1
|
Gallardo-Fernandez M, Garcia AR, Hornedo-Ortega R, Troncoso AM, Garcia-Parrilla MC, Brito MA. In vitro study of the blood-brain barrier transport of bioactives from Mediterranean foods. Food Funct 2024; 15:3420-3432. [PMID: 38497922 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MD), characterized by olive oil, olives, fruits, vegetables, and wine intake, is associated with a reduced risk of dementia. These foods are rich in bioactives with neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, including hydroxytyrosol (HT), tyrosol (TYRS), serotonin (SER) and protocatechuic acid (PCA), a phenolic acid metabolite of anthocyanins. It remains to be established if these molecules cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a complex interface that strictly controls the entrance of molecules into the brain. We aimed to assess the ability of tyrosine (TYR), HT, TYRS, PCA and SER to pass through the BBB without disrupting its properties. Using Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells as an in vitro model of the BBB, we assessed its integrity by transendothelial electrical resistance, paracellular permeability and immunocytochemical assays of the adherens junction protein β-catenin. The transport across the BBB was evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. Results show that tested bioactives did not impair BBB integrity regardless of the concentration evaluated. Additionally, all of them cross the BBB, with the following percentages: HT (∼70%), TYR (∼50%), TYRS (∼30%), SER (∼30%) and PCA (∼9%). These results provide a basis for the MD neuroprotective role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gallardo-Fernandez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Sevilla. C/Profesor García González n° 2. Sevilla 41012, Spain.
| | - Ana Rita Garcia
- imed-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ruth Hornedo-Ortega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Sevilla. C/Profesor García González n° 2. Sevilla 41012, Spain.
| | - Ana M Troncoso
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Sevilla. C/Profesor García González n° 2. Sevilla 41012, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Garcia-Parrilla
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Sevilla. C/Profesor García González n° 2. Sevilla 41012, Spain.
| | - M Alexandra Brito
- imed-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li C, Zhou Y, Niu Y, He W, Wang X, Zhang X, Wu Y, Zhang W, Zhao L, Zheng H, Song W, Gao H. Deficiency of Pdk1 drives heart failure by impairing taurine homeostasis through Slc6a6. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23134. [PMID: 37561545 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300272r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (Pdk1) as a serine/threonine protein kinase plays a critical role in multiple signaling pathways. Analysis of the gene expression omnibus database showed that Pdk1 was significantly downregulated in patients with heart diseases. Gene set enrichment analysis of the proteomics dataset identified apoptotic- and metabolism-related signaling pathways directly targeted by Pdk1. Previously, our research indicated that Pdk1 deletion-induced metabolic changes might be involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that deficiency of Pdk1 resulted in apoptosis, oxidative damage, and disturbed metabolism, both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, profiling of metabonomics by 1 H-NMR demonstrated that taurine was the major differential metabolite in the heart of Pdk1-knockout mice. Taurine treatment significantly reduced the reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis, improved cardiac function, and prolonged the survival time in Pdk1 deficient mice. Proteomic screening identified solute carrier family 6 member 6 (Slc6a6) as the downstream that altered taurine levels in Pdk1-expression cells. Consistently, cellular apoptosis and oxidative damage were rescued by Slc6a6 in abnormal Pdk1 expression cells. These findings collectively suggest that Pdk1 deficiency induces heart failure via disturbances in taurine homeostasis, triggered by Slc6a6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Encephalopathy Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Niu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenting He
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yali Wu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liangcai Zhao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Encephalopathy Research of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schmidt T, Meller S, Talbot SR, Berk BA, Law TH, Hobbs SL, Meyerhoff N, Packer RMA, Volk HA. Urinary Neurotransmitter Patterns Are Altered in Canine Epilepsy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:893013. [PMID: 35651965 PMCID: PMC9150448 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.893013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease in humans and dogs. Epilepsy is thought to be caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Intact neurotransmitters are transported from the central nervous system to the periphery, from where they are subsequently excreted through the urine. In human medicine, non-invasive urinary neurotransmitter analysis is used to manage psychological diseases, but not as yet for epilepsy. The current study aimed to investigate if urinary neurotransmitter profiles differ between dogs with epilepsy and healthy controls. A total of 223 urine samples were analysed from 63 dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy and 127 control dogs without epilepsy. The quantification of nine urinary neurotransmitters was performed utilising mass spectrometry technology. A significant difference between urinary neurotransmitter levels (glycine, serotonin, norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio, ɤ-aminobutyric acid/glutamate ratio) of dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy and the control group was found, when sex and neutering status were accounted for. Furthermore, an influence of antiseizure drug treatment upon the urinary neurotransmitter profile of serotonin and ɤ-aminobutyric acid concentration was revealed. This study demonstrated that the imbalances in the neurotransmitter system that causes epileptic seizures also leads to altered neurotransmitter elimination in the urine of affected dogs. Urinary neurotransmitters have the potential to serve as valuable biomarkers for diagnostics and treatment monitoring in canine epilepsy. However, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken to understand better the association between neurotransmitter deviations in the brain and urine neurotransmitter concentrations in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven R. Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin A. Berk
- BrainCheck.Pet – Tierärztliche Praxis für Epilepsie, Sachsenstraße, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Tsz H. Law
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Hobbs
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Meyerhoff
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rowena M. A. Packer
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Albright JD, Ng ZY. Measurement of neurotransmitters excreted in the urine of behaviorally healthy dogs in home and boarding kennel conditions. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Blais S, Porée J, Ramos-Palacios G, Desmarais S, Perrot V, Sadikot A, Provost J. Equivalent time active cavitation imaging. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34320473 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Despite the development of a large number of neurologically active drugs, brain diseases are difficult to treat due to the inability of many drugs to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. High-intensity focused ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening in a site-specific manner could significantly expand the spectrum of available drug treatments. However, without monitoring, brain damage and off target effects can occur during these treatments. While some methods can monitor inertial cavitation, temperature increase, or passively monitor cavitation events, to the best of our knowledge none of them can actively and spatiotemporally map the high intensity focused ultrasound pressure field during treatment. METHODS Here we detail the development of a novel ultrasound imaging modality called Equivalent Time Active Cavitation Imaging capable of characterizing the high-intensity focused ultrasound pressure field through stable cavitation events across the field of view with an ultrafast active imaging setup. This work introduces 1) a novel plane wave sequence whose transmit delays increase linearly with transmit events enabling the sampling of high-frequency cavitation events, and 2) an algorithm allowing the filtration of the microbubble signal for pressure field mapping. The pressure measurements with our modality were first carried out in vitro for hydrophone comparison and then in vivo during blood-brain barrier opening treatment in mice. RESULTS This study demonstrates the ability of our modality to spatiotemporally characterize a modulation pressure field with an active imaging setup. The resulting pressure field mapping reveals a good correlation with hydrophone measurements. Further proof is provided experimentally in vivo with promising results. CONCLUSION This proof of concept establishes the first steps towards a novel ultrasound modality for monitoring focused ultrasound blood-brain barrier opening, allowing new possibilities for a safe and precise monitoring method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blais
- Engineering Physics Department, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
| | - Jonathan Porée
- Engineering Physics Department, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
| | | | - Samuel Desmarais
- Engineering Physics Department, Montreal Polytechnic, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
| | - Vincent Perrot
- Engineering Physics Department, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
| | - Abbas Sadikot
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
| | - Jean Provost
- 1 Engineering Physics Department, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, CANADA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Disturbances in brain water homeostasis occur with pathologies such as brain oedema and hydrocephalus, in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Targeted pharmacological treatments do not exist for these conditions owing to our incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing brain water transport. Historically, the transmembrane movement of brain water was assumed to occur as passive movement of water along the osmotic gradient, greatly accelerated by water channels termed aquaporins. Although aquaporins govern the majority of fluid handling in the kidney, they do not suffice to explain the overall brain water movement: either they are not present in the membranes across which water flows or they appear not to be required for the observed flow of water. Notably, brain fluid can be secreted against an osmotic gradient, suggesting that conventional osmotic water flow may not describe all transmembrane fluid transport in the brain. The cotransport of water is an unconventional molecular mechanism that is introduced in this Review as a missing link to bridge the gap in our understanding of cellular and barrier brain water transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bae M, Roh JD, Kim Y, Kim SS, Han HM, Yang E, Kang H, Lee S, Kim JY, Kang R, Jung H, Yoo T, Kim H, Kim D, Oh H, Han S, Kim D, Han J, Bae YC, Kim H, Ahn S, Chan AM, Lee D, Kim JW, Kim E. SLC6A20 transporter: a novel regulator of brain glycine homeostasis and NMDAR function. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12632. [PMID: 33428810 PMCID: PMC7863395 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine transporters (GlyT1 and GlyT2) that regulate levels of brain glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter with co-agonist activity for NMDA receptors (NMDARs), have been considered to be important targets for the treatment of brain disorders with suppressed NMDAR function such as schizophrenia. However, it remains unclear whether other amino acid transporters expressed in the brain can also regulate brain glycine levels and NMDAR function. Here, we report that SLC6A20A, an amino acid transporter known to transport proline based on in vitro data but is understudied in the brain, regulates proline and glycine levels and NMDAR function in the mouse brain. SLC6A20A transcript and protein levels were abnormally increased in mice carrying a mutant PTEN protein lacking the C terminus through enhanced β-catenin binding to the Slc6a20a gene. These mice displayed reduced extracellular levels of brain proline and glycine and decreased NMDAR currents. Elevating glycine levels back to normal ranges by antisense oligonucleotide-induced SLC6A20 knockdown, or the competitive GlyT1 antagonist sarcosine, normalized NMDAR currents and repetitive climbing behavior observed in these mice. Conversely, mice lacking SLC6A20A displayed increased extracellular glycine levels and NMDAR currents. Lastly, both mouse and human SLC6A20 proteins mediated proline and glycine transports, and SLC6A20 proteins could be detected in human neurons. These results suggest that SLC6A20 regulates proline and glycine homeostasis in the brain and that SLC6A20 inhibition has therapeutic potential for brain disorders involving NMDAR hypofunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Bae
- Center for Synaptic Brain DysfunctionsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaejeonKorea
| | - Junyeop Daniel Roh
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Youjoung Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Seong Soon Kim
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)DaejeonKorea
| | - Hye Min Han
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of DentistryKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21Biomedical ScienceCollege of MedicineKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National SupercomputingKISTIDaejeonKorea
| | - Suho Lee
- Center for Synaptic Brain DysfunctionsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jin Yong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21Biomedical ScienceCollege of MedicineKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ryeonghwa Kang
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Hwajin Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain DysfunctionsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaejeonKorea
| | - Taesun Yoo
- Center for Synaptic Brain DysfunctionsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaejeonKorea
| | - Hyosang Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Doyoun Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain DysfunctionsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaejeonKorea
| | - Heejeong Oh
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Sungwook Han
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Dayeon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKAISTDaejeonKorea
| | - Jinju Han
- Graduate School of Medical Science and EngineeringKAISTDaejeonKorea
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologySchool of DentistryKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21Biomedical ScienceCollege of MedicineKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- Therapeutics and Biotechnology DivisionKorea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)DaejeonKorea
| | - Andrew M Chan
- School of Biomedical SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Daeyoup Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain DysfunctionsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)DaejeonKorea
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST)DaejeonKorea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Da Cuña RH, Lo Nostro FL, Shimabukuro V, Ondarza PM, Miglioranza KSB. Bioaccumulation and Distribution Behavior of Endosulfan on a Cichlid Fish: Differences Between Exposure to the Active Ingredient and a Commercial Formulation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:604-611. [PMID: 31775175 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants reach aquatic ecosystems during application and can bioconcentrate/biomagnify because of their lipophilic nature. Toxicological studies focus almost exclusively on the active ingredients of pesticides, instead of commercial formulations, whose toxicity can differ as a result of nonspecified ingredients. The intensive use of endosulfan as a wide-ranging insecticide over the last few decades makes it one of the most frequently detected contaminants in the aquatic environment, even after it has been restricted worldwide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation and organ distribution of waterborne endosulfan in the freshwater fish Cichlasoma dimerus, comparing the active ingredient and a commercial formulation. Males were exposed to 0.7 μg/L endosulfan for 2 wk, which was quantified (gas chromatography with an electron capture detector) in the liver, testes, gills, brain, and muscle. The results suggest rapid metabolism of α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan isomers to endosulfan sulfate (endosulfan-S) in tissues. Isomer levels were highest in gills, indicative of recent uptake. Levels of endosulfan-S were highest in liver and testes for the active ingredient and testes and brain for the commercial formulation. For the active ingredient, endosulfan-S levels showed a positive correlation with organ-lipid percentage. No correlation was evident for the commercial formulation, indicating that the presence of adjuvants alters endosulfan distribution because gills and liver showed a higher uptake and mobilization of β-endosulfan. These differences in organ distribution may alter tissue-specific toxicity; therefore, additives cannot be considered inactive even if nontoxic. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:604-611. © 2019 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hérnan Da Cuña
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Laura Lo Nostro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Shimabukuro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola Mariana Ondarza
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Silvia Beatriz Miglioranza
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Del Giudice M. Invisible Designers: Brain Evolution Through the Lens of Parasite Manipulation. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/705038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Roles of taurine in cognitive function of physiology, pathologies and toxication. Life Sci 2019; 231:116584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
|
12
|
The "Frail" Brain Blood Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Early Disruption of Endothelial Cell-to-Cell Connections. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092693. [PMID: 30201915 PMCID: PMC6164949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main neurovascular unit of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) consists of a cellular component, which includes endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neurons, and oligodendrocytes as well as a non-cellular component resulting from the extracellular matrix. The endothelial cells are the major vital components of the BBB able to preserve the brain homeostasis. These cells are situated along the demarcation line between the bloodstream and the brain. Therefore, an alteration or the progressive disruption of the endothelial layer may clearly impair the brain homeostasis. The proper functioning of the brain endothelial cells is generally ensured by two elements: (1) the presence of junction proteins and (2) the preservation of a specific polarity involving an apical-luminal and a basolateral-abluminal membrane. This review intends to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying BBB function and their changes occurring in early stages of neurodegenerative processes in order to develop novel therapeutic strategies aimed to counteract neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mazák K, Noszál B. Passive Membrane Penetration of the Serotonin Precursor 5-Hydroxytryptophan is Controlled by Its Zwitterion. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Károly Mazák
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Hőgyes E. u. 9. H-1092 Budapest Hungary
| | - Béla Noszál
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Semmelweis University; Hőgyes E. u. 9. H-1092 Budapest Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Römermann K, Fedrowitz M, Hampel P, Kaczmarek E, Töllner K, Erker T, Sweet DH, Löscher W. Multiple blood-brain barrier transport mechanisms limit bumetanide accumulation, and therapeutic potential, in the mammalian brain. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:182-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
15
|
Weiler A, Volkenhoff A, Hertenstein H, Schirmeier S. Metabolite transport across the mammalian and insect brain diffusion barriers. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:15-31. [PMID: 28237316 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system in higher vertebrates is separated from the circulation by a layer of specialized endothelial cells. It protects the sensitive neurons from harmful blood-derived substances, high and fluctuating ion concentrations, xenobiotics or even pathogens. To this end, the brain endothelial cells and their interlinking tight junctions build an efficient diffusion barrier. A structurally analogous diffusion barrier exists in insects, where glial cell layers separate the hemolymph from the neural cells. Both types of diffusion barriers, of course, also prevent influx of metabolites from the circulation. Because neuronal function consumes vast amounts of energy and necessitates influx of diverse substrates and metabolites, tightly regulated transport systems must ensure a constant metabolite supply. Here, we review the current knowledge about transport systems that carry key metabolites, amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates into the vertebrate and Drosophila brain and how this transport is regulated. Blood-brain and hemolymph-brain transport functions are conserved and we can thus use a simple, genetically accessible model system to learn more about features and dynamics of metabolite transport into the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weiler
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Volkenhoff
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helen Hertenstein
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mogk S, Boßelmann CM, Mudogo CN, Stein J, Wolburg H, Duszenko M. African trypanosomes and brain infection - the unsolved question. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:1675-1687. [PMID: 27739621 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomes induce sleeping sickness. The parasites are transmitted during the blood meal of a tsetse fly and appear primarily in blood and lymph vessels, before they enter the central nervous system. During the latter stage, trypanosomes induce a deregulation of sleep-wake cycles and some additional neurological disorders. Historically, it was assumed that trypanosomes cross the blood-brain barrier and settle somewhere between the brain cells. The brain, however, is a strictly controlled and immune-privileged area that is completely surrounded by a dense barrier that covers the blood vessels: this is the blood-brain barrier. It is known that some immune cells are able to cross this barrier, but this requires a sophisticated mechanism and highly specific cell-cell interactions that have not been observed for trypanosomes within the mammalian host. Interestingly, trypanosomes injected directly into the brain parenchyma did not induce an infection. Likewise, after an intraperitoneal infection of rats, Trypanosoma brucei brucei was not observed within the brain, but appeared readily within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the meninges. Therefore, the parasite did not cross the blood-brain barrier, but the blood-CSF barrier, which is formed by the choroid plexus, i.e. the part of the ventricles where CSF is produced from blood. While there is no question that trypanosomes are able to invade the brain to induce a deadly encephalopathy, controversy exists about the pathway involved. This review lists experimental results that support crossing of the blood-brain barrier and of the blood-CSF barrier and discuss the implications that either pathway would have on infection progress and on the survival strategy of the parasite. For reasons discussed below, we prefer the latter pathway and suggest the existence of an additional distinct meningeal stage, from which trypanosomes could invade the brain via the Virchow-Robin space thereby bypassing the blood-brain barrier. We also consider healthy carriers, i.e. people living symptomless with the disease for up to several decades, and discuss implications the proposed meningeal stage would have for new anti-trypanosomal drug development. Considering the re-infection of blood, a process called relapse, we discuss the likely involvement of the newly described glymphatic connection between the meningeal space and the lymphatic system, that seems also be important for other infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mogk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Christian M Boßelmann
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Celestin N Mudogo
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany.,Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, BP 834 KIN XI, Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
| | - Jasmin Stein
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Medical Department, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Liebermeister Str. 8, Germany
| | - Michael Duszenko
- Department of Natural Sciences, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, Germany.,Medical Department, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sjöstedt E, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Häggmark A, Mitsios N, Nilsson P, Pontén F, Hökfelt T, Uhlén M, Mulder J. Defining the Human Brain Proteome Using Transcriptomics and Antibody-Based Profiling with a Focus on the Cerebral Cortex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130028. [PMID: 26076492 PMCID: PMC4468152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian brain is a complex organ composed of many specialized cells, harboring sets of both common, widely distributed, as well as specialized and discretely localized proteins. Here we focus on the human brain, utilizing transcriptomics and public available Human Protein Atlas (HPA) data to analyze brain-enriched (frontal cortex) polyadenylated messenger RNA and long non-coding RNA and generate a genome-wide draft of global and cellular expression patterns of the brain. Based on transcriptomics analysis of altogether 27 tissues, we have estimated that approximately 3% (n=571) of all protein coding genes and 13% (n=87) of the long non-coding genes expressed in the human brain are enriched, having at least five times higher expression levels in brain as compared to any of the other analyzed peripheral tissues. Based on gene ontology analysis and detailed annotation using antibody-based tissue micro array analysis of the corresponding proteins, we found the majority of brain-enriched protein coding genes to be expressed in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes or in neurons with molecular properties linked to synaptic transmission and brain development. Detailed analysis of the transcripts and the genetic landscape of brain-enriched coding and non-coding genes revealed brain-enriched splice variants. Several clusters of neighboring brain-enriched genes were also identified, suggesting regulation of gene expression on the chromatin level. This multi-angle approach uncovered the brain-enriched transcriptome and linked genes to cell types and functions, providing novel insights into the molecular foundation of this highly specialized organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Sjöstedt
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Linn Fagerberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn M Hallström
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Häggmark
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas Mitsios
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Mulder
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Campos-Bedolla P, Walter FR, Veszelka S, Deli MA. Role of the Blood–Brain Barrier in the Nutrition of the Central Nervous System. Arch Med Res 2014; 45:610-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
19
|
Lu YR, Fu XY, Shi LG, Jiang Y, Wu JL, Weng XJ, Wang ZP, Wu XY, Lin Z, Liu WB, Li HC, Luo JH, Bao AM. Decreased plasma neuroactive amino acids and increased nitric oxide levels in melancholic major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:123. [PMID: 24767108 PMCID: PMC4036745 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acid neurotransmitters and nitric oxide (NO) are involved in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we want to establish whether changes in their plasma levels may serve as biomarker for the melancholic subtype of this disorder. METHODS Plasma levels of glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), glycine (Gly), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and NO were determined in 27 medicine-naïve melancholic MDD patients and 30 matched controls. Seven of the MDD patients participated also in a follow-up study after 2 months' antidepressant treatment. The relationship between plasma and cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF) levels of these compounds was analyzed in an additional group of 10 non-depressed subjects. RESULTS The plasma levels of Asp, Gly and GABA were significantly lower whereas the NO levels were significantly higher in melancholic MDD patients, also after 2 months of fluoxetine treatment. In the additional 10 non-depressed subjects, no significant correlation was observed between plasma and CSF levels of these compounds. CONCLUSION These data give the first indication that decreased plasma levels of Asp, Gly and GABA and increased NO levels may serve as a clinical trait-marker for melancholic MDD. The specificity and selectivity of this putative trait-marker has to be investigated in follow-up studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Rong Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China,Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yan Fu
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Li-Gen Shi
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Juan-Li Wu
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Weng
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Pin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Yan Wu
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Bo Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Chun Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hong Luo
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, P, R, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Similarities and differences of serotonin and its precursors in their interactions with model membranes studied by molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Kölker S, Burgard P, Sauer SW, Okun JG. Current concepts in organic acidurias: understanding intra- and extracerebral disease manifestation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:635-44. [PMID: 23512157 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the pathophysiology of organic acidurias (OADs), in particular, OADs caused by deficient amino acid metabolism. OADs are termed classical if patients present with acute metabolic decompensation and multiorgan dysfunction or cerebral if patients predominantly present with neurological symptoms but without metabolic crises. In both groups, however, the brain is the major target. The high energy demand of the brain, the gate-keeping function of the blood-brain barrier, a high lipid content, vulnerable neuronal subpopulations, and glutamatergic neurotransmission all make the brain particularly vulnerable against mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. In fact, toxic metabolites in OADs are thought to cause secondary impairment of energy metabolism; some of these toxic metabolites are trapped in the brain. In contrast to cerebral OADs, patients with classical OADs have an increased risk of multiorgan dysfunction. The lack of the anaplerotic propionate pathway, synergistic inhibition of energy metabolism by toxic metabolites, and multiple oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency may best explain the involvement of organs with a high energy demand. Intriguingly, late-onset organ dysfunction may manifest even under metabolically stable conditions. This might be explained by chronic mitochondrial DNA depletion, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and altered gene expression due to histone modification. In conclusion, pathomechanisms underlying the acute disease manifestation in OADs, with a particular focus on the brain, are partially understood. More work is required to predict the risk and to elucidate the mechanism of late-onset organ dysfunction, extracerebral disease manifestation, and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Centre for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Clinic I, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Blum CA, Mueller C, Schuetz P, Fluri F, Trummler M, Mueller B, Katan M, Christ-Crain M. Prognostic value of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate and other parameters of adrenal function in acute ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63224. [PMID: 23650556 PMCID: PMC3641134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Acute stroke has a high morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the predictive value of adrenal function testing in acute ischemic stroke. Methods In a cohort of 231 acute ischemic stroke patients, we measured dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA-Sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol at baseline and 30 minutes after stimulation with 1 ug ACTH. Delta cortisol, the amount of rise in the 1 ug ACTH-test, was calculated. Primary endpoint was poor functional outcome defined as modified Rankin scale 3–6 after 1 year. Secondary endpoint was nonsurvival after 1 year. Results Logistic regression analysis showed that DHEAS (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.01–1.49), but not DHEA (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99–1.04), was predictive for adverse functional outcome. Neither DHEA (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.96–1.03) nor DHEAS (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.82–1.44) were associated with mortality. Baseline and stimulated cortisol were predictive for mortality (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.20–1.71; 1.35, 95% CI 1.15–1.60), but only basal cortisol for functional outcome (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.04–1.38). Delta cortisol was not predictive for functional outcome (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.71–1.05) or mortality (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.72–1.17). The ratios cortisol/DHEA and cortisol/DHEAS discriminated between favorable outcome and nonsurvival (both p<0.0001) and between unfavorable outcome and nonsurvival (p = 0.0071 and 0.0029), but are not independent predictors for functional outcome or mortality in multivariate analysis (adjusted OR for functional outcome for both 1.0 (95% CI 0.99–1.0), adjusted OR for mortality for both 1.0 (95% CI 0.99–1.0 and 1.0–1.01, respectively)). Conclusion DHEAS and the cortisol/DHEAS ratio predicts functional outcome 1 year after stroke whereas cortisol levels predict functional outcome and mortality. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00390962 (Retrospective analysis of this cohort).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudine A Blum
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical University Clinic, Cantonal Hospital, Aarau, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blum K, Oscar-Berman M, Stuller E, Miller D, Giordano J, Morse S, McCormick L, Downs WB, Waite RL, Barh D, Neal D, Braverman ER, Lohmann R, Borsten J, Hauser M, Han D, Liu Y, Helman M, Simpatico T. Neurogenetics and Nutrigenomics of Neuro-Nutrient Therapy for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Clinical Ramifications as a Function of Molecular Neurobiological Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:139. [PMID: 23926462 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In accord with the new definition of addiction published by American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) it is well-known that individuals who present to a treatment center involved in chemical dependency or other documented reward dependence behaviors have impaired brain reward circuitry. They have hypodopaminergic function due to genetic and/or environmental negative pressures upon the reward neuro-circuitry. This impairment leads to aberrant craving behavior and other behaviors such as Substance Use Disorder (SUD). Neurogenetic research in both animal and humans revealed that there is a well-defined cascade in the reward site of the brain that leads to normal dopamine release. This cascade has been termed the "Brain Reward Cascade" (BRC). Any impairment due to either genetics or environmental influences on this cascade will result in a reduced amount of dopamine release in the brain reward site. Manipulation of the BRC has been successfully achieved with neuro-nutrient therapy utilizing nutrigenomic principles. After over four decades of development, neuro-nutrient therapy has provided important clinical benefits when appropriately utilized. This is a review, with some illustrative case histories from a number of addiction professionals, of certain molecular neurobiological mechanisms which if ignored may lead to clinical complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, Fl, 100183, USA ; Department of Nutrigenomic, LifeGen, Inc. San Diego, CA, 92101, USA ; Department of Holistic Medicine, G&G Holistic Addiction Treatment Center, North Miami Beach, Fl, 33162, USA ; Center for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and applied Biotechnology (IIOAB), Nonakuri, Purbe Medinpur, West Bengal, 721172, India ; Path Foundation NY, New York, 10001, New York USA ; Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, California, 9026, USA ; Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingstown Rhode Island, 02852, USA ; Global Integrated Services Unit University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou Y, Holmseth S, Guo C, Hassel B, Höfner G, Huitfeldt HS, Wanner KT, Danbolt NC. Deletion of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 2 (GAT2 and SLC6A13) gene in mice leads to changes in liver and brain taurine contents. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35733-35746. [PMID: 22896705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.368175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The GABA transporters (GAT1, GAT2, GAT3, and BGT1) have mostly been discussed in relation to their potential roles in controlling the action of transmitter GABA in the nervous system. We have generated the first mice lacking the GAT2 (slc6a13) gene. Deletion of GAT2 (both mRNA and protein) neither affected growth, fertility, nor life span under nonchallenging rearing conditions. Immunocytochemistry showed that the GAT2 protein was predominantly expressed in the plasma membranes of periportal hepatocytes and in the basolateral membranes of proximal tubules in the renal cortex. This was validated by processing tissue from wild-type and knockout mice in parallel. Deletion of GAT2 reduced liver taurine levels by 50%, without affecting the expression of the taurine transporter TAUT. These results suggest an important role for GAT2 in taurine uptake from portal blood into liver. In support of this notion, GAT2-transfected HEK293 cells transported [(3)H]taurine. Furthermore, most of the uptake of [(3)H]GABA by cultured rat hepatocytes was due to GAT2, and this uptake was inhibited by taurine. GAT2 was not detected in brain parenchyma proper, excluding a role in GABA inactivation. It was, however, expressed in the leptomeninges and in a subpopulation of brain blood vessels. Deletion of GAT2 increased brain taurine levels by 20%, suggesting a taurine-exporting role for GAT2 in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Silvia Holmseth
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Caiying Guo
- HHMI, Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department for Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department für Pharmazie, Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Henrik S Huitfeldt
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus T Wanner
- Department für Pharmazie, Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Niels C Danbolt
- Centre of Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The role of amino acid transporters in GSH synthesis in the blood-brain barrier and central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:405-14. [PMID: 22634224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and xenobiotics, as well as maintaining the thiol redox state, most notably in the central nervous system (CNS). GSH concentration and synthesis are highly regulated within the CNS and are limited by availability of the sulfhydryl amino acid (AA) l-cys, which is mainly transported from the blood, through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and into neurons. Several antiporter transport systems (e.g., x(c)(-), x(-)(AG), and L) with clearly different luminal and abluminal distribution, Na(+), and pH dependency have been described in brain endothelial cells (BEC) of the BBB, as well as in neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes from different brain structures. The purpose of this review is to summarize information regarding the different AA transport systems for l-cys and its oxidized form l-cys(2) in the CNS, such as expression and activity in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons and environmental factors that modulate transport kinetics.
Collapse
|
26
|
Watts SW, Morrison SF, Davis RP, Barman SM. Serotonin and blood pressure regulation. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:359-88. [PMID: 22407614 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) was discovered more than 60 years ago as a substance isolated from blood. The neural effects of 5-HT have been well investigated and understood, thanks in part to the pharmacological tools available to dissect the serotonergic system and the development of the frequently prescribed selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors. By contrast, our understanding of the role of 5-HT in the control and modification of blood pressure pales in comparison. Here we focus on the role of 5-HT in systemic blood pressure control. This review provides an in-depth study of the function and pharmacology of 5-HT in those tissues that can modify blood pressure (blood, vasculature, heart, adrenal gland, kidney, brain), with a focus on the autonomic nervous system that includes mechanisms of action and pharmacology of 5-HT within each system. We compare the change in blood pressure produced in different species by short- and long-term administration of 5-HT or selective serotonin receptor agonists. To further our understanding of the mechanisms through which 5-HT modifies blood pressure, we also describe the blood pressure effects of commonly used drugs that modify the actions of 5-HT. The pharmacology and physiological actions of 5-HT in modifying blood pressure are important, given its involvement in circulatory shock, orthostatic hypotension, serotonin syndrome and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hinz M, Stein A, Uncini T. Validity of urinary monoamine assay sales under the "spot baseline urinary neurotransmitter testing marketing model". Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2011; 4:101-13. [PMID: 21912487 PMCID: PMC3165907 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s22783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spot baseline urinary monoamine assays have been used in medicine for over 50 years as a screening test for monoamine-secreting tumors, such as pheochromocytoma and carcinoid syndrome. In these disease states, when the result of a spot baseline monoamine assay is above the specific value set by the laboratory, it is an indication to obtain a 24-hour urine sample to make a definitive diagnosis. There are no defined applications where spot baseline urinary monoamine assays can be used to diagnose disease or other states directly. No peer-reviewed published original research exists which demonstrates that these assays are valid in the treatment of individual patients in the clinical setting. Since 2001, urinary monoamine assay sales have been promoted for numerous applications under the "spot baseline urinary neurotransmitter testing marketing model". There is no published peer-reviewed original research that defines the scientific foundation upon which the claims for these assays are made. On the contrary, several articles have been published that discredit various aspects of the model. To fill the void, this manuscript is a comprehensive review of the scientific foundation and claims put forth by laboratories selling urinary monoamine assays under the spot baseline urinary neurotransmitter testing marketing model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marty Hinz
- Clinical Research, Neuro Research Clinics Inc, Cape Coral, FL
| | | | - Thomas Uncini
- Laboratory, Fairview Regional Medical Center-Mesabi, Hibbing, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleoside/nucleobase transporters have been investigated since the 1960s. In particular, equilibrative nucleoside transporters were thought to be valuable drug targets, since they are involved in various kinds of viral and parasitic diseases as well as cancers. DISCUSSION In the postgenomic era multiple transporters, including different subtypes, have been cloned and characterized on the molecular level. In this article we summarize recent advances regarding structure, function and localization of nucleoside/nucleobase transporters as well as the pharmacological profile of selected drugs. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the different kinetic properties and structural features of nucleoside transporters can either be used for the rational design of therapeutics directly targeting the transporter itself or for the delivery of drugs using the transporter as a port of entry into the target cell. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters are of considerable pharmacological interest as drug targets for the development of drugs tailored to each patient's need for the treatment of cardiac disease, cancer and viral infections.
Collapse
|
29
|
Braissant O, Henry H, Béard E, Uldry J. Creatine deficiency syndromes and the importance of creatine synthesis in the brain. Amino Acids 2011; 40:1315-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
30
|
Lin YW, Hsieh CL. Electroacupuncture at Baihui acupoint (GV20) reverses behavior deficit and long-term potentiation through N-methyl-d-aspartate and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 receptors in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. J Integr Neurosci 2011; 9:269-82. [PMID: 21064218 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635210002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia is one of the most important causes that account for 20-40% of all dementia cases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether electroacupuncture can reduce behavior deficit and long-term potentiation (LTP) in vascular dementia. Here we used a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) technique to induce a vascular dementia model with additional electroacupuncture (EA) manipulation. Behaviors were impaired in animals with MCAo, and similar results were observed with long-term potentiation induction. MCAo decreased the expression of LTP from 180.4±14.9% to 112.5±18.3%, suggesting that cerebral ischemia could impair the hippocampal LTP. In addition, immunostaining results showed that the expressions of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 1 (NR1) and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) receptors were significantly increased in the hippocampal CA1 areas. Noticeably, these phenomena can be reversed by 2 Hz EA at Baihui acupoint (GV20) for six consecutive days. Our results support a rescue role of 2 Hz EA for MCAo-induced behavior and LTP impairment. These results also suggest that NMDAR1 and TRPV1 may be involved in this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Marc DT, Ailts JW, Campeau DCA, Bull MJ, Olson KL. Neurotransmitters excreted in the urine as biomarkers of nervous system activity: validity and clinical applicability. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:635-44. [PMID: 20696183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for managing the nervous system are numerous while methods of evaluating the nervous system are limited. Given the physiological importance of neurotransmitters as signaling molecules in the nervous system, the measurement of neurotransmitters has significant potential as a clinical tool. Of all the biological fluids that can be utilized, urinary neurotransmitter testing, due to its stability, sensitivity, and non-invasiveness, is the desired method to analyze nervous system function. Increasing use of this technology in a clinical setting demands a review of its feasibility, utility, and clinical value. We review the current body of literature pertaining to the mechanism of neurotransmitter transport across the blood-brain barrier as well as neurotransmitter filtration and excretion by the kidneys. In addition, this review summarizes the historical use of urinary neurotransmitter assessment to diagnose pheochromocytoma. Early research also correlated urinary assessment of neurotransmitters to various clinical symptoms and treatments of which we present research only for depression, ADHD, and inflammation because of the abundant amount of research in these areas. Finally, we review the limitations and challenges of urinary neurotransmitter testing. Taken together, evidence suggests that neurotransmitters excreted in the urine may have a place in clinical practice as a biomarker of nervous system function to effectively assess disturbances and monitor treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David T Marc
- NeuroScience, Inc. 373 280th Street, Osceola, WI 54020, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brozoski TJ, Caspary DM, Bauer CA, Richardson BD. The effect of supplemental dietary taurine on tinnitus and auditory discrimination in an animal model. Hear Res 2010; 270:71-80. [PMID: 20868734 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Loss of central inhibition has been hypothesized to underpin tinnitus and impact auditory acuity. Taurine, a partial agonist at inhibitory glycine and γ-amino butyric acid receptors, was added to the daily diet of rats to examine its effects on chronic tinnitus and normal auditory discrimination. Eight rats were unilaterally exposed once to a loud sound to induce tinnitus. The rats were trained and tested in an operant task shown to be sensitive to tinnitus. An equivalent unexposed control group was run in parallel. Months after exposure, 6 of the exposed rats showed significant evidence of chronic tinnitus. Two concentrations of taurine in drinking water were given over several weeks (attaining average daily doses of 67 mg/kg and 294 mg/kg). Water consumption was unaffected. Three main effects were obtained: (1) The high taurine dose significantly attenuated tinnitus, which returned to near pre-treatment levels following washout. (2) Auditory discrimination was significantly improved in unexposed control rats at both doses. (3) As indicated by lever pressing, taurine at both doses had a significant group-equivalent stimulant effect. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that taurine attenuates tinnitus and improves auditory discrimination by increasing inhibitory tone and decreasing noise in the auditory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Brozoski
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Béard E, Braissant O. Synthesis and transport of creatine in the CNS: importance for cerebral functions. J Neurochem 2010; 115:297-313. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
34
|
Sauer SW, Opp S, Mahringer A, Kamiński MM, Thiel C, Okun JG, Fricker G, Morath MA, Kölker S. Glutaric aciduria type I and methylmalonic aciduria: simulation of cerebral import and export of accumulating neurotoxic dicarboxylic acids in in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier and the choroid plexus. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:552-60. [PMID: 20302929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral accumulation of neurotoxic dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) plays an important pathophysiological role in glutaric aciduria type I and methylmalonic aciduria. Therefore, we investigated the transport characteristics of accumulating DCAs - glutaric (GA), 3-hydroxyglutaric (3-OH-GA) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) - across porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (pBCEC) and human choroid plexus epithelial cells (hCPEC) representing in vitro models of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the choroid plexus respectively. We identified expression of organic acid transporters 1 (OAT1) and 3 (OAT3) in pBCEC on mRNA and protein level. For DCAs tested, transport from the basolateral to the apical site (i.e. efflux) was higher than influx. Efflux transport of GA, 3-OH-GA, and MMA across pBCEC was Na(+)-dependent, ATP-independent, and was inhibited by the OAT substrates para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), estrone sulfate, and taurocholate, and the OAT inhibitor probenecid. Members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family or the organic anion transporting polypeptide family, namely MRP2, P-gp, BCRP, and OATP1B3, did not mediate transport of GA, 3-OH-GA or MMA confirming the specificity of efflux transport via OATs. In hCPEC, cellular import of GA was dependent on Na(+)-gradient, inhibited by NaCN, and unaffected by probenecid suggesting a Na(+)-dependent DCA transporter. Specific transport of GA across hCPEC, however, was not found. In conclusion, our results indicate a low but specific efflux transport for GA, 3-OH-GA, and MMA across pBCEC, an in vitro model of the BBB, via OAT1 and OAT3 but not across hCPEC, an in vitro model of the choroid plexus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven W Sauer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Inborn Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The epididymis is an excellent target for the development of a male contraceptive. This is because the process of sperm maturation occurs in this organ; spermatozoa become motile and are able to recognise and fertilise an egg once they have traversed the epididymal duct. However, a number of attempts to interfere in sperm maturation and epididymal function or both have not been successful. The use of transgenic animals has proved useful in identifying a few epididymal targets but has yet to open the doors for drug development. Continuous focus on identifying additional epididymal targets and sperm-specific and epididymal-specific drugs is key to bringing a male contraceptive acting on the epididymis to the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B T Hinton
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Acosta GB, Fernández MA, Roselló DM, Tomaro ML, Balestrasse K, Lemberg A. Glutamine synthetase activity and glutamate uptake in hippocampus and frontal cortex in portal hypertensive rats. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:2893-9. [PMID: 19533812 PMCID: PMC2699008 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and glutamate uptake in the hippocampus and frontal cortex (FC) from rats with prehepatic portal vein hypertension.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into sham-operated group and a portal hypertension (PH) group with a regulated stricture of the portal vein. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation 14 d after portal vein stricture. GS activity was determined in the hippocampus and FC. Specific uptake of radiolabeled L-glutamate was studied using synaptosome-enriched fractions that were freshly prepared from both brain areas.
RESULTS: We observed that the activity of GS increased in the hippocampus of PH rats, as compared to control animals, and decreased in the FC. A significant decrease in glutamate uptake was found in both brain areas, and was more marked in the hippocampus. The decrease in glutamate uptake might have been caused by a deficient transport function, significantly and persistent increase in this excitatory neurotransmitter activity.
CONCLUSION: The presence of moderate ammonia blood levels may add to the toxicity of excitotoxic glutamate in the brain, which causes alterations in brain function. Portal vein stricture that causes portal hypertension modifies the normal function in some brain regions.
Collapse
|
37
|
Balak N, Isiksacan N, Turkoglu R. Does serum osmolarity change as a result of the reflex neuroprotective mechanism of cerebral osmo-regulation after minor head trauma? J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2009; 45:151-6. [PMID: 19352476 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2009.45.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well known that changes in cerebral hemodynamics occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Osmo-regulation in the brain is important for maintaining a constant milieu in the central nervous system. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, early osmolarity changes after minor head injury have not been studied until now. METHODS In this study, serum osmolarity was measured in 99 patients with minor head trauma. As a control group, blood samples were drawn from 99 patients who had a minor trauma in an extremity. Serum osmolarity was estimated using a fully automatic biochemical autoanalyzer within the first 3 hours after the trauma. RESULTS The mean serum osmolarity levels were 286.08+/-10.17 mOsm/L in the study group and 290.94+/-5.65 mOsm/L in the control group (p<0.001). However, after age adjustment between the study and control groups, this statistical significance was found to be valid only for patients over 30 years of age. CONCLUSION It was noted that serum osmolarity levels decrease in the first 3 hours following minor head trauma in patients over 30 years of age. Further studies into this area could provide guidance for the management/treatment of elderly patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naci Balak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Srimaroeng C, Perry JL, Pritchard JB. Physiology, structure, and regulation of the cloned organic anion transporters. Xenobiotica 2008; 38:889-935. [PMID: 18668434 DOI: 10.1080/00498250801927435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. The transport of negatively charged drugs, xenobiotics, and metabolites by epithelial tissues, particularly the kidney, plays critical roles in controlling their distribution, concentration, and retention in the body. Thus, organic anion transporters (OATs) impact both their therapeutic efficacy and potential toxicity. 2. This review summarizes current knowledge of the properties and functional roles of the cloned OATs, the relationships between transporter structure and function, and those factors that determine the efficacy of transport. Such factors include plasma protein binding of substrates, genetic polymorphisms among the transporters, and regulation of transporter expression. 3. Clearly, much progress has been made in the decade since the first OAT was cloned. However, unresolved questions remain. Several of these issues--drug-drug interactions, functional characterization of newly cloned OATs, tissue differences in expression and function, and details of the nature and consequences of transporter regulation at genomic and intracellular sites--are discussed in the concluding Perspectives section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Srimaroeng
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Environmental Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kamiie J, Ohtsuki S, Iwase R, Ohmine K, Katsukura Y, Yanai K, Sekine Y, Uchida Y, Ito S, Terasaki T. Quantitative atlas of membrane transporter proteins: development and application of a highly sensitive simultaneous LC/MS/MS method combined with novel in-silico peptide selection criteria. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1469-83. [PMID: 18219561 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an absolute quantification method for membrane proteins, and to construct a quantitative atlas of membrane transporter proteins in the blood-brain barrier, liver and kidney of mouse. METHODS Mouse tissues were digested with trypsin, and mixed with stable isotope labeled-peptide as a quantitative standard. The amounts of transporter proteins were simultaneously determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS). RESULTS The target proteins were digested in-silico, and target peptides for analysis were chosen on the basis of the selection criteria. All of the peptides selected exhibited a detection limit of 10 fmol and linearity over at least two orders of magnitude in the calibration curve for LC/MS/MS analysis. The method was applied to obtain the expression levels of 34 transporters in liver, kidney and blood-brain barrier of mouse. The quantitative values of transporter proteins showed an excellent correlation with the values obtained with existing methods using antibodies or binding molecules. CONCLUSION A sensitive and simultaneous quantification method was developed for membrane proteins. By using this method, we constructed a quantitative atlas of membrane transporter proteins at the blood-brain barrier, liver and kidney in mouse. This technology is expected to have major implications for various fields of biomedical science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kamiie
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Roberts L, Black D, Raman C, Woodford K, Zhou M, Haggerty J, Yan A, Cwirla S, Grindstaff K. Subcellular localization of transporters along the rat blood–brain barrier and blood–cerebral-spinal fluid barrier by in vivo biotinylation. Neuroscience 2008; 155:423-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
41
|
Samuelsson M, Dahl ML, Gupta RC, Nordin C. Taurine in plasma and CSF: a study in healthy male volunteers. Amino Acids 2008; 36:529-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
42
|
Braissant O, Henry H. AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8 distribution in the central nervous system, in relation to creatine deficiency syndromes: a review. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31:230-9. [PMID: 18392746 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Creatine deficiency syndromes, either due to AGAT, GAMT or SLC6A8 deficiencies, lead to a complete absence, or a very strong decrease, of creatine within the brain, as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. While the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) expresses AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8, the lack of SLC6A8 in astrocytes around the blood-brain barrier limits the brain capacity to import creatine from the periphery, and suggests that the CNS has to rely mainly on endogenous creatine synthesis through AGAT and GAMT expression. This seems contradictory with SLC6A8 deficiency, which, despite AGAT and GAMT expression, also leads to creatine deficiency in the CNS. We present novel data showing that in cortical grey matter, AGAT and GAMT are expressed in a dissociated way: e.g. only a few cells co-express both genes. This suggests that to allow synthesis of creatine within the CNS, at least for a significant part of it, guanidinoacetate must be transported from AGAT- to GAMT-expressing cells, possibly through SLC6A8. This would explain the creatine deficiency observed in SLC6A8-deficient patients. By bringing together creatine deficiency syndromes, AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8 distribution in CNS, as well as a synthetic view on creatine and guanidinoacetate levels in the brain, this review presents a comprehensive framework, including new hypotheses, on brain creatine metabolism and transport, both in normal conditions and in case of creatine deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Braissant
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
TNF-antagonist etanercept induced reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. J Neurol 2008; 255:452-3. [PMID: 18283400 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0732-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
44
|
Kollmann MT, Locher M, Hirche F, Eder K, Meyer HHD, Bruckmaier RM. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on plasma tryptophan and related hormone levels in heifers and dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 34:14-24. [PMID: 17074461 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rumen-protected tryptophan (125 g tryptophan per day) in heifers and dairy cows. Blood samples from dairy cows and heifers were collected for 24h in 3-h intervals on the day before tryptophan supplementation, on day 2, 5 and 7 of tryptophan supplementation, and in heifers additionally on d 14 after tryptophan supplementation was ceased. Plasma tryptophan, melatonin, serotonin, and prolactin concentrations were determined. Tryptophan plasma concentrations on d 5 were augmented at day (11:00 h) and nighttime (02:00 h), (P<0.05) in response to tryptophan supplementation in heifers by 119% and in dairy cows by 47%, respectively, as compared with d 0. Melatonin increased (P<0.05) in response to tryptophan supplementation in heifers, but not in cows. The effect of tryptophan supplementation on plasma tryptophan and melatonin was reversible as demonstrated in heifers on d 14 after cessation of tryptophan supplementation. Serotonin and prolactin in plasma did not respond to tryptophan supplementation. However, milk yield during morning milking increased significantly in tryptophan supplemented cows on d 1, 3 and 4 as compared to the day before tryptophan supplementation. Additional blood samples were taken during afternoon milking in cows at 1-min intervals for the analyses of oxytocin and prolactin on the day before the start and on d 7 of tryptophan supplementation. Milk flow curves were recorded during milking. No effect of tryptophan supplementation on the milking related release of oxytocin and prolactin and on any characteristic of milk flow was observed. In conclusion, tryptophan supplementation caused increased plasma tryptophan in cows and heifers and plasma melatonin in heifers. However, plasma serotonin, prolactin and oxytocin release in cows remained unchanged by tryptophan supplementation. Milk yield at morning milking increased slightly and transiently in response to tryptophan supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Kollmann
- Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85350 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Eisert WG, Schlachetzki F. Vascular endothelium and the blood-brain barrier. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008; 92:197-214. [PMID: 18790276 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(08)01910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang G Eisert
- Center for Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research, University of Hanover, Hanover, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ohtsuki S, Ito S, Matsuda A, Hori S, Abe T, Terasaki T. Brain-to-blood elimination of 24S-hydroxycholesterol from rat brain is mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptide 2 (oatp2) at the blood–brain barrier. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1430-8. [PMID: 17868302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
24S-Hydroxycholesterol (24S-OH-chol), a major cerebral cholesterol metabolite, is an endogenous ligand for the liver X receptor and is a potential stimulant of cholesterol release from glial cells. The elimination mechanism of 24S-OH-chol from the brain is one of the key issues for understanding cerebral cholesterol homeostasis. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the molecular mechanism of the elimination process of 24S-OH-chol across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). After an intracerebral injection in rats, [(3)H]24S-OH-chol was eliminated from the brain and the radioactivity derived from [(3)H]24S-OH-chol was detected in the plasma, while [(3)H]cholesterol was not significantly eliminated from the brain. Co-administration of unlabeled 24S-OH-chol significantly inhibited the [(3)H]24S-OH-chol elimination, while no inhibitory effect was seen at the same concentration of cholesterol. The [(3)H]24S-OH-chol elimination was inhibited by co-administration of probenecid, but not by benzylpenicillin. Pre-administration of digoxin completely inhibited the elimination. Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat oatp2 exhibited significant transport of [(3)H]24S-OH-chol, and this was inhibited by unlabeled 24S-OH-chol and digoxin, indicating that rat oatp2 transports 24S-OH-chol. These results are the first direct demonstration that 24S-OH-chol undergoes elimination from the brain to blood across the BBB via a carrier-mediated process, which involves oatp2 expressed at the BBB in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Meyer
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nies AT. The role of membrane transporters in drug delivery to brain tumors. Cancer Lett 2007; 254:11-29. [PMID: 17275180 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Most brain tumors are highly resistant to chemotherapy because many chemotherapeutic drugs poorly cross the blood-brain barrier, the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier, and the plasma membrane of the tumor cells. This restricted drug delivery is largely due to the presence of integral plasma membrane proteins belonging to the solute carriers (SLCs) and to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters that decisively determine substance uptake and efflux, respectively, by the barrier-forming cells and the tumor cells. This review focuses on the localization and function of drug-transporting members of both transporter groups in human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne T Nies
- Division of Tumor Biochemistry, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Smith M, Omidi Y, Gumbleton M. Primary porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells: biochemical and functional characterisation as a model for drug transport and targeting. J Drug Target 2007; 15:253-68. [PMID: 17487694 DOI: 10.1080/10611860701288539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a significant obstacle to the delivery of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system (CNS). Primary cell cultures of brain capillary endothelial cells represent the closest possible phenotype to the in vivo BBB cell providing a convenient model for the study of transport systems and events that mediate solute delivery to the CNS. In this investigation we have characterized an in vitro primary BBB model from porcine brain microvascular endothelial capillary (PBMVEC) cells after recovery from cryopreservation of upto 12 months and studied their modulation by astrocytes. Co-cultures of PBMVECs with astrocytes (C6 astroglioma) resulted in trans-endothelial electrical resistance of up to approximately 900Omega cm2 and marked discrimination between the para- and trans- cellular markers sucrose and propranolol. Micrographs of confluent monolayers of PBMVECs showed the presence of tight junction complexes and vesicles with the morphological characteristics of either caveolae or clathrin coated pits. Extensive RT-PCR evaluation highlighted the expression of tight junction transcripts, ABC transporters, leptin receptor and select nutrient transporters. Functional studies examined the kinetics of transport of glucose, large neutral amino acids and p-glycoprotein (P-gp). Our findings indicate primary PBMVECs retain many barrier characteristics and transport pathways of the in vivo BBB. Further, primary cells can be stored as frozen stocks which can be thawed and cultured without phenotypic drift many months after isolation. Frozen PBMVECs therefore serve as a robust and convenient in vitro cell culture tool for research programs involving CNS drug delivery and targeting and in studies addressing blood-brain barrier transport mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Smith
- Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tachikawa M, Hosoya KI, Ohtsuki S, Terasaki T. A novel relationship between creatine transport at the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers, creatine biosynthesis, and its use for brain and retinal energy homeostasis. Subcell Biochem 2007; 46:83-98. [PMID: 18652073 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6486-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is increasing that the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle system plays an essential role in energy homeostasis in the brain and retina to ensure proper development and function. Thus, our understanding of the mechanism of creatine supply and creatine usage in the brain and retina and of creatine supplementation in patients with creatine deficiency syndromes is an important step towards improved therapeutic strategies for brain and retinal disorders. Our recent research provides novel molecular-anatomical evidence that (i) at the blood-brain barrier and the inner blood-retinal barrier, the creatine transporter (CRT/SLC6AS) functions as a major pathway for supplying creatine to the brain and retina, and that (ii) local creatine is preferentially synthesized in the glial cells, e.g., oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and Müller cells, in the brain and retina. Thus, the blood-brain barrier and inner blood-retinal barrier play important roles not only in supplying energy sources (glucose and lactate), but also in supplying an energy 'buffer' (creatine). These findings lead to the novel insight that the creatine/phosphocreatine shuttle system is based on an intricate relationship between the blood-brain barrier, inner blood-retinal barrier, glia, and neurons (photoreceptor cells) to maintain and ensure energy homeostasis in the brain and retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|