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Connick JP, Reed JR, Cawley GF, Saha A, Backes WL. Functional characterization of CYP1 enzymes: Complex formation, membrane localization and function. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112325. [PMID: 37479567 PMCID: PMC10529082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 have a high degree of sequence similarity, similar substrate selectivities and induction characteristics. However, experiments suggest that there are significant differences in their quaternary structures and function. The goal of this study was to characterize the CYP1 proteins regarding their ability to form protein-protein complexes, lipid microdomain localization, and ultimately function. This was accomplished by examining (1) substrate metabolism of the CYP1s as a function of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) concentration, and (2) quaternary structure, using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Both CYP1As were able to form BRET-detectable homomeric complexes, which was not observed with CYP1B1. When activities were measured as a function of [POR], CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 showed a hyperbolic response, consistent with mass-action binding; however, CYP1A2 produced a sigmoidal response, suggesting that the homomeric complex affected its function. Differences were observed in their ability to form heteromeric complexes. Whereas CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 formed a complex, neither the CYP1A1/CYP1A2 nor the CYP1B1/CYP1A2 pair formed BRET-detectable complexes. These proteins also differed in their lipid microdomain localization, with CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 residing in ordered membranes, and CYP1A1 in the disordered lipid regions. Taken together, despite their sequence similarities, there are substantial differences in quaternary structures and microdomain localization that can influence enzymatic activities. As these proteins exist in the endoplasmic reticulum with other ER-resident proteins, the P450s need to be considered as part of multi-enzyme systems rather than simply monomeric proteins interacting with their redox partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patrick Connick
- Department of Pharmacology and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - James R Reed
- Department of Pharmacology and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - George F Cawley
- Department of Pharmacology and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Aratrika Saha
- Department of Pharmacology and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Wayne L Backes
- Department of Pharmacology and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center -, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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2
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Reed JR, Guidry JJ, Eyer M, Backes WL. The Influence of Lipid Microdomain Heterogeneity on Protein-Protein Interactions: Proteomic Analysis of Co-Immunoprecipitated Binding Partners of P450 1A2 and P450 3A in Rat Liver Microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1196-1206. [PMID: 37349115 PMCID: PMC10449098 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cytochrome P450s (CYPs) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are involved in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous chemicals. The ER is not uniform, but possesses ordered lipid microdomains containing higher levels of saturated fatty acids, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol and disordered regions containing higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid chains. The various forms of drug-metabolizing P450s partition to either the ordered or disordered lipid microdomains with different degrees of specificity. P450s readily form complexes with ER-resident proteins, including other forms of P450. This study aims to ascertain whether lipid microdomain localization influences protein-P450 interactions in rat liver microsomes. Thus, liver microsomes were co-immunoprecipitated with CYP1A2-specific and CYP3A-specific antibodies, and the co-immunoprecipitating proteins were identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry proteomic analysis. These two P450s preferentially partition to ordered and disordered microdomains, respectively. More than 100 proteins were co-immunoprecipitated with each P450. Segregation of proteins into different microdomains did not preclude their interaction. However, CYP3A interacted broadly with proteins from ordered microdomains, whereas CYP1A2 reacted with a limited subset of these proteins. This is consistent with the concept of lipid raft heterogeneity and may indicate that CYP1A2 is targeted to a specific type of lipid raft. Although many of the interacting proteins for both P450s were other-drug metabolizing enzymes, other interactions were also evident. The consistent CYP3A binding partners were predominantly involved in phase I/II drug metabolism; however, CYP1A2 interacted not only with xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, but also with enzymes involved in diverse cellular responses such as ER stress and protein folding. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work describes the protein interactomes in rat liver microsomes of two important cytochromes P450s (CYP1A2 and CYP3A) in drug metabolism and describes the relationship of the interacting proteins to lipid microdomain distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Reed
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jessie J Guidry
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Marilyn Eyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Wayne L Backes
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and The Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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3
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Sharma SS, Sharma S, Zhao J, Bureik M. Mutual Influence of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases on Their Respective Activities in Recombinant Fission Yeast. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020281. [PMID: 36830817 PMCID: PMC9953201 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are the most important human drug metabolizing enzymes, but their mutual interactions are poorly understood. In this study, we recombinantly co-expressed of each one of the 19 human members of the UGT families 1 and 2 with either CYP2C9, CYP2D6, or CYP4Z1 in fission yeast. Using these strains, we monitored a total of 72 interactions: 57 cases where we tested the influence of UGT co-expression on CYP activity and 15 cases of the opposite approach. In the majority of cases (88%), UGT co-expression had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect on P450 activity (58% positive and 30% negative). Strong changes were observed in nine cases, including one case with an activity increase by a factor of 23 (CYP2C9 activity in the presence of UGT2A3) but also four cases with a complete loss of activity. When monitoring the effect of CYP co-expression on the activity of five UGTs, activity changes were generally not so pronounced and, if observed, always detrimental. UGT2B7 activity was not influenced by CYP co-expression, while the other UGTs were affected to varying degrees. These data suggest the notion that mutual influence of CYPs and UGTs on each other's activity is a widespread phenomenon.
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Miyauchi Y. Protein-Protein Interactions as Underlying Regulatory Mechanisms of Drug-metabolizing Enzyme Function. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:1169-1175. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Miyauchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
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5
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Song T, Zhang X, Ding M, Rodriguez-Paton A, Wang S, Wang G. DeepFusion: A Deep Learning Based Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Method for Predicting Drug-Target Interactions. Methods 2022; 204:269-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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6
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Nakamura S, Yamashita R, Miyauchi Y, Tanaka Y, Ishii Y. Adenine-related compounds modulate UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity in mouse liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1247-1254. [PMID: 34727004 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.2001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenine-related compounds are allosteric inhibitors of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) in rat liver microsomes (RLM) and human UGT isoforms treated with detergent or pore-forming peptide, alamethicin.To clarify whether the same is true beyond species, the effects of adenine-related compounds on 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation were examined using detergent-treated mouse liver microsomes (MLM).Brij-58 treatment of MLM increased the Vmax and the Michaelis constant, Km, of 4-MU. This study was performed using Brij-58-treated MLM as an enzyme source. ATP- and ADP-inhibited 4-MU glucuronidation. In contrast, AMP caused a 1.5-fold increase in glucuronidation. Oxidised forms, NAD+ and NADP+, potently inhibited 4-MU glucuronidation, whereas the reduced forms, NADH and NADPH, did not. Furthermore, the IC50 values of ATP, ADP, NAD+, and NADP+ were approximately 15 μM.In our previous study, ATP was the strongest inhibitor of UGT activity in RLM. However, in this study, the above-mentioned compounds inhibited 4-MU UGT in a comparable and non-competitive manner. Furthermore, AMP antagonised the inhibitory effects of ATP and ADP.These results suggest that ATP, ADP, NAD+, and NADP+ are common endogenous inhibitors of UGT beyond species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yamashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuu Miyauchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Miyauchi Y, Takechi S, Ishii Y. Functional Interaction between Cytochrome P450 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase on the Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane: One of Post-translational Factors Which Possibly Contributes to Their Inter-Individual Differences. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1635-1644. [PMID: 34719641 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) catalyze oxidation and glucuronidation in drug metabolism, respectively. It is believed that P450 and UGT work separately because they perform distinct reactions and exhibit opposite membrane topologies on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, given that some chemicals are sequentially metabolized by P450 and UGT, it is reasonable to consider that the enzymes may interact and work cooperatively. Previous research by our team detected protein-protein interactions between P450 and UGT by analyzing solubilized rat liver microsomes with P450-immobilized affinity column chromatography. Although P450 and UGT have been known to form homo- and hetero-oligomers, this is the first report indicating a P450-UGT association. Based on our previous study, we focused on the P450-UGT interaction and reported lines of evidence that the P450-UGT association is a functional protein-protein interaction that can alter the enzymatic capabilities, including enhancement or suppression of the activities of P450 and UGT, helping UGT to acquire novel regioselectivity, and inhibiting substrate binding to P450. Biochemical and molecular bioscientific approaches suggested that P450 and UGT interact with each other at their internal hydrophobic domains in the ER membrane. Furthermore, several in vivo studies have reported the presence of a functional P450-UGT association under physiological conditions. The P450-UGT interaction is expected to function as a novel post-translational factor for inter-individual differences in the drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Miyauchi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University.,Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Shinji Takechi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Division of Pharmaceutical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University.,Laboratory of Molecular Life Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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8
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Zhou J, Argikar UA, Miners JO. Enzyme Kinetics of Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:301-338. [PMID: 34272700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), is an important process for the metabolism and clearance of many lipophilic chemicals, including drugs, environmental chemicals, and endogenous compounds. Glucuronidation is a bisubstrate reaction that requires the aglycone and the cofactor, UDP-GlcUA. Accumulating evidence suggests that the bisubstrate reaction follows a compulsory-order ternary mechanism. To simplify the kinetic modeling of glucuronidation reactions in vitro, UDP-GlcUA is usually added to incubations in large excess. Many factors have been shown to influence UGT activity and kinetics in vitro, and these must be accounted for during experimental design and data interpretation. While the assessment of drug-drug interactions resulting from UGT inhibition has been challenging in the past, the increasing availability of UGT enzyme-selective substrate and inhibitor "probes" provides the prospect for more reliable reaction phenotyping and assessment of drug-drug interaction potential. Although extrapolation of the in vitro intrinsic clearance of a glucuronidated drug often underpredicts in vivo clearance, careful selection of in vitro experimental conditions and inclusion of extrahepatic glucuronidation may improve the predictivity of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has also shown to be of value for predicting PK of drugs eliminated by glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA.
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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9
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Connors NJ, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Motov S, Kim HK. Relative addictive potential of opioid analgesic agents. Pain Manag 2020; 11:201-215. [PMID: 33300384 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid overdoses and deaths continue to be a problem in the USA with a significant portion related to prescribed opioid analgesic agents. The role of pharmacogentic factors in opioid addiction is an active area of research. While all opioid analgesic agents have some addictive potential, it is clear that there are some with greater addictive potential. Oxycodone is the most widely abused opioid analgesic and it appears to predispose to chronic use with high likability by users. Fentanyl and hydromorphone are both very lipophilic allowing rapid penetration into the CNS, but are not rated as highly as other agents. Providers should consider the risk of addiction with the opioids they prescribe and give those with a lower addictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Connors
- HCA Healthcare, Trident Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29406, USA.,Palmetto Poison Center, Columbia, SC 29201, USA
| | - Maryann Mazer-Amirshahi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Sergey Motov
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11219, USA
| | - Hong K Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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10
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Phelps T, Snyder E, Rodriguez E, Child H, Harvey P. The influence of biological sex and sex hormones on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 31775872 PMCID: PMC6880483 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and elevated serum lipids are associated with a threefold increase in the risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition that underlies stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Strategies that aim to reduce serum cholesterol through modulation of liver enzymes have been successful in decreasing the risk of developing atherosclerosis and reducing mortality. Statins, which inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver, are considered among the most successful compounds developed for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, recent debate surrounding their effectiveness and safety prompts consideration of alternative cholesterol-lowering therapies, including increasing cholesterol catabolism through bile acid (BA) synthesis. Targeting the enzymes that convert cholesterol to BAs represents a promising alternative to other cholesterol-lowering approaches that treat atherosclerosis as well as fatty liver diseases and diabetes mellitus. Compounds that modify the activity of these pathways have been developed; however, there remains a lack of consideration of biological sex. This is necessary in light of strong evidence for sexual dimorphisms not only in the incidence and progression of the diseases they influence but also in the expression and activity of the proteins affected and in the manner in which men and women respond to drugs that modify lipid handling in the liver. A thorough understanding of the enzymes involved in cholesterol catabolism and modulation by biological sex is necessary to maximize their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Phelps
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Erin Snyder
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Erin Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hailey Child
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Pamela Harvey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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11
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Hu DG, Hulin JUA, Nair PC, Haines AZ, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI, Meech R. The UGTome: The expanding diversity of UDP glycosyltransferases and its impact on small molecule metabolism. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 204:107414. [PMID: 31647974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The UDP glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily of enzymes is responsible for the metabolism and clearance of thousands of lipophilic chemicals including drugs, toxins and endogenous signaling molecules. They provide a protective interface between the organism and its chemical-rich environment, as well as controlling critical signaling pathways to maintain healthy tissue function. UGTs are associated with drug responses and interactions, as well as a wide range of diseases including cancer. The human genome contains 22 UGT genes; however as befitting their exceptionally diverse substrate ranges and biological activities, the output of these UGT genes is functionally diversified by multiple processes including alternative splicing, post-translational modification, homo- and hetero-oligomerization, and interactions with other proteins. All UGT genes are subject to extensive alternative splicing generating variant/truncated UGT proteins with altered functions including the capacity to dominantly modulate/inhibit cognate full-length forms. Heterotypic oligomerization of different UGTs can alter kinetic properties relative to monotypic complexes, and potentially produce novel substrate specificities. Moreover, the recently profiled interactions of UGTs with non-UGT proteins may facilitate coordination between different metabolic processes, as well as providing opportunities for UGTs to engage in novel 'moonlighting' functions. Herein we provide a detailed and comprehensive review of all known modes of UGT functional diversification and propose a UGTome model to describe the resulting expansion of metabolic capacity and its potential to modulate drug/xenobiotic responses and cell behaviours in normal and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Ulie-Ann Hulin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pramod C Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Z Haines
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter I Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Cancer Centre, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
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12
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Rouleau M, Audet-Delage Y, Desjardins S, Rouleau M, Girard-Bock C, Guillemette C. Endogenous Protein Interactome of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases Exposed by Untargeted Proteomics. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:23. [PMID: 28217095 PMCID: PMC5290407 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The conjugative metabolism mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (UGTs) significantly influences the bioavailability and biological responses of endogenous molecule substrates and xenobiotics including drugs. UGTs participate in the regulation of cellular homeostasis by limiting stress induced by toxic molecules, and by controlling hormonal signaling networks. Glucuronidation is highly regulated at genomic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. However, the UGT protein interaction network, which is likely to influence glucuronidation, has received little attention. We investigated the endogenous protein interactome of human UGT1A enzymes in main drug metabolizing non-malignant tissues where UGT expression is most prevalent, using an unbiased proteomics approach. Mass spectrometry analysis of affinity-purified UGT1A enzymes and associated protein complexes in liver, kidney and intestine tissues revealed an intricate interactome linking UGT1A enzymes to multiple metabolic pathways. Several proteins of pharmacological importance such as transferases (including UGT2 enzymes), transporters and dehydrogenases were identified, upholding a potential coordinated cellular response to small lipophilic molecules and drugs. Furthermore, a significant cluster of functionally related enzymes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, as well as in the glycolysis and glycogenolysis pathways were enriched in UGT1A enzymes complexes. Several partnerships were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitations and co-localization by confocal microscopy. An enhanced accumulation of lipid droplets in a kidney cell model overexpressing the UGT1A9 enzyme supported the presence of a functional interplay. Our work provides unprecedented evidence for a functional interaction between glucuronidation and bioenergetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Rouleau
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yannick Audet-Delage
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Desjardins
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Rouleau
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Girard-Bock
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Pharmacogenomics Laboratory, Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University Québec, QC, Canada
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13
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Ochiai W, Kaneta M, Nagae M, yuzuhara A, Li X, Suzuki H, Hanagata M, Kitaoka S, Suto W, Kusunoki Y, Kon R, Miyashita K, Masukawa D, Ikarashi N, Narita M, Suzuki T, Sugiyama K. Mice with neuropathic pain exhibit morphine tolerance due to a decrease in the morphine concentration in the brain. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:298-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Liu M, Chen S, Yueh MF, Wang G, Hao H, Tukey RH. Reduction of p53 by knockdown of the UGT1 locus in colon epithelial cells causes an increase in tumorigenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 2:63-76.e5. [PMID: 26807433 PMCID: PMC4721636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are part of the cells machinery that protects the tissues from a toxicant insult by environmental and host cell metabolites. We have investigated the mechanism behind tumor growth and UGT repression. METHODS We initially silenced the Ugt1 locus in human colon cell lines and investigated markers and responses linked to p53 activation. To examine the role of the Ugt1 locus in p53-directed apoptosis and tumorigenesis, experiments were conducted to induce acute colon inflammation and chemical induced colon cancer in mice where we have selectively deleted the Ugt1 locus in the intestinal epithelial cells (Ugt1ΔIEC mice). RESULTS Knockdown of the UGT1A proteins by RNAi in human colon cancer cells and knockout of the Ugt1 locus in intestinal crypt stem cells reduces phosphorylated p53 activation and compromises the ability of p53 to control apoptosis. Targeted deletion of intestinal Ugt1 expression in Ugt1ΔIEC mice represses colon inflammation-induced p53 production and pro-apoptotic protein activation. When we induced colon cancer, the size and number of the tumors were significantly greater in the Ugt1ΔIEC mice when compared to wild type mice. Furthermore, analysis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related markers indicated that lack of UGT1A expression causes higher ER stress in intestinal epithelial cells and tissue, which may account for the lower expression of p53. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that UGT1A expression is required to maintain and sustain p53 activation in stress-induced colon epithelial cells and has a significant impact on p53-mediated apoptosis and tumor suppression, thus protecting the colon tissue from neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mei-Fei Yueh
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China,Haiping Hao, PhD, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing 21009, China.China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24Nanjing 21009China
| | - Robert H. Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Robert H. Tukey, PhD, University of California–San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Leichtag Biomedical Research Building, Room 211, La Jolla, California 92093-0722.University of California–San Diego9500 Gilman DriveLeichtag Biomedical Research BuildingRoom 211La JollaCalifornia 92093-0722
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Ochiai W, Sugiyama K. [Altered expression of transporter and analgesic of morphine in neuropathic pain mice]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:703-8. [PMID: 25948305 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is known that morphine is less effective for patients with neuropathic pain, accounting for approximately 70% of cancer patients with severe pain. One of the causes of the decline is reported as a decreased function of the μ-opioid receptor, which binds to the active metabolites of morphine in the mesencephalic ventral tegmental area. However, the details of this mechanism are not understood. We hypothesized that a decrease in the concentration of morphine in the brain reduces its analgesic effect on neuropathic pain, and found that the analgesic effect of morphine was correlated with its concentration in the brain. We examined the reason for the decreased concentration of morphine in the brain in case of neuropathic pain. We discovered increased P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in the small intestine, increased expression and activity of UGT2B in the liver, and increased P-gp expression in the brain under conditions of neuropathic pain. In this symposium, we argue that low brain morphine concentration is considered one of the causes of lower sensitivity to morphine in neuropathic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ochiai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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16
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Abstract
Glucuronidation, catalyzed by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), is an important process for the metabolism and clearance of many lipophilic chemicals, including drugs, environmental chemicals, and endogenous compounds. Glucuronidation is a bi-substrate reaction that requires the aglycone and a cofactor, UDPGA. Accumulating evidence suggests that the bi-substrate reaction follows a compulsory-order ternary mechanism. To simplify the kinetic modelling of glucuronidation reactions in vitro, UDPGA is usually added to incubations in large excess. Many factors have been shown to influence UGT activity and kinetics in vitro, and these must be accounted for in experimental design and data interpretation. Assessing drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving UGT inhibition remains challenging. However, the increasing availability of UGT enzyme-specific substrate and inhibitor "probes" provides the prospect for more reliable reaction phenotyping and assessment of DDI potential. Although extrapolation of the in vitro intrinsic clearance of a glucuronidated drug often under-predicts in vivo clearance, careful selection of in vitro experimental conditions and inclusion of extrahepatic glucuronidation may improve the predictivity of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE).
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Ménard V, Collin P, Margaillan G, Guillemette C. Modulation of the UGT2B7 Enzyme Activity by C-Terminally Truncated Proteins Derived from Alternative Splicing. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2197-205. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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18
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Takeda S, Hirayama A, Urata S, Mano N, Fukagawa K, Imamura M, Irii A, Kitajima S, Masuyama T, Nomiyama M, Tatei S, Tomita S, Kudo T, Noguchi M, Yamaguchi Y, Okamoto Y, Amamoto T, Fukunishi Y, Watanabe K, Omiecinski CJ, Aramaki H. Cannabidiol-2',6'-dimethyl ether as an effective protector of 15-lipoxygenase-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:1252-1256. [PMID: 21804214 PMCID: PMC4012644 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) is one of the key enzymes responsible for the formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), a major causal factor for atherosclerosis. Both enzymatic (15-LOX) and non-enzymatic (Cu(2+)) mechanisms have been proposed for the production of ox-LDL. We have recently reported that cannabidiol-2',6'-dimethyl ether (CBDD) is a selective and potent inhibitor of 15-LOX-catalyzed linoleic acid oxygenation (Takeda et al., Drug Metab. Dispos., 37, 1733-1737 (2009)). In the LDL, linoleic acid is present as cholesteryl linoleate, the major fatty acid esterified to cholesterol, and is susceptible to oxidative modification by 15-LOX or Cu(2+). In this investigation, we examined the efficacy of CBDD on i) 15-LOX-catalyzed oxygenation of cholesteryl linoleate, and ii) ox-LDL formation catalyzed by 15-LOX versus Cu(2+)-mediated non-enzymatic generation of this important mediator. The results obtained demonstrate that CBDD is a potent and selective inhibitor of ox-LDL formation generated by the 15-LOX pathway. These studies establish CBDD as both an important experimental tool for characterizing 15-LOX-mediated ox-LDL formation, and as a potentially useful therapeutic agent for treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuso Takeda
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Akari Hirayama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Shino Urata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Keiko Fukagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Midori Imamura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Ayumi Irii
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Satomi Kitajima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoko Masuyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Mai Nomiyama
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tatei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Saari Tomita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Taichi Kudo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Momoko Noguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Amamoto
- NEUES Corporation; Yaesu Center Building 3F, 1-6-6 Yaesu, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0028, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Fukunishi
- Biomedicinal Information Research Center (BIRC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Watanabe
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University; Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Curtis John Omiecinski
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis; 101 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Hironori Aramaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy; 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
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Essandoh S, Sakae M, Miller J, Glare PA. A cautionary tale from critical care: resolution of myoclonus after fentanyl rotation to hydromorphone. J Pain Symptom Manage 2010; 40:e4-6. [PMID: 20932710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Takeda S, Jiang R, Aramaki H, Imoto M, Toda A, Eyanagi R, Amamoto T, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its major metabolite Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid as 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:1206-11. [PMID: 20891010 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase (15-LOX) is one of the key enzymes responsible for the formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, a major causal factor for atherosclerosis. Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC), a major component of marijuana, has suggested to suppress atherosclerosis. Although Δ(9)-THC seems to be attractive for the prevention of atherosclerosis, there is no information about whether or not 15-LOX isoform can be inhibited by Δ(9)-THC. In the present study, Δ(9)-THC was found to be a direct inhibitor for 15-LOX with an IC(50) (50% inhibition concentration) value of 2.42 μM. Furthermore, Δ(9)-THC-11-oic acid, a major and nonpsychoactive metabolite of Δ(9) -THC, but not another Δ(9)-THC metabolite 11-OH-Δ(9)-THC (psychoactive), was revealed to inhibit 15-LOX. Taken together, it is suggested that Δ(9) -THC can abrogate atherosclerosis via direct inhibition of 15-LOX, and that Δ(9)-THC-11-oic acid is shown to be an "active metabolite" of Δ(9) -THC in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuso Takeda
- Department of Molecular Biology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
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Ishii Y, Nurrochmad A, Yamada H. Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity by endogenous compounds. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:134-48. [PMID: 20460819 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.25.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is one of the major pathways of metabolism of endo- and xenobiotics. UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-catalyzed glucuronidation accounts for up to 35% of phase II reactions. The expression and function of UGT is modulated by gene regulation, post-translational modifications and protein-protein association. Many studies have focused on drug-drug interactions involving UGT, and there are a number of reports describing the inhibition of UGT by xenobiotics. However, studies about the role of endogenous compounds as an inhibitor or activator of UGT are limited, and it is important to understand any change in the function and regulation of UGT by endogenous compounds. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that fatty acyl-CoAs are endogenous activators of UGT, although fatty acyl-CoAs had been considered as inhibitors of UGT. Further, we have also suggested that adenine and related compounds are endogenous allosteric inhibitors of UGT. In this review, we summarize the endogenous modulators of UGT and discuss their relevance to UGT function.
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22
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Ishii Y, Takeda S, Yamada H. Modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity by protein-protein association. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:145-58. [PMID: 19817679 DOI: 10.3109/03602530903208579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug oxidation and conjugation mediated by cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) have long been considered to take place separately. However, our recent studies have suggested that CYP3A4 specifically associates with UGT2B7 and alters the regioselectivity of morphine glucuronidation. This observation strongly supports the view that there is functional cooperation between P450 and UGT to facilitate multistep drug metabolism. In recent years, accumulating evidence has suggested an interaction between UGT isoforms or between P450 and UGTs and a change in UGT function by protein-protein association. In this review, we summarize these interactions and discuss their relevance to UGT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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23
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Cai H, Nguyen N, Peterkin V, Yang YS, Hotz K, La Placa DB, Chen S, Tukey RH, Stevens JC. A humanized UGT1 mouse model expressing the UGT1A1*28 allele for assessing drug clearance by UGT1A1-dependent glucuronidation. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:879-86. [PMID: 20124398 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice that express the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1 locus have been developed in a Ugt1-null background as a model to improve predictions of human UGT1A-dependent drug clearance. Enzyme kinetic parameters (K(m) and V(max)) and pharmacokinetic properties of three probe drugs were compared using wild-type and humanized UGT1 mice that express the Gilbert's UGT1A1*28 allele [Tg(UGT1(A1*28)) Ugt1(-/-) mice]. The well characterized substrate for UGT1A1, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38), showed the greatest difference in parent drug exposure ( approximately 3-fold increase) and clearance ( approximately 3-fold decrease) in Tg(UGT1(A1*28)) Ugt1(-/-) mice after intravenous administration compared with wild-type and phenobarbital-treated animals. In contrast, the clearance of the UGT2B7 substrate (-)-17-allyl-4, 5alpha-epoxy-3, 14-dihydroxymorphinan-6-one (naloxone) was not altered in Tg(UGT1(A1*28)) Ugt1(-/-) mice. In addition, pharmacokinetic parameters with 1-(4-fluorophenyl)3(R)-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-3(S)-hydroxypropyl]-4(S)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-azetidinone (ezetimibe, Zetia; Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ), considered to be a major substrate for UGT1A1, showed small to no dependence on UGT1A1-directed glucuronidation. Enzyme kinetic parameters assessed for SN-38, ezetimibe, and naloxone using liver microsomes prepared from wild-type and Tg(UGT1(A1*28)) Ugt1(-/-) mice showed patterns consistent with the in vivo pharmacokinetic data. For SN-38 glucuronidation, V(max) decreased 5-fold in Tg(UGT1(A1*28)) Ugt1(-/-) mouse liver microsomes compared with microsomes prepared from wild-type mice, and decreased 10-fold compared with phenobarbital-treated Tg(UGT1(A1*28)) Ugt1(-/-) mice. These differences are consistent with SN-38 glucuronidation activities using HLMs isolated from individuals genotyped as UGT1A1*1 or UGT1A1*28. For ezetimibe and naloxone the differences in V(max) were minimal. Thus, Tg(UGT1(A1*28)) Ugt1(-/-) mice can serve as a pharmacokinetic model to further investigate the effects of UGT1A1 expression on drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Cai
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, St. Louis Laboratories, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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Braun F, Schöcklmann H, Ziegler E, Kunzendorf U, Armstrong VW, Renders L. Increased Mycophenolic Acid Exposure in Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients on Tacrolimus as Compared With Those on Sirolimus: Implications for Pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86:411-5. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Clinicians understand that individual patients differ in their response to specific opioid analgesics and that patients may require trials of several opioids before finding an agent that provides effective analgesia with acceptable tolerability. Reasons for this variability include factors that are not clearly understood, such as allelic variants that dictate the complement of opioid receptors and subtle differences in the receptor-binding profiles of opioids. However, altered opioid metabolism may also influence response in terms of efficacy and tolerability, and several factors contributing to this metabolic variability have been identified. For example, the risk of drug interactions with an opioid is determined largely by which enzyme systems metabolize the opioid. The rate and pathways of opioid metabolism may also be influenced by genetic factors, race, and medical conditions (most notably liver or kidney disease). This review describes the basics of opioid metabolism as well as the factors influencing it and provides recommendations for addressing metabolic issues that may compromise effective pain management. Articles cited in this review were identified via a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed. Articles selected for inclusion discussed general physiologic aspects of opioid metabolism, metabolic characteristics of specific opioids, patient-specific factors influencing drug metabolism, drug interactions, and adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Takeda S, Usami N, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Cannabidiol-2′,6′-Dimethyl Ether, a Cannabidiol Derivative, Is a Highly Potent and Selective 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1733-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.026930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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28
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Takeda S, Ishii Y, Iwanaga M, Nurrochmad A, Ito Y, Mackenzie PI, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y, Oguri K, Yamada H. Interaction of cytochrome P450 3A4 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7: evidence for protein-protein association and possible involvement of CYP3A4 J-helix in the interaction. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:956-64. [PMID: 19158361 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.052001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported that the protein-protein interaction between UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) alters UGT2B7 function. However, the domain(s) involved in the interaction are largely unknown. To address this issue, we examined in more detail the CYP3A4-UGT2B7 association by means of immunoprecipitation, overlay assay, and cross-linking involving 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide. Purified CYP3A4 or glutathione transferase (GST)-tagged CYP3A4 was cross-linked to UGT2B7 in solubilized baculosomes. The formation of the cross-linked complex was detected by immunoblotting using both antibodies against CYP3A4 and UGTs. Although the GST-tagged CYP3A4 containing the region ranging from Tyr25 to Ala503 was cross-linked to UGT2B7, the same did not occur when another construct containing Met145 to His267 was used. This observation was consistent with the result of the overlay assay indicating that CYP3A4 lacking the N-terminal hydrophobic segment retains the ability to associate with UGT2B7, whereas the Met145-to-His267 region loses this capacity. Although the Met145-to-His267 peptide was recognized by one anti-CYP3A4 antibody that has the ability to coimmunoprecipitate UGT2B7, it was not recognized by another antibody incapable of coimmunoprecipitating UGT2B7. The epitope of the latter antibody was mapped to the Leu331-to-Lys342 region, which is located on the J-helix of CYP3A4. Taken together, the results obtained suggest that 1) CYP3A4 and UGT2B7 are a pair of enzymes in proximity to each other and 2) either the Leu331-to-Lys342 domain or the surrounding region plays a role in the interaction with UGT2B7, whereas the hydrophobic Met145-to-His267 region does not contribute to this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuso Takeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Takeda S, Yamaori S, Motoya E, Matsunaga T, Kimura T, Yamamoto I, Watanabe K. Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol enhances MCF-7 cell proliferation via cannabinoid receptor-independent signaling. Toxicology 2007; 245:141-6. [PMID: 18249480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) has the ability to stimulate the proliferation of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. However, the mechanism of action remains to be clarified. The present study focused on the relationship between receptor expression and the effects of Delta(9)-THC on cell proliferation. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that there was no detectable expression of CB receptors in MCF-7 cells. In accordance with this, no effects of cannabinoid 1/2 (CB1/2) receptor antagonists and pertussis toxin on cell proliferation were observed. Although MCF-7 cell proliferation is suggested to be suppressed by Delta(9)-THC in the presence of CB receptors, it was revealed that Delta(9)-THC could exert upregulation of living cells in the absence of the receptors. Interestingly, Delta(9)-THC upregulated human epithelial growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) expression, which is known to be a predictive factor of human breast cancer and is able to stimulate cancer cells as well as MCF-7 cells. Actinomycin D-treatment interfered with the upregulation of HER2 and cell proliferation by cannabinoid. Taken together, these studies suggest that, in the absence of CB receptors, Delta(9)-THC can stimulate the proliferation of MCF-7 cells by modulating, at least in part, HER2 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuso Takeda
- Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
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Ishii Y, Iwanaga M, Nishimura Y, Takeda S, Ikushiro SI, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y, Mackenzie PI, Yamada H. Protein-protein interactions between rat hepatic cytochromes P450 (P450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): evidence for the functionally active UGT in P450-UGT complex. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 22:367-76. [PMID: 17965520 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.22.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between cytochrome P450s (CYP, P450) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) was studied by co-immunoprecipitation. P450 isoform-selective antibody was used as a probe to co-precipitate UGTs with the P450s from solubilized rat liver microsomes. Antibodies toward CYP3A2, CYP2B2, CYP2C11/13 and CYP1A2 co-precipitated UGTs with corresponding P450s. However, calnexin, a type-I membrane protein, in the endoplasmic reticulum was not co-precipitated by anti-P450 antibodies. UGT activity toward 4-methylumbelliferone was detected in all co-precipitates, suggesting that UGT in the complex with P450s is functionally active. Repeated washing of co-immunoprecipitates revealed differences among P450 isoforms with regard to the affinity for UGT. Larger amounts of UGT1A1 and UGT1A6, compared with UGT2B1, were washed out from UGTs-CYP2C11/13 co-precipitates, whereas UGT-CYP3A2 and UGT-CYP2Bs complexes were resistant to thorough washing. Thus, CYP2C11/13 could associate with UGTs, but the affinity is assumed to be weaker than that of CYP2B/3As. These results suggest that there is isoform specificity in the interaction between P450s and UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nishimura Y, Maeda S, Ikushiro SI, Mackenzie PI, Ishii Y, Yamada H. Inhibitory effects of adenine nucleotides and related substances on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase: structure-effect relationships and evidence for an allosteric mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:1557-66. [PMID: 17764847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of nucleotides and related substances on rat hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were studied. ATP and NADP+ markedly reduced 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) UGT activity only when detergent-treated rat liver microsomes were used as the enzyme source. The IC50 values of adenine, ATP, NAD+ and NADP+ were estimated to be below 20 microM, whereas AMP had no inhibitory effect. From the kinetic behavior observed, these adenine-related compounds were assumed to inhibit UGT activity non-competitively without competing with either 4-MU or UDP-glucuronic acid. Among guanine, cytosine and their related nucleotides, only triphosphate nucleotides (CTP and GTP) exhibited potent UGT inhibition, although the effect of GTP was weak. Estradiol 3- and 17-glucuronidation were also inhibited by the inhibitors of 4-MU UGT. The only exception was that estradiol 17-glucuronidation activity was inhibited by AMP (IC50=31 microM). In addition, AMP antagonized the inhibitory effects of adenine, ATP, and NADP+ on 4-MU and estradiol 3- glucuronidation activities. These results suggest that (1) a number of cellular nucleotides present within the endoplasmic reticulum regulate UGT function; and (2) these substances bind to a common allosteric site on UGT to reduce catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Iyanagi T. Molecular mechanism of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes: implications for detoxification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 260:35-112. [PMID: 17482904 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)60002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes that catalyze the biotransformation of drugs and xenobiotics are generally referred to as drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). DMEs can be classified into two main groups: oxidative or conjugative. The NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R)/cytochrome P450 (P450) electron transfer systems are oxidative enzymes that mediate phase I reactions, whereas the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are conjugative enzymes that mediate phase II enzymes. Both enzyme systems are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where a number of drugs are sequentially metabolized. DMEs, including P450s and UGTs, generally have a highly plastic active site that can accommodate a wide variety of substrates. The P450 and UGT genes constitute a supergene family, in which UGT proteins are encoded by distinct genes and a complex gene. Both the P450 and UGT genes have evolved to diversify their functions. This chapter reviews advances in understanding the structure and function of the P450R/P450 and UGT enzyme systems. In particular, the coordinate biotransformation of xenobiotics by phase I and II enzymes in the ER membrane is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iyanagi
- Biometal Science Laboratory, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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Takeda S, Kitajima Y, Ishii Y, Nishimura Y, Mackenzie PI, Oguri K, Yamada H. Inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2b7-catalyzed morphine glucuronidation by ketoconazole: dual mechanisms involving a novel noncompetitive mode. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1277-82. [PMID: 16679387 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.009738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation of morphine in humans is predominantly catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7). Since our recent research suggested that cytochrome P450s (P450s) interact with UGT2B7 to affect its function [Takeda S et al. (2005) Mol Pharmacol 67:665-672], P450 inhibitors are expected to modulate UGT2B7-catalyzed activity. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of P450 inhibitors (cimetidine, sulfaphenazole, erythromycin, nifedipine, and ketoconazole) on the UGT2B7-catalyzed formation of morphine-3-glucuronide (M-3-G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M-6-G). Among the inhibitors tested, ketoconazole was the most potent inhibitor of both M-3-G and M-6-G formation by human liver microsomes. The others were less effective except that nifedipine exhibited an inhibitory effect on M-6-G formation comparable to that by ketoconazole. Neither addition of NADPH nor solubilization of liver microsomes affected the ability of ketoconazole to inhibit morphine glucuronidation. In addition, ketoconazole had an ability to inhibit morphine UGT activity of recombinant UGT2B7 freed from P450. Kinetic analysis suggested that the ketoconazole-produced inhibition of morphine glucuronidation involves a mixed-type mechanism. Codeine potentiated inhibition of morphine glucuronidation by ketoconazole. In contrast, addition of another substrate, testosterone, showed no or a minor effect on ketoconazole-produced inhibition of morphine UGT. These results suggest that 1) metabolism of ketoconazole by P450 is not required for inhibition of UGT2B7-catalyzed morphine glucuronidation; and 2) this drug exerts its inhibitory effect on morphine UGT by novel mechanisms involving competitive and noncompetitive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuso Takeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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