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Shimada M, Koyama Y, Kobayashi Y, Matsumoto Y, Kobayashi H, Shimada S. Si-based agent alleviated small bowel ischemia-reperfusion injury through antioxidant effects. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4141. [PMID: 38374376 PMCID: PMC10876940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The progression of small bowel ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury causes cells in the intestinal tract to undergo necrosis, necessitating surgical resection, which may result in loss of intestinal function. Therefore, developing therapeutic agents that can prevent IR injury at early stages and suppress its progression is imperative. As IR injury may be closely related to oxidative stress, antioxidants can be effective therapeutic agents. Our silicon (Si)-based agent, an antioxidant, generated a large amount of hydrogen in the intestinal tract for a prolonged period after oral administration. As it has been effective for ulcerative colitis, renal failure, and IR injury during skin flap transplantation, it could be effective for small intestinal IR injury. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of an Si-based agent in a mouse model of small intestinal IR injury. The Si-based agent suppressed the apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells by reducing the oxidative stress induced by IR injury. In addition, the thickness of the mucosal layer in the small intestine of the Si-based agent-administered group was significantly higher than that in the untreated group, revealing that Si-based agent is effective against small intestinal IR injuries. In the future, Si-based agents may improve the success rate of small intestine transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan.
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
| | | | - Yasunari Matsumoto
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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Ahn-Jarvis JH, Sosh D, Lombardo E, Lesinski GB, Conwell DL, Hart PA, Vodovotz Y. Short-Term Soy Bread Intervention Leads to a Dose-Response Increase in Urinary Isoflavone Metabolites and Satiety in Chronic Pancreatitis. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091762. [PMID: 37174299 PMCID: PMC10178207 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) are particularly vulnerable to nutrient malabsorption and undernutrition caused by the underlying pathology of their disease. Dietary intervention trials involving soy isoflavones in patients with CP are limited and isoflavone metabolites have not yet been reported. We hypothesized soy bread containing plant-based protein, dietary fiber, and isoflavones would be well-tolerated and restore gut functional capacity which would lead to isoflavone metabolites profiles like those of healthy populations. Participants (n = 9) received 1 week of soy bread in a dose-escalation design (1 to 3 slices/day) or a 4-week maximally tolerated dose (n = 1). Dietary adherence, satiety, and palatability were measured. Isoflavone metabolites from 24 h urine collections were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. A maximum dose of three slices (99 mg of isoflavones) of soy bread per day was achieved. Short-term exposure to soy bread showed a significant dose-response increase (p = 0.007) of total isoflavones and their metabolites in urine. With increasing slices of soy bread, dietary animal protein intake (p = 0.009) and perceived thirst (p < 0.001) significantly decreased with prolonged satiety (p < 0.001). In this study, adherence to short-term intervention with soy bread in CP patients was excellent. Soy isoflavones were reliably delivered. These findings provide the foundation for evaluating a well-characterized soy bread in supporting healthy nutrition and gut function in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Ahn-Jarvis
- College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel Sosh
- College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Erin Lombardo
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Phil A Hart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yael Vodovotz
- College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Nagashima K, Fujii N, Oka S, Yamashita A, Itagaki F, Yasuno N, Watanabe M, Kishimoto S. Peptides Derived from Soybean β-Conglycinin Induce the Migration of Human Peripheral Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:898-906. [PMID: 37394641 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-derived peptides have various biological activities. When food proteins are ingested orally, they are digested into peptides by endogenous digestive enzymes and absorbed by the immune cell-rich intestinal tract. However, little is known about the effects of food-derived peptides on the motility of human immune cells. In this study, we aimed to understand the effects of peptides derived from a soybean protein β-conglycinin on the motility of human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We illustrated that MITL and MITLAIPVNKPGR, produced by digestion using in-vivo enzymes (trypsin and pancreatic elastase) of β-conglycinin, induces the migration of dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2 cAMP)-differentiated human promyelocytic leukemia 60 (HL-60) cells and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This migration was more pronounced in Bt2 cAMP-differentiated HL-60 cells; mRNA expression of formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 1 increased significantly than in all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-differentiated HL-60 cells. This migration was inhibited by tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-MLP, an inhibitor of FPR, and by pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX). However, the effect was weak when treated with WRW4, a selective inhibitor of the FPR2. We then demonstrated that MITLAIPVNKPGR induced intracellular calcium responses in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and Bt2 cAMP-HL60 cells. Furthermore, pre-treatment by fMLP desensitized the calcium response of MITLAIPVNKPGR in these cells. From the above, MITLAIPVNKPGR and MITL derived from soybean β-conglycinin induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration via the FPR1-dependent mechanism. We found chemotactic peptides to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which are the endogenous enzyme digests of soybean protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagashima
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | | | - Saori Oka
- Laboratory of Molecular Health Science, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Fumio Itagaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuno
- Laboratory of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Machiko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Seishi Kishimoto
- Radioisotope Research Center, Teikyo University
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Education, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
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The Effect of Genistein on Anastomotic Healing in Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Surg Res 2022; 280:389-395. [PMID: 36037616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genistein is a natural isoflavonoid and has several pharmacological effects, such as antioxidant, antitumor activity, and improvement of glucose metabolism. The safety of intestinal anastomosis after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a critical issue for surgeons. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of genistein on anastomotic healing after intestinal I/R injury. METHODS A total of 36 male Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups: control, I/R, genistein, and genistein + I/R. The control group received segmental ileal resection and ileoileal anastomosis. The I/R group received resection + anastomosis after intestinal I/R. The genistein group was administered subcutaneous injection of 1 mg/kg genistein 12 h and 1 h before the procedure and received ileal resection + anastomosis. The genistein + I/R group received I/R + ileal resection + anastomosis after genistein injection. Anastomotic bursting pressure, hydroxyproline, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels and histopathological wound healing scores of all rats were measured on postoperative day 5. RESULTS The anastomotic bursting pressure was significantly higher in the genistein and genistein + I/R groups (P < 0.001). Genistein increased the hydroxyproline concentration and the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels in the intestinal anastomosis (P < 0.001). In histopathological assessment, the mean wound healing score was significantly higher in the genistein group than in the other groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Genistein, with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, shows protective effects against increased oxidative stress after intestinal I/R injury and contributes positively to intestinal anastomotic healing.
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Sandoval-Ramírez BA, Catalán Ú, Pedret A, Valls RM, Motilva MJ, Rubió L, Solà R. Exploring the effects of phenolic compounds to reduce intestinal damage and improve the intestinal barrier integrity: A systematic review of in vivo animal studies. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:1719-1732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nile SH, Nile A, Oh JW, Kai G. Soybean processing waste: Potential antioxidant, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory activities. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Soy isoflavones are known to have beneficial effects on several aspects of gastrointestinal physiological functions (contractility or motility, secretion, morphology, and barrier function). In this review, we discuss the effects of soy isoflavones on the overall gut function and inflammation and assess how these effects might be implicated in the treatment of several gut-related diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Soy isoflavones influence several key aspects of gastrointestinal health: improve basal intestinal secretion, alleviate inflammation, limit intestinal morphological damage, and improve epithelial barrier function in several clinically relevant murine models of gastrointestinal diseases. Dietary supplementation with isoflavones proves to be a key means to improve the overall gut function and health. Future mechanistic studies with isoflavone interventions will help treat clinically related diseases such as cystic fibrosis and inflammatory-related gut problems such as colitis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Nakkash
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
| | - Aaron Kubinski
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA
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Neuroprotective functions of calycosin against intracerebral hemorrhage-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:583-592. [PMID: 32116027 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether calycosin affects the brain damages induced by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods: ICH mouse model was established by injection of collagenase type VII. Results: 50 mg/kg calycosin showed significant inhibitory effects on ICH-induced brain impairment evaluated by modified neurologic severity scores and water content. In addition, the lesion volumes, blood accumulation and hemispheric enlargement were all dramatically reduced by calycosin treatment compared with those of vehicles. It was observed that calycosin repressed oxidative stress by enhancing Nrf2 anti-oxidative pathway and suppressed inflammation by blocking NACHT, NALP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway activation. Conclusion: Calycosin could protect the brain against the damages induced by ICH via inhibiting oxidative damages and inflammation.
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Okada M, Falcão LFR, Ferez D, Martins JL, Errante PR, Rodrigues FSM, Caricati-Neto A, Marinho M, Fenelon G, Oliveira-Júnior IS. Effect of atenolol pre-treatment in heart damage in a model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 32:964-972. [PMID: 29236801 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020170110000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of atenolol in inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress in a myocardial injury by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rat model. METHODS Adult Wistar male rats were randomly (n=8), anesthetized and divided in: Sham: submitted to operation only; group SS+IR: intravenous saline infusion following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and open for 120 minutes (reperfusion); group AT+IR: intravenous atenolol infusion (2 mg/kg) following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and open for 120 minutes (reperfusion); and group AT+I+AT+R: intravenous atenolol infusion following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and in the time 45 minutes other atenolol doses were administrated and the artery was open for 120 minutes (reperfusion), all animals were submitted to muscular relaxation for mechanical ventilation. In the end of experiment the animals were euthanized and the hearts tissue were morphology analyzed by histology and malondialdehyde by ELISA, and the plasma were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha by ELISA. RESULTS The group SS+IR demonstrated the higher malondialdehyde levels when compared with the atenolol treated-groups (p=0.001) in the heart tissue. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in plasma decrease in the treated groups when compared with SS+IR group (p=0.001). Histology analyses demonstrate pyknosis, edema, cellular vacuolization, presence of inflammatory infiltrate and band contraction in the heart tissue of the rats. CONCLUSION Atenolol significantly reduce the degree of cardiac damage after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Okada
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; technical procedures; statistical analysis, manuscript writing
| | - Luiz Fernando Reis Falcão
- PhD, Associate Professor, Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Medicine, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Interpretation of data, statistical analysis, manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - David Ferez
- PhD, Associate Professor, Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Medicine, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Interpretation of data, critical revision
| | - José Luiz Martins
- PhD, Full Professor, Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Medicine, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Interpretation of data, manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - Paolo Ruggero Errante
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, analysis of data
| | - Francisco Sandro Menezes Rodrigues
- Fellow PhD degree, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Histopathological examinations, analysis of data
| | - Afonso Caricati-Neto
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - Márcia Marinho
- PhD, Full Professor, Veterinary Medicine School, UNESP, Araçatuba-SP, Brazil. Biochemistry data analysis, statistical analysis, critical revision
| | - Guilherme Fenelon
- Associate Professor, Division of Cardiology, Department of Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, manuscript writing, critical revision
| | - Itamar Souza Oliveira-Júnior
- Full Professor, Division of Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Associate Professor, Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, critical revision, final approval of the version to be published
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Li WF, Yang K, Zhu P, Zhao HQ, Song YH, Liu KC, Huang WF. Genistein Ameliorates Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Renal Injury in a SIRT1-Dependent Manner. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040403. [PMID: 28425936 PMCID: PMC5409742 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury continues to be a complicated situation in clinical practice. Genistein, the main isoflavone found in soy products, is known to possess a wide spectrum of biochemical and pharmacological activities. However, the protective effect of genistein on renal I/R injury has not been well investigated. In the current study, we explore whether genistein exhibits its renal-protective effects through SIRT1 (Sirtuin 1) in I/R-induced mice model. We found the treatment of genistein significantly reduced renal I/R-induced cell death, simultaneously stimulating renal cell proliferation. Meanwhile, SIRT1 expression was up-regulated following the administration of genistein in renal region. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition or shRNA-mediated depletion of SIRT1 significantly reversed the protective effect of genistein on renal dysfunction, cellular damage, apoptosis, and proliferation following I/R injury, suggesting an indispensible role of the increased SIRT1 expression and activity in this process. Meanwhile, the reduced p53 and p21 expression and increased PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) expression were blocked after the depletion of SIRT1 compared with the genistein treatment group in the renal I/R process. Hence, our results provided further experimental basis for the potential use of genistein for the treatment of kidney disease with deficiency of SIRT1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Fang Li
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Kang Yang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Medicine, the First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Hong-Qian Zhao
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Yin-Hong Song
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Kuan-Can Liu
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou 350025, China.
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
- Dongfang Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou 350025, China.
| | - Wei-Feng Huang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
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Zhu C, Wu Y, Jiang Z, Zheng C, Wang L, Yang X, Ma X, Gao K, Hu Y. Dietary soy isoflavone attenuated growth performance and intestinal barrier functions in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:288-94. [PMID: 25979760 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the protective roles of soy isoflavone in weaned pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 72 weaned piglets (14 days of age) were randomly allotted into either 0 (control group) or 40 mg/kg soy isoflavone (ISO) supplementation group. On days 7 and 14, half of the pigs in each group were challenged with LPS. Soy isoflavone increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of piglets challenged with LPS at days 7-14 (P<0.05). The incidence of diarrhea and plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and endotoxin in piglets from LPS group were higher than those in control group (P<0.05). Soy isoflavone reduced the incidence of diarrhea and plasma concentrations of endotoxin in piglets challenged with LPS (P<0.05). LPS challenge decreased (P<0.05) mRNA abundances of β-defensin 2 (pBD-2), mucin (MUC-4), zona occludens 1 (ZO-1), and occludin in jejunal mucosa of piglets, and soy isoflavone upregulated (P<0.05) mRNA abundances of ZO-1 and occludin in jejunal mucosa of piglets challenged with LPS. The present results demonstrated that both p38 and TLR4 pathways in jejunal mucosa of piglets were activated by LPS challenge (P<0.05), and soy isoflavone reduced their activations (P<0.05). Collectively, our results suggested that supplementation of soy isoflavone could partly attenuate the barrier-damaged effects of LPS and improve the intestinal barrier function of weaned piglets, at least partially by inhibiting activations of p38 and TLR4 dependent pathways induced by LPS. This study provides a potential usage of soy isoflavone for alleviating intestinal barrier damages of neonates and piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yunpeng Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chuntian Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Youjun Hu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhou C, Bai W, Chen Q, Xu Z, Zhu X, Wen A, Yang X. Protective effect of crocetin against burn-induced intestinal injury. J Surg Res 2015; 198:99-107. [PMID: 26119275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and inflammation exert central roles in burn-induced intestinal injury. Crocetin, a natural carotenoid compound from gardenia fruits and saffron, has been shown to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory response. However, the possibility of crocetin to be used in the treatment of intestinal injury after burn injury has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of crocetin in burn-induced intestinal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several free radical-generating and lipid peroxidation models were used to systematically assess the antioxidant activities of crocetin in vitro. A common burn model was used to induce the intestinal injury in rats. Changes in the levels of malondialdehyde, superoxidase dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, polymorphonuclear neutrophil accumulation, intestinal permeability, and intestinal histology were examined. RESULTS In several models of antioxidant activity, crocetin exhibited marked inhibitory action against free radicals and lipid peroxidation. Crocetin increased levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced intestinal oxidative injury in burn models. In addition, crocetin inhibited polymorphonuclear neutrophil accumulation, ameliorated tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 levels, intestinal permeability, and histological changes. CONCLUSIONS Crocetin treatment may protect against burn-induced small intestinal injury, possibly by inhibiting burn-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Brigade of student, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Qiaohua Chen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiongxiang Zhu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Cantanhêde LF, Almeida LP, Soares REP, Castelo Branco PVG, Pereira SRF. Soy isoflavones have antimutagenic activity on DNA damage induced by the antileishmanial Glucantime (meglumine antimoniate). Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 38:312-7. [PMID: 25268948 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.963599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens reported to be potent antioxidant agents. In contrast, the antileishmanial meglumine antimoniate has mutagenic activities. This study evaluated the ability of soy isoflavones to reduce DNA damage induced by meglumine antimoniate. Antimutagenic effects (by micronucleus test) were tested using Swiss mice divided into seven groups treated with meglumine antimoniate (425 mg/kg bw pentavalent antimony); cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg bw); water (negative control); single isoflavones dose (1.6 mg/kg bw), and three groups received one dose of isoflavones via gavage (0.4 mg/kg bw, 0.8 mg/kg bw or 1.6 mg/kg bw) plus meglumine antimoniate via intraperitoneal, simultaneously. To evaluate antigenotoxicity (by Comet assay), each group with 10 animals received the above-mentioned control doses; single dose of isoflavones 0.8 mg/kg bw, and three groups received isoflavones (0.8 mg/kg bw) by gavage along with intraperitoneal meglumine antimoniate, which were treated with isoflavones 24 h before or after receiving meglumine antimoniate (pre-treatment and post-treatment, respectively) or simultaneously. Cells were harvested 24 h after the treatment, and the data were evaluated by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The data from the simultaneous treatment by micronucleus test revealed that isoflavones (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg) were able to reverse the mutagenic effect of Glucantime. Moreover, all regimes of the treatment with 0.8 mg/kg bw dose were able to reduce the genotoxicity caused by meglumine antimoniate. It is suggested that the protective effect of isoflavones against DNA damage is related to their ability to reduce oxidative stress caused by the trivalent Sb(III) metabolite of meglumine antimoniate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludymila Furtado Cantanhêde
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, Cidade Universitária do Bacanga , São Luís, Maranhão , Brazil
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Gao J, Liu ZJ, Chen T, Zhao D. Pharmaceutical properties of calycosin, the major bioactive isoflavonoid in the dry root extract of Radix astragali. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1217-1222. [PMID: 24635389 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.879188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Radix astragali (Fabaceae astragalus propinquus Schischkin) is a Chinese medicinal herb traditionally used for the treatment of several diseases. Calycosin is the major bioactive chemical in the dry root extract of this medical plant. OBJECTIVE This work presents a brief overview of recent reports on the potential effects of calycosin on several diseases and the possible mechanisms of action of this chemical. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review gathers information from the scientific literature (before 1 June 2013) that was compiled from various databases, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. RESULTS The potential pharmaceutical properties of calycosin in the treatment of tumors, inflammation, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases have gained increasing attention in the recent years. The literature survey showed that calycosin exhibits promising effects for the treatment of several diseases and that these effects may be due to its isoflavonoid and phytoestrogenic properties. The effects of calycosin most likely result from its interaction with the ER receptors on the cell membrane and the modulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Calycosin exhibits great potential as a therapeutic drug and may be a successful example of the standardization and modernization of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunQing Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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Piegholdt S, Pallauf K, Esatbeyoglu T, Speck N, Reiss K, Ruddigkeit L, Stocker A, Huebbe P, Rimbach G. Biochanin A and prunetin improve epithelial barrier function in intestinal CaCo-2 cells via downregulation of ERK, NF-κB, and tyrosine phosphorylation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:255-64. [PMID: 24631489 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The single-layered gut epithelium represents the primary line of defense against environmental stressors; thereby monolayer integrity and tightness are essentially required to maintain gut health and function. To date only a few plant-derived phytochemicals have been described as affecting intestinal barrier function. We investigated the impact of 28 secondary plant compounds on the barrier function of intestinal epithelial CaCo-2/TC-7 cells via transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements. Apart from genistein, the compounds that had the biggest effect in the TEER measurements were biochanin A and prunetin. These isoflavones improved barrier tightness by 36 and 60%, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, both isoflavones significantly attenuated TNFα-dependent barrier disruption, thereby maintaining a high barrier resistance comparable to nonstressed cells. In docking analyses exploring the putative interaction with the tyrosine kinase EGFR, these novel modulators of barrier tightness showed very similar values compared to the known tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Both biochanin A and prunetin were also identified as potent reducers of NF-κB and ERK activation, zonula occludens 1 tyrosine phosphorylation, and metalloproteinase-mediated shedding activity, which may account for the barrier-improving ability of these isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Piegholdt
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathrin Pallauf
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nancy Speck
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Reiss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lars Ruddigkeit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim Stocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Ozacmak HS, Ozacmak VH, Barut F, Araslı M, Ucan BH. Pretreatment with mineralocorticoid receptor blocker reduces intestinal injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion: involvement of inhibition of inflammatory response, oxidative stress, nuclear factor κB, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Surg Res 2014; 191:350-61. [PMID: 24862878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spironolactone (Sp), a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, protects against the ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury of retina, kidney, heart, and brain. We aimed to investigate the effects of Sp on intestinal IR injury. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into: (1) a sham control group; (2) an IR control group, subjected to 30 min ischemia and 3 h reperfusion; (3) a group treated with Sp (20 mg/kg) for 3 d before the IR; and (4) a sham-operated control group treated with Sp (20 mg/kg). After the reperfusion, blood and intestinal tissue samples were collected to evaluate histopathologic state, neutrophil infiltration (by measuring myeloperoxidase activity), levels of the cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1α [IL-1α], interferon γ, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and IL-4), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione contents, and immunohistochemical expressions of nuclear factor κB, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and caspase-3. RESULTS MDA content, myeloperoxidase activity, and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1α, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were all elevated in IR, indicating the oxidative stress and local and systemic inflammatory response. Sp administration markedly reduced the MDA content and the cytokine levels. The pretreatment alleviated intestinal injury, neutrophil infiltration, and the expressions of caspase-3, iNOS, and NFκB. CONCLUSIONS The results implicate that Sp may have a strong protective effect against the intestinal IR injury. The effect can be mediated via suppression of both systemic inflammatory response and apoptosis through amelioration of oxidative stress and generation of proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS, caspase-3, and nuclear factor κB. Therefore, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism might be of potential therapeutic benefit in cases of intestinal IR damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Sayan Ozacmak
- Department of Physiology, Bülent Ecevit University Medical School, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Veysel Haktan Ozacmak
- Department of Physiology, Bülent Ecevit University Medical School, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Figen Barut
- Department of Medical Pathology, Bülent Ecevit University Medical School, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Araslı
- Department of Immunology, Bülent Ecevit University Medical School, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Bulent Hamdi Ucan
- Department of General Surgery, Bülent Ecevit University Medical School, Zonguldak, Turkey
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Suo C, Sun L, Yang S. Alpinetin activates the δ receptor instead of the κ and μ receptor pathways to protect against rat myocardial cell apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:109-116. [PMID: 24348774 PMCID: PMC3861512 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpinetin is a natural flavonoid that protects cells against fatal injury in ischemia-reperfusion. δ receptor activation protects myocardial cells from trauma; however, the mechanism is unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the function of alpinetin in δ receptor-mediated myocardial apoptosis. The myocardial cells of newly born rats were cultivated and myocardial apoptosis was induced by serum deprivation. The MTT method was used to evaluate cell viability and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to analyze apoptosis. The expression levels of opioid receptor mRNA and protein were tested using reverse transcription-polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot assays. In addition, an opioid receptor antagonist, as well as protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitors, were used to determine the inferred signaling pathway. The results showed that that alpinetin reduced the myocardial apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the protection conferred to the myocardial cells by alpinetin was blocked by the δ opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole, as well as by PKC and ERK inhibitors (GF109203X and U0126, respectively). In addition, it was shown that alpinetin was able to maintain the stability of the mitochondrial membrane potential, lower the level of intracytoplasmic cytochrome c and reduce Bax displacement from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria. It was concluded that alpinetin was able to activate δ receptors to induce the endogenous protection of myocardial cells via the PKC/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuantao Suo
- Department of Cardiology, Daqing General Hospital Group Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, P.R. China
| | - Libo Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Yang X, Bai H, Cai W, Li J, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Han J, Zhu X, Dong M, Hu D. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides reduce intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 204:166-72. [PMID: 23743330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress exert important roles in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) have shown effective antioxidative and immunomodulatory functions in different models. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects and potential mechanisms of LBPs in intestinal IRI. Several free radical-generating and lipid peroxidation models were used to assess the antioxidant activities of LBPs in vitro. A common IRI model was used to induce intestinal injury by clamping and unclamping the superior mesenteric artery in rats. Changes in the malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, E-selectin, and related antioxidant enzyme levels, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) accumulation, intestinal permeability, and intestinal histology were examined. We found that LBPs exhibited marked inhibitory action against free radicals and lipid peroxidation in vitro. LBPs increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced intestinal oxidative injury in animal models of intestinal IRI. In addition, LBPs inhibited PMN accumulation and ICAM-1 expression and ameliorated changes in the TNF-α level, NF-κB activation, intestinal permeability, and histology. Our results indicate that LBPs treatment may protect against IRI-induced intestinal damage, possibly by inhibiting IRI-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, PR China
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Guo C, Tong L, Xi M, Yang H, Dong H, Wen A. Neuroprotective effect of calycosin on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:768-774. [PMID: 23123262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Astragali has been commonly used as traditional herbal medicine in China for reinforcing vital energy, strengthening superficial resistance and promoting the discharge of pus and the growth of new tissue. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of calycosin isolated from the roots of Radix Astragali on cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS After 24h of reperfusion following ischemia for 2h induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), Sprague-Dawley rats were intragastrically administered different doses of calycosin (7.5, 15, 30 mg/kg, respectively). Neurological deficit, infarct volume, histopathology changes and some oxidative stress markers were evaluated after 24h of reperfusion. RESULTS Treatment with calycosin significantly ameliorated neurologic deficit and infarct volume after cerebral ischemia reperfusion. Calycosin also reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and up-regulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, calycosin can also inhibit the expression of 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). CONCLUSION These results suggest that calycosin has a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The mechanism might be attributed to its antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
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Dkhil MA, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel Moneim AE, Delic D. Protective effect of Azadirachta indica extract against Eimeria papillata-induced coccidiosis. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:101-6. [PMID: 22972359 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis in poultry is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, which is responsible for worldwide economic losses. The methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves was used in vivo for its pharmacological, antioxidant, and anticoccidial properties. Four groups of mice were investigated. The first group was inoculated only with sterile saline and served as the control group. The second group was treated by oral gavage with neem extract (500 mg/kg) daily for 4 days. The third and fourth groups were infected with 10(3) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria papillata. The fourth group was also treated once daily with neem extract for 4 days. Paraffin sections from the jejunum as well as jejunal homogenate were prepared for the histopathological and biochemical investigations, respectively. The data showed that mice infected with E. papillata revealed an output of 6.5 × 10(5) ± 29,753 oocysts per gram feces on day 4 postinoculation. This output is significantly decreased to 2.7 × 10(5) ± 37,341 oocysts in neem-treated mice. Infection with E. papillata induced marked histopathological alterations in the jejunum in the form of inflammation, vacuolation of the epithelium, and destruction of some villi. Also, the neem extract greatly diminished body weight loss of infected mice. Moreover, the number of goblet cells stained with Alcian blue within the infected villi was significantly lowered (P ≤ 0.05). In addition, E. papillata enhanced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production in both serum and jejunum with concomitant reduction in glutathione. Neem induced marked improvements in all of the studied parameters as well as the histopathological features of the jejunum. Our study revealed that neem as a natural product has protective effects against E. papillata-induced coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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