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Russo F, Ferri E, Pinetti D, Vandelli MA, Laganà A, Capriotti AL, Cavazzini A, Gigli G, Citti C, Cannazza G. Bidimensional heart-cut achiral-chiral liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for the separation of the main chiral phytocannabinoids and enantiomerization studies of cannabichromene and cannabichromenic acid. Talanta 2024; 267:125161. [PMID: 37708768 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a heart-cut bidimensional achiral-chiral liquid chromatography method coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry was developed for the separation of the main carboxylated phytocannabinoids, namely cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), and cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), and decarboxylated derivatives, namely cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabichromene (CBC), and cannabicyclol (CBL), and the evaluation of their enantiomeric composition in extracts of different Cannabis sativa L. varieties. Optimal conditions for the chiral analysis of CBC- and CBL-type compounds were found with methanol and water (95:5, v/v, with 0.1% formic acid, 1.5 mL/min) on an amylose-based chiral stationary phase. These settings also allowed to evaluate the parameters responsible for CBC and CBCA racemization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Russo
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125, Modena, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Ferri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Diego Pinetti
- Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti (CIGS), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Cinzia Citti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy; Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy; Institute of Nanotechnology - CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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Calcaterra A, Cianfoni G, Tortora C, Manetto S, Grassi G, Botta B, Gasparrini F, Mazzoccanti G, Appendino G. Natural Cannabichromene (CBC) Shows Distinct Scalemicity Grades and Enantiomeric Dominance in Cannabis sativa Strains. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:909-914. [PMID: 37023389 PMCID: PMC10152484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cannabichromene (CBC, 1a) occurs in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) as a scalemate having a composition that is strain-dependent in terms of both enantiomeric excess and enantiomeric dominance. In the present work, the chirality of CBC (1a), a noncrystalline compound, was shown not to be significantly affected by standard conditions of isolation and purification, and enantiomeric self-disproportionation effects were minimized by carrying out the chiral analysis on crude fractions rather than on purified products. A genetic basis for the different enantiomeric state of CBC in Cannabis therefore seems to exist, implying that the chirality status of natural CBC (1a) in the plant is associated with the differential expression of CBCA-synthase isoforms and/or of associated directing proteins with antipodal enantiospecificity. The biological profile of both enantiomers of CBC should therefore be investigated independently to assess the contribution of this compound to the activity of Cannabis preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcaterra
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cianfoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano- and Neuroscience at Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Tortora
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Manetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Grassi
- Canvasalus Research, Via Cristoforo Colombo 64, 35043 Monselice (PD), Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Gasparrini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, p.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Agua AR, Barr PJ, Marlowe CK, Pirrung MC. Cannabichromene Racemization and Absolute Stereochemistry Based on a Cannabicyclol Analog. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8036-8040. [PMID: 34078070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabichromene (CBC) is unusual among cannabinoids in having been described as both a racemic and a scalemic compound from natural Cannabis sources. Several explanations are available for this circumstance, including facile racemization. Cannabichromene was resolved chromatographically, and the enantiomer matching CBC from local Cannabis was identified. To preclude racemization, CBC was converted to cannabicyclol for further stereochemical analysis. This permitted the (R) absolute stereochemistry to be assigned to natural CBC based on chiroptical data for related natural products and the absolute configuration of a cannabicyclol analog determined by X-ray crystallography. The racemization of CBC was found to be rather slow in the laboratory, but handling practices for natural cannabis products can be inferred to promote the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon R Agua
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Philip J Barr
- BayMedica, 458 Carlton Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles K Marlowe
- BayMedica, 458 Carlton Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael C Pirrung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Marsh DT, Smid SD. Cannabis Phytochemicals: A Review of Phytocannabinoid Chemistry and Bioactivity as Neuroprotective Agents. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of medical cannabis usage globally, there has been a renewed interest in exploring the chemical diversity of this unique plant. Cannabis produces hundreds of unique phytocannabinoids, which not only have diverse chemical structures but also a range of cellular and molecular actions, interesting pharmacological properties, and biological actions. In addition, it produces other flavonoids, stilbenoids, and terpenes that have been variably described as conferring additional or so-called entourage effects to whole-plant extracts when used in therapeutic settings. This review explores this phytochemical diversity in relation to specific bioactivity ascribed to phytocannabinoids as neuroprotective agents. It outlines emergent evidence for the potential for selected phytocannabinoids and other cannabis phytochemicals to mitigate factors such as inflammation and oxidative stress as drivers of neurotoxicity, in addition to focusing on specific interactions with pathological misfolding proteins, such as amyloid β, associated with major forms of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease.
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Bioactive Chemical Composition of Cannabis Extracts and Cannabinoid Receptors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153466. [PMID: 32751516 PMCID: PMC7436063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is widely used as a therapeutic drug, especially by patients suffering from psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the complex interplay between phytocannabinoids and their targets in the human receptome remains largely a mystery, and there have been few investigations into the relationship between the chemical composition of medical cannabis and the corresponding biological activity. In this study, we investigated 59 cannabis samples used by patients for medical reasons. The samples were subjected to extraction (microwave and supercritical carbon dioxide) and chemical analyses, and the resulting extracts were assayed in vitro using the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Using a partial least squares regression analysis, the chemical compositions of the extracts were then correlated to their corresponding cannabinoid receptor activities, thus generating predictive models that describe the receptor potency as a function of major phytocannabinoid content. Using the current dataset, meaningful models for CB1 and CB2 receptor agonism were obtained, and these reveal the insignificant relationships between the major phytocannabinoid content and receptor affinity for CB1 but good correlations between the two at CB2 receptors. These results also explain the anomalies between the receptor activities of pure phytocannabinoids and cannabis extracts. Furthermore, the models for CB1 and CB2 agonism in cannabis extracts predict the cannabinoid receptor activities of individual phytocannabinoids with reasonable accuracy. Here for the first time, we disclose a method to predict the relationship between the chemical composition, including phytocannabinoids, of cannabis extracts and cannabinoid receptor responses.
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Pollastro F, Caprioglio D, Del Prete D, Rogati F, Minassi A, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Munoz E, Appendino G. Cannabichromene. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinochromene (CBC, 1a) is the archetypal member of a class of more than twenty isoprenylated 5-hydroxy-7-alkyl(aralky)benzo[2 H]pyranes first reported from Cannabis sativa L. but also occurring in unrelated plants ( Rhododendron species) as well as liverworts and fungi. The chemistry, synthesis, and bioactivity of CBC (1a) is reviewed, highlighting its underexploited pharmacological potential and rich chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara
| | - Danilo Del Prete
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara
| | - Federica Rogati
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara
| | | | - Eduardo Munoz
- VivaCell Biotechnology España, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba. 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Lewis M, Yang Y, Wasilewski E, Clarke HA, Kotra LP. Chemical Profiling of Medical Cannabis Extracts. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6091-6103. [PMID: 30023762 PMCID: PMC6044620 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Medical cannabis has been legally available for patients in a number of countries. Licensed producers produce a variety of cannabis strains with different concentrations of phytocannabinoids. Phytocannabinoids in medical cannabis are decarboxylated when subjected to heating for consumption by the patients or when extracted for preparing cannabis derivative products. There is little understanding of the true chemical composition of cannabis extracts, changes occurring during heating of the extracts, and their relevance to pharmacological effects. We investigated the extract from a popular commercial strain of medical cannabis, prior to and after decarboxylation, to understand the chemical profiles. A total of up to 62 compounds could be identified simultaneously in the extract derived from commercial cannabis, including up to 23 phytocannabinoids. Upon heating, several chemical changes take place, including the loss of carboxylic group from the acidic phytocannabinoids. This investigation attempts to reveal the chemical complexity of commercial medical cannabis extracts and the differences in the chemical composition of the native extract and the one subjected to heat. Comprehensive chemical analyses of medical cannabis extracts are needed for standardization, consistency, and, more importantly, an informed employment of this substance for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa
M. Lewis
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of
Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia
and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto
General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Yi Yang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Ewa Wasilewski
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of
Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia
and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto
General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Hance A. Clarke
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of
Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia
and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto
General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department
of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1E2
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of
Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia
and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto
General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
- E-mail: . Tel. (416) 581-7601. #5-356, PMCRT/MaRS Center,
101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumír O Hanus
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, 12065, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120,
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9
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Shoyama Y, Hirano H, Nishioka I. Cannabis XI. synthesis of cannabigerorcinic-carboxyl-14C acid, cannabigero-varinic-carboxyl-14C acid, cannabidivarinic-carboxyl-14C acid and dl-cannabi-chromevarinic-carboxyl-14C acid. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580140607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Elsohly MA, Slade D. Chemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoids. Life Sci 2005; 78:539-48. [PMID: 16199061 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa L.) and products thereof (such as marijuana, hashish and hash oil) have a long history of use both as a medicinal agent and intoxicant. Over the last few years there have been an active debate regarding the medicinal aspects of cannabis. Currently cannabis products are classified as Schedule I drugs under the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Controlled Substances act, which means that the drug is only available for human use as an investigational drug. In addition to the social aspects of the use of the drug and its abuse potential, the issue of approving it as a medicine is further complicated by the complexity of the chemical make up of the plant. This manuscript discusses the chemical constituents of the plant with particular emphasis on the cannabinoids as the class of compounds responsible for the drug's psychological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Elsohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Rowan MG, Fairbairn JW. Cannabinoid patterns in seedlings of Cannabis sativa L. and their use in the determination of chemical race. J Pharm Pharmacol 1977; 29:491-4. [PMID: 19599 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1977.tb11375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the cannabinoid contents of seedlings from twelve strains of Cannabis of known chemical race. Fourteen days after emergence of the shoot those of the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) type could be distinguished from those of the cannabidiol (CBD) type. The true leaves of the THC type contained a relatively high content of THC and also contained cannabichromene (CBC), sometimes as the major cannabinoid, whereas the CBD type had much lower amounts of THC and no CBC; CBD being the major component. A strain from China corresponded to the THC type but showed some unusual features. Seeds purchased at seven outlets in Britain were also examined. Only two batches germinated by these proved to be of a THC type and resembled the Chinese strain.
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Duke EL, Reimann BE. The extractability of the Duquénois-positive cannabinoids. Toxicology 1973; 1:289-300. [PMID: 4781150 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(73)90035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Nozoe S, Suzuki KT. The structure of the triprenyl phenol derivatives biosynthetically related to siccanin. Tetrahedron Lett 1969:2457-60. [PMID: 5816532 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)88189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kane VV, Razdan RK. Hashish II: reaction of substituted resorcinols with citral in the presence of pyridine--a proposed mechanism. Tetrahedron Lett 1969:591-3. [PMID: 5775268 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)87756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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