Multidimensional applications of prussian blue-based nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy

Immunotherapy holds notable progress in the treatment of cancer. However, the clinical therapeutic effect remains a significant challenge due to immune-related side effects, poor immunogenicity, and immunosuppressive microenvironment. Nanoparticles have emerged as a revolutionary tool to surmount these obstacles and amplify the potency of immunotherapeutic agents. Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) exhibit multi-dimensional immune function in cancer immunotherapy, including acting as a nanocarrier to deliver immunotherapeutic agents, as a photothermal agent to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy through photothermal therapy, as a nanozyme to regulate tumor microenvironment, and as an iron donor to induce immune events related to ferroptosis and tumor-associated macrophages polarization. This review focuses on the advances and applications of PBNPs in cancer immunotherapy. First, the biomedical functions of PBNPs are introduced. Then, based on the immune function of PBNPs, we systematically reviewed the multidimensional application of PBNPs in cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the challenges and future developments of PBNPs-based cancer immunotherapy are highlighted.

From lab to field: Prussian blue frameworks as sustainable cathode materials

Prussian blue and Prussian blue analogues have attracted increasing attention as versatile framework materials with a wide range of applications in catalysis, energy conversion and storage, and biomedical and environmental fields. In terms of energy storage and conversion, Prussian blue-based materials have emerged as suitable candidates of growing interest for the fabrication of batteries and supercapacitors. Their outstanding electrochemical features such as fast charge-discharge rates, high capacity and prolonged cycling life make them favorable for energy storage application. Furthermore, Prussian blue and its analogues as rechargeable battery anodes can advance significantly by the precise control of their structure, morphology, and composition at the nanoscale. Their tunable structural and electronic properties enable the detection of many types of analytes with high sensitivity and specificity, and thus, they are ideal materials for the development of sensors for environmental detection, disease trend monitoring, and industrial safety. Additionally, Prussian blue-based catalysts display excellent photocatalytic performance for the degradation of pollutants and generation of hydrogen. Specifically, their excellent light capturing and charge separation capabilities make them stand out in photocatalytic processes, providing a sustainable option for environmental remediation and renewable energy production. Besides, Prussian blue coatings have been studied particularly for corrosion protection, forming stable and protective layers on metal surfaces, which extend the lifespan of infrastructural materials in harsh environments. Prussian blue and its analogues are highly valuable materials in healthcare fields such as imaging, drug delivery and theranostics because they are biocompatible and their further functionalization is possible. Overall, this review demonstrates that Prussian blue and related framework materials are versatile and capable of addressing many technical challenges in various fields ranging from power generation to healthcare and environmental management.

Greenly Synthesized CoPBA@PANI as a Proficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Its Green Sustainability Assessments

Water electrolysis is a key factor to generate mobile and sustainable energy sources for H2 production. Cobalt-based Prussian Blue analogues encompassed with polymer support electrocatalysts CoPBAX@PANI (CoPBA@PANI-100, CoPBA@PANI-200, and CoPBA@PANI-300) have been synthesized and characterized. The well-designed CoPBA@PANI-200/GC shows a low overpotential (η10) of 301 mV with a small Tafel slope (56 mV dec-1), comapred to that of IrO2 (348 mV ; 98 mV dec-1) for OER. The conductivity with stability of CoPBAX@PANI have been increased due to the synergistic effect of CoPBA with PANI. PANI provides additional active sites and shows strong binding with Co ions, and the even distribution of CoPBA overcomes the sluggish kinetics. The turnover frequency (TOF) of CoPBA@PANI-200/GC (0.0212, s-1) was ∼15 times higher than IrO2 (0.0014 s-1) at 1.60 V. Furthermore, CoPBA@PANI-200/NF delivers low overpotential of 274 mV@10 mA cm-2 and exhibits a durability of >250 h with a potential loss of 4.2%. Benefiting from strong electronic interaction between polymer support and evenly distributed CoPBA, CoPBAx@PANI shows higher electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of 53.08 mF cm-2. The solar-based water electrolysis confirmed the practical use of CoPBA@PANI-200/NF (1.57 V) for eco-benign industrial H2 production. The CoPBA@PANI-200 shows exceptional OER performances as well as favorable kinetics to resolve the sluggish water oxidation. Hence, the cost-effective CoPBA@PANI performances opens a prospective way to boost the efficiency of other cobalt-derived catalysts in renewable energy devices.

Nanosized Prussian blue and its analogs for bioimaging and cancer theranostics

Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles (NPs) and Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) can form metal-organic frameworks through the programmable coordination of ferrous ions with cyanide. PB and PBAs represent a burgeoning class of hybrid functional nano-systems with a wide-ranging application spectrum encompassing biomedicine, cancer diagnosis, and therapy. A comprehensive overview of recent advancements is crucial for gaining insights for future research. In this context, we reviewed the synthesis techniques and surface modification strategies employed to tailor the dimensions, morphology, and attributes of PB NPs. Subsequently, we explored advanced biomedical utilities of PB NPs, encompassing photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound (US) imaging, and multimodal imaging. In particular, the application of PB NPs-mediated photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and chemodynamic therapy to cancer treatment was reviewed. Based on the literature, we envision an evolving trajectory wherein the future of Prussian blue-driven biological applications converge into an integrated theranostic platform, seamlessly amalgamating bioimaging and cancer therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Prussian blue, an FDA-approved coordinative pigment with a centuries-long legacy, has paved the way for Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs), renowned for their remarkable biocompatibility and biosafety. These PB NPs have found their niche in biomedicine, playing crucial roles in both diagnostics and therapeutic applications. The comprehensive review goes beyond PB NP-based cancer therapy. Alongside in-depth coverage of PB NP synthesis and surface modifications, the review delves into their cutting-edge applications in the realm of biomedical imaging, encompassing techniques such as photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and multimodal imaging.

Hofmann-Type Cyanide Bridged Coordination Polymers for Advanced Functional Nanomaterials

Since the discovery of Hofmann clathrates of inorganic cyanide bridged coordination polymers (Hofmann-type CN-CPs), extensive research is done to understand their behavior during spin transitions caused by guest molecules or external stimuli. Lately, research on their nanoscale architectures for sensors and switching devices is of interest. Their potential is reported for producing advanced functional inorganic materials in two-dimensional (2D) morphology using a scalable solid-state thermal treatment method. For instance, but not restricted to, alloys, carbides, chalcogenides, oxides, etc. Simultaneously, their in situ crystallization at graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet surfaces, followed by a subsequent self-assembly to build layered lamellar structures, is reported providing hybrid materials with a variety of uses. Hence, an overview of the most recent developments is presented here in the synthesis of nanoscale structures, including thin films and powders, using Hofmann-type CN-CPs. Also thoroughly demonstrated are the most recent synthetic ideas with the modest control over the size and shape of nanoscale particles. Additionally, in order to create new functional hybrid materials for electrical and energy applications, their thermal decomposition in various environments and hybridization with GO and other guest molecules is examined. This review article also conveyed their spin transition, astounding innovative versatile adhesives, and structure features.

Element screening of metal sites in Fe-based Prussian blue framework materials for ammonium ion battery applications: a first-principles study

Prussian blue framework materials are expected to be the next generation of electrode materials for commercial batteries because their three-dimensional framework structures facilitate the rapid transport and storage of ions and a variety of redox processes. This work compared the calculations of the model before and after the dispersion correction, and the model considering the effect of van der Waals force was more stable. In addition, the distances between H, C and N atoms were within the range of van der Waals force. Thus it was confirmed that NH4+ was adsorbed on the Ax site in the Prussian blue framework material (AxMa[Mb(CN)6]) by van der Waals interaction, and the charge transfer was mainly achieved by the interaction between the H atom in NH4+ and the N atom in the Prussian blue framework. On this basis, the properties of NH4+ batteries were theoretically screened for the Fe-based Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) with different Ma elements (Ma = Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, V or Zn). Considering the regulating effect of different metal elements on the electronic structures of PBAs, MgFe and ZnFe PBAs as the electrode materials of NH4+ batteries are expected to show excellent electrochemical energy storage performance in organic electrolytes.

Gas nanosensors for health and safety applications in mining

The ever-increasing demand for accurate, miniaturized, and cost-effective gas sensing systems has eclipsed basic research across many disciplines. Along with the rapid progress in nanotechnology, the latest development in gas sensing technology is dominated by the incorporation of nanomaterials with different properties and structures. Such nanomaterials provide a variety of sensing interfaces operating on different principles ranging from chemiresistive and electrochemical to optical modules. Compared to thick film and bulk structures currently used for gas sensing, nanomaterials are advantageous in terms of surface-to-volume ratio, response time, and power consumption. However, designing nanostructured gas sensors for the marketplace requires understanding of key mechanisms in detecting certain gaseous analytes. Herein, we provide an overview of different sensing modules and nanomaterials under development for sensing critical gases in the mining industry, specifically for health and safety monitoring of mining workers. The interactions between target gas molecules and the sensing interface and strategies to tailor the gas sensing interfacial properties are highlighted throughout the review. Finally, challenges of existing nanomaterial-based sensing systems, directions for future studies, and conclusions are discussed.

A biomimetic design for efficient petrochemical spill disposal: CoFe-PBA modified superhydrophobic melamine sponge with mechanical/chemical durability and low fire risk

Due to frequent petrochemical spills, environmental pollution and the threat of secondary marine fires have arisen, necessitating an urgent need for petrochemical spill treatment strategies with high-performance oil-water separation capabilities. To address the challenges of poor durability, instability in hydrophobic conditions, and difficulty in absorbing high-viscosity crude oil associated with hydrophobic absorbent materials, the authors of this study took inspiration from the unique micro and nanostructures of springtails' water-repellent skin. We engineered a superhydrophobic melamine sponge using interfacial assembly techniques designated as Si@PBA@PDA@MS. This material demonstrated improved mechanical and chemical durability, enhanced photothermal performance, and reduced fire risk. The metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived cobalt-iron Prussian blue analog (CoFe-PBA) was firmly anchored to the sponge framework by the chelation of cobalt ions using polydopamine (PDA). The results demonstrated that Si@PBA@PDA@MS demonstrated excellent superhydrophobicity (WCA=163.5°) and oil absorption capacity (53.4-97.5 g/g), maintaining high durability even after 20 cycles of absorption-squeezing. Additionally, it could still exhibit excellent mechanical properties, hydrophobic stability, and absorption performance across a wide temperature range (0-100 °C), pH range (1-14), and high compression strength (ε = 80%), with excellent mechanical/chemical durability. Furthermore, Si@PBA@PDA@MS demonstrated remarkable photothermal performance and low fire risk, offering efficient, safe, and sustainable practical value for effective petrochemical spill treatment.

Hotspots analysis and perspectives of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) in environment and energy in recent 20 years by CiteSpace

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs), a type of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have attracted much attention because of their large specific surface area, high porosity, easy synthesis, and low cost. This paper presents the first review of PBAs by applying the bibliometric visualization software CiteSpace. The co-occurrence, co-citation, and clustering analysis of 2214 articles in the Web of Science database on the topic of "Prussian blue analogs" over the past 20 years were performed. The results provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of the research hotspots for this material, and most importantly, it is identified that the research hotspots and trends for PBAs materials are concentrated in the environmental and energy fields. For example, the material is used as an adsorbent or catalyst to reduce pollutants, produce clean energy, or for energy storage applications such as batteries or supercapacitors. Finally, some outlooks are provided on the future research trends of this material in the environmental and energy fields, presenting the challenges faced by this material. For instance, the conductivity and corrosion resistance of the material needs to be improved and secondary contamination should be decreased or even avoided. It is believed that this paper would provide a comprehensive, systematic, and dynamic overview of the research of PBAs, and promote the future research of PBAs in the fields of environment and energy.

Metal-organic framework nanocrystal-derived hollow porous materials: Synthetic strategies and emerging applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered multidisciplinary attention due to their structural tailorability, controlled pore size, and physicochemical functions, and their inherent properties can be exploited by applying them as precursors and/or templates for fabricating derived hollow porous nanomaterials. The fascinating, functional properties and applications of MOF-derived hollow porous materials primarily lie in their chemical composition, hollow character, and unique porous structure. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the synthetic strategies and emerging applications of hollow porous materials derived from MOF-based templates and/or precursors is given. Based on the role of MOFs in the preparation of hollow porous materials, the synthetic strategies are described in detail, including (1) MOFs as removable templates, (2) MOF nanocrystals as both self-sacrificing templates and precursors, (3) MOF@secondary-component core-shell composites as precursors, and (4) hollow MOF nanocrystals and their composites as precursors. Subsequently, the applications of these hollow porous materials for chemical catalysis, electrocatalysis, energy storage and conversion, and environmental management are presented. Finally, a perspective on the research challenges and future opportunities and prospects for MOF-derived hollow materials is provided.

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MOFs have garnered multi-disciplinary attention due to their unique inherent properties

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Various synthetic strategies of MOFs-derived hollow porous materials are summarized

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Emerging applications of MOFs-derived hollow porous materials are reviewed

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

Various kinds of monocrystalline coordination polymers are available thanks to the rapid development of related synthetic strategies. The intrinsic properties of coordination polymers have been carefully investigated on the basis of the available monocrystalline samples. Regarding the great potential of coordination polymers in various fields, it becomes important to tailor the properties of coordination polymers to meet practical requirements, which sometimes cannot be achieved through molecular/crystal engineering. Nanoarchitectonics offer unique opportunities to manipulate the properties of materials through integration of the monocrystalline building blocks with other components. Recently, nanoarchitectonics has started to play a significant role in the field of coordination polymers. In this short review, we summarize recent advances in nanoarchitectures based on monocrystalline coordination polymers that are formed through confined assembly. We first discuss the crystallization of coordination polymer single crystals inside confined liquid networks or on substrates through assembly of nodes and ligands. Then, we discuss assembly of preformed coordination polymer single crystals inside confined liquid networks or on substrates. In each part, we discuss the properties of the coordination polymer single crystals as well as their performance in energy, environmental, and biomedical applications.

Enhanced capacitive removal of hardness ions by hierarchical porous carbon cathode with high mesoporosity and negative surface charges

Capacitive deionization (CDI), as a promising desalination technology, has been widely applied for water purification, heavy metal removal and water softening. In this study, the hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) with extremely large specific surface area (∼1636 m² g^-1), high mesoporosity and negative surface charges, was successfully prepared by one-step carbonization of magnesium citrate and acid etching. HPC carbonized at 800 ℃ exhibited an excellent specific capacitance (207.2 F g^-1). The negative surface charge characteristic of HPC was demonstrated by potential of zero charge test. With HPC-800 as a CDI cathode, the super high adsorption capacity of hardness ions (Mg²⁺: 472 μmol g^-1, Ca²⁺: 425 μmol g^-1) with ultrafast adsorption rate was realized, attributed to its abundant mesoporous structure and negative surface charges. The priority order of ion adsorption on HPC in the multi-component salt solution was Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > K⁺ ≈ Na⁺. The desalination and softening of the actual brackish water have been simultaneously achieved by three-cell CDI stack after four times of adsorption, with 63% decrease of total dissolved solids and 76% reduction of hardness. The current HPC material with outstanding adsorption performance for hardness ions shows great potential in brackish water purification.

Prussian Blue Analogues for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Past, Present, and Future

Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) have attracted wide attention for their application in the energy storage and conversion field due to their low cost, facile synthesis, and appreciable electrochemical performance. At the present stage, most research on PBAs is focused on their material-level optimization, whereas their properties in practical battery systems are seldom considered. This review aims to first provide an overview of the history and parameters of PBA materials and analyze the fundamental principles toward rational design of PBAs, and then evaluate the prospects and challenges for PBAs for practical sodium-ion batteries, hoping to bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial reality.

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

Metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes are potentially useful in gas separation applications. Conventional methods of MOF membrane preparation require multiple steps and high-pressure conditions. In this study, a reliable one-step interfacial synthesis method under atmospheric pressure has been developed to prepare zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) membranes supported on porous α-Al2O3 disks. To obtain optimal ZIF-8 membranes, three reaction parameters were investigated, namely, reaction temperature, reaction time, and concentration of the organic linker (i.e., 2-methylimidazole). The growth of ZIF-8 membranes under various parameters was evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and the optimal synthesis conditions were determined (i.e., 80 °C for 12 h in 50 mM of 2-methylimidazole). The as-synthesized ZIF-8 membranes were then applied to CO2/N2 gas separation, which exhibited a maximum separation factor of 5.49 and CO2 gas permeance of 0.47 × 10-7 mol·m-2·s-1·Pa-1.

Metal organic frameworks for electrochemical sensor applications: A review

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are broadly known as porous coordination polymers, synthesized by metal-based nodes and organic linkers. MOFs are used in various fields like catalysis, energy storage, sensors, drug delivery etc., due to their versatile properties (tailorable pore size, high surface area, and exposed active sites). This review presents a detailed discussion of MOFs as an electrochemical sensor and their enhancement in the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor. These sensors are used for the detection of heavy metal ions like Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Cu²⁺ from groundwater. Various types of organic pollutants are also detected from the water bodies using MOFs. Furthermore, electrochemical sensing of antibiotics, phenolic compounds, and pesticides has been explored. In addition to this, there is also a detailed discussion of metal nano-particles and metal-oxide based composites which can sense various compounds like glucose, amino acids, uric acid etc. The review will be helpful for young researchers, and an inspiration to future research as challenges and future opportunities of MOF-based electrochemical sensors are also reported.

The Past and the Future of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films

The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, through which monolayers are transferred from the air/water interface onto a solid substrate, was the first method to allow for the controlled assembly of organic molecules. With its almost 100 year history, it has been the inspiration for most methods to functionalize surfaces and produce nanocoatings, in addition to serving to explore concepts in molecular electronics and nanoarchitectonics. This paper provides an overview of the history of Langmuir monolayers and LB films, including the potential use in devices and a discussion on why LB films are seldom considered for practical applications today. Emphasis is then given to two areas where these films offer unique opportunities, namely, in mimicking cell membrane models and exploiting nanoarchitectonics concepts to produce sensors, investigate molecular recognitions, and assemble molecular machines. The most promising topics for the short- and long-term prospects of the LB technique are also highlighted.

Material Evolution with Nanotechnology, Nanoarchitectonics, and Materials Informatics: What will be the Next Paradigm Shift in Nanoporous Materials?

Materials science and chemistry have played a central and significant role in advancing society. With the shift toward sustainable living, it is anticipated that the development of functional materials will continue to be vital for sustaining life on our planet. In the recent decades, rapid progress has been made in materials science and chemistry owing to the advances in experimental, analytical, and computational methods, thereby producing several novel and useful materials. However, most problems in material development are highly complex. Here, the best strategy for the development of functional materials via the implementation of three key concepts is discussed: nanotechnology as a game changer, nanoarchitectonics as an integrator, and materials informatics as a super-accelerator. Discussions from conceptual viewpoints and example recent developments, chiefly focused on nanoporous materials, are presented. It is anticipated that coupling these three strategies together will open advanced routes for the swift design and exploratory search of functional materials truly useful for solving real-world problems. These novel strategies will result in the evolution of nanoporous functional materials.

Ultrafast and Ultrastable Heteroarchitectured Porous Nanocube Anode Composed of CuS/FeS2 Embedded in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for Use in Sodium-Ion Batteries

The enhancement of the structural stability of conversion-based metal sulfides at high current densities remains a major challenge in realizing the practical application of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The instability of metal sulfides is caused by the large volume variation and sluggish reaction kinetics upon sodiation/desodiation. To overcome this, herein, a heterostructured nanocube anode composed of CuS/FeS₂ embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon (CuS/FeS₂ @NC) is synthesized. Size- and shape-controlled porous carbon nanocubes containing metallic nanoparticles are synthesized by the two-step pyrolysis of a bimetallic Prussian blue analog (PBA) precursor. The simple sulfurization-induced formation of highly conductive CuS along with FeS₂ facilitates sodium-ion diffusion and enhances the redox reversibility upon cycling. The mesoporous carbon structure provides excellent electrolyte impregnation, efficient charge transport pathways, and good volume expansion buffering. The CuS/FeS₂ @NC nanocube anode exhibits excellent sodium storage characteristics including high desodiation capacity (608 mAh g^-1 at 0.2 A g^-1 ), remarkable long-term cycle life (99.1% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 5 A g^-1 ), and good rate capability up to 5 A g^-1 . The simple, facile synthetic route combined with the rational design of bimetallic PBA nanostructures can be widely utilized in the development of conversion-based metal sulfides and other high-capacity anode materials for high-performance SIBs.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes as a reducing agent for the synthesis of a Prussian blue-based composite: a quartz crystal microbalance study

We investigated the synthesis mechanism of Prussian blue (PB) crystals supported on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), by performing in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements to probe the change in the electrode mass during the reaction, and using photoirradiation at designated stages of the process. We found that in contrast to existing hypotheses, light irradiation played no role in the synthesis process of Prussian blue on SWCNTs. On the other hand, the number of electrons transferred per one mole of the obtained product, and the number of electrons transferrable from SWCNTs, calculated from the density of states (DOS) of the SWCNTs in the sample, both favor the hypothesis of the reaction being triggered by direct electron transfer from SWCNTs to Fe³⁺, which occurs because of the energy difference between the Fermi level of SWCNTs and redox potential of Fe³⁺ ions.

Exploring the Zn-regulated function in Co–Zn catalysts for efficient hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone

A series of CoZn catalysts supported on N-doped porous carbon (CoxZny@NPC-T) prepared at different calcination temperatures are studied for catalytic hydrogenation of biomass-based ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone, in which Zn is introduced as a regulator.

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

Oxidative stress can lead to permanent and irreversible damage to cellular components and even cause cancer and other diseases. Therefore, the development of antioxidative reagents is an important strategy to alleviate chronic diseases and maintain the redox balance in cells. Small-molecule bioactive compounds have exhibited huge therapeutic potential as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Myricetin (Myr), a well-known natural flavonoid, has drawn wide attention because of its high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer efficacy. Especially regarding antioxidation, Myr is capable of not only chelating intracellular transition metal ions for removing reactive oxygen species, but also of activating antioxidant enzymes and related signal pathways and, thus, of sustainably scavenging radicals. However, Myr is poorly soluble in water, which limits its bioavailability for biomedical applications, and even its clinical therapeutic potential. The antioxidant peptide glutathione (GSH) plays a role as antioxidant in cells and possesses good hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. However, it is easily metabolized by enzymes. To take advantages of their antioxidation activity and to overcome the abovementioned limitations, GSH, Zn²⁺, and Myr were selected to co-assemble into Myr-Zn²⁺-GSH nanoparticles or nanoarchitectonics. This study offers a new design to harness stable, sustainable antioxidant nanoparticles with high loading capacity, high bioavailability, and good biocompatibility as antioxidants.

Fe–Ni–Co trimetallic oxide hierarchical nanospheres as high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts for water electrolysis

Fe–Ni–Co spheres were used as bifunctional catalysts exhibit high total water decomposition activity. Only a cell voltage of 1.61 V was required to attain a current density of 10 mA cm−2.

Nanoarchitectonics of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Capacitive Deionization via Controlled Pyrolyzed Approaches

Next-generation desalination technologies are needed to meet the increasing demand for clean water. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a thermodynamically efficient technique to treat non-potable water with relatively low salinity. The salt removal capacity and rate of CDI are highly dependent on the electrode materials, which are preferentially porous to store ions through electrosorption and/or redox reactions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with "infinite" combinations of transition metals and organic linkers simplify the production of carbonaceous materials often with redox-active components after pyrolysis. MOFs-derived materials show great tunability in both compositions and structures but require further refinement to improve CDI performance. This review article summarizes recent progress in derivatives of MOFs and MOF-like materials used as CDI electrodes, focusing on the structural and compositional material considerations as well as the processing parameters and electrode architectures of the device. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with this research area are also discussed.

Ni–Fe nanoframes via a unique structural formation induced by sonochemical etching

A Ni–Fe nanoframe exhibits unique structural merits including 3D open structure and high surface area, enhancing electrochemical properties for oxygen-evolution reaction (OER).

Post-synthetic modification of Prussian blue type nanoparticles: tailoring the chemical and physical properties

This review focuses on recent advances in the post-synthetic modification of nano-sized Prussian blue and its analogues and compares them with the current strategies used in metal–organic frameworks to give future outlooks in this field.

Electrochemically activated Co-Prussian blue analogue derived amorphous CoB nanostructures: Efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction

The oxygen evolution reaction is a kinetically sluggish half-cell reaction plays an important role in tuning the efficiency of various electrochemical energy conversion systems. However, this process can be facilitated...

There is still plenty of room for layer-by-layer assembly for constructing nanoarchitectonics-based materials and devices

Nanoarchitectonics approaches can produce functional materials from tiny units through combination of various processes including atom/molecular manipulation, chemical conversion, self-assembly/self-organization, microfabrication, and bio-inspired procedures. Existing fabrication approaches can be regarded as fitting into the same concept. In particular, the so-called layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method has huge potential for preparing applicable materials with a great variety of assembling mechanisms. LbL assembly is a multistep process where different components can be organized in planned sequences while simple alignment options provide access to superstructures, for example helical structures, and anisotropies which are important aspects of nanoarchitectonics. In this article, newly-featured examples are extracted from the literature on LbL assembly discussing trends for composite functional materials according to (i) principles and techniques, (ii) composite materials, and (iii) applications. We present our opinion on the present trends, and the prospects of LbL assembly. While this method has already reached a certain maturity, there is still plenty of room for expanding its usefulness for the fabrication of nanoarchitectonics-based materials and devices.

Templating Synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework Nanofiber Aerogels and Their Derived Hollow Porous Carbon Nanofibers for Energy Storage and Conversion

A kind of metal-organic framework (MOF) aerogels are synthesized by the self-assembly of uniform and monodisperse MOF nanofibers. Such MOF nanofiber aerogels as carbon precursors can effectively avoid the aggregation of nanofibers during calcination, resulting in the formation of well-dispersed hollow porous carbon nanofibers (HPCNs). Moreover, HPCNs with well-dispersion are investigated as sulfur host materials for Li-S batteries and electrocatalysts for cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). On the one hand, HPCNs act as hosts for the encapsulation of sulfur into their hierarchical micro- and mesopores as well as hollow nanostructures. The obtained sulfur cathode exhibits excellent electrochemical features, good cycling stability and high coulombic efficiency. On the other hand, HPCNs exhibit better electrocatalytic activity than aggregated counterparts for ORR. Furthermore, a highly active single atom electrocatalyst can be prepared by the carbonization of bimetallic MOF nanofiber aerogels. The results indicate that well-dispersed HPCNs show enhanced electrochemical properties in contrast to their aggregated counterparts, suggesting that the dispersion situation of nanomaterials significantly influence their final performance. The present concept of employing MOF nanofiber aerogels as precursors will provide a new strategy to the design of MOF-derived nanomaterials with well-dispersion for their applications in energy storage and conversion.

Fabrication of Dexamethasone-Loaded Dual-Metal-Organic Frameworks on Polyetheretherketone Implants with Bacteriostasis and Angiogenesis Properties for Promoting Bone Regeneration

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a biocompatible polymer, but its clinical application is largely limited due to its inert surface. To solve this problem, a multifunctional PEEK implant is urgently fabricated. In this work, a dual-metal-organic framework (Zn-Mg-MOF74) coating is bonded to PEEK using a mussel-inspired polydopamine interlayer to prepare the coating, and then, dexamethasone (DEX) is loaded on the coating surface. The PEEK surface with the multifunctional coating provides superior hydrophilicity and favorable stability and forms an alkaline microenvironment when Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, and DEX are released due to the coating degradation. In vitro results showed that the multifunctional coating has strong antibacterial ability against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; it also improves human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenic ability and enhances rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation activity. Furthermore, the in vivo rat subcutaneous infection model, chicken chorioallantoic membrane model, and rat femoral drilling model verify that the PEEK implant coated with the multifunctional coating has strong antibacterial and angiogenic ability and promotes the formation of new bone around the implant with a stronger bone-implant interface. Our findings indicate that DEX loaded on the Zn-Mg-MOF74 coating-modified PEEK implant with bacteriostasis, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis properties has great clinical application potential as bone graft materials.

Extracellular Vesicle Nanoarchitectonics for Novel Drug Delivery Applications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can transfer intercellular messages in various (patho)physiological processes and transport biomolecules to recipient cells. EVs possess the capacity to evade the immune system and remain stable over long periods, identifying them as natural carriers for drugs and biologics. However, the challenges associated with EVs isolation, heterogeneity, coexistence with homologous biomolecules, and lack of site-specific delivery, have impeded their potential. In recent years, the amalgamation of EVs with rationally engineered nanostructures has been proposed for achieving effective drug loading and site-specific delivery. With the advancement of nanotechnology and nanoarchitectonics, different nanostructures with tunable size, shapes, and surface properties can be integrated with EVs for drug loading, target binding, efficient delivery, and therapeutics. Such integration may enable improved cellular targeting and the protection of encapsulated drugs for enhanced and specific delivery to target cells. This review summarizes the recent development of nanostructure amalgamated EVs for drug delivery, therapeutics, and real-time monitoring of disease progression. With a specific focus on the exosomal cargo, diverse drug delivery system, and biomimetic nanostructures based on EVs for selective drug delivery, this review also chronicles the needs and challenges of EV-based biomimetic nanostructures and provides a future outlook on the strategies posed.

Nanoarchitectonics for Hierarchical Fullerene Nanomaterials

Nanoarchitectonics is a universal concept to fabricate functional materials from nanoscale building units. Based on this concept, fabrications of functional materials with hierarchical structural motifs from simple nano units of fullerenes (C60 and C70 molecules) are described in this review article. Because fullerenes can be regarded as simple and fundamental building blocks with mono-elemental and zero-dimensional natures, these demonstrations for hierarchical functional structures impress the high capability of the nanoarchitectonics approaches. In fact, various hierarchical structures such as cubes with nanorods, hole-in-cube assemblies, face-selectively etched assemblies, and microstructures with mesoporous frameworks are fabricated by easy fabrication protocols. The fabricated fullerene assemblies have been used for various applications including volatile organic compound sensing, microparticle catching, supercapacitors, and photoluminescence systems.

Boosting supercapacitive performance of flexible carbon via surface engineering

The relatively low specific capacitance of flexible carbons hinders their practical application for fabricating high-performance flexible supercapacitors. In this work, a surface engineering method is proposed to boost the supercapacitive performance of the flexible carbon. In this method, a flexible carbon was fabricated from carbon felt via co-activation with potassium argininate and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as activators, and the resulting material is abbreviated as AKCF. Unlike traditional KOH activation processes, the addition of potassium argininate can produce a micro-graphitized carbon layer to be the outer layer of AKCF fibers for achieving better electronic transfer. Due to the improved conductivity and lower charge transfer resistance endowed by a thin micro-graphitized carbon layer, the capacitance of the AKCF-0.1 (0.1 M arginine was used) electrode obtained by the co-activation process is elevated to a 1.8-fold higher value of 403 C·g^-1 (2583 mC·cm^-2) relative to the AKCF-0 (0 M arginine was used) electrode prepared by KOH activation alone (222 C·g^-1 or 1369 mC·cm^-2). Moreover, this AKCF-0.1 electrode also displays satisfactory rate capability (66% capacitance retention after a 20-fold current increase) and highly stable cycling performance (no capacitance decline after 20,000 cycles). In addition, the asymmetric supercapacitors constructed with this AKCF-0.1 electrode as the flexible negative electrode expresses high energy densities of 68.4 Wh·kg^-1 and 0.139 mWh·cm^-2 in aqueous and gel electrolytes, respectively.

Targeted Thrombolytic Therapy with Metal-Organic-Framework-Derived Carbon Based Platforms with Multimodal Capabilities

A dual-response (near-infrared, alternating magnetic field) multifunctional nanoplatform was developed based on urokinase plasminogen activators (uPA)-loaded metal-organic-framework (MOF)-derived carbon nanomaterials (referred to uPA@CFs below) for thrombolytic therapy. uPA loaded in mesoporous CFs could be released under the action of near-infrared (NIR)-mediated photothermy to achieve superficial thrombolysis. More importantly, with the assistance of alternating magnetic field (AMF), this system could also precisely heat the thrombosis in the deep tissue area. Quantitative experiments proved that the thrombolytic efficiency of this dual-response system at deep venous thrombosis was nearly 6 times than that of NIR alone. This is the first application that MOF-derived carbon nanomaterials in the field of targeted thrombolysis. To our delight, the MOF-derived carbon nanomaterials (CFs) not only maintained the drug-carrying capacity, but also endowed CFs with reliable magnetic targeting ability. More encouragingly, the CFs also showed extraordinary angiogenic performance, thus opening up the prospect of its clinical application.

Metal-Organic Fragments with Adhesive Excipient and Their Utilization to Stabilize Multimetallic Electrocatalysts for High Activity and Robust Durability in Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Multimetallic electrocatalysts have shown great potential to improve electrocatalytic performance, but their deteriorations in activity and durability are yet to be overcome. Here, metal-organic fragments with adhesive excipient to realize high activity with good durability in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are developed. First, a leaf-like zeolitic-imidazolate framework (ZIF-L) is synthesized. Then, ionized species in hydrogen plasma attack preferentially the organic linkers of ZIF-L to derive cobalt-imidazole fragments (CIFs) as adhesive excipient, while they are designed to retain the coordinated cobalt nodes. Moreover, the vacant coordination sites at cobalt nodes and the unbound nitrogen at organic linkers induce high porosity and conductivity. The CIFs serve to stably impregnate trimetallic FeNiMo electrocatalysts (CIF:FeNiMo), and CIF:FeNiMo containing Fe contents of 22% and hexavalent Mo contents show to enable high activity with low overpotentials (203 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and 238 mV at 100 mA cm-2 ) in OER. The near O K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure proves further that high activity for OER originates from the partially filled eg orbitals. Additionally, CIF:FeNiMo exhibit good durability, as demonstrated by high activity retention during at least 45 days in OER.

Highly Flexible and Tailorable Cobalt-Doped Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide-Based Electrolytes for Use in High-Performance Supercapacitors

A novel hydrogel polymer electrolyte was prepared by incorporation of 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BG) to cross-linked polyacrylamide (PAM). The electrolyte (PAMBG) was modified with cobalt (II) sulfate with various doping ratios (PAMBGCoX) to increase the capacitance by increasing faradaic reactions. The supercapacitor device assembly was performed by using active carbon (AC) electrodes and hydrogel polymer electrolytes. The specific capacitance of the PAMBGCo5 device indicated 130 F g^-1 , which is at least a seven-fold improvement due to the insertion of Co as a redox component. The electrolyte device, PAMBGCo5, displays superior performance having an energy density of 38 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 500 W kg^-1 . Additionally, with the same hydrogel, the device performed 10,000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles via retaining 91% of the initial capacitance. A cost-effective electrolyte, PAMBGCo5, was tested in a carbon-based supercapacitor under bent and twisted conditions at various angles, confirming the robustness of the device.

Prussian Blue: A Nanozyme with Versatile Catalytic Properties

Nanozymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities, are becoming powerful competitors and potential substitutes for natural enzymes because of their excellent performance. Nanozymes offer better structural stability over their respective natural enzymes. In consequence, nanozymes exhibit promising applications in different fields such as the biomedical sector (in vivo diagnostics/and therapeutics) and the environmental sector (detection and remediation of inorganic and organic pollutants). Prussian blue nanoparticles and their analogues are metal–organic frameworks (MOF) composed of alternating ferric and ferrous irons coordinated with cyanides. Such nanoparticles benefit from excellent biocompatibility and biosafety. Besides other important properties, such as a highly porous structure, Prussian blue nanoparticles show catalytic activities due to the iron atom that acts as metal sites for the catalysis. The different states of oxidation are responsible for the multicatalytic activities of such nanoparticles, namely peroxidase-like, catalase-like, and superoxide dismutase-like activities. Depending on the catalytic performance, these nanoparticles can generate or scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).