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Bunch D, Pyle-Eilola AL. Lead poisoning: Clinical and laboratory considerations. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 117:209-222. [PMID: 37973320 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Lead has been a known source of toxicity for millennia due to widespread use until the 20th century. Consequently, there remains significant, though decreasing, exposure to lead throughout the world. Clinical signs and symptoms of lead toxicity are well-documented but is particularly concerning for children six years of age and under, as brain development is rapid and therefore, is likely to be affected by even low levels of lead. Therefore, in the United States, it is recommended that young children to be routinely screened for blood lead levels. Blood lead levels can be measured by various methods in laboratories with blood collection greatly impacting possible lead contamination of samples. The history, presentation, and laboratory testing methodologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Bunch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Clinical Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amy L Pyle-Eilola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Clinical Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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2
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The Impact of Long-Term Clinoptilolite Administration on the Concentration Profile of Metals in Rodent Organisms. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020193. [PMID: 36829471 PMCID: PMC9952783 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are dangerous systemic toxicants that can induce multiple organ damage, primarily by inducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Clinoptilolite is a highly porous natural mineral with a magnificent capacity to eliminate metals from living organisms, mainly by ion-exchange and adsorption, thus providing detoxifying, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medicinal effects. The in vivo efficiency and safety of the oral administration of clinoptilolite in its activated forms, tribomechanically activated zeolite (TMAZ) and Panaceo-Micro-Activated (PMA) zeolite, as well as the impact on the metallic biodistribution, was examined in healthy female rats. Concentration profiles of Al, As, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni and Sr were measured in rat blood, serum, femur, liver, kidney, small and large intestine, and brain using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after a 12-week administration period. Our results point to a beneficial effect of clinoptilolite materials on the concentration profile of metals in female rats supplemented with the corresponding natural clinoptilolite materials, TMAZ and PMA zeolite. The observed decrease of measured toxicants in the kidney, femur, and small and large intestine after three months of oral intake occurred concomitantly with their most likely transient release into the bloodstream (serum) indicative of a detoxification process.
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3
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Blood Lead Levels and Risk of Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Cardiol 2022; 173:132-138. [PMID: 35351283 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure could be an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we investigated the relation between lead exposure, measured as blood lead levels (BLLs) and CVD mortality in a national cohort. A total of 15,036 adults aged ≥19 who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994) as the baseline examination were followed up through December 31, 2010. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) derived from Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to estimate the risk of dying from CVD in association with BLLs. Cardiovascular mortality was 3.76, 8.11, and 14.77 per 1,000 person-years for patients in low, moderate, and high BLLs, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients in the high lead level had a significantly increased risk of death from all CVD (HR 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.77), compared with those with low level. Participants in both moderate and high lead levels showed a significantly increased risk of death from heart disease, with an HR of 1.37 (1.04 to 1.81) and 1.60 (1.21 to 2.13), respectively. A significant linear association with all CVD and heart disease deaths was also seen with an HR of 1.08 (1.00 to 1.16) and 1.09 (1.02 to 1.16), respectively, per 1-unit increase in BLLs. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that increasing BLLs were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular deaths, especially from heart disease. This further supports the possible cardiovascular effects that lead poses on patients at low levels of exposure and the importance of further reducing lead exposure in the general population.
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Fujie T, Muraoka A, Ito K, Ozaki Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Lead induces a metal transporter, ZIP8, via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the induction is involved in the protection against lead cytotoxicity by intracellular lead accumulation independent mechanisms in cultured vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:493-501. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Keisuke Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yusuke Ozaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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5
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Nakano T, Takahashi T, Yamamoto C, Kaji T, Fujiwara Y. Arsenite induces tissue factor synthesis through Nrf2 activation in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:187-192. [PMID: 33814512 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the initiator of the coagulation cascade, constitutively expressed in subendothelial cells such as vascular smooth muscle cells and initiating rapid coagulation when the vascular vessel is damaged. TF has been shown to be involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Arsenic, an environmental pollutant, is related to the progression of atherosclerosis, although the pathogenic mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of arsenite on the expression of TF in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that (1) arsenite stimulated TF synthesis and activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in HASMCs, (2) sulforaphane, an Nrf2 activator, also stimulated TF synthesis in HASMCs, and (3) arsenite-induced upregulation of TF synthesis was prevented by Nrf2 knockdown in HASMCs. These results suggest that arsenite promotes TF synthesis by activating the Nrf2 pathway in HASMCs and that the induction of TF expression by arsenite may be related to the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nakano
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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6
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Annaç E, Uçkun M, Özkaya A, Yoloğlu E, Pekmez H, Bulmuş Ö, Aydın A. The protective effects of pomegranate juice on lead acetate-induced neurotoxicity in the male rat: A histomorphometric and biochemical study. J Food Biochem 2021; 46:e13881. [PMID: 34346512 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential side-effects of lead acetate (LA), which is toxic to the nerves, blood and muscles, in the rat brain. The neuroprotective effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) against LA exposure were also observed. The experiment involved 28 male Wistar albino rats aged 12 weeks. These were divided into four groups: Control, PJ, LA and LA+PJ. Stereological techniques were employed to determine hippocampal volume in each rat brain. Biochemical investigations and histopathological examinations were also performed. Analysis demonstrated a significant decrease in hippocampal volume in the LA group compared to the control group (p < .05). The stereology results also indicated that PJ has protective effects when compared with the LA and LA+PJ groups. A significant increase was also determined in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the LA group compared to the control group, in contrast to glutathione (GSH) levels and carboxylesterase (CaE) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities. MDA and GST activity decreased significantly in the LA+PJ group compared to the LA group in contrast to GSH levels and CaE and AchE activities. Histopathological examination revealed a number of degenerative changes in the LA group. Exposure to LA adversely affects the hippocampus on the male rat brain. It might also be suggested that PJ may ameliorate these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Annaç
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Miraç Uçkun
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Özkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Ertan Yoloğlu
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Hıdır Pekmez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut Özal University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Özgür Bulmuş
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Ali Aydın
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
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Gadde R, Betharia S. N,N'bis-(2-mercaptoethyl) isophthalamide (NBMI) exerts neuroprotection against lead-induced toxicity in U-87 MG cells. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2643-2657. [PMID: 34165617 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N,N'-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)isophthalamide (NBMI) is a novel lipophilic heavy metal chelator and thiol redox antioxidant. This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective activity of NBMI in U-87 MG cells exposed to lead acetate (PbAc). Cells were pretreated with NBMI for 24 h prior to a 48 h exposure to PbAc. Cell death (55%, p < 0.0001) and reduction of intracellular GSH levels (0.70-fold, p < 0.005) induced by 250 µM Pb were successfully attenuated by NBMI pretreatment at concentrations as low as 10 µM. A similar pretreatment with the FDA-approved Pb chelator dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) proved ineffective, indicating a superior PKPD profile for NBMI. Pretreatment with NBMI successfully counteracted Pb-induced neuroinflammation by reducing IL-1β (0.59-fold, p < 0.05) and GFAP expression levels. NBMI alone was also found to significantly increase ferroportin expression (1.97-fold, p < 0.05) thereby enhancing cellular ability to efflux heavy metals. While no response was observed on the apoptotic pathway, this study demonstrated for the first time that necrotic cell death induced by Pb in U-87 MG cells is successfully attenuated by NBMI. Collectively these data demonstrate NBMI to be a promising neuroprotective compound in the realm of Pb poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajitha Gadde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Swati Betharia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Shim I, Kim W, Kim H, Lim YM, Shin H, Park KS, Yu SM, Kim YH, Sung HK, Eom IC, Kim P, Yu SD. Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of PM2.5 and TSP Collected from Urban Areas. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9070167. [PMID: 34357910 PMCID: PMC8309706 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9070167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and total suspended particles (TSPs) are common airborne pollutants that cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the differences of cytotoxicity and mechanism between PM2.5 and TSP activity in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Atmospheric samples from the central district of Seoul were collected and their chemical compositions were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. PM2.5 and TSP contained high concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Pb). The most abundant ions in PM2.5 were SO42-, NH4+, and NO3-. A549 cells were exposed to PM2.5 and TSP (25-200 µg/mL) for 24 h. TSP was more cytotoxic than PM2.5 per unit mass. PM2.5 induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased levels of a glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier, whereas low-concentration TSP increased hemeoxygenase-1 levels. PM2.5 and TSP did not affect c-Jun N-terminal kinase expression. The levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in PM2.5- and TSP-treated cells decreased significantly in the cytosol and increased in the nucleus. Thus, Nrf2 may be a key transcription factor for detoxifying environmental airborne particles in A549 cells. TSP and PM2.5 could activate the protective Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/Nrf2 pathway in A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-032-560-8474
| | - Woong Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Haewon Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Yeon-Mi Lim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Hyejung Shin
- Climate and Air Quality Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea;
| | - Kwang Su Park
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Seok Min Yu
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Young Hee Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Hwa Kyung Sung
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Ig-Chun Eom
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Pilje Kim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
| | - Seung-Do Yu
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea; (W.K.); (H.K.); (Y.-M.L.); (K.S.P.); (S.M.Y.); (Y.H.K.); (H.K.S.); (I.-C.E.); (P.K.); (S.-D.Y.)
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Yin SJ, Lee J, Lim G, Chen Z, Qian GY, Si YX, Park YD. A study of Pb 2+ induced unfolding and aggregation of arginine kinase from Euphausia superba: kinetics and computational simulation integrating study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8206-8215. [PMID: 33847251 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1908168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arginine kinase is a crucial phosphagen kinase in invertebrates, which is associated to the environmental stress response, plays a key role in cellular energy metabolism. In this study, we investigated the Pb2+-induced inhibition and aggregation of Euphausia superba arginine kinase (ESAK) and found that significantly inactivated ESAK in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.058 ± 0.002 mM). Spectrofluorimetry results showed that Pb2+ induced tertiary structural changes via the internal polarity increased and the non-polarity decreased in ESAK and directly induced ESAK aggregation. The ESAK aggregation process induced by Pb2+ occurred with multi-phase kinetics. The addition of osmolytes did not show protective effect on Pb2+-induced inactivation of ESAK. The computational molecular dynamics (MD) simulation showed that three Pb2+ interrupt the entrance of the active site of ESAK and it could be the reason on the loss of activity of ESAK. Several important residues of ESAK were detected that were importantly contributed the conformation and catalytic function of ESAK. Our study showed that Pb2+-induced misfolding of ESAK and the complete loss of activity irreversibly, which cannot be recovered by osmolytes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jun Yin
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Sciences and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gyutae Lim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zhongfa Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Ying Qian
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Xiu Si
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Doo Park
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, P.R. China.,Skin Diseases Research Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, P.R. China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, P. R. China
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Arsenite Inhibits Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Synthesis through NRF2 Activation in Cultured Human Vascular Endothelial EA.hy926 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020739. [PMID: 33451022 PMCID: PMC7828481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic arsenic exposure is known to be related to the progression of atherosclerosis. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of arsenic-induced atherosclerosis have not been fully elucidated. Because disruption of the blood coagulation/fibrinolytic system is involved in the development of arteriosclerosis, we investigated the effect of arsenite on fibrinolytic activity in human vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells in the present study. Fibrinolysis depends on the balance between tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) secreted from vascular endothelial cells. We found that arsenite reduced fibrinolytic t-PA activity by inhibiting its synthesis without affecting PAI-1 production. The inhibitory effect of arsenite on t-PA expression was partially recovered by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger Trolox. The nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway is known to be activated by arsenite via ROS production. We confirmed that arsenite activated the NRF2 pathway, and arsenite-induced inhibition of fibrinolytic t-PA activity was abrogated in NRF2-knockdown EA.hy926 cells. These results suggest that arsenite inhibits the fibrinolytic activity of t-PA by selectively suppressing its synthesis via activation of the NRF2 pathway in vascular endothelial cells.
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Naranjo VI, Hendricks M, Jones KS. Lead Toxicity in Children: An Unremitting Public Health Problem. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 113:51-55. [PMID: 33011642 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead is a pervasive environmental contaminant. Lead accumulates in the body, impairing a molecular level various cellular processes. Lead exposure during childhood causes adverse and permanent neurodevelopmental consequences, sometimes even with "low" blood lead levels. Symptoms are frequently silent, making lead exposure an often unrecognized and underestimated threat for pervasive neurocognitive disorders. METHODS We identified articles focusing on childhood exposure to lead and neurodevelopment via a search of the electronic database PubMed (National Library of Medicine), including journal articles published from 2007 to 2019. These articles were used to evaluate the effect of environmental lead exposure and analyze whether control efforts over the past decades have altered the prevalence of exposed children. CONCLUSIONS Children are still being exposed to lead despite evidence of the adverse impact of exposure, even for children with blood lead levels below the currently recognized threshold for intervention. Legislative and educational efforts have reduced lead exposure but are not being followed universally. Primary prevention and identification of high-risk populations are the best cost-benefit interventions to fight this public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria I Naranjo
- Resident Physician, Child Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Michael Hendricks
- Medical graduate, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kimberly S Jones
- Associate Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
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Takahashi T, Nakano T, Katoh G, Shinoda Y, Yamamoto C, Yoshida E, Kaji T, Fujiwara Y. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a negative regulator of tissue plasminogen activator synthesis in cultured human vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:237-243. [PMID: 32238698 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Blood coagulation and the fibrinolytic system contribute to vascular lesions. Fibrinolysis in normal circulating blood strongly depends on the balance between tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) secreted from vascular endothelial cells; however, the mechanisms by which endothelial fibrinolysis is regulated remain to be fully understood. In the present study, human vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells were transfected with small interfering RNA for nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and the expression of t-PA and PAI-1 and fibrinolytic activity in the conditioned medium were examined. EA.hy926 cells were also treated with sulforaphane, an NRF2 activator, and fibrinolytic activity was examined to confirm the NRF2 signaling pathway's effect. Enhanced fibrinolytic activity in the conditioned medium was observed in association with increased expression and secretion levels of t-PA in NRF2 knockdown EA.hy926 cells. However, sulforaphane inhibited fibrinolytic activity and t-PA synthesis in EA.hy926 cells without any cell damage. The expression level of PAI-1 did not change in either NRF2 knockdown or sulforaphane treated cells. These results suggest that transcription factor NRF2 may play a role in down-regulating endothelial t-PA synthesis and fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakano
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Go Katoh
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Yo Shinoda
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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13
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Patwa J, Flora SJS. Heavy Metal-Induced Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Possible Reversal Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113862. [PMID: 32485831 PMCID: PMC7313017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are considered a continuous threat to humanity, as they cannot be eradicated. Prolonged exposure to heavy metals/metalloids in humans has been associated with several health risks, including neurodegeneration, vascular dysfunction, metabolic disorders, cancer, etc. Small blood vessels are highly vulnerable to heavy metals as they are directly exposed to the blood circulatory system, which has comparatively higher concentration of heavy metals than other organs. Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is an umbrella term used to describe various pathological processes that affect the cerebral small blood vessels and is accepted as a primary contributor in associated disorders, such as dementia, cognitive disabilities, mood disorder, and ischemic, as well as a hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, we discuss the possible implication of heavy metals/metalloid exposure in CSVD and its associated disorders based on in-vitro, preclinical, and clinical evidences. We briefly discuss the CSVD, prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors for development such as genetic, traditional, and environmental factors. Toxic effects of specific heavy metal/metalloid intoxication (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Cu) in the small vessel associated endothelium and vascular dysfunction too have been reviewed. An attempt has been made to highlight the possible molecular mechanism involved in the pathophysiology, such as oxidative stress, inflammatory pathway, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, and amyloid angiopathy in the CSVD and related disorders. Finally, we discussed the role of cellular antioxidant defense enzymes to neutralize the toxic effect, and also highlighted the potential reversal strategies to combat heavy metal-induced vascular changes. In conclusion, heavy metals in small vessels are strongly associated with the development as well as the progression of CSVD. Chelation therapy may be an effective strategy to reduce the toxic metal load and the associated complications.
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Machoń-Grecka A, Dobrakowski M, Kasperczyk A, Birkner E, Kasperczyk S. Angiogenesis and lead (Pb): is there a connection? Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:589-593. [PMID: 32126859 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1734607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal ubiquitously distributed around the world, especially in industrial areas. Occupational and environmental exposures to Pb have detrimental effects on human health. Pb affects functioning of many systems of the human body, including the cardiovascular system. Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, which makes critical contribution throughout life is deranged in various diseases. Excessive angiogenesis may result in different diseases including cancer. On the other spectrum, insufficient angiogenesis is observed in many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. These disorders are also associated with occupational Pb exposure. In this paper, epidemiological and experimental studies are reviewed selectively for evidence in support of this hypothesis, that is, interactions between Pb and angiogenesis. We discuss the evidence for the possible mechanism of Pb impact on concentrations of angiogenic factors. Studies suggested that Pb exposure affects the level of angiogenic factors associated with angiogenesis regulation and promotion. Further research is needed, especially in the mechanisms in which Pb-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) disregulation is present. We believe that characterizing the connection between Pb and angiogenesis will provide helpful information for the development of intervention strategies to reduce the adverse effects of Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Machoń-Grecka
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Michał Dobrakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kasperczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Ewa Birkner
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kasperczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
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15
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High incidence of brain and other nervous system cancer identified in two mining counties, 2001-2015. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2020; 32:100320. [PMID: 32007285 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2019.100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two counties in Montana, Deer Lodge and Silver Bow (DL/SB), have two Superfund sites, as well as an active copper and molybdenum mine in SB. The population living in proximity to these sites are exposed to additional metals and some have been shown to be neurotoxic, especially for children; thus, this study focused on the incidence of brain and other nervous system cancers. The Montana Central Tumor Registry data was used to identify the cases in DL/SB and the remaining 54 counties of Montana (comparison group). After controlling for sex, cancer stage, and year of diagnosis, we found an incidence rate ratio for DL/SB versus comparison group of 6.28 (95% CI: 2.32-17.02) for children ages birth to 4 years, and 3.95 (95% CI: 1.66-9.38) for adults age 30-34 years. The high incidence rate of the brain cancer in the two age groups requires public health action.
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Guéguen Y, Bontemps A, Ebrahimian TG. Adaptive responses to low doses of radiation or chemicals: their cellular and molecular mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1255-1273. [PMID: 30535789 PMCID: PMC11105647 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2987-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge on the mechanisms of adaptive response to low doses of ionizing radiation or chemical exposure. A better knowledge of these mechanisms is needed to improve our understanding of health risks at low levels of environmental or occupational exposure and their involvement in cancer or non-cancer diseases. This response is orchestrated through a multifaceted cellular program involving the concerted action of diverse stress response pathways. These evolutionary highly conserved defense mechanisms determine the cellular response to chemical and physical aggression. They include DNA damage repair (p53, ATM, PARP pathways), antioxidant response (Nrf2 pathway), immune/inflammatory response (NF-κB pathway), cell survival/death pathway (apoptosis), endoplasmic response to stress (UPR response), and other cytoprotective processes including autophagy, cell cycle regulation, and the unfolded protein response. The coordinated action of these processes induced by low-dose radiation or chemicals produces biological effects that are currently estimated with the linear non-threshold model. These effects are controversial. They are difficult to detect because of their low magnitude, the scarcity of events in humans, and the difficulty of corroborating associations over the long term. Improving our understanding of these biological consequences should help humans and their environment by enabling better risk estimates, the revision of radiation protection standards, and possible therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Guéguen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, LRTOX, B.P. no 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France.
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, LRSI, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Alice Bontemps
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, LRTOX, B.P. no 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | - Teni G Ebrahimian
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, SESANE, LRTOX, B.P. no 17, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
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17
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Carter CJ. Autism genes and the leukocyte transcriptome in autistic toddlers relate to pathogen interactomes, infection and the immune system. A role for excess neurotrophic sAPPα and reduced antimicrobial Aβ. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:36-58. [PMID: 30862493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and early childhood infections have been implicated in autism. Many autism susceptibility genes (206 Autworks genes) are localised in the immune system and are related to immune/infection pathways. They are enriched in the host/pathogen interactomes of 18 separate microbes (bacteria/viruses and fungi) and to the genes regulated by bacterial toxins, mycotoxins and Toll-like receptor ligands. This enrichment was also observed for misregulated genes from a microarray study of leukocytes from autistic toddlers. The upregulated genes from this leukocyte study also matched the expression profiles in response to numerous infectious agents from the Broad Institute molecular signatures database. They also matched genes related to sudden infant death syndrome and autism comorbid conditions (autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, epilepsy and cardiomyopathy) as well as to estrogen and thyrotropin responses and to those upregulated by different types of stressors including oxidative stress, hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, ultraviolet radiation or 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, a hapten used to develop allergic skin reactions in animal models. The oxidative/integrated stress response is also upregulated in the autism brain and may contribute to myelination problems. There was also a marked similarity between the expression signatures of autism and Alzheimer's disease, and 44 shared autism/Alzheimer's disease genes are almost exclusively expressed in the blood-brain barrier. However, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease, levels of the antimicrobial peptide beta-amyloid are decreased and the levels of the neurotrophic/myelinotrophic soluble APP alpha are increased in autism, together with an increased activity of α-secretase. sAPPα induces an increase in glutamatergic and a decrease in GABA-ergic synapses creating and excitatory/inhibitory imbalance that has also been observed in autism. A literature survey showed that multiple autism genes converge on APP processing and that many are able to increase sAPPalpha at the expense of beta-amyloid production. A genetically programmed tilt of this axis towards an overproduction of neurotrophic/gliotrophic sAPPalpha and underproduction of antimicrobial beta-amyloid may explain the brain overgrowth and myelination dysfunction, as well as the involvement of pathogens in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Carter
- PolygenicPathways, 41C Marina, Saint Leonard's on Sea, TN38 0BU, East Sussex, UK.
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Periyasamy P, Shinohara T. Age-related cataracts: Role of unfolded protein response, Ca 2+ mobilization, epigenetic DNA modifications, and loss of Nrf2/Keap1 dependent cytoprotection. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 60:1-19. [PMID: 28864287 PMCID: PMC5600869 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cataracts are closely associated with lens chronological aging, oxidation, calcium imbalance, hydration and crystallin modifications. Accumulating evidence indicates that misfolded proteins are generated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by most cataractogenic stresses. To eliminate misfolded proteins from cells before they can induce senescence, the cells activate a clean-up machinery called the ER stress/unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR also activates the nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a central transcriptional factor for cytoprotection against stress. Nrf2 activates nearly 600 cytoprotective target genes. However, if ER stress reaches critically high levels, the UPR activates destructive outputs to trigger programmed cell death. The UPR activates mobilization of ER-Ca2+ to the cytoplasm and results in activation of Ca2+-dependent proteases to cleave various enzymes and proteins which cause the loss of normal lens function. The UPR also enhances the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage lens constituents and induce failure of the Nrf2 dependent cytoprotection. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is an oxygen sensor protein and regulates the levels of Nrf2 by the proteasomal degradation. A significant loss of DNA methylation in diabetic cataracts was found in the Keap1 promoter, which overexpresses the Keap1 protein. Overexpressed Keap1 significantly decreases the levels of Nrf2. Lower levels of Nrf2 induces loss of the redox balance toward to oxidative stress thereby leading to failure of lens cytoprotection. Here, this review summarizes the overall view of ER stress, increases in Ca2+ levels, protein cleavage, and loss of the well-established stress protection in somatic lens cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Toshimichi Shinohara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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AlDrak N, Abudawood M, Hamed SS, Ansar S. Effect of rutin on proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in toxin-mediated hepatotoxicity. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1354305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noura AlDrak
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Abudawood
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherifa S. Hamed
- Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Wang H, Li D, Hu Z, Zhao S, Zheng Z, Li W. Protective Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol Against Renal Injury Through ROS-Mediated JNK-MAPK Pathway in Lead Exposed Rats. Mol Cells 2016; 39:508-13. [PMID: 27239812 PMCID: PMC4916403 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potential therapeutic effects of polyphenols in treating Pb induced renal dysfunction and intoxication and to explore the detailed underlying mechanisms. Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control groups (CT), Pb exposure groups (Pb), Pb plus Polyphenols groups (Pb+PP) and Polyphenols groups (PP). Animals were kept for 60 days and sacrificed for tests of urea, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Histological evaluations were then performed. In vitro studies were performed using primary kidney mesangial cells to reveal detailed mechanisms. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to evaluate cell viability. Pb induced cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenging were tested by DCFH-DA. Expression level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1-β (IL-1-β) and IL-6 were assayed by ELISA. Western blot and qPCR were used to measure the expression of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38. Polyphenols have obvious protective effects on Pb induced renal dysfunction and intoxication both in vivo and in vitro. Polyphenols reduced Pb concentration and accumulation in kidney. Polyphenols also protected kidney mesangial cells from Pb induced apoptosis. Polyphenols scavenged Pb induced ROS generation and suppressed ROS-mediated ERK/JNK/p38 pathway. Downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines were inhibited in consistency. Polyphenol is protective in Pb induced renal intoxication and inflammatory responses. The underlying mechanisms lie on the antioxidant activity and ROS scavenging activity of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan,
PR China
| | - Deyuan Li
- Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan,
PR China
| | - Zhongze Hu
- Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan,
PR China
| | - Siming Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan,
PR China
| | - Zhejun Zheng
- Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wuhan Economic College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan,
PR China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan,
PR China
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21
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Ansar S, AlGhosoon HT, Hamed S. Evaluation of protective effect of rutin on lead acetate-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1136333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Senbel AM, Saad EI, Taha SS, Mohamed HF. Different mechanisms for lead acetate, aluminum and cadmium sulfate in rat corpus cavernosum. Toxicology 2015; 340:27-33. [PMID: 26723573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Some heavy metals show adverse vascular and neurological effects, however, their effect on erection is underestimated. This study aims to investigate the effect of Pb, Cd and Al on erectile function and their potential mechanism of action in rats. METHODS Measurement of intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP) changes elicited by electrical stimulation of cavernous nerve in anesthetized rats treated with Pb-acetate, Al-sulfate, or Cd-sulfate acutely, and subacutely for 7 days. Serum creatinine, testosterone, TBARs, GSH levels and metal accumulation in corpus cavernosum were measured. RESULTS Pb, Al and Cd significantly reduced ICP/MAP in rats after acute (2,10-2,10 and 1,3 mg/kg respectively) and sub-acute (3, 3, and 1mg/kg/day respectively) treatments. They selectively accumulated in the corpus cavernosum reaching 25.107 ± 2.081 μg/g wet weight for Pb, 1.029 ± 0.193 for Cd, 31.343 ± 1.991 for Al, compared to 7.084 ± 1.517, 0.296 ± 0.067, and 8.86 ± 1.115 as controls respectively. Serum creatinine levels were not altered. Cd and Al significantly reduced testosterone level to 0.483 ± 0.059 and 0.419 ± 0.037 ng/ml respectively compared to 0.927 ± 0.105 ng/ml as control. Aluminum elevated TBARs significantly by 27.843%. The acute anti-erectile action of Pb was blocked by non-selective NOS and GC inhibitors and potassium channel blocker. Lead also masked the potentiatory effect of l-arginine and diazoxide on ICP/MAP. No interaction with muscarinic or nicotinic modulators was observed. CONCLUSIONS Pb, Cd and Al show anti-erectile effect independent on renal injury. They don not modulate cholinergic nor ganglionic transmission in corpus cavernosum. Pb may inhibit NO/cGMP/K+channel pathway. The effect of Cd and Al but not Pb seems to be hormonal dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M Senbel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Evan I Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Safaa S Taha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hosny F Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Si YX, Lee J, Cai Y, Yin SJ, Yang JM, Park YD, Qian GY. Molecular dynamics simulations integrating kinetics for Pb2+-induced arginine kinase inactivation and aggregation. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kasten-Jolly J, Lawrence DA. Lead modulation of macrophages causes multiorgan detrimental health effects. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2014; 28:355-72. [PMID: 24863546 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The environmental toxicant lead (Pb) has detrimental effects on a number of organ systems, including the immune system. Pb exposure decreases host immune defenses against numerous microorganisms and cancer. Although Pb effects on humoral and cell-mediated immunity as well as on erythrocyte, neural, and renal pathophysiology have been well documented, there are few reports regarding Pb's impact on innate immunity, which can affect multiorgan processes. This review focuses on Pb modulation of a key innate immune cell, the macrophage. The impact of Pb on macrophages in different organs, on immature versus mature macrophages, and on low versus high Pb concentrations is discussed. Pb decreases phagocytosis and chemotaxis of macrophages and affects nitric oxide production and eicosanoid metabolism in mature macrophages. Pretreatment of macrophages with Pb increases TNF-α secretion after in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide; however, Pb exposure decreases in vivo intracellular pathogen killing. More recent evidence from mouse studies indicates that even low, environmentally relevant, blood concentrations of Pb result in increased phagocytosis of erythrocytes and decreased expression of interferon-gamma-inducible GTPases, p65-GBP, and p47-IRG, which are necessary for intracellular pathogen killing. Taking into account the effects of Pb on macrophages, the review describes posited mechanisms to account for Pb-altered health effects; Pb effects on heme levels may play a key role as well as Pb's preferential induction of helper type-2 T (Th2) cells and M2 macrophages, which is related to oxidative stress. The discussion links old findings with new, thereby adding new insight into the effects of Pb on macrophages and the resultant compromised immunity and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kasten-Jolly
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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Tomco D, Schmitt S, Heeg MJ, Dou QP, Verani CN. Inhibition of the 26S proteasome as a possible mechanism for toxicity of heavy metal species. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 132:96-103. [PMID: 24452142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report on the synthesis of five metal complexes coordinated to the [NN'O] ligand HL(iodo) (2,4-diiodo-6-((pyridine-2-ylmethylamino)methyl)phenol), namely [Al(III)(L(iodo))2]ClO4 (1), [Cd(II)(L(iodo))Cl]·H2O (2), [Hg(II)(L(iodo))2]·4DMSO (3), [Pb(II)(L(iodo))NO3] (4), and [Sn(IV)(L(iodo))Cl3] (5). Species 1-5 are thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric methods, as well as by elemental analysis. X-ray crystallography results for complex 3 indicate the presence of Hg(II) ion hexacoordinated to two facially oriented [NN'O] ligands, whereas for complex 5 an Sn(IV) ion chelates to one deprotonated ligand and three chlorido coligands. The toxicity of species 1-5 is tested against transformed human prostate epithelial cells CRL2221 and we observe that the five complexes demonstrate high levels of cell growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. In order to evaluate the relationship between these species and the proteasome, we test 1-5 against purified 20S, CRL2221 cell extracts, and intact cells, followed by the measurement of the percent chymotrypsin-like activity inhibition levels. Results suggest a good correlation between the toxicity of [Hg(II)(L(iodo))2]·4DMSO (3) and proteasome inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajena Tomco
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Sara Schmitt
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Mary Jane Heeg
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Cláudio N Verani
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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