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Church DD, Zamir A, Escalante G, Ben-Zeev T, Levi C, Ferrando AA, Hoffman JR. Early Life Androgen Administration Attenuates Aging Related Declines in Muscle Protein Synthesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1118-1123. [PMID: 38376993 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the acute and long-term effects of nandrolone decanoate (ND) on fractional synthetic rates (FSR). METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into ND ( n = 20) or sham ( n = 20) groups. ND injections (10 g·kg -1 ·wk -1 ) started at 7 months of ages and continued for 6 wk. Ten animals from each group were randomly separated and examined 1 wk following drug cessation. The remaining animals were examined at 16 months of age. Animals were injected IP with 1.5 mL of deuterated water 24 h before euthanasia. The kidney, liver, heart, gastrocnemius, and soleus were extracted. Samples were analyzed for deuterated alanine enrichment in the bound protein and intracellular fraction by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure estimated FSR (fraction/day (F/D)) of mixed tissue. RESULTS One-way ANOVA, with treatment and age as fixed factors, indicated that kidney FSR was greater ( P = 0.027) in ND (0.41 ± 0.02 F/D) than sham (0.36 ± 0.014F/D) and higher ( P = 0.003) in young (0.42 ± 0.2 F/D) than old (0.35 ± 0.01 F/D). Liver and heart FSR values were greater ( P ≤ 0.001) in young (0.79 ± 0.06 F/D and 0.13 ± 0.01 F/D, respectively) compared with old (0.40 ± 0.01 F/D and 0.09 ± 0.01 F/D, respectively), but not between ND and sham. Gastrocnemius FSR was ( P ≤ 0.001) greater in young (0.06 ± 0.01 F/D) compared with old (0.03 ± 0.002 F/D), and greater ( P = 0.006) in ND (0.05 ± 0.01 F/D) compared with sham (0.04 ± 0.003 F/D). Soleus FSR rates were greater ( P = 0.050) in young (0.13 ± 0.01 F/D) compared with old (0.11 ± 0.003 F/D), but not between ND (0.12 ± 0.01 F/D) and sham (0.12 ± 0.01 F/D). Old animals who had received ND displayed elevated FSR in the gastrocnemius ( P = 0.054) and soleus ( P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS ND use in young adult animals appeared to maintain long-term elevations in FSR in muscle during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Church
- Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Amit Zamir
- School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, ISRAEL
| | - Guillermo Escalante
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA
| | - Tavor Ben-Zeev
- School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, ISRAEL
| | - Chagai Levi
- School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, ISRAEL
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, ISRAEL
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Jambi S, Mirza A, Zughaibi T, Khalil H, Borai A. The assessment of liver function test and fertility hormones in Saudi athletes using anabolic androgenic steroids. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101954. [PMID: 38292405 PMCID: PMC10825542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A growing number of athletes are using synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), comprised of testosterone and other derivatives, to enhance athletic performance and muscle mass. Over the years, numerous reports elucidated the side effects of the illegal use of AAS, such as infertility, and liver disorders. The effect of AAS on the hepatic and reproductive systems in Saudi athletes has not yet been studied. Therefore, this study examined the liver function and sex hormone parameters of AAS users as compared to non-users. Methods Fasting blood samples were collected from 16 male Saudi athletes, 10 AAS-users (cases) and 6 non-users (controls) to measure liver function tests (ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, total protein, albumin, direct and total bilirubin) and muscle enzymes (CK, LDH), Fertility hormones (LH, FSH, total testosterone, estradiol, and prolactin) were included also. Furthermore, a self-reported questionnaire was obtained to identify the type of AAS used, the dosage, and the length of the course before sample collection. Results The results show a statistically significant increase in ALT (P < 0.001), AST (P < 0.001), CK (P < 0.05), and a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in albumin (P < 0.001) and total bilirubin levels (P < 0.01) in AAS-users. Total testosterone increased significantly among AAS (P < 0.05), along with a significant decrease in LH (P < 0.01), and FSH (P < 0.001) levels, while serum prolactin and estradiol levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion AAS can enhance physical performance and appearance, its potential adverse effects on the hepatic and reproductive systems necessitate careful consideration. Our research demonstrates an increase in the liver-specific enzyme ALT in AAS users relative to non-users and the possibility that short-term AAS usage increases the risk of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha Jambi
- King Abdullah International Medical Center, King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for health science, Pathology, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Applied medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mirza
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Torki Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham Khalil
- King Abdullah International Medical Center, King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for health science, Pathology, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar Borai
- King Abdullah International Medical Center, King Saud bin Abdul Aziz University for health science, Pathology, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Saudi Arabia
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Bezuglov E, Malyakin G, Telyshev D, Morgans R, Lazarev A, Kapralova E, Sadkovaya O, Talibov O. The effects of anti-doping measures on sports performance in weightlifting. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:373-380. [PMID: 38531055 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2334483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating anti-doping measures is essential to optimise their effectiveness. Comparing sporting results that have a higher doping prevalence, such as weightlifting, before and after the implementation of anti-doping measures may serve as an effectiveness indicator. METHODS The results of the most successful weightlifters of both sexes in two time periods, 2009-2015 and 2016-2022 were analysed. The Sinclair Total (ST) to compare the relative strength of weightlifters from different weight categories was calculated. RESULTS A significant decrease in the ST during 2016-2022 (p < 0.001) in athletes of all ages and both sexes overall was reported. When analysed by age, there was a decrease in ST in juniors and seniors of both sexes (p = 0.010 and p < 0.001, respectively), but not in youth. There was a decrease in the ST in senior men (p < 0.001), junior women (p < 0.001) and senior women (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In elite weightlifting, adult athletic results declined during 2016-2022, which may partly be explained by the implementation of new methods to detect long-term anabolic androgenic steroid metabolites as well as other policies. This may highlight the effectiveness of these methods both in the prevention and detection of anti-doping rule violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgiy Malyakin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila Telyshev
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artemii Lazarev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizaveta Kapralova
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sports Laboratory, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Sadkovaya
- N.A. Semashko Public Health and Healthcare Department, F.F. Erisman Institute of Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Talibov
- Department of Therapy, Clinical Pharmacology and Ambulance Care, Moscow Medical University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
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Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Skauen JE, Pallesen S, Bjørnebekk A, Chegeni R, Syvertsen A, Petróczi A, Sagoe D. Prevalence and correlates of androgen dependence: a meta-analysis, meta-regression analysis and qualitative synthesis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2023; 30:309-323. [PMID: 37410490 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To investigate the prevalence and correlates of androgen dependence among users. A meta-analysis, meta-regression analysis, and qualitative synthesis were conducted based on a systematic literature search in Google Scholar, ISO Web of Science, PsycNET, and PubMed. RECENT FINDINGS Twenty-six studies were included in the review and 18 studies ( N = 1782) in the statistical analysis. The overall lifetime androgen dependence prevalence was 34.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 27.8-41.7, Q = 113.1, I2 = 85.0, P < 0.001]. Although males (36.1%, P < 0.001) and females (37.0%, P = 0.188) did not differ ( Q = 0.0, P = 0.930) in dependence prevalence, controlling for other study characteristics, higher study male sample proportion was related to higher dependence prevalence. Combined interview and questionnaire assessments showed higher prevalence compared to interviews only. Publications from 1990-1999 generated higher prevalence compared to 2000-2009 and 2010-2023 publications. Dependents were associated with a wide array of demographic inequalities, and biophysical, cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial problems. SUMMARY One of three persons who initiate androgen use experiences dependence along with various serious disorders. Androgen use and dependence should be considered an important public health issue requiring targeted health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Eriksrød Skauen
- Department of Psychosocial Science
- Human Enhancement and Body Image Lab (HEBI Lab), Addiction Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science
- Human Enhancement and Body Image Lab (HEBI Lab), Addiction Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen
| | - Astrid Bjørnebekk
- Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital
| | - Razieh Chegeni
- Human Enhancement and Body Image Lab (HEBI Lab), Addiction Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - André Syvertsen
- Department of Psychosocial Science
- Human Enhancement and Body Image Lab (HEBI Lab), Addiction Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen
| | - Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University, London, UK
- Institute of Health Promotion and Sport Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dominic Sagoe
- Department of Psychosocial Science
- Human Enhancement and Body Image Lab (HEBI Lab), Addiction Research Group, University of Bergen, Bergen
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SeyedAlinaghi S, Ghayomzadeh M, Mirzapour P, Maroufi SF, Pashaei Z, Ali Z, Tantuoyir MM, Aghaie N, Vahedi F, Salmani R, MohsseniPour M, Qaderi K, Shahidi R, Peyman A, Varshochi S, Afzalian A, Maroufi SP, Mehraeen E, Dadras O, Hackett D. A systematic review of sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors in people living with human immunodeficiency virus. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023. [PMID: 36929581 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) appear to be at an increased risk of sarcopenia, which can have a devastating effect on their life due to consequences such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and finally death. This systematic review examined sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. A systematic search was conducted using the keywords in the online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases from the dates of inception up to May 2022. The retrieved articles underwent a two-step title/abstract and full-text review process, and the eligible papers were selected and included in the qualitative synthesis. Data relating to the study population, purpose of study, gender, age, race, body mass index, medical history, paraclinical results and antiretroviral therapy as associated factors of sarcopenia were extracted. In addition, the prevalence of sarcopenia in PLWH and its promoting and reducing factors were also extracted. We reviewed the 14 related studies for identifying of sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. The total number of PLWH in all the reviewed studies was 2592. There was no criterion for the minimum number of people with HIV and the lowest number of PLWH was 27, and the highest number was 860. Some studies reported a significantly higher prevalence of sarcopenia in HIV-infected individuals compared with HIV-negative controls as follows: 24.2-6.7%, 15-4% and 10-6%, respectively. We showed that, age (30-50 years), being female, >5 years post-HIV diagnosis, multiple vertebral fractures, cocaine/heroin use and lower gamma-glutamyl transferase level were the main promoting factors of sarcopenia. Higher educational level, employment, physical exercise, calf circumference >31 cm, and gait speed >0.8 m/s were also factors to reduce sarcopenia. Sarcopenia prevalence in PLWH is higher than HIV-negative population. Given the importance and prevalence of sarcopenia among PLWH and its associated consequences (i.e., mortality and disability), determining its risk factors is of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghayomzadeh
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Pashaei
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zoha Ali
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marcarious M Tantuoyir
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Biomedical Engineering Unit, University of Ghana Medical Center (UGMC), Accra, Ghana
| | - Narjes Aghaie
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Vahedi
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Salmani
- Department of Midwifery, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Mehrzad MohsseniPour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kowsar Qaderi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ramin Shahidi
- School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Akram Peyman
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Varshochi
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Afzalian
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Omid Dadras
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Cardaci TD, Machek SB, Wilburn DT, Heileson JL, Harris DR, Cintineo HP, Willoughby DS. LGD-4033 and MK-677 use impacts body composition, circulating biomarkers, and skeletal muscle androgenic hormone and receptor content: A case report. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1467-1476. [PMID: 36303408 DOI: 10.1113/ep090741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the main observation in this case? Co-administration of LGD-4033 and MK-677 increased body mass, lean mass and fat mass, while negatively impacting bone, serum lipids, liver enzymes, testosterone (total and free) and, probably, follicle-stimulating hormone. What insights does it reveal? Our cross-sectional data imply that these compounds might alter intramuscular androgenic hormone and receptor concentrations along with promoting muscular strength, when compared with previously published data from trained males. ABSTRACT LGD-4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator, and MK-677, a growth hormone secretagogue, are being used increasingly amongst recreationally active demographics. However, limited data exist describing their effects on health- and androgen-related biomarkers. The purpose of this case study was to determine changes in body composition and biomarkers during and after continued co-administration of LGD-4033 and MK-677. We also aimed to examine muscular strength and intramuscular androgen-associated biomarkers relative to non-users. A 25-year-old male ingested LGD-4033 (10 mg) and MK-677 (15 mg) daily for 5 weeks. Blood and body composition metrics were obtained pre-, on- and post-cycle. One-repetition maximum leg and bench press, in addition to intramuscular androgens and androgen receptor content, were analysed on-cycle. We observed pre- to on-cycle changes in body composition (body mass, +6.0%; total lean body mass, +3.1%; trunk lean body mass, +6.6%; appendicular lean body mass, +4.3%; total fat mass, +15.4%; trunk fat mass, +2.8%; and appendicular fat mass, +14.8%), bone (bone mineral content, -3.60%; area, -1.1%; and bone mineral density, -2.1%), serum lipid-associated biomarkers (cholesterol, +14.8%; triglycerides, +39.2%; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, +40.0%; and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, -36.4%), liver-associated biomarkers (aspartate aminotransferase, +95.8%; and alanine aminotransferase, +205.0%) and androgen-associated biomarkers (free testosterone, -85.7%; total testosterone, -62.3%; and sex hormone-binding globulin, -79.6%); however, all variables returned to pre-cycle values post-cycle, apart from total fat mass, appendicular fat mass, bone area, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Follicle-stimulating hormone was below clinical reference values on- (1.2 IU/L) and post-cycle (1.3 IU/L). Intramuscular androgen receptor (-44.6%), testosterone (+47.8%) and dihydrotestosterone (+34.4%), in addition to one-repetition maximum leg press and bench press (+39.2 and +32.0%, respectively), were different in the case subject compared with non-users. These data demonstrate that LGD-4033 and MK-677 increase several body composition parameters, whilst negatively impacting bone and several serum biomarkers. Given the sparsity of data in recreationally using demographics, further research is warranted to elucidate the acute and chronic physiological effects of these anabolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Cardaci
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Steven B Machek
- Kinesiology Department, College of Health Sciences and Human Services, California State University, Monterey Bay, California, USA
| | - Dylan T Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffery L Heileson
- Nutrition Services Division, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dillon R Harris
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Harry P Cintineo
- Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Harden-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
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8
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Odeh M, Tailakh HM, Al Bawab AQF, Elsahoryi NA, Alzoubi KH. A Comprehensive Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practicalities Related to Doping Agents use among Jordanians. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2022; 18:e174501792202280. [PMID: 37274850 PMCID: PMC10156043 DOI: 10.2174/17450179-v18-e2202280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Background People perform sports for better health and wellbeing. However, the use of doping agents is emerging among young adults. This study investigated aspects related to doping agents. Methods A reliable self-administered questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha =0.72, Pearson's r = 0.89) was used to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practicalities related to the use of doping agents. Results for pharmacists as health care providers (HCP, n=550) were compared with non-healthcare providers (Non-HCP, n=319). Results Among pharmacists, 82.9% knew the definition of doping agents vs. 72.4% of non-HCP (P<0.001). However, 36.7% of pharmacists vs. 39.6% of non-HCP incorrectly classified doping agents (P=0.02). The majority of responders (89.8%) supported having an anti-doping authority, yet, only 15% were aware of the anti-doping organizations. The majority of responders (83%) did not receive an official education related to doping agents. Enhancing physical performance was perceived as a leading driver (82.1%) to use doping agents. More than 90% of responders supported awareness in the community. The perceived best tool for awareness was social media and TV sites, as suggested by pharmacists (95.0%) and non-HCP (92.1%, P=0.312). A total of 6.1% had ever used doping agents (3.6% pharmacist vs. 9.8% non-HCP, P<0.001). Almost half of the users utilized a diet or medication to counteract the side effects of doping agents. Within pharmacists, males received more requests to provide doping agents (41.9%) compared with females (23.8%, P<0.001). Conclusion It is crucial to enhance professional and legal knowledge and public awareness about doping agents, not only for non-HCP but also for HCPs. Applying more restrictions on doping agents is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Odeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Haneen M. Tailakh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdel Qader F. Al Bawab
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nour A. Elsahoryi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, The University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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9
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Rodgers BD, Ward CW. Myostatin/Activin Receptor Ligands in Muscle and the Development Status of Attenuating Drugs. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:329-365. [PMID: 34520530 PMCID: PMC8905337 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle wasting disease indications are among the most debilitating and often deadly noncommunicable disease states. As a comorbidity, muscle wasting is associated with different neuromuscular diseases and myopathies, cancer, heart failure, chronic pulmonary and renal diseases, peripheral neuropathies, inflammatory disorders, and, of course, musculoskeletal injuries. Current treatment strategies are relatively ineffective and can at best only limit the rate of muscle degeneration. This includes nutritional supplementation and appetite stimulants as well as immunosuppressants capable of exacerbating muscle loss. Arguably, the most promising treatments in development attempt to disrupt myostatin and activin receptor signaling because these circulating factors are potent inhibitors of muscle growth and regulators of muscle progenitor cell differentiation. Indeed, several studies demonstrated the clinical potential of "inhibiting the inhibitors," increasing muscle cell protein synthesis, decreasing degradation, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, and preserving muscle function. Such changes can prevent muscle wasting in various disease animal models yet many drugs targeting this pathway failed during clinical trials, some from serious treatment-related adverse events and off-target interactions. More often, however, failures resulted from the inability to improve muscle function despite preserving muscle mass. Drugs still in development include antibodies and gene therapeutics, all with different targets and thus, safety, efficacy, and proposed use profiles. Each is unique in design and, if successful, could revolutionize the treatment of both acute and chronic muscle wasting. They could also be used in combination with other developing therapeutics for related muscle pathologies or even metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopedics and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology (BioMET), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Sagoe D, Johnsen B, Lindblad B, Normann TAJ, Skogvoll V, Heierdal M, Lauritzen F. A Mixed-Method Evaluation of a Prison Anti-doping Intervention: The Hercules Prison Program. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:779218. [PMID: 35005620 PMCID: PMC8732770 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.779218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction study denotes the need for physical activity and anti-doping interventions in Norwegian prisons. We developed and evaluated the efficacy of such intervention—the Hercules prison program. The program combines theoretical anti-doping lessons with practical strength training. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach (pretest-posttest design) comprising a longitudinal survey, observation, informal conversations, and in-depth interviews. Survey respondents were 104 male prisoners aged 18–56 (M = 34.81, SD = 9.34) years from seven Norwegian prisons. Of these, 52 provided both baseline and posttest responses. Participants completed questionnaires including demographic, doping use, and psychophysical items/measures. At the end of the intervention, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 of the survey respondents. The survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, as well as independent and paired samples t-tests. The qualitative data were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. A total of 7.5% and 33.3% of participants were current and former AAS users respectively, whereas 86.1% personally knew at least one current or former AAS user. Consistent with our expectation, there were increases in self-rated physical strength (t = −4.1, p < 0.001, d = 0.46) and strength training self-efficacy (t = −8.33, p < 0.001, d = 1.36), and a decrease in moral disengagement in doping (t = −4.05, p < 0.001, d = 0.52) from baseline to posttest. These findings are supported by the qualitative data. Notable success factors are relationship-building, instructors' expertise and acceptability, and gatekeepers' navigation and co-creation. The program provides valuable evidence of the potential benefits of combining anti-doping education with practical strength training in doping prevention in correctional settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Sagoe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Berit Johnsen
- University College of Norwegian Correctional Service (Kriminalomsorgens Høgskole og Utdanningssenter KRUS), Lillestrøm, Norway
| | - Bo Lindblad
- Department of Prevention and Public Health, Anti-doping Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Are Jensen Normann
- University College of Norwegian Correctional Service (Kriminalomsorgens Høgskole og Utdanningssenter KRUS), Lillestrøm, Norway
| | - Vidar Skogvoll
- University College of Norwegian Correctional Service (Kriminalomsorgens Høgskole og Utdanningssenter KRUS), Lillestrøm, Norway
| | - Morten Heierdal
- Department of Prevention and Public Health, Anti-doping Norway, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Shimko KM, Piatkowski T, Thomas KV, Speers N, Brooker L, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW. Performance- and image-enhancing drug use in the community: use prevalence, user demographics and the potential role of wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126340. [PMID: 34171672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Performance- and image-enhancing drug (PIED) misuse is a significant public health issue. Currently, seizure data, surveys, anti-doping testing, and needle service provider data are used to estimate PIED use in populations. These methods are time consuming, single point-in-time measurements that often consist of small sample sizes and do not truly capture PIED prevalence. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used globally to assess and monitor licit and illicit drug consumption within the general community. This method can objectively cover large populations as well as specific subpopulations (gyms, music festivals, prisons), and has potential as a complementary monitoring method for PIED use. Information obtained through WBE could be used to aid public health authorities in developing targeted prevention and education programmes. Research on PIED analysis in wastewater is limited and presents a significant gap in the literature. The focus is on anabolic steroids, and one steroid alternative currently growing in popularity; selective androgenic receptor modulators. This encompasses medical uses, addiction, prevalence, user typology, and associated public health implications. An overview of WBE is described including its benefits, limitations and potential as a monitoring method for PIED use. A summary of previous work in this field is presented. Finally, we summarise gaps in the literature, future perspectives, and recommendations for monitoring PIEDs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Naomi Speers
- Sport Integrity Australia (SIA), Unit 14, 5 Tennant Street, Fyshwick, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL), National Measurement Institute (NMI), 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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12
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Almohammadi AM, Edriss AM, Enani TT. Anabolic-androgenic steroids and dietary supplements among resistance trained individuals in western cities of Saudi Arabia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:117. [PMID: 34583769 PMCID: PMC8480089 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) contain testosterone-like androgens and are used as supplements to improve performance, therapeutic measures, appearance, and muscular development. Purpose This study aimed to estimate using anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) and good and bad practices about dietary supplements among resistance-trained individuals. It further seeked to determine the use of common drugs and supplements containing anabolic steroids among resistance-trained individuals (who work out at the sports centre) and assess users' knowledge about its side effects. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the sports centres of the western cities of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 120 male resistance-trained individuals. Results The majority of the participants (80%) reported that they had not used any hormonal bodybuilding supplement last year, while 20% said they had used such hormonal supplements. Approximately half (52.5%) of participants reported that they always used dietary supplements. A total of 44.2% of participants possessed inadequate knowledge of these products. The main reason behind the use of hormones and supplements was to increase muscle mass. Conclusions A minority of resistance-trained individuals in the studied population frequently misused AAS. However, the results cannot be generalised to the whole of Saudi Arabia. AAS consumption can be reduced by enhancing the level of awareness and knowledge of potential adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen Mosleh Almohammadi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Anas Mohammed Edriss
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Talal Enani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Abstract
The pressure to gain mass, power, explosiveness, and endurance and to obtain a performance edge continues to a part of sports. Anabolic agents, including selective androgen receptor modulators along with peptides, hormones, and metabolic modulators, continues to evolve. Methods to promote transcription to modify gene expression are a part of the evolution. In order to monitor and improve doping detection, the Athlete Biological Passport has been created. This article provides an up-to-date review of alcohol, anabolic androgens and related agents, stimulants, opioids, and cannabis and related compounds and their effects on athlete health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Stull
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Eric Morse
- Carolina Performance, AIHF, 8300 Health Park #201, Raleigh, NC 27615, USA
| | - David R McDuff
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Centers for Psychiatry, 3290 North Ridge Road, Suite 320, Ellicott City, MD 21043, USA
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14
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Bhasin S, Hatfield DL, Hoffman JR, Kraemer WJ, Labotz M, Phillips SM, Ratamess NA. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in Sports, Health, and Society. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1778-1794. [PMID: 34261998 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This consensus statement is an update of the 1987 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) position stand on the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Substantial data have been collected since the previous position stand, and AAS use patterns have changed significantly. The ACSM acknowledges that lawful and ethical therapeutic use of AAS is now an accepted mainstream treatment for several clinical disorders; however, there is increased recognition that AAS are commonly used illicitly to enhance performance and appearance in several segments of the population, including competitive athletes. The illicit use of AAS by competitive athletes is contrary to the rules and ethics of many sport governing bodies. Thus, the ACSM deplores the illicit use of AAS for athletic and recreational purposes. This consensus statement provides a brief history of AAS use, an update on the science of how we now understand AAS to be working metabolically/biochemically, potential side effects, the prevalence of use among athletes, and the use of AAS in clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalender Bhasin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Disa L Hatfield
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - William J Kraemer
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | | | - Nicholas A Ratamess
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ
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15
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Falqueto H, Júnior JLR, Silvério MNO, Farias JCH, Schoenfeld BJ, Manfredi LH. Can conditions of skeletal muscle loss be improved by combining exercise with anabolic-androgenic steroids? A systematic review and meta-analysis of testosterone-based interventions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:161-178. [PMID: 33783694 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, cachexia, and atrophy due to inactivity and disease states are characterized by a loss of skeletal muscle mass, often accompanied by reduced levels of anabolic hormones (e.g. testosterone). These conditions are associated with an increase in mortality, hospitalization and worsening in quality of life. Both physical exercise (EX) and anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) administration can improve the prognosis of patients as they increase physical functionality. However, there is a gap in the literature as to the impact of these therapies on the gains in strength and muscle mass and their implications for patient safety. Accordingly, we performed a random-effects meta-analysis to elucidate the effects of AAS and/or EX interventions on lean body mass (LBM) and muscle strength in conditions involving muscle loss. A systematic search for relevant clinical trials was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Comparisons included AAS vs. Control, EX vs. Control, AAS vs. EX, AAS + EX vs. AAS and AAS + EX vs. EX. A total of 1114 individuals were analyzed. AAS increased LBM (effect size [ES]: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.25, 0.68, P = 0.00) and muscle strength (ES: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.53, P = 0.01) when compared to a control group. EX promoted an increase in muscular strength (ES: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.53, 1.25, P = 0.00), with no effect on LBM when compared to the control group (ES: 0.15; 95% CI: -0.07, 0.38, P = 0.17). AAS did not demonstrate statistically significant differences when compared to EX for LBM and muscle strength. The combination of EX + AAS promoted a greater increase in LBM and muscular strength when compared to AAS or EX in isolation. Qualitatively, AAS administration had relatively few side effects. Significant heterogeneity was found in some analyses, which may be explained by the use of different AAS types and EX protocols. Our findings suggest that AAS administration in cachectic and sarcopenic conditions may be a viable interventional strategy to enhance muscle function when exercise is not a possible approach. Moreover, combining AAS with exercise may enhance positive outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Falqueto
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, SC 484 - Km 02, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, UFFS, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jorge L R Júnior
- Laboratory of Sport Biomechanics, Sports Department, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro N O Silvério
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, SC 484 - Km 02, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Juliano C H Farias
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, SC 484 - Km 02, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro H Manfredi
- Medical School, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, SC 484 - Km 02, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, UFFS, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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16
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McCullough D, Webb R, Enright KJ, Lane KE, McVeigh J, Stewart CE, Davies IG. How the love of muscle can break a heart: Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, metabolic and cardiovascular health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:389-405. [PMID: 33269425 PMCID: PMC8087567 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated 6.4% of males and 1.6% of females globally use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), mostly for appearance and performance enhancing reasons. In combination with resistance exercise, AAS use increases muscle protein synthesis resulting in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increased performance. Primarily through binding to the androgen receptor, AAS exert their hypertrophic effects via genomic, non-genomic and anti-catabolic mechanisms. However, chronic AAS use also has a detrimental effect on metabolism ultimately increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Much research has focused on AAS effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins, with abnormal concentrations of these associated with insulin resistance, hypertension and increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This clustering of interconnected abnormalities is often referred as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the impact of AAS use on mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and markers of MetS. AAS use markedly decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Chronic AAS use also appears to cause higher fasting insulin levels and impaired glucose tolerance and possibly higher levels of VAT; however, research is currently lacking on the effects of AAS use on glucose metabolism. While cessation of AAS use can restore normal lipid levels, it may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as depression and hypogonadism that can increase CVD risk. Research is currently lacking on effective treatments for withdrawal symptoms and further long-term research is warranted on the effects of AAS use on metabolic health in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deaglan McCullough
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Richard Webb
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin J Enright
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie E Lane
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jim McVeigh
- Substance Use and Associated Behaviours Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian G Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Nascimento LCGD, Eustaquio JMJ, Mendes LP, Santos ROD, Barbosa Neto O. SWIM TRAINING REVERSES SOME EFFECTS OF NANDROLONE DECANOATE IN WISTAR RATS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127022020_0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The indiscriminate use of androgenic steroids may have deleterious effects on human tissue. Objectives: Evaluate the effects of chronic administration of the steroid nandrolone decanoate (DECA) on autonomic cardiovascular modulation, kidney morphometry and the association between these variables in Wistar rats subjected to physical training with swimming. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats aged 20 weeks were distributed among four experimental groups according to the training received: sedentary control (SC), sedentary treated with DECA (SD), trained control (TC) and trained treated with DECA (TD). The hemodynamic parameters, including blood pressure and variations in systolic blood pressure (SBPV) and diastolic blood pressure (DBPV), and kidney morphometry were evaluated. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: The SD group had higher baseline SBP and DBP values when compared to the SC, TC and TD groups, which were similar to each other. The rats in the SD group had higher systolic blood pressure (SBPV) and diastolic blood pressure (DBPV) variation values and higher absolute and normalized values in the LF band of the DBPV when compared to the animals in the SC, TC and TD groups. The animals in the SD group had a significantly higher rate of kidney fibrosis compared to the SC, TC and TD groups. There were no significant differences between the sympathetic modulation of SBPV through the LF component and kidney fibrosis. Conclusions: Physical training with swimming was effective in preventing the increase in blood pressure levels and lowering the occurrence of kidney fibrosis in animals treated with anabolic steroids. Level of Evidence IV; Series of cases .
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18
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Quantification of 17 Endogenous and Exogenous Steroidal Hormones in Equine and Bovine Blood for Doping Control with UHPLC-MS/MS. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050393. [PMID: 33919404 PMCID: PMC8143330 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and fast analytical method able to simultaneously identify and quantify 17 endogenous and exogenous steroidal hormones was developed in bovine and equine blood using UHPLC-MS/MS. A total amount of 500 µL of sample was deproteinized with 500 µL of a mixture of methanol and zinc sulfate and evaporated. The mixture was reconstituted with 50 µL of a solution of 25% methanol and injected in the UHPLC-MS/MS triple quadrupole. The correlation coefficients of the calibration curves of the analyzed compounds were in the range of 0.9932–0.9999, and the limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.023–1.833 and 0.069–5.5 ppb, respectively. The developed method showed a high sensitivity and qualitative aspects allowing the detection and quantification of all steroids in equine and bovine blood. Moreover, the detection limit of testosterone (50 ppt) is half of the threshold admitted in plasma (100 ppt). Once validated, the method was used to quantify 17 steroid hormones in both bovine and equine blood samples. The primary endogenous compounds detected were corticosterone (range 0.28–0.60 ppb) and cortisol (range 0.44–10.00 ppb), followed by androstenedione, testosterone and 11-deoxycortisol.
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19
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An Abductive Inference Approach to Assess the Performance-Enhancing Effects of Drugs Included on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. Sports Med 2021; 51:1353-1376. [PMID: 33811295 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Some have questioned the evidence for performance-enhancing effects of several substances included on the World Anti-Doping Agency's Prohibited List due to the divergent or inconclusive findings in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, inductive statistical inference based on RCTs-only may result in biased conclusions because of the scarcity of studies, inter-study heterogeneity, too few outcome events, or insufficient power. An abductive inference approach, where the body of evidence is evaluated beyond considerations of statistical significance, may serve as a tool to assess the plausibility of performance-enhancing effects of substances by also considering observations and facts not solely obtained from RCTs. Herein, we explored the applicability of an abductive inference approach as a tool to assess the performance-enhancing effects of substances included on the Prohibited List. We applied an abductive inference approach to make inferences on debated issues pertaining to the ergogenic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), beta2-agonists and anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), and extended the approach to more controversial drug classes where RCTs are limited. We report that an abductive inference approach is a useful tool to assess the ergogenic effect of substances included on the Prohibited List-particularly for substances where inductive inference is inconclusive. Specifically, a systematic abductive inference approach can aid researchers in assessing the effects of doping substances, either by leading to suggestions of causal relationships or identifying the need for additional research.
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20
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Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9010097. [PMID: 33477800 PMCID: PMC7832337 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a large group of molecules including endogenously produced androgens, such as testosterone, as well as synthetically manufactured derivatives. AAS use is widespread due to their ability to improve muscle growth for aesthetic purposes and athletes’ performance, minimizing androgenic effects. AAS use is very popular and 1–3% of US inhabitants have been estimated to be AAS users. However, AASs have side effects, involving all organs, tissues and body functions, especially long-term toxicity involving the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system, thereby, their abuse is considered a public health issue. The aim of the proposed review is to highlight the most recent evidence regarding the mechanisms of action of AASs and their unwanted effects on organs and lifestyle, as well as suggesting that AAS misuse and abuse lead to adverse effects in all body tissues and organs. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are common mechanisms involved in AAS-related damage in the whole body. The cardiovascular system and the reproductive system are the most frequently involved apparatuses. Epidemiology as well as the molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in the neuropsychiatric side-effects of AAS abuse are still unclear, further research is needed in this field. In addition, diagnostically reliable tests for AAS abuse should be standardized. In this regard, to prevent the use of AASs, public health measures in all settings are crucial. These measures consist of improved knowledge among healthcare workers, proper doping screening tests, educational interventions, and updated legislation.
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) represents a group of synthetic testosterone derivatives that play an important role in clinical treatment. These drugs are widely abused among the general public to increase lean weight and improve athletic performance. It has been reported that AAS use can produce many adverse effects, especially the occurrence of cardiovascular risk. Although there are many related studies, there has been no consensus on AAS use and cardiovascular risk. The present study was to review the effect of AAS on the cardiovascular system. DATA SOURCES The data in this review were obtained from articles included in PubMed and the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. STUDY SELECTION Original articles, case reports, and systematic reviews about AAS were selected for the article. RESULTS The use/abuse of AAS is correlated with higher cardiovascular risks, and many AAS users/abusers had cardiovascular diseases. However, there are many confounding factors in the studies that explored the causality between AAS intake and disease development, and additional studies are required to determine AAS toxicity. CONCLUSION AAS produces toxic effects on the cardiovascular system, and it is necessary to ensure that more people know this about AAS, including medical personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Di Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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22
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Steroid Madness- has the dark side of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) been over-stated? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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