1
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Fujie T, Muraoka A, Ito K, Ozaki Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Lead induces a metal transporter, ZIP8, via activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the induction is involved in the protection against lead cytotoxicity by intracellular lead accumulation independent mechanisms in cultured vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:493-501. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Keisuke Ito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yusuke Ozaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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2
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Hara T, Sakamaki S, Ikeda A, Nakamura T, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Cell density-dependent modulation of perlecan synthesis by dichloro(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)zinc(II) in vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:109-115. [PMID: 32062617 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans that are synthesized by vascular endothelial cells contribute to the proliferation, migration, and blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system in vascular endothelial cells. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms for proteoglycan synthesis allows understanding of the regulation of endothelial functions. The research strategy of bioorganometallics analyzes biological systems using organic-inorganic hybrid molecules as tools. The present study found dichloro(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)zinc(II) and its ligand-modulated perlecan expression in vascular endothelial cells, which depends on the cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | | | - Atsuya Ikeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | | | | | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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3
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Hara T, Yabushita S, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Cell Density-Dependent Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Signaling Regulates Syndecan-4 Expression in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103698. [PMID: 32456321 PMCID: PMC7279341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-4 is a member of the syndecan family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and is involved in cell protection, proliferation, and the blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system in vascular endothelial cells. Heparan sulfate chains enable fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) to form a complex with its receptor and to transduce the cell growth signal. In the present study, bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultured, and the intracellular signal pathways that mediate the regulation of syndecan-4 expression in dense and sparse cultures by FGF-2 were analyzed. We demonstrated the cell density-dependent differential regulation of syndecan-4 expression. Specifically, we found that FGF-2 upregulated the synthesis of syndecan-4 in vascular endothelial cells via the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway in dense cell cultures, with only a transcriptional induction of syndecan-4 at a low cell density via the Akt pathway. This study highlights a critical mechanism underlying the regulation of endothelial cell functions by proteoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan; (T.H.); (C.Y.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Shiori Yabushita
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan; (T.H.); (C.Y.)
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-4-7121-3621
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Copper(II) Bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) Induces the Expression of Syndecan-4, a Transmembrane Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, via p38 MAPK Activation in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113302. [PMID: 30352976 PMCID: PMC6274924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans synthesized by vascular endothelial cells are important for regulating cell function and the blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system. Since we recently reported that copper(II) bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) (Cu(edtc)2) modulates the expression of some molecules involving the antioxidant and blood coagulation systems, we hypothesized that Cu(edtc)2 may regulate the expression of proteoglycans and examined this hypothesis using a bovine aortic endothelial cell culture system. The experiments showed that Cu(edtc)2 induced the expression of syndecan-4, a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This induction required the whole structure of Cu(edtc)2—the specific combination of intramolecular copper and a diethyldithiocarbamate structure—as the ligand. Additionally, the syndecan-4 induction by Cu(edtc)2 depended on the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) but not the Smad2/3, NF-E2-related factor2 (Nrf2), or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways. p38 MAPK may be a key molecule for inducing the expression of syndecan-4 in vascular endothelial cells.
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Hara T, Yoshida E, Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Transforming Growth Factor-β 1 Modulates the Expression of Syndecan-4 in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells in a Biphasic Manner. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2009-2017. [PMID: 28019669 PMCID: PMC5485002 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are macromolecules that consist of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan side chains. Previously, we reported that transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) regulates the synthesis of a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, and a small leucine‐rich dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, biglycan, in vascular endothelial cells depending on cell density. Recently, we found that TGF‐β1 first upregulates and then downregulates the expression of syndecan‐4, a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, via the TGF‐β receptor ALK5 in the cells. In order to identify the intracellular signal transduction pathway that mediates this modulation, bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultured and treated with TGF‐β1. Involvement of the downstream signaling pathways of ALK5—the Smad and MAPK pathways—in syndecan‐4 expression was examined using specific siRNAs and inhibitors. The data indicate that the Smad3–p38 MAPK pathway mediates the early upregulation of syndecan‐4 by TGF‐β1, whereas the late downregulation is mediated by the Smad2/3 pathway. Multiple modulations of proteoglycan synthesis may be involved in the regulation of vascular endothelial cell functions by TGF‐β1. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2009–2017,2017. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthTokyo University of ScienceNoda 278‐8510Japan
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthTokyo University of ScienceNoda 278‐8510Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental HealthSchool of PharmacyTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji 192‐0392Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthToho UniversityFunabashi 274‐8510Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthTokyo University of ScienceNoda 278‐8510Japan
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6
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Induction of Syndecan-4 by Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Molecules with a 1,10-Phenanthroline Structure in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020352. [PMID: 28208699 PMCID: PMC5343887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid molecules constitute analytical tools used in biological systems. Vascular endothelial cells synthesize and secrete proteoglycans, which are macromolecules consisting of a core protein and glycosaminoglycan side chains. Although the expression of endothelial proteoglycans is regulated by several cytokines/growth factors, there may be alternative pathways for proteoglycan synthesis aside from downstream pathways activated by these cytokines/growth factors. Here, we investigated organic-inorganic hybrid molecules to determine a variant capable of analyzing the expression of syndecan-4, a transmembrane heparan-sulfate proteoglycan, and identified 1,10-phenanthroline (o-Phen) with or without zinc (Zn-Phen) or rhodium (Rh-Phen). Bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture were treated with these compounds, and the expression of syndecan-4 mRNA and core proteins was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. Our findings indicated that o-Phen and Zn-Phen specifically and strongly induced syndecan-4 expression in cultured vascular endothelial cells through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/β pathway via inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase-domain-containing protein 2. These results demonstrated an alternative pathway involved in mediating induction of endothelial syndecan-4 expression and revealed organic-inorganic hybrid molecules as effective tools for analyzing biological systems.
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Hara T, Yoshida E, Shinkai Y, Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Kumagai Y, Kaji T. Biglycan Intensifies ALK5-Smad2/3 Signaling by TGF-β 1 and Downregulates Syndecan-4 in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1087-1096. [PMID: 27585241 PMCID: PMC6221004 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are macromolecules that consist of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan side chains. A small leucine‐rich dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, biglycan, is one of the predominant types of proteoglycans synthesized by vascular endothelial cells; however, the physiological functions of biglycan are not completely understood. In the present study, bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture were transfected with small interfering RNAs for biglycan, and the expression of other proteoglycans was examined. Transforming growth factor‐β1 signaling was also investigated, because the interaction of biglycan with cytokines has been reported. Biglycan was found to form a complex with either transforming growth factor‐β1 or the transforming growth factor‐β1 type I receptor, ALK5, and to intensify the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, resulting in a lower expression of the transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan‐4. This is the first report to clarify the function of biglycan as a regulatory molecule of the ALK5–Smad2/3 TGF‐β1 signaling pathway that mediates the suppression of syndecan‐4 expression in vascular endothelial cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1087–1096, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shinkai
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
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8
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Fujie T, Hara T, Kaji T. Toxicology of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules: bio-organometallics and its toxicology. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:SP81-SP88. [PMID: 28320985 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.sp81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bio-organometallics is a research strategy of biology that uses organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. The molecules are expected to exhibit useful bioactivities based on the unique structure formed by interaction between the organic structure and intramolecular metal(s). However, studies on both biology and toxicology of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules have been incompletely performed. There can be two types of toxicological studies of bio-organometallics; one is evaluation of organic-inorganic hybrid molecules and the other is analysis of biological systems from the viewpoint of toxicology using organic-inorganic hybrid molecules. Our recent studies indicate that cytotoxicity of hybrid molecules containing a metal that is nontoxic in inorganic forms can be more toxic than that of hybrid molecules containing a metal that is toxic in inorganic forms when the structure of the ligand is the same. Additionally, it was revealed that organic-inorganic hybrid molecules are useful for analysis of biological systems important for understanding the toxicity of chemical compounds including heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Fujie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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9
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Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Yoshida E, Kumagai Y, Kaji T. Heparan sulfate chains potentiate cadmium cytotoxicity in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:259-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Geoghegan JC, Keiser NW, Okulist A, Martins I, Wilson MS, Davidson BL. Chondroitin Sulfate is the Primary Receptor for a Peptide-Modified AAV That Targets Brain Vascular Endothelium In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e202. [PMID: 25313621 PMCID: PMC4217075 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we described a peptide-modified AAV2 vector (AAV-GMN) containing a capsid-displayed peptide that directs in vivo brain vascular targeting and transduction when delivered intravenously. In this study, we sought to identify the receptor that mediates transduction by AAV-GMN. We found that AAV-GMN, but not AAV2, readily transduces the murine brain endothelial cell line bEnd.3, a result that mirrors previously observed in vivo transduction profiles of brain vasculature. Studies in vitro revealed that the glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin sulfate C, acts as the primary receptor for AAV-GMN. Unlike AAV2, chondroitin sulfate expression is required for cell transduction by AAV-GMN, and soluble chondroitin sulfate C can robustly inhibit AAV-GMN transduction of brain endothelial cells. Interestingly, AAV-GMN retains heparin-binding properties, though in contrast to AAV2, it poorly transduces cells that express heparan sulfate but not chondroitin sulfate, indicating that the peptide insertion negatively impacts heparan-mediated transduction. Lastly, when delivered directly, this modified virus can transduce multiple brain regions, indicating that the potential of AAV-GMN as a therapeutic gene delivery vector for central nervous system disorders is not restricted to brain vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Geoghegan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nicholas W Keiser
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Anna Okulist
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Inês Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew S Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Hirooka T, Fujiwara Y, Inoue S, Shinkai Y, Yamamoto C, Satoh M, Yasutake A, Eto K, Kaji T. Suppression of fibroblast growth factor-2 expression: possible mechanism underlying methylmercury-induced inhibition of the repair of wounded monolayers of cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34:433-9. [PMID: 19652467 DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vascular toxicity is an important feature of the neuropathy induced by methylmercury. Methylmercury does not cause nonspecific cell damage, but rather retards the repair of wounded monolayers of cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells by inhibiting their proliferation. Since vascular endothelial cell proliferation during the repair process strongly depends on the fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) system, we investigated the effects of methylmercury on the expression of FGF-2 and related proteins (i.e., FGF receptor 1 and perlecan) in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Of the mRNAs examined, FGF-2 mRNA expression was significantly lowered by methylmercury in not only wounded monolayers but also dense and sparse cultures of endothelial cells; a lower expression of FGF-2 protein in the cells was confirmed. In addition, exogenous FGF-2 partially abrogated the proliferation-inhibitory effect of methylmercury. The results of this study suggest that suppression of FGF-2 expression is one of the mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of methylmercury in damaged endothelial cell monolayers. The FGF-2 system may be one of the important biological systems behind the vascular toxicity of methylmercury.
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Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Hirooka T, Terada N, Satoh M, Kaji T. Arsenite but not arsenate inhibits general proteoglycan synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 33:487-92. [PMID: 18827449 DOI: 10.2131/jts.33.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that exposure to metalloid arsenic constitutes a risk factor for vascular disease associated with atherosclerosis. Since in atherosclerosis, types of proteoglycans (PGs) present change depending on the stage, we investigated the effect of 2 chemical forms of inorganic arsenic-a trivalent sodium arsenite and a pentavalent sodium arsenate-on the synthesis of PGs in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. The results indicate that arsenite but not arsenate, at a noncytotoxic level, inhibits general PG synthesis independent of cell density. Arsenite may be one of the chemical forms of inorganic arsenic that influences the PG composition in blood vessel walls during the progression of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis.
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SATO T, YAMAMOTO C, FUJIWARA Y, KAJI T. Biological Activities of Exogenous Polysaccharides via Controlling Endogenous Proteoglycan Metabolism in Vascular Endothelial Cells. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:717-23. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko SATO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Chika YAMAMOTO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Organization of Frontier Research, Hokuriku University
| | - Yasuyuki FUJIWARA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Toshiyuki KAJI
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Organization of Frontier Research, Hokuriku University
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Urano A, Yamamoto C, Fujiwara Y, Kaji T. [Proteoglycan as a key molecule in atherosclerosis progression: characteristics of the structure and regulation of the synthesis]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:365-75. [PMID: 18311055 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are macromolecules comprising a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan side chains. The macromolecules particularly derived from vascular smooth muscle cells accumulate in atherosclerotic vascular wall and are involved in the progression of vascular lesions. However, the functions of proteoglycans depend on the type of core proteins and microstructure of glycosaminoglycan chains, suggesting importance of the regulation of proteoglycan synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Although the regulation of glycosaminoglycan chain formation is not clear, core protein synthesis is regulated by growth factors/cytokines, mechanical strain, coagulation factors, and other factors. Recently, we found that adiponectin, an adipose-specific plasma protein that exhibits antiatherogenic activities, regulates proteoglycan synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Urano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa City, Japan
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Ermakova II, Mokrushin AL, Chertkova TA, Sakuta GA, Romaniouk AV, Morozov VI. Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans synthesized by rat myoblasts L6J1 in culture. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:452-8. [PMID: 17511611 DOI: 10.1134/s000629790704013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans synthesized by rat myoblasts L6J1 in culture were isolated using sorbent Q-Sepharose from culture medium, extracellular matrix (ECM), and cells. Elution of the sorbed material in a NaCl gradient separated proteoglycans from the bulk of proteins eluted at low concentration of the salt. Four fractions (fractions I-IV) were obtained for each component of the cell culture, including two proteoglycan fractions for the ECM and culture medium and one fraction for the myoblasts. Proteoglycans of the culture medium were virtually completely represented by proteoglycans of fetal calf serum. With enzymes chondroitinase ABC and heparinase III chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans were shown to prevail in all components of the myoblast culture. The core proteins of proteoglycans were characterized by electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Ermakova
- Department of Cell Cultures, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii pr. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Hirooka T, Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Yasutake A, Kaji T. Methylmercury Retards the Repair of Wounded Monolayer of Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells by Inhibiting Their Proliferation without Nonspecific Cell Damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.53.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirooka
- Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Organization for Frontier Research in Preventive Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University
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17
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Kaji T, Yamamoto C, Oh-i M, Fujiwara Y, Yamazaki Y, Morita T, Plaas AH, Wight TN. The vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF165 induces perlecan synthesis via VEGF receptor-2 in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1465-74. [PMID: 16914267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family, VEGF165, regulates vascular endothelial cell functions in autocrine and paracrine fashions in microvessels. Proteoglycans are highly glycosylated poly-anionic macromolecules that influence cellular behaviors such as proliferation and migration by interacting with cytokines/growth factors. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of proteoglycan synthesis by VEGF165 in cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells. The cells were exposed to recombinant human VEGF165, and the proteoglycans were then characterized using biochemical techniques. VEGF165 treatment increased the accumulation of proteoglycans 1.4- and 1.6-fold in the cell layer and conditioned medium, respectively. This effect resulted from the activation of VEGFR-2, and was mimicked by vammin, a VEGFR-2 ligand from snake venom but not placenta growth factor, which binds specifically to VEGFR-1. VEGF165 stimulated the production and secretion of perlecan, substituted with shorter heparan sulfate side chains, but with unaltered sulfated disaccharide composition. The perlecan secreted by VEGF165-stimulated endothelial cells may be involved in the regulation of cellular behavior during angiogenesis, in diseases of the brain microvessels, and in the maintenance of the endothelial cell monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan.
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