCAGCAGTA) and CDKN1BR (rs786201010, c.-456_-453delCCTT) (GGAGCCAAAAGACACAGACC) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Solis Biodyne, Estonia).
Results: A total of 80 patients diagnosed with PHPT were included, of which 22 were symptomatic. Serum calcium and 24-hour calcium excretion were significantly increased in patients with symptomatic PHTP. Serum PTH levels were similar between the two group. PHPT. CDKN1B mutation was not detected in any patients.
Conclusion: Symptomatic patients were found to have elevated levels of calcium levels (hypercalcaemic), 24-hour urine calcium excretion and target organ damage (bone disease and nephrolithiasis). Independent of PTH levels, clinical signs and symptoms could be related with serum calcium parameters in these patients.
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10
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Yin F, Wu ZH, Lai JP. New insights in diagnosis and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1751-1767. [PMID: 35633912 PMCID: PMC9099195 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i17.1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare epithelial neoplasms derived from pluripotent endocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. GEP-NENs are classified into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Despite overlapping morphological features, GEP-NENs vary in molecular biology, epigenetic, clinical behavior, treatment response, and prognosis features and remain an unmet clinical challenge. In this review, we introduce recent updates on the histopathologic classification, including the tumor grading and staging system, molecular genetics, and systemic evaluation of the diagnosis and treatment of GEP-NENs at different anatomic sites, together with some insights into the diagnosis of challenging and unusual cases. We also discuss the application of novel therapeutic approaches for GEP-NENs, including peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These findings will help improve patient care with precise diagnosis and individualized treatment of patients with GEP-NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yin
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Zi-Hao Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Jin-Ping Lai
- Department of Pathology, Kaiser Permanente Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95825, United States
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11
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Helderman NC, Elsayed FA, van Wezel T, Terlouw D, Langers AM, van Egmond D, Kilinç G, Hristova ( H, Sarasqueta AF, Morreau H, Nielsen M, Suerink M. Mismatch Repair Deficiency and MUTYH Variants in Small Intestine-Neuroendocrine Tumors. Hum Pathol 2022; 125:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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EZH2 presents a therapeutic target for neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22733. [PMID: 34815475 PMCID: PMC8611048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are slow-growing tumors that seem genetically quite stable without highly recurrent mutations, but are epigenetically dysregulated. In contrast to the undetectable expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) histone methyltransferase in the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine, we found high and differential expression of EZH2 in primary SI-NETs and corresponding metastases. Silencing EZH2 in the SI-NET cell line CNDT2.5 reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, EZH2 knockout inhibited tumor progression in a CNDT2.5 SI-NET xenograft mouse model, and treatment of SI-NET cell lines CNDT2.5 and GOT1 with the EZH2-specific inhibitor CPI-1205 decreased cell viability and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, CPI-1205 treatment reduced migration capacity of CNDT2.5 cells. The EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 also repressed proliferation of CNDT2.5 cells. Recently, metformin has received wide attention as a therapeutic option in diverse cancers. In CNDT2.5 and GOT1 cells, metformin suppressed EZH2 expression, and inhibited cell proliferation. Exposure of GOT1 three-dimensional cell spheroids to CPI-1205 or metformin arrested cell proliferation and decreased spheroid size. These novel findings support a possible role of EZH2 as a candidate oncogene in SI-NETs, and suggest that CPI-1205 and metformin should be further evaluated as therapeutic options for patients with SI-NETs.
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13
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Independent somatic evolution underlies clustered neuroendocrine tumors in the human small intestine. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6367. [PMID: 34737276 PMCID: PMC8568927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestine neuroendocrine tumor (SI-NET), the most common cancer of the small bowel, often displays a curious multifocal phenotype with several tumors clustered together in a limited intestinal segment. SI-NET also shows an unusual absence of driver mutations explaining tumor initiation and metastatic spread. The evolutionary trajectories that underlie multifocal SI-NET lesions could provide insight into the underlying tumor biology, but this question remains unresolved. Here, we determine the complete genome sequences of 61 tumors and metastases from 11 patients with multifocal SI-NET, allowing for elucidation of phylogenetic relationships between tumors within single patients. Intra-individual comparisons revealed a lack of shared somatic single-nucleotide variants among the sampled intestinal lesions, supporting an independent clonal origin. Furthermore, in three of the patients, two independent tumors had metastasized. We conclude that primary multifocal SI-NETs generally arise from clonally independent cells, suggesting a contribution from a cancer-priming local factor.
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14
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Shi M, Fan Z, Xu J, Yang J, Li Y, Gao C, Su P, Wang X, Zhan H. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms G3: Novel insights and unmet needs. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188637. [PMID: 34678439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to the 2019 WHO pathology grading system, high-grade gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) can be divided into well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors G3 (NETs G3) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). GEP-NETs G3 and GEP-NECs present significant differences in driver genes and disease origin. NETs G3 and NECs have been confirmed to be two distinct diseases with different genetic backgrounds, however, this issue remains controversial. The prognosis of NETs G3 is significantly better than that of NECs. The differential diagnosis of GEP-NETs G3 and GEP-NECs should be combined with the patient's medical history, tumor histopathology, Ki-67 index, DAXX/ATRX, TP53 and Rb expression as well as other immunohistochemical indicators. In addition, the treatment strategies of these two subgroups are very different. Here, we summarize recent findings focused on the genomics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and other aspects of high-grade GEP-NENs (G3). This review may help further our understanding of the carcinogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of GEP-NENs G3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shi
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhiyao Fan
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yongzheng Li
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Changhao Gao
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Peng Su
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hanxiang Zhan
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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15
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Carpizo DR, Harris CR. Genetic Drivers of Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205070. [PMID: 34680217 PMCID: PMC8533727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although ileal neuroendocrine tumors are the most common tumors of the small intestine, they are not well-defined at the genetic level. Unlike most cancers, they have an unusually low number of mutations, and also lack recurrently mutated genes. Moreover ileal NETs have been difficult to study in the laboratory because there were no animal models and because cell lines were generally unavailable. But recent advances, including the first ileal NET mouse model as well as methods for culturing patient tumor samples, have been described and have already helped to identify IGF2 and CDK4 as two of the genetic drivers for this tumor type. These advances may help in the development of new treatments for patients. Abstract The genetic causes of ileal neuroendocrine tumors (ileal NETs, or I-NETs) have been a mystery. For most types of tumors, key genes were revealed by large scale genomic sequencing that demonstrated recurrent mutations of specific oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In contrast, genomic sequencing of ileal NETs demonstrated a distinct lack of recurrently mutated genes, suggesting that the mechanisms that drive the formation of I-NETs may be quite different than the cell-intrinsic mutations that drive the formation of other tumor types. However, recent mouse studies have identified the IGF2 and RB1 pathways in the formation of ileal NETs, which is supported by the subsequent analysis of patient samples. Thus, ileal NETs no longer appear to be a cancer without genetic causes.
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16
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Childs A, Steele CD, Vesely C, Rizzo FM, Ensell L, Lowe H, Dhami P, Vaikkinen H, Luong TV, Conde L, Herrero J, Caplin M, Toumpanakis C, Thirlwell C, Hartley JA, Pillay N, Meyer T. Whole-genome sequencing of single circulating tumor cells from neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:631-644. [PMID: 34280125 PMCID: PMC8428071 DOI: 10.1530/erc-21-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as part of a minimally invasive liquid biopsy presents an opportunity to characterize and monitor tumor heterogeneity and evolution in individual patients. In this study, we aimed to compare single-cell copy number variation (CNV) data with tissue and define the degree of intra- and inter-patient genomic heterogeneity. We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) whole-genome CNV analysis of 125 single CTCs derived from seven patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) alongside matched white blood cells (WBC), formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), and fresh frozen (FF) samples. CTC CNV profiling demonstrated recurrent chromosomal alterations in previously reported NEN copy number hotspots, including the prognostically relevant loss of chromosome 18. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed CTCs with distinct clonal lineages as well as significant intra- and inter-patient genomic heterogeneity, including subclonal alterations not detectable by bulk analysis and previously unreported in NEN. Notably, we also demonstrated the presence of genomically distinct CTCs according to the enrichment strategy utilized (EpCAM-dependent vs size-based). This work has significant implications for the identification of therapeutic targets, tracking of evolutionary change, and the implementation of CTC-biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Childs
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Clare Vesely
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Leah Ensell
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen Lowe
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pawan Dhami
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heli Vaikkinen
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tu Vinh Luong
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucia Conde
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Javier Herrero
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martyn Caplin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christos Toumpanakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Christina Thirlwell
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John A Hartley
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Research Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust, Stanmore, Middlesex, UK
| | - Tim Meyer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to T Meyer:
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17
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Multifocal Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumours. World J Surg 2021; 45:208-212. [PMID: 32613346 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-020-05663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In contemporary surgical series, the incidence of multifocal tumours (MFT) in small bowel neuroendrocrine tumours (SBNET) is as high as 50%. Familial forms of SBNET appear to have an even higher rate of MFTs in the range of 80%. Multifocal disease poses several challenges and questions for the operating surgeon, including the cause of the disease whether it is local metastases or a genetic field defect, the extent of the resection, and the prognosis. The etiology of these multiple tumours appears to be multifactorial and may represent localized metastases in some, a genetic mutation resulting in the rare familial form of this disease in others, or the integration of genetic and epigenetic events within the bowel. Contrary to historical series, recent data suggest that MFT are not associated with a poorer prognosis. The challenge remains on the long-term surveillance of these unique tumours.
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18
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Asa SL, La Rosa S, Basturk O, Adsay V, Minnetti M, Grossman AB. Molecular Pathology of Well-Differentiated Gastro-entero-pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:169-191. [PMID: 33459926 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-021-09662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arising in the gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary system are the most common neuroendocrine neoplasms. Studies of the molecular basis of these lesions have identified genetic mutations that predispose to familial endocrine neoplasia syndromes and occur both as germline events and in sporadic tumors. The mutations often involve epigenetic regulators rather than the oncogenes and tumor suppressors that are affected in other malignancies. Somatic copy number alterations and miRNAs have also been implicated in the development and progression of some of these tumors. The molecular profiles differ by location, but many are shared by tumors in other sites, including those outside the gastroenteropancreatic system. The approach to therapy relies on both the neuroendocrine nature of these tumors and the identification of specific alterations that can serve as targets for precision oncologic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology and Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Marianna Minnetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford and ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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19
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Samsom KG, Levy S, van Veenendaal LM, Roepman P, Kodach LL, Steeghs N, Valk GD, Wouter Dercksen M, Kuhlmann KFD, Verbeek WHM, Meijer GA, Tesselaar MET, van den Berg JG. Driver mutations occur frequently in metastases of well-differentiated small intestine neuroendocrine tumours. Histopathology 2020; 78:556-566. [PMID: 32931025 DOI: 10.1111/his.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the clinicopathological significance of driver mutations in metastatic well-differentiated small intestine neuroendocrine tumours (SI-NETs). METHODS AND RESULTS Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 35 metastatic SI-NETs and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of eight metastatic SI-NETs were performed. Biopsies were obtained between 2015 and 2019. Tumours were classified according to the 2019 World Health Organization classification. WGS included assessment of somatic mutations in all cancer-related driver genes, the tumour mutational burden (TMB), and microsatellite status. NGS entailed a cancer hotspot panel of 58 genes. Our cohort consisted of 21% grade 1, 60% grade 2 and 19% grade 3 SI-NETs. Driver mutations were identified in ~50% of SI-NETs. In total, 27 driver mutations were identified, of which 74% were in tumour suppressor genes (e.g. TP53, RB1, and CDKN1B) and 22% were in proto-oncogenes (e.g. KRAS, NRAS, and MET). Allelic loss of chromosome 18 (63%), complete loss of CDKN2A and CDKN1B (both 6%) and CDKN1B mutations (9%) were most common. Potential targetable genetic alterations were detected in 21% of metastasised SI-NETs. All tumours were microsatellite-stable and showed low TMBs (median 1.10; interquartile range 0.87-1.35). The Ki67 proliferation index was significantly associated with the presence of driver mutations (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION Driver mutations occur in 50% of metastasised SI-NETs, and their presence is associated with a high Ki67 proliferation index. The identification of targetable mutations make these patients potentially eligible for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris G Samsom
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Levy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linde M van Veenendaal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Roepman
- Hartwig Medical Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liudmila L Kodach
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Personalised Cancer Treatment, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerlof D Valk
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Wouter Dercksen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Maxima Medical Centre, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Koert F D Kuhlmann
- Department of Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wieke H M Verbeek
- Department of Gastroenterology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margot E T Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José G van den Berg
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Rindi G, Wiedenmann B. Neuroendocrine neoplasia of the gastrointestinal tract revisited: towards precision medicine. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:590-607. [PMID: 32839579 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, a number of notable research advances have been made in the field of neuroendocrine cancer, specifically with regard to neuroendocrine cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this Review is to provide an update on current knowledge that has proven effective for the clinical management of patients with these tumours. For example, for the first time in the tubular gastrointestinal tract, well-differentiated high-grade (grade 3) tumours and mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) are defined in the WHO classification. This novel classification enables efficient identification of the most aggressive well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours and helps in defining the degree of aggressiveness of MiNENs. The Review also discusses updates to epidemiology, cell biology (including vesicle-specific components) and the as-yet-unresolved complex genetic background that varies according to site and differentiation status. The Review summarizes novel diagnostic instruments, including molecules associated with the secretory machinery, novel radiological approaches (including pattern recognition techniques), novel PET tracers and liquid biopsy combined with DNA or RNA assays. Surgery remains the treatment mainstay; however, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with novel radioligands and new emerging medical therapies (including vaccination and immunotherapy) are evolving and being tested in clinical trials, which are summarized and critically reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rindi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Mitte, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Dhamija S, Yang CM, Seiler J, Myacheva K, Caudron-Herger M, Wieland A, Abdelkarim M, Sharma Y, Riester M, Groß M, Maurer J, Diederichs S. A pan-cancer analysis reveals nonstop extension mutations causing SMAD4 tumour suppressor degradation. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:999-1010. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Howe JR. Carcinoid Tumors: Past, Present, and Future. Indian J Surg Oncol 2020; 11:182-187. [DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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23
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Tran CG, Sherman SK, Howe JR. Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors. Curr Probl Surg 2020; 57:100823. [PMID: 33234227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2020.100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott K Sherman
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University of lowa Carver College of Medicine, lowa City, lowa
| | - James R Howe
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University of lowa Carver College of Medicine, lowa City, lowa.
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24
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Couvelard A, Scoazec JY. [Inherited tumor syndromes of gastroenteropancreatic and thoracic neuroendocrine neoplasms]. Ann Pathol 2020; 40:120-133. [PMID: 32035641 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
About 5% of gastroenteropancreatic and thoracic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) arise in the context of an inherited tumour syndrome. The two most frequent syndromes are: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), associated with a large spectrum of endocrine and non endocrine tumours, including duodenopancreatic, thymic and bronchial NENs, and the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome VHL, associated with pancreatic NENs. Two inherited syndromes have a low incidence of NENs: neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), associated with duodenal somatostatinomas, and tuberous sclerosis (TSC), associated with pancreatic NENs. Two rare syndromes have a high incidence of NENs: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (MEN4), with a tumour spectrum similar to that of MEN1, and glucagon cell hyperplasia neoplasia (GCHN), involving only the pancreas. It is likely that other syndromes remain to be characterized, especially in familial small-intestinal NENs. The diagnosis is usually raised because of the suggestive clinical setting: young age at diagnosis, multiple tumours in multiple organs, familial history. Except in VHL and NF1, tumours themselves do not show specific pathological features; they usually are well differentiated and of low histological grade; their prognosis is good, except for MEN1-associated thymic NENs. The most suggestive pathological feature is their combination with various endocrine and/or non endocrine lesions in the adjacent tissue. Pathological examination is important, for a correct diagnosis and for an accurate management of the patients and their families, who must be referred to expert centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Couvelard
- Département de pathologie, hôpital Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Scoazec
- Département de biologie et pathologie médicales, institut Gustave-Roussy, 114, rue Edouard-Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France.
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25
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Clift AK, Kidd M, Bodei L, Toumpanakis C, Baum RP, Oberg K, Modlin IM, Frilling A. Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Small Bowel and Pancreas. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:444-476. [PMID: 31557758 PMCID: PMC9175236 DOI: 10.1159/000503721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The traditionally promulgated perspectives of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) as rare, indolent tumours are blunt and have been outdated for the last 2 decades. Clear increments in their incidence over the past decades render them increasingly clinically relevant, and at initial diagnosis many present with nodal and/or distant metastases (notably hepatic). The molecular pathogenesis of these tumours is increasingly yet incompletely understood. Those arising from the small bowel (SB) or pancreas typically occur sporadically; the latter may occur within the context of hereditary tumour predisposition syndromes. NENs can also be associated with endocrinopathy of hormonal hypersecretion. Tangible advances in the development of novel biomarkers, functional imaging modalities and therapy are especially applicable to this sub-set of tumours. The management of SB and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (NET) may be challenging, and often comprises a multidisciplinary approach wherein surgical, medical, interventional radiological and radiotherapeutic modalities are implemented. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of SB and pancreatic NETs. Moreover, we provide an outlook of the future in these tumour types which will include the development of precision oncology frameworks for individualised therapy, multi-analyte predictive biomarkers, artificial intelligence-derived clinical decision support tools and elucidation of the role of the microbiome in NEN development and clinical behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Kieran Clift
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kidd
- Wren Laboratories, Branford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lisa Bodei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christos Toumpanakis
- Centre for Gastroenterology/Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Baum
- Theranostics Centre for Molecular Radiotherapy and Precision Oncology, Zentralklinik, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - Kjell Oberg
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irvin M Modlin
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrea Frilling
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,
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26
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Samsom KG, van Veenendaal LM, Valk GD, Vriens MR, Tesselaar MET, van den Berg JG. Molecular prognostic factors in small-intestinal neuroendocrine tumours. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:906-922. [PMID: 31189127 PMCID: PMC6599083 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small-intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (SI-NETs) represent a heterogeneous group of rare tumours. In recent years, basic research in SI-NETs has attempted to unravel the molecular events underlying SI-NET tumorigenesis. AIM We aim to provide an overview of the current literature regarding prognostic and predictive molecular factors in patients with SI-NETs. METHOD A PubMed search was conducted on (epi)genetic prognostic factors in SI-NETs from 2000 until 2019. RESULTS The search yielded 1522 articles of which 20 reviews and 35 original studies were selected for further evaluation. SI-NETs are mutationally quiet tumours with a different genetic make-up compared to pancreatic NETs. Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 18 is the most frequent genomic aberration (44-100%) followed by mutations of CDKN1B in 8%. Prognostic analyses were performed in 16 studies, of which 8 found a significant (epi)genetic association for survival or progression. Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 18, gains of chromosome 4, 5, 7, 14 and 20p, copy gain of the SRC gene and low expression of RASSF1A and P16 were associated with poorer survival. In comparison with genetic mutations, epigenetic alterations are significantly more common in SI-NETs and may represent more promising targets in the treatment of SI-NETs. CONCLUSION SI-NETs are mutationally silent tumours. No biomarkers have been identified yet that can easily be adopted into current clinical decision making. SI-NETs may represent a heterogeneous disease and larger international studies are warranted to translate molecular findings into precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Samsom
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M van Veenendaal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G D Valk
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to G D Valk:
| | - M R Vriens
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M E T Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G van den Berg
- Department of Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Mafficini A, Scarpa A. Genetics and Epigenetics of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:506-536. [PMID: 30657883 PMCID: PMC6534496 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous regarding site of origin, biological behavior, and malignant potential. There has been a rapid increase in data publication during the last 10 years, mainly driven by high-throughput studies on pancreatic and small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). This review summarizes the present knowledge on genetic and epigenetic alterations. We integrated the available information from each compartment to give a pathway-based overview. This provided a summary of the critical alterations sustaining neoplastic cells. It also highlighted similarities and differences across anatomical locations and points that need further investigation. GEP-NENs include well-differentiated NETs and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). NENs are graded as G1, G2, or G3 based on mitotic count and/or Ki-67 labeling index, NECs are G3 by definition. The distinction between NETs and NECs is also linked to their genetic background, as TP53 and RB1 inactivation in NECs set them apart from NETs. A large number of genetic and epigenetic alterations have been reported. Recurrent changes have been traced back to a reduced number of core pathways, including DNA damage repair, cell cycle regulation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In pancreatic tumors, chromatin remodeling/histone methylation and telomere alteration are also affected. However, also owing to the paucity of disease models, further research is necessary to fully integrate and functionalize data on deregulated pathways to recapitulate the large heterogeneity of behaviors displayed by these tumors. This is expected to impact diagnostics, prognostic stratification, and planning of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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28
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Cinque L, Pugliese F, Salcuni AS, Scillitani A, Guarnieri V. Molecular pathogenesis of parathyroid tumours. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:891-908. [PMID: 30477753 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid tumors represent an elusive endocrine neoplasia, which lead to primary hyperparathyroidism, pHPT, a common endocrine calcium disorder characterized by hypercalcemia and normal-high parathormone secretion. Parathyroid tumours are benign adenomas or multiple glands hyperplasia in the vast majority (>99% of cases), while malignant neoplasms are rare (less than 1%). Despite pHPT is a common disorder, our knowledge about the genetic predisposition and molecular pathophysiology is limited to the familial syndromic forms of parathyroid tumour, that, however, represent not more than the 10% of all the cases; instead, the pathophysiology of sporadic forms remains an open field, although data about epigenetic mechanisms or private genes have been supposed. Here we present an overview of more recent acquisitions about the genetic causes along with their molecular mechanisms of benign, but also, malignant parathyroid tumours either in sporadic and familial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Cinque
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Division of Medical Genetics, Italy.
| | - Flavia Pugliese
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
| | | | - Alfredo Scillitani
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Unit of Endocrinology, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy.
| | - Vito Guarnieri
- Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, Division of Medical Genetics, Italy.
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29
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Cives M, Strosberg JR. Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. CA Cancer J Clin 2018; 68:471-487. [PMID: 30295930 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous malignancies arising from the diffuse neuroendocrine system. They frequently originate in the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tract and the bronchopulmonary tree, and their incidence has steadily increased in the last 3 decades. Fundamental biologic and genomic differences underlie the clinical heterogeneity of NETs, and distinct molecular features characterize NETs of different grades and different primary sites. Although surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment for localized tumors, systemic treatment options for patients with metastatic NETs have expanded considerably. Somatostatin analogs have demonstrated both antisecretory and antitumor efficacy. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with lutetium-177 dotatate (177 Lu-DOTATATE) has been approved for advanced GEP-NETs. The antitumor activity of everolimus has been demonstrated across a wide spectrum of NETs, and the antiangiogenic agent sunitinib has been approved for pancreatic NETs (pNETs). Chemotherapy with temozolomide and capecitabine has recently demonstrated an unprecedented prolongation of progression-free survival in a randomized trial of pNETs. Multiple retrospective series have reported the efficacy of liver-directed therapies both for palliating symptoms of hormone excess and for controlling tumor growth. Telotristat, an oral inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, has been shown to reduce diarrhea in patients with carcinoid syndrome. Defining the therapeutic algorithm and identifying biomarkers predictive of response to treatments are among the main priorities for the next decade of research in the NET field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cives
- Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Jonathan R Strosberg
- Associate Professor, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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30
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Barazeghi E, Prabhawa S, Norlén O, Hellman P, Stålberg P, Westin G. Decrease of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and TET1 with nuclear exclusion of TET2 in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:764. [PMID: 30045709 PMCID: PMC6060499 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) originate from enterochromaffin cells scattered in the intestinal mucosa of the ileum and jejunum. Loss of one copy of chromosome 18 is the most frequent observed aberration in primary tumors and metastases. The aim of this study was to investigate possible involvement of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), TET1 and TET2 in SI-NETs. METHODS The analysis was conducted using 40 primary tumors and corresponding 47 metastases. The level of 5hmC, TET1 and TET2 was analyzed by DNA immune-dot blot assay and immunohistochemistry. Other methods included a colony forming assay, western blotting analysis, and quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing analysis. The effect of the exportin-1 nuclear transport machinery inhibitors on cell proliferation and apoptosis was also explored using two SI-NET cell lines. RESULTS Variable levels of 5hmC and a mosaic staining appearance with a mixture of positive and negative cell nuclei, regardless of cell number and staining strength, was observed overall both in primary tumors and metastases. Similarly aberrant staining pattern was observed for TET1 and TET2. In a number of tumors (15/32) mosaic pattern together with areas of negative staining was also observed for TET1. Abolished expression of TET1 in the tumors did not seem to involve hypermethylation of the TET1 promoter region. Overexpression of TET1 in a colony forming assay supported a function as cell growth regulator. In contrast to 5hmC and TET1, TET2 was also observed in the cytoplasm of all the analyzed SI-NETs regardless of nuclear localization. Treatment of CNDT2.5 and KRJ-I cells with the exportin-1 (XPO1/CRM1) inhibitor, leptomycin B, induced reduction in the cytoplasm and nuclear retention of TET2. Aberrant partitioning of TET2 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm seemed therefore to involve the exportin-1 nuclear transport machinery. Reduced cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis were observed after treatment of CNDT2.5 and KRJ-I cells with leptomycin B or KPT-330 (selinexor). CONCLUSIONS SI-NETs are epigenetically dysregulated at the level of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine/ TET1/TET2. We suggest that KPT-330/selinexor or future developments should be considered and evaluated for single treatment of patients with SI-NET disease and also in combinations with somatostatin analogues, peptide receptor radiotherapy, or everolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Barazeghi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Surendra Prabhawa
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olov Norlén
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hellman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Stålberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Westin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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31
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Cusan M, Mungo G, De Marco Zompit M, Segatto I, Belletti B, Baldassarre G. Landscape of CDKN1B Mutations in Luminal Breast Cancer and Other Hormone-Driven Human Tumors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:393. [PMID: 30065701 PMCID: PMC6056726 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The CDKN1B gene encodes for the p27Kip1 protein, firstly characterized as a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)-inhibitor. Germline CDKN1B pathogenic variants have been described in hereditary tumors, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)-like syndromes and familial prostate cancer. Despite its central role in tumor progression, for a long time it has been proposed that CDKN1B was very rarely somatically mutated in human cancer and that its expression levels were almost exclusively regulated at post-transcriptional level. Yet, the advent of massive parallel sequencing has partially subverted this general understanding demonstrating that, at least in some types of cancer, CDKN1B is mutated in a significant percentage of analyzed samples. Recent works have demonstrated that CDKN1B can be genetically inactivated and this occurs particularly in sporadic luminal breast cancer, prostate cancer and small intestine neuroendocrine tumors. However, a clear picture of the extent and significance of CDKN1B mutations in human malignances is still lacking. To fill this gap, we interrogated the COSMIC, ICGC, cBioPortal, and TRANSFAC data portals and current literature in PubMed, and reviewed the mutational spectrum of CDKN1B in human cancers, interpreting the possible impact of these mutations on p27Kip1 protein function and tumor onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- Division of Molecular Oncology, CRO of Aviano, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
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32
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Waldum HL, Öberg K, Sørdal ØF, Sandvik AK, Gustafsson BI, Mjønes P, Fossmark R. Not only stem cells, but also mature cells, particularly neuroendocrine cells, may develop into tumours: time for a paradigm shift. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2018; 11:1756284818775054. [PMID: 29872453 PMCID: PMC5974566 DOI: 10.1177/1756284818775054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are considered the origin of neoplasms in general, and malignant tumours in particular, and the stage at which the stem cells stop their differentiation determines the degree of malignancy. However, there is increasing evidence supporting an alternative paradigm. Tumours may develop by dedifferentiation from mature cells able to proliferate. Studies of gastric carcinogenesis demonstrate that mature neuroendocrine (NE) cells upon long-term overstimulation may develop through stages of hyperplasia, dysplasia, and rather benign tumours, into highly malignant carcinomas. Dedifferentiation of cells may change the histological appearance and impede the identification of the cellular origin, as seen with gastric carcinomas, which in many cases are dedifferentiated neuroendocrine tumours. Finding the cell of origin is important to identify risk factors for cancer, prevent tumour development, and tailor treatment. In the present review, we focus not only on gastric tumours, but also evaluate the role of neuroendocrine cells in tumourigenesis in two other foregut-derived organs, the lungs and the pancreas, as well as in the midgut-derived small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge L. Waldum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell Öberg
- Department of Endocrine Oncology Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Øystein F. Sørdal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne K. Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn I. Gustafsson
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Patricia Mjønes
- epartment of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Reidar Fossmark
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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34
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Molatore S, Kügler A, Irmler M, Wiedemann T, Neff F, Feuchtinger A, Beckers J, Robledo M, Roncaroli F, Pellegata NS. Characterization of neuroendocrine tumors in heterozygous mutant MENX rats: a novel model of invasive medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:145-162. [PMID: 29142006 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rats affected by the MENX syndrome spontaneously develop multiple neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) including adrenal, pituitary and thyroid gland neoplasms. MENX was initially reported to be inherited as a recessive trait and affected rats were found to be homozygous for the predisposing Cdkn1b mutation encoding p27. We here report that heterozygous MENX-mutant rats (p27+/mut) develop the same spectrum of NETs seen in the homozygous (p27mut/mut) animals but with slower progression. Consequently, p27+/mut rats have a significantly shorter lifespan compared with their wild-type (p27+/+) littermates. In the tumors of p27+/mut rats, the wild-type Cdkn1b allele is neither lost nor silenced, implying that p27 is haploinsufficient for tumor suppression in this model. Transcriptome profiling of rat adrenal (pheochromocytoma) and pituitary tumors having different p27 dosages revealed a tissue-specific, dose-dependent effect of p27 on gene expression. In p27+/mut rats, thyroid neoplasms progress to invasive and metastatic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) accompanied by increased calcitonin levels, as in humans. Comparison of expression signatures of late-stage vs early-stage MTCs from p27+/mut rats identified genes potentially involved in tumor aggressiveness. The expression of a subset of these genes was evaluated in human MTCs and found to be associated with aggressive RET-M918T-positive tumors. Altogether, p27 haploinsufficiency in MENX rats uncovered a novel, representative model of invasive and metastatic MTC exploitable for translational studies of this often aggressive and incurable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Molatore
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Kügler
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Wiedemann
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Institute of Experimental GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Research Unit Analytical PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental GeneticsHelmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität MünchenChair of Experimental Genetics, Freising, Germany
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental PsychologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and CancerHelmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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35
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Aristizabal Prada ET, Auernhammer CJ. Targeted therapy of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: preclinical strategies and future targets. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R1-R25. [PMID: 29146887 PMCID: PMC5754510 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy of advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system currently encompasses approved therapy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus and the multi-tyrosinkinase inhibitor sunitinib. However, clinical efficacy of these treatment strategies is limited by low objective response rates and limited progression-free survival due to tumour resistance. Further novel strategies for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are needed. This paper reviews preclinical research models and signalling pathways in NETs of the GEP system. Preclinical and early clinical data on putative novel targets for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are discussed, including PI3K, Akt, mTORC1/mTORC2, GSK3, c-Met, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, embryogenic pathways (Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt/beta-catenin, TGF-beta signalling and SMAD proteins), tumour suppressors and cell cycle regulators (p53, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4/6, CDK inhibitor p27, retinoblastoma protein (Rb)), heat shock protein HSP90, Aurora kinase, Src kinase family, focal adhesion kinase and epigenetic modulation by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Aristizabal Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C J Auernhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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36
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Keck KJ, Breheny P, Braun TA, Darbro B, Li G, Dillon JS, Bellizzi AM, O'Dorisio TM, Howe JR. Changes in gene expression in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors associated with progression to metastases. Surgery 2017; 163:232-239. [PMID: 29154080 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) present frequently with metastases, yet little is known about the molecular basis of this progression. This study sought to identify the serial differential expression of genes between normal small bowel, primary small bowel neuroendocrine tumors, and liver metastases. METHODS RNA isolated from matched normal small bowel tissue, primary small bowel neuroendocrine tumors, and liver metastases in 12 patients was analyzed with whole transcriptome expression microarrays and RNA-Seq. Changes in gene expression between primary small bowel neuroendocrine tumors and normal small bowels, and liver metastases versus primary small bowel neuroendocrine tumors were calculated. Common genes that were differentially expressed serially (increasing or decreasing from normal small bowel to primary small bowel neuroendocrine tumors to liver metastases) were identified, and 10 were validated using qPCR. RESULTS Use of 2 transcriptome platforms allowed for a robust discrimination of genes important in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors progression. Serial differential expression was validated in 7/10 genes, all of which had been described previously in abdominal cancers, and with several interacting with members of the AKT, MYC, or MAPK3 pathways. Liver metastases had consistent underexpression of PMP22, while high expression of SERPINA10 and SYT13 was characteristic of both pSBTs and liver metastases. CONCLUSION Identification of the serial differential expression of genes from normal tissues to primary tumors to metastases lends insight into important pathways for SBNETs progression. Differential expression of various genes, including PMP22, SYT13 and SERPINA10, are associated with the progression of SBNETs and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Keck
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Patrick Breheny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
| | - Terry A Braun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa College of Engineering, Iowa City, IA
| | - Benjamin Darbro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Guiying Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Joseph S Dillon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Andrew M Bellizzi
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Thomas M O'Dorisio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - James R Howe
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA.
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Alrezk R, Hannah-Shmouni F, Stratakis CA. MEN4 and CDKN1B mutations: the latest of the MEN syndromes. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T195-T208. [PMID: 28824003 PMCID: PMC5623937 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) refers to a group of autosomal dominant disorders with generally high penetrance that lead to the development of a wide spectrum of endocrine and non-endocrine manifestations. The most frequent among these conditions is MEN type 1 (MEN1), which is caused by germline heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 MEN1 is characterized by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and functional or nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pituitary adenomas. Approximately 10% of patients with familial or sporadic MEN1-like phenotype do not have MEN1 mutations or deletions. A novel MEN syndrome was discovered, initially in rats (MENX), and later in humans (MEN4), which is caused by germline mutations in the putative tumor suppressor CDKN1B The most common phenotype of the 19 established cases of MEN4 that have been described to date is PHPT followed by pituitary adenomas. Recently, somatic or germline mutations in CDKN1B were also identified in patients with sporadic PHPT, small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors, lymphoma and breast cancer, demonstrating a novel role for CDKN1B as a tumor susceptibility gene for other neoplasms. In this review, we report on the genetic characterization and clinical features of MEN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Alrezk
- The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Section on Endocrinology & Geneticsthe Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Geneticsthe Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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38
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Bencivenga D, Caldarelli I, Stampone E, Mancini FP, Balestrieri ML, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. p27 Kip1 and human cancers: A reappraisal of a still enigmatic protein. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:354-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Di Domenico A, Wiedmer T, Marinoni I, Perren A. Genetic and epigenetic drivers of neuroendocrine tumours (NET). Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R315-R334. [PMID: 28710117 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumours (NET) of the gastrointestinal tract and the lung are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumours. The molecular characterization and the clinical classification of these tumours have been evolving slowly and show differences according to organs of origin. Novel technologies such as next-generation sequencing revealed new molecular aspects of NET over the last years. Notably, whole-exome/genome sequencing (WES/WGS) approaches underlined the very low mutation rate of well-differentiated NET of all organs compared to other malignancies, while the engagement of epigenetic changes in driving NET evolution is emerging. Indeed, mutations in genes encoding for proteins directly involved in chromatin remodelling, such as DAXX and ATRX are a frequent event in NET. Epigenetic changes are reversible and targetable; therefore, an attractive target for treatment. The discovery of the mechanisms underlying the epigenetic changes and the implication on gene and miRNA expression in the different subgroups of NET may represent a crucial change in the diagnosis of this disease, reveal new therapy targets and identify predictive markers. Molecular profiles derived from omics data including DNA mutation, methylation, gene and miRNA expression have already shown promising results in distinguishing clinically and molecularly different subtypes of NET. In this review, we recapitulate the major genetic and epigenetic characteristics of pancreatic, lung and small intestinal NET and the affected pathways. We also discuss potential epigenetic mechanisms leading to NET development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Di Domenico
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tabea Wiedmer
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of PathologyUniversity of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Dumanski JP, Rasi C, Björklund P, Davies H, Ali AS, Grönberg M, Welin S, Sorbye H, Grønbæk H, Cunningham JL, Forsberg LA, Lind L, Ingelsson E, Stålberg P, Hellman P, Tiensuu Janson E. A MUTYH germline mutation is associated with small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24. [PMID: 28634180 PMCID: PMC5527373 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The genetics behind predisposition to small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) is largely unknown, but there is growing awareness of a familial form of the disease. We aimed to identify germline mutations involved in the carcinogenesis of SI-NETs. The strategy included next-generation sequencing of exome- and/or whole-genome of blood DNA, and in selected cases, tumor DNA, from 24 patients from 15 families with the history of SI-NETs. We identified seven candidate mutations in six genes that were further studied using 215 sporadic SI-NET patients. The result was compared with the frequency of the candidate mutations in three control cohorts with a total of 35,688 subjects. A heterozygous variant causing an amino acid substitution p.(Gly396Asp) in the MutY DNA glycosylase gene (MUTYH) was significantly enriched in SI-NET patients (minor allele frequencies 0.013 and 0.003 for patients and controls respectively) and resulted in odds ratio of 5.09 (95% confidence interval 1.56-14.74; P value = 0.0038). We also found a statistically significant difference in age at diagnosis between familial and sporadic SI-NETs. MUTYH is involved in the protection of DNA from mutations caused by oxidative stress. The inactivation of this gene leads to specific increase of G:C- > T:A transversions in DNA sequence and has been shown to cause various cancers in humans and experimental animals. Our results suggest that p.(Gly396Asp) in MUTYH, and potentially other mutations in additional members of the same DNA excision-repair pathway (such as the OGG1 gene) might be involved in driving the tumorigenesis leading to familial and sporadic SI-NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Dumanski
- Department of ImmunologyGenetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Rasi
- Department of ImmunologyGenetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peyman Björklund
- Department of Surgical SciencesExperimental Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Davies
- Department of ImmunologyGenetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abir S Ali
- Department of Medical SciencesEndocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Grönberg
- Department of Medical SciencesEndocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Welin
- Department of Medical SciencesEndocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Halfdan Sorbye
- Department of OncologyHaukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyAarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Lars A Forsberg
- Department of ImmunologyGenetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical SciencesUppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Stålberg
- Department of Surgical SciencesEndocrine Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hellman
- Department of Surgical SciencesEndocrine Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Tiensuu Janson
- Department of Medical SciencesEndocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Borsari S, Pardi E, Pellegata NS, Lee M, Saponaro F, Torregrossa L, Basolo F, Paltrinieri E, Zatelli MC, Materazzi G, Miccoli P, Marcocci C, Cetani F. Loss of p27 expression is associated with MEN1 gene mutations in sporadic parathyroid adenomas. Endocrine 2017; 55:386-397. [PMID: 27038812 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MEN1 is the main gene responsible for tumorigenesis of syndromic and sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Germline mutations of the CDKN1B/p27Kip gene have been associated with multiple endocrine tumors in rats and humans. To evaluate the involvement of the CDKN1B gene and its relationship with MEN1 in sporadic PHPT, we carried out sequencing and loss of heterozygosity analyses of the CDKN1B gene in 147 sporadic parathyroid adenomas. p27 immunohistochemistry and genetic screening of the MEN1 gene were performed in 50 cases. Three germline CDKN1B variants (c.-80C>T, c.-29_-26delAGAG, c.397C>A) were identified in 3/147 patients. Reduction of CDKN1B gene transcription rate was demonstrated in vitro for the novel c.-80C>T and the c.-29_-26delAGAG variants. Loss of p27 expression was detected in the tumor carrying the c.-29_-26delAGAG variant. Two tumors carrying the CDKN1B variants also harbored a MEN1 mutation. Fifty-four percent of 50 CDKN1B mutation-negative tumors had a reduction of p27 nuclear staining. Somatic MEN1 mutations, identified in 15/50 samples, significantly segregated in tumors negative for nuclear and cytoplasmic p27 staining. The germline nature of the CDKN1B mutations suggests that they might predispose to PHPT. The lack of somatic CDKN1B mutations in our samples points to a rare involvement in parathyroid adenomas, despite the frequent loss of nuclear p27 expression. MEN1 biallelic inactivation seems to be directly related to down-regulation of p27 expression through the inhibition of CDKN1B gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Borsari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Pardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Misu Lee
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Federica Saponaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Paltrinieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrinology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Miccoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filomena Cetani
- Endocrine Unit 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Karpathakis A, Dibra H, Pipinikas C, Feber A, Morris T, Francis J, Oukrif D, Mandair D, Pericleous M, Mohmaduvesh M, Serra S, Ogunbiyi O, Novelli M, Luong T, Asa SL, Kulke M, Toumpanakis C, Meyer T, Caplin M, Beck S, Thirlwell C. Progressive epigenetic dysregulation in neuroendocrine tumour liver metastases. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:L21-L25. [PMID: 28049633 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karpathakis
- University College LondonLondon, UK
- 2The Royal Free HospitalLondon, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dalvinder Mandair
- University College LondonLondon, UK
- 2The Royal Free HospitalLondon, UK
| | | | | | - Stefano Serra
- UHN Princess Margaret Cancer CentreToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sylvia L Asa
- UHN Princess Margaret Cancer CentreToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Kulke
- DanaFaber Cancer InstituteBoston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tim Meyer
- University College LondonLondon, UK
- 2The Royal Free HospitalLondon, UK
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Stålberg P, Westin G, Thirlwell C. Genetics and epigenetics in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours. J Intern Med 2016; 280:584-594. [PMID: 27306880 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumour of the small intestine (SI-NET), formerly known as midgut carcinoid tumour, is the most common small intestinal malignancy. The incidence is rising, with recent reports of 0.67 per 100 000 in the USA and 1.12 per 100 000 in Sweden. SI-NETs often present a challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment, as patients often have widespread disease and are beyond cure by surgery. Somatostatin analogues provide the mainstay of medical treatment to control hormonal excess and increase the time to progression. Despite overall favourable prognosis (5-year overall survival of 65%), there is a need to find markers to identify both patients with worse outcome and new targets for therapy. Loss on chromosome 18 has been reported in 60-90% of SI-NETs, but mutated genes on this chromosome have failed detection. Recently, a putative tumour suppressor role has been suggested for TCEB3C occurring at 18q21 (encoding elongin A3), which may undergo epigenetic repression. CDKN1B has recently been revealed as the only recurrently mutated gene in SI-NETs but, with a frequency as low as 8%, its role as a driver in SI-NET development may be questioned. Integrated genomewide analysis including exome and whole-genome sequencing, gene expression, DNA methylation and copy number analysis has identified three novel molecular subtypes of SI-NET with differing clinical outcome. DNA methylation analysis has demonstrated that SI-NETs have significant epigenetic dysregulation in 70-80% of tumours. In this review, we focus on understanding of the genetic, epigenetic and molecular events that lead to development and progression of SI-NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stålberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Westin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Thirlwell
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Crona J, Skogseid B. GEP- NETS UPDATE: Genetics of neuroendocrine tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R275-90. [PMID: 27165966 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, arising from neuroendocrine cells that are dispersed throughout the body. Around 20% of NETs occur in the context of a genetic syndrome. Today there are at least ten recognized NET syndromes. This includes the classical syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasias types 1 and 2, and von Hippel-Lindau and neurofibromatosis type 1. Additional susceptibility genes associated with a smaller fraction of NETs have also been identified. Recognizing genetic susceptibility has proved essential both to provide genetic counseling and to give the best preventive care. In this review we will also discuss the knowledge of somatic genetic alterations in NETs. At least 24 genes have been implicated as drivers of neuroendocrine tumorigenesis, and the overall rates of genomic instability are relatively low. Genetic intra-tumoral, as well as inter-tumoral heterogeneity in the same patient, have also been identified. Together these data point towards the common pathways in NET evolution, separating early from late disease drivers. Although knowledge of specific mutations in NETs has limited impact on actual patient management, we predict that in the near future genomic profiling of tumors will be included in the clinical arsenal for diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Crona
- Department of Medical SciencesUppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, Dag hammarskjölds väg 20, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Britt Skogseid
- Department of Medical SciencesUppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, Dag hammarskjölds väg 20, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Basu B, Basu S. Correlating and Combining Genomic and Proteomic Assessment with In Vivo Molecular Functional Imaging: Will This Be the Future Roadmap for Personalized Cancer Management? Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2016; 31:75-84. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2015.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Basu
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandip Basu
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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46
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Crona J, Norlén O, Antonodimitrakis P, Welin S, Stålberg P, Eriksson B. Multiple and Secondary Hormone Secretion in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:445-52. [PMID: 26672633 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT As a group, neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) secrete many different peptide hormones, yet heretofore each NET patient is typically thought to produce at most one hormone that causes a distinct hormonal syndrome. A minority of patients have multiple hormones at diagnosis and may also develop secondary hormone secretion at a later stage. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency and to describe the impact of multiple and secondary hormone secretion in sporadic gasteroenteropancreatic NET patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a retrospective analysis of patients (n = 972) with gasteroenteropancreatic NET treated at Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Patients with the secretion of multiple hormones at diagnosis and/or those developing secondary hormone secretion during the disease course were identified and studied in further detail. RESULTS In pancreatic NETs (PNETs), a total of 19 of 323 patients (6%) had secretion of multiple hormones at diagnosis, and 14 of 323 (4%) had secondary changes during the disease course. These phenomena occurred exclusively in patients with an advanced disease stage, and secondary hormones were detected in a close time span with progressive disease. Patients with secondary insulin hypersecretion had increased morbidity as well as reduced survival (P < .002). In contrast, multiple and secondary hormone secretion was rarely seen in NETs of the small intestine with 0 and 1 of 603 cases, respectively. CONCLUSION Diversity of PNET hormone secretion either at diagnosis or during the disease course occurred in a minority of patients (9.3%). These phenomena had a major impact on patient outcome both through increased morbidity and mortality. Our results support that patients with metastatic PNETs should be monitored for clinical symptoms of secondary hormone secretion during the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Crona
- Departments of Medical Sciences (J.C., P.A., S.W., B.E.) and Surgical Sciences (O.N., P.S.), Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olov Norlén
- Departments of Medical Sciences (J.C., P.A., S.W., B.E.) and Surgical Sciences (O.N., P.S.), Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pantelis Antonodimitrakis
- Departments of Medical Sciences (J.C., P.A., S.W., B.E.) and Surgical Sciences (O.N., P.S.), Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Welin
- Departments of Medical Sciences (J.C., P.A., S.W., B.E.) and Surgical Sciences (O.N., P.S.), Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Stålberg
- Departments of Medical Sciences (J.C., P.A., S.W., B.E.) and Surgical Sciences (O.N., P.S.), Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbro Eriksson
- Departments of Medical Sciences (J.C., P.A., S.W., B.E.) and Surgical Sciences (O.N., P.S.), Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Karpathakis A, Dibra H, Pipinikas C, Feber A, Morris T, Francis J, Oukrif D, Mandair D, Pericleous M, Mohmaduvesh M, Serra S, Ogunbiyi O, Novelli M, Luong T, Asa SL, Kulke M, Toumpanakis C, Meyer T, Caplin M, Meyerson M, Beck S, Thirlwell C. Prognostic Impact of Novel Molecular Subtypes of Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:250-8. [PMID: 26169971 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SINET) are the commonest malignancy of the small intestine; however, underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Whole-genome and -exome sequencing has demonstrated that SINETs are mutationally quiet, with the most frequent known mutation in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B gene (CDKN1B) occurring in only ∼8% of tumors, suggesting that alternative mechanisms may drive tumorigenesis. The aim of this study is to perform genome-wide molecular profiling of SINETs in order to identify pathogenic drivers based on molecular profiling. This study represents the largest unbiased integrated genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic analysis undertaken in this tumor type. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we present data from integrated molecular analysis of SINETs (n = 97), including whole-exome or targeted CDKN1B sequencing (n = 29), HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina) array profiling (n = 69), methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (n = 16), copy-number variance analysis (n = 47), and Whole-Genome DASL (Illumina) expression array profiling (n = 43). RESULTS Based on molecular profiling, SINETs can be classified into three groups, which demonstrate significantly different progression-free survival after resection of primary tumor (not reached at 10 years vs. 56 months vs. 21 months, P = 0.04). Epimutations were found at a recurrence rate of up to 85%, and 21 epigenetically dysregulated genes were identified, including CDX1 (86%), CELSR3 (84%), FBP1 (84%), and GIPR (74%). CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive integrated molecular analysis of SINETs. We have demonstrated that these tumors are highly epigenetically dysregulated. Furthermore, we have identified novel molecular subtypes with significant impact on progression-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karpathakis
- University College London, London, United Kingdom. The Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew Feber
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joshua Francis
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Dalvinder Mandair
- University College London, London, United Kingdom. The Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stefano Serra
- UHN Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Sylvia L Asa
- UHN Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew Kulke
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Tim Meyer
- University College London, London, United Kingdom. The Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew Meyerson
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephan Beck
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Thirlwell
- University College London, London, United Kingdom. The Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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48
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Maxwell JE, Sherman SK, Li G, Choi AB, Bellizzi AM, O'Dorisio TM, Howe JR. Somatic alterations of CDKN1B are associated with small bowel neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:S2210-7762(15)00184-2. [PMID: 26603463 PMCID: PMC4936963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CDKN1B, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor associated with G1 arrest, was recently proposed as an important tumor suppressor gene in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs). The rate of frameshift mutations in SBNET primaries are reportedly 7.4%, and hemizygous deletions are 6.7%. We set out to confirm the role of CDKN1B mutations and copy number variants (CNVs) in primary SBNETs, and whether these are also found in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). Genomic DNA was isolated from 90 primary SBNETs and 67 PNETs. Coding exons of CDKN1B were amplified by PCR and sequenced. CNV analysis was performed by quantitative PCR, p27 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. In SBNETS, three frameshifts, one missense mutation, and three CNVs were observed. The total rate of CDKN1B alterations was 7.0% (6 of 86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2-4.4%). The frameshift rate was 3.5% (95% CI 1.1-9.8%). One SBNET patient had a hemizygous deletion of CDKN1B, and two patients had duplications (3.4%; 95% CI -0.41-7.2%). One PNET patient had a duplication, and two patients had hemizygous deletions (4.8%; 95% CI -0.44-10%). Alterations of cell-cycle control due to alterations in CDKN1B may be one mechanism by which SBNETs develop, which could have implications for new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Maxwell
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Scott K Sherman
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Guiying Li
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Allen B Choi
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Andrew M Bellizzi
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas M O'Dorisio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James R Howe
- Department of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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