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Hilkens L, Bons J, Nyakayiru J, van Loon LJC, van Dijk JW. A single bout of jumping exercise does not modulate serum markers of bone formation or bone resorption throughout a 24 h period. Bone 2024; 188:117216. [PMID: 39074570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This randomized, cross-over trial assessed the effect of a single bout of high-impact exercise on serum markers of bone formation and bone resorption over a 24 h period. METHODS Twenty healthy males and females performed a single bout of brief jumping exercise (EXC) or no exercise (CON), 55 min following consumption of a standard breakfast. Blood markers of bone formation (P1NP) and bone resorption (CTX-I) were assessed before (t = 0 h) and over a 5 h period after breakfast, and following 24 h of post-exercise recovery (t = 24 h). RESULTS Serum CTX-I concentrations decreased during the 5 h postprandial period (time-effect, P < 0.001) with no differences between conditions (time x condition, P = 0.14). After a ~ 16 % decline during the first 30 min following breakfast, serum P1NP concentrations gradually returned to baseline values during the 5 h postprandial period, with no differences in the overall response between conditions (time-effect, P < 0.001; time x condition, P = 0.25). Fasted serum CTX-I concentrations decreased from 0.33 ± 0.15 and 0.35 ± 0.15 ng/mL at baseline, to 0.31 ± 0.13 and 0.31 ± 0.16 ng/mL at t = 24 h in CON and EXC, respectively, with no differences between conditions (time-effect, P < 0.01; time x condition, P = 0.70). Fasted serum P1NP concentrations did not change from baseline to t = 24 h in both CON (baseline: 76 ± 27 ng/mL, t = 24 h: 79 ± 26 ng/mL) and EXC (baseline: 80 ± 24 ng/mL, t = 24 h: 77 ± 29 ng/mL; time-effect, P = 0.89), with no differences between conditions (time x condition, P = 0.22). CONCLUSION High-impact exercise does not modulate the concentrations of the serum marker of bone formation P1NP and the serum marker of bone resorption CTX-I throughout a 24 h recovery period in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Hilkens
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Bons
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Gaffney-Stomberg E, Nakayama AT, Lutz LJ, McClung JP, O'Brien KO, Staab JS. Load carriage exercise increases calcium absorption and retention in healthy young women. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:39-49. [PMID: 38630876 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise reduces circulating ionized Ca (iCa) and increases parathyroid hormone (PTH), but the cause and consequences on Ca handling are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of strenuous exercise on Ca kinetics using dual stable Ca isotopes. Twenty-one healthy women (26.4 ± 6.7 yr) completed a randomized, crossover study entailing two 6-d iterations consisting of either 60 min of treadmill walking at 65% VO2max wearing a vest weighing 30% body weight on study days 1, 3, and 5 (exercise [EX]), or a rest iteration (rest [REST]). On day 1, participants received intravenous 42Ca and oral 44Ca. Isotope ratios were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Kinetic modeling determined fractional Ca absorption (FCA), Ca deposition (Vo+), resorption (Vo-) from bone, and balance (Vbal). Circulating PTH and iCa were measured before, during, and after each exercise/rest session. Data were analyzed by paired t-test or linear mixed models using SPSS. iCa decreased and PTH increased (P < .001) during each EX session and were unchanged during REST. On day 1, urinary Ca was lower in the EX pool (25 ± 11 mg) compared to REST (38 ± 16 mg, P = .001), but did not differ over the full 24-h collection (P > .05). FCA was greater during EX (26.6 ± 8.1%) compared to REST (23.9 ± 8.3%, P < .05). Vbal was less negative during EX (-61.3 ± 111 mg) vs REST (-108 ± 23.5 mg, P < .05), but VO+ (574 ± 241 vs 583 ± 260 mg) and VO- (-636 ± 243 vs -692 ± 252 mg) were not different (P > .05). The rapid reduction in circulating iCa may be due to a change in the miscible Ca pool, resulting in increased PTH and changes in intestinal absorption and renal Ca handling that support a more positive Ca balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Gaffney-Stomberg
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Anna T Nakayama
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Laura J Lutz
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Kimberly O O'Brien
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Jeffery S Staab
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States
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Koltun KJ, Sterczala AJ, Sekel NM, Krajewski KT, Martin BJ, Lovalekar M, Connaboy C, Flanagan SD, Wardle SL, O'Leary TJ, Greeves JP, Nindl BC. Effect of acute resistance exercise on bone turnover in young adults before and after concurrent resistance and interval training. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15906. [PMID: 38296351 PMCID: PMC10830389 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Weight-bearing physical activity can stimulate bone adaptation. This investigation explored the effect of an acute bout of resistance exercise before and after resistance+interval training on circulating biomarkers of bone metabolism and muscle-bone crosstalk. Healthy young male and female participants (n = 21 male, 28 ± 4 years; n = 17 female, 27 ± 5 years) performed a 6 × 10 squat test (75% 1RM) before and after a 12-week resistance+interval training program. Before and after completion of the training program, blood samples were collected at rest, immediately postexercise, and 2 h postexercise. Blood samples were analyzed for βCTX, P1NP, sclerostin, osteocalcin, IGF-1, and irisin. Significant effects of acute exercise (main effect of time) were observed as increases in concentrations of IGF-1, irisin, osteocalcin, and P1NP from rest to postexercise. A sex*time interaction indicated a greater decline in βCTX concentration from rest to 2 h postexercise and a greater increase in sclerostin concentration from rest to immediately postexercise in male compared with female participants. Sex differences (main effect of sex) were also observed for irisin and P1NP concentrations. In summary, changes in concentrations of biochemical markers of bone metabolism and muscle-bone crosstalk were observed in males and females after an acute bout of resistance exercise and following 12 weeks of resistance+interval training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J. Koltun
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Adam J. Sterczala
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nicole M. Sekel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kellen T. Krajewski
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Mita Lovalekar
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher Connaboy
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shawn D. Flanagan
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research CenterUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Martínez-Noguera FJ, Alcaraz PE, Ortolano-Ríos R, Marín-Pagán C. One Season in Professional Cycling Is Enough to Negatively Affect Bone Health. Nutrients 2023; 15:3632. [PMID: 37630821 PMCID: PMC10458969 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cycling is a very popular sport worldwide, and several studies have already indicated that cycling at various levels has a negative impact on bone health. This is of concern to both performance and health managers of many cycling teams at different levels because of its economic and social impact. Based on the scientific literature, we hypothesize that a single season at the professional level can negatively affect bone health status. The aim of this study was to assess how professional cycling affects bone health markers after one season. Densitometry was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), T-score and Z-score in professional cyclists after one season. After one season at the professional level, cyclists' BMD decreased significantly in the legs, trunk, ribs and pelvis (p ≤ 0.05). BMC decreased in the arms and spine (p ≤ 0.05). BA decreased significantly in the arms and spine (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, a significant decrease in Z-score (p ≤ 0.05) and a decreasing trend in T-score and total BMD (p = 0.06) were observed. One season of professional cycling is enough to negatively affect bone health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera
- Research Center for High-Performance Sport, University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (C.M.-P.)
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Research Center for High-Performance Sport, University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (C.M.-P.)
| | - Raquel Ortolano-Ríos
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High-Performance Sport, University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.E.A.); (C.M.-P.)
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Coombs CV, Wardle SL, Shroff R, Eisenhauer A, Tang JCY, Fraser WD, Greeves JP, O'Leary TJ. The effect of calcium supplementation on calcium and bone metabolism during load carriage in women: protocol for a randomised controlled crossover trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:496. [PMID: 37328859 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military field exercises are characterised by high volumes of exercise and prolonged periods of load carriage. Exercise can decrease circulating serum calcium and increase parathyroid hormone and bone resorption. These disturbances to calcium and bone metabolism can be attenuated with calcium supplementation immediately before exercise. This randomised crossover trial will investigate the effect of calcium supplementation on calcium and bone metabolism, and bone mineral balance, during load carriage exercise in women. METHODS Thirty women (eumenorrheic or using the combined oral contraceptive pill, intrauterine system, or intrauterine device) will complete two experimental testing sessions either with, or without, a calcium supplement (1000 mg). Each experimental testing session will involve one 120 min session of load carriage exercise carrying 20 kg. Venous blood samples will be taken and analysed for biochemical markers of bone resorption and formation, calcium metabolism, and endocrine function. Urine will be collected pre- and post-load carriage to measure calcium isotopes for the calculation of bone calcium balance. DISCUSSION The results from this study will help identify whether supplementing women with calcium during load carriage is protective of bone and calcium homeostasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04823156 (clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte V Coombs
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, SP11 8HT, UK
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, SP11 8HT, UK
| | - Rukshana Shroff
- Renal Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, SP11 8HT, UK
| | - Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, SP11 8HT, UK.
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6
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Hannachi M, Ouerghi N, Abassi W, Ouergui I, kammoun I, Bouassida A. Effects of high- vs. moderate-intensity intermittent training on parathyroid hormone concentration in overweight/obese females. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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LUNDY BRONWEN, MCKAY ALANNAHKA, FENSHAM NIKITAC, TEE NICOLIN, ANDERSON BRYCE, MORABITO AIMEE, ROSS MEGANLR, SIM MARC, ACKERMAN KATHRYNE, BURKE LOUISEM. The Impact of Acute Calcium Intake on Bone Turnover Markers during a Training Day in Elite Male Rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:55-65. [PMID: 35977107 PMCID: PMC9770130 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although an acute exercise session typically increases bone turnover markers (BTM), the impact of subsequent sessions and the interaction with preexercise calcium intake remain unclear despite the application to the "real-life" training of many competitive athletes. METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, elite male rowers ( n = 16) completed two trials, a week apart, consisting of two 90-min rowing ergometer sessions (EX1, EX2) separated by 150 min. Before each trial, participants consumed a high (CAL; ~1000 mg) or isocaloric low (CON; <10 mg) calcium meal. Biochemical markers including parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum ionized calcium (iCa) and BTMs (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, osteocalcin) were monitored from baseline to 3 h after EX2. RESULTS Although each session caused perturbances of serum iCa, CAL maintained calcium concentrations above those of CON for most time points, 4.5% and 2.4% higher after EX1 and EX2, respectively. The decrease in iCa in CON was associated with an elevation of blood PTH ( P < 0.05) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen ( P < 0.0001) over this period of repeated training sessions and their recovery, particularly during and after EX2. Preexercise intake of calcium-rich foods lowered BTM over the course of a day with several training sessions. CONCLUSIONS Preexercise intake of a calcium-rich meal before training sessions undertaken within the same day had a cumulative and prolonged effect on the stabilization of blood iCa during exercise. In turn, this reduced the postexercise PTH response, potentially attenuating the increase in markers of bone resorption. Such practical strategies may be integrated into the athlete's overall sports nutrition plan, with the potential to safeguard long-term bone health and reduce the risk of bone stress injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- BRONWEN LUNDY
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA,Rowing Australia, Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory, AUSTRALIA
| | - ALANNAH K. A. MCKAY
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - NIKITA C. FENSHAM
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - NICOLIN TEE
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - BRYCE ANDERSON
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - AIMEE MORABITO
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - MEGAN L. R. ROSS
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - MARC SIM
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA
| | - KATHRYN E. ACKERMAN
- Female Athlete Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - LOUISE M. BURKE
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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8
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Smith ES, McKay AKA, Kuikman M, Ackerman KE, Harris R, Elliott-Sale KJ, Stellingwerff T, Burke LM. Managing Female Athlete Health: Auditing the Representation of Female versus Male Participants among Research in Supplements to Manage Diagnosed Micronutrient Issues. Nutrients 2022; 14:3372. [PMID: 36014878 PMCID: PMC9412577 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies and sub-optimal intakes among female athletes are a concern and are commonly prevented or treated with medical supplements. However, it is unclear how well women have been considered in the research underpinning current supplementation practices. We conducted an audit of the literature supporting the use of calcium, iron, and vitamin D. Of the 299 studies, including 25,171 participants, the majority (71%) of participants were women. Studies with exclusively female cohorts (37%) were also more prevalent than those examining males in isolation (31%). However, study designs considering divergent responses between sexes were sparse, accounting for 7% of the literature. Moreover, despite the abundance of female participants, the quality and quantity of the literature specific to female athletes was poor. Just 32% of studies including women defined menstrual status, while none implemented best-practice methodologies regarding ovarian hormonal control. Additionally, only 10% of studies included highly trained female athletes. Investigations of calcium supplementation were particularly lacking, with just two studies conducted in highly trained women. New research should focus on high-quality investigations specific to female athletes, alongside evaluating sex-based differences in the response to calcium, iron, and vitamin D, thus ensuring the specific needs of women have been considered in current protocols involving medical supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella S. Smith
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Alannah K. A. McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Megan Kuikman
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Harris
- Female Athlete Performance and Health Initiative, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
- Perth Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Research Institute, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
| | | | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Institute for Sport Excellence, 4371 Interurban Road, Victoria, BC V9E 2C5, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Louise M. Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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Guzman A, Kurgan N, Moniz SC, McCarthy SF, Sale C, Logan-Sprenger H, Elliott-Sale KJ, Hazell TJ, Klentrou P. Menstrual Cycle Related Fluctuations in Circulating Markers of Bone Metabolism at Rest and in Response to Running in Eumenorrheic Females. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:124-136. [PMID: 35429247 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This study examined potential fluctuations in bone metabolic markers across the menstrual cycle both at rest and after a 30-min bout of continuous running at 80% of V̇O2max. Resting and post-exercise (0, 30, 90 min) sclerostin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTXI), and procollagen type 1 N propeptide (PINP) were assessed in 10 eumenorrheic women (age: 21 ± 3 y, BMI: 23.2 ± 3.0 kg.m2) during the mid- to late-follicular (FP: day 8.0 ± 1.4) and mid-luteal (LP: day 22.0 ± 2.5) phases of the menstrual cycle. Ovulation was determined using ovulation kits and daily measurement of oral body temperature upon awakening. Menstrual cycle phase was subsequently confirmed by measurement of plasma estradiol and progesterone. On average, resting estradiol concentrations increased from 46.3 ± 8.9 pg·mL-1 in the FP to 67.3 ± 23.4 pg·mL-1 in the LP (p = 0.015), and resting progesterone increased from 4.12 ± 2.36 ng·mL-1 in the FP to 11.86 ± 4.49 ng·mL-1 in the LP (p < 0.001). At rest, there were no differences between menstrual cycle phases in sclerostin (FP: 260.1 ± 135.0 pg·mL-1; LP: 303.5 ± 99.9 pg·mL-1; p = 0.765), PTH (FP: 0.96 ± 0.64 pmol·L-1; LP: 0.79 ± 0.44 pmol·L-1; p = 0.568), β-CTXI (FP: 243.1 ± 158.0 ng·L-1; LP: 202.4 ± 92.3 ng·L-1; p = 0.198), and PINP (FP: 53.6 ± 8.9 μg·L-1; LP: 66.2 ± 20.2 μg·L-1; p = 0.093). Main effects for time (p < 0.05) were shown in sclerostin, PTH, β-CTXI and PINP, without phase or interaction effects. Sclerostin increased from pre- to immediately post-exercise (45%; p = 0.007), and so did PTH (43%; p = 0.011), both returning to resting concentrations 30 min post-exercise. β-CTXI decreased from pre- to post-exercise (20%; p = 0.027) and was still below its pre-exercise concentrations at 90 min post-exercise (17%; p = 0.013). PINP increased immediately post-exercise (29%; p < 0.001), returning to resting concentrations at 30 min post-exercise. These results demonstrate no effect of menstrual cycle phase on resting bone marker concentrations or on the bone metabolic marker response to intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Guzman
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Nigel Kurgan
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Sara C Moniz
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Craig Sale
- SHAPE Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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10
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The Bone Biomarker Response to an Acute Bout of Exercise: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2889-2908. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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11
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Wherry SJ, Swanson CM, Kohrt WM. Acute catabolic bone metabolism response to exercise in young and older adults: A narrative review. Exp Gerontol 2022; 157:111633. [PMID: 34826573 PMCID: PMC10103539 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is recommended for cardiometabolic benefits and to preserve or improve bone health, especially for older adults at increased risk of fracture. However, exercise interventions have modest benefits on areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and exercise can lead to bone loss in young athletes under certain conditions. In this narrative review, we discuss evidence for a disruption in calcium homeostasis during exercise that may diminish the skeletal benefits of exercise. Topics include 1) a general overview of the effects of exercise on aBMD; 2) discussion of the exercise-induced disruption in calcium homeostasis; 3) factors that influence the magnitude of the exercise-induced disruption in calcium homeostasis, including age, sex, and exercise mode, intensity, and duration; 4) oral calcium supplementation to minimize the exercise-induced disruption in calcium homeostasis; and 5) potential for exercise-induced increase in parathyroid hormone to be both catabolic and anabolic to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Wherry
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Christine M Swanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
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12
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Environmental Factors That Affect Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010044. [PMID: 35008468 PMCID: PMC8744774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin are involved in the regulation of bone mineral metabolism and maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the body. Therefore, an understanding of environmental and genetic factors influencing PTH and calcitonin levels is crucial. Genetic factors are estimated to account for 60% of variations in PTH levels, while the genetic background of interindividual calcitonin variations has not yet been studied. In this review, we analyzed the literature discussing the influence of environmental factors (lifestyle factors and pollutants) on PTH and calcitonin levels. Among lifestyle factors, smoking, body mass index (BMI), diet, alcohol, and exercise were analyzed; among pollutants, heavy metals and chemicals were analyzed. Lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with PTH levels were smoking, BMI, exercise, and micronutrients taken from the diet (vitamin D and calcium). Smoking, vitamin D, and calcium intake led to a decrease in PTH levels, while higher BMI and exercise led to an increase in PTH levels. In terms of pollutants, exposure to cadmium led to a decrease in PTH levels, while exposure to lead increased PTH levels. Several studies have investigated the effect of chemicals on PTH levels in humans. Compared to PTH studies, a smaller number of studies analyzed the influence of environmental factors on calcitonin levels, which gives great variability in results. Only a few studies have analyzed the influence of pollutants on calcitonin levels in humans. The lifestyle factor with the clearest relationship with calcitonin was smoking (smokers had increased calcitonin levels). Given the importance of PTH and calcitonin in maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis and bone mineral metabolism, additional studies on the influence of environmental factors that could affect PTH and calcitonin levels are crucial.
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Wherry SJ, Blatchford PJ, Swanson CM, Wellington T, Boxer RS, Kohrt WM. Maintaining serum ionized calcium during brisk walking attenuates the increase in bone resorption in older adults. Bone 2021; 153:116108. [PMID: 34252605 PMCID: PMC8478867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance exercise can cause a decrease in serum ionized calcium (iCa) and increases in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and bone resorption, reflected by serum carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX). We developed a calcium clamp to prevent the decrease in iCa during exercise, which attenuated increases in PTH and CTX during vigorous cycling in young men. The goal was to determine whether this occurs in older adults during brisk walking. METHODS Twelve older adults (6 men, 6 women) performed two identical 60-min treadmill walking bouts with Ca gluconate or half-normal saline infusion. Blood sampling for iCa, total calcium (tCa), phosphate (P), PTH, and CTX, occurred before, during, and for 4 h after exercise. RESULTS iCa decreased during exercise with the saline infusion (p = 0.04) and this provoked increases in PTH and CTX (both p < 0.01). The Ca clamp prevented the decrease in serum iCa during exercise and attenuated the PTH and CTX responses. CONCLUSIONS Preventing the exercise-induced decrease in iCa markedly attenuated the increases in PTH and CTX. The cause of the decrease in iCa during exercise remains unclear, but the increases in PTH and CTX are likely counter-regulatory responses to defend serum iCa. This contention is supported by previous observations that the disruption of Ca homeostasis during exercise occurs regardless of training status. It will be important to establish whether this acute catabolic effect of exercise diminishes the potential chronic anabolic effects of exercise on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Wherry
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Patrick J Blatchford
- VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Christine M Swanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Toby Wellington
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S Boxer
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
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Hamano J, Shimizu T, Tsuji K, Kohrt WM, Tabata I. Effects of exhaustive high-intensity intermittent exercise on serum parathyroid hormone. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hamano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
| | | | | | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Izumi Tabata
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
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Wherry SJ, Miller RM, Jeong SH, Beavers KM. The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers. Nutrients 2021; 13:1250. [PMID: 33920153 PMCID: PMC8070587 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show a positive effect of exercise on aBMD among weight-stable older adults; however, data on the ability of exercise to mitigate bone loss secondary to CR are surprisingly equivocal. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update of the randomized controlled trial literature assessing the efficacy of exercise as a countermeasure to CR-induced bone loss among older adults. Secondarily, we present data demonstrating the occurrence of exercise-induced changes in bone biomarkers, offering insight into why exercise is not more effective than observed in mitigating CR-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Wherry
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ryan M. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sections on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Sarah H. Jeong
- Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA;
| | - Kristen M. Beavers
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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Hilkens L, Knuiman P, Heijboer M, Kempers R, Jeukendrup AE, van Loon LJ, van Dijk JW. Fragile bones of elite cyclists: to treat or not to treat? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:26-28. [PMID: 33703944 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01034.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Hilkens
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands
| | - Pim Knuiman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Asker E. Jeukendrup
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Luc J.C. van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- School of Sport and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands
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17
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Vahidi G, Rux C, Sherk VD, Heveran CM. Lacunar-canalicular bone remodeling: Impacts on bone quality and tools for assessment. Bone 2021; 143:115663. [PMID: 32987198 PMCID: PMC7769905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteocytes can resorb as well as replace bone adjacent to the expansive lacunar-canalicular system (LCS). Suppressed LCS remodeling decreases bone fracture toughness, but it is unclear how altered LCS remodeling impacts bone quality. The first goal of this review is to assess how LCS remodeling impacts LCS morphology as well as the composition and mechanical properties of surrounding bone tissue. The second goal is to compare tools available for the assessment of bone quality at length-scales that are physiologically-relevant to LCS remodeling. We find that changes to LCS morphology occur in response to a variety of physiological conditions and diseases and can be classified in two general phenotypes. In the 'aging phenotype', seen in aging and in some disuse models, the LCS is truncated and osteocytes apoptosis is increased. In the 'osteocytic osteolysis' phenotype, which is adaptive in some physiological settings and possibly maladaptive in others, the LCS enlarges and osteocytes generally maintain viability. Bone composition and mechanical properties vary near the osteocyte and change with at least some conditions that alter LCS morphology. However, few studies have evaluated bone composition and mechanical properties close to the LCS and so the impacts of LCS remodeling phenotypes on bone tissue quality are still undetermined. We summarize the current understanding of how LCS remodeling impacts LCS morphology, tissue-scale bone composition and mechanical properties, and whole-bone material properties. Tools are compared for assessing tissue-scale bone properties, as well as the resolution, advantages, and limitations of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vahidi
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States of America
| | - C Rux
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States of America
| | - V D Sherk
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - C M Heveran
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Montana State University, United States of America.
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Mathis SL, Pivovarova AI, Hicks SM, Alrefai H, MacGregor GG. Calcium loss in sweat does not stimulate PTH release: A study of Bikram hot yoga. Complement Ther Med 2020; 51:102417. [PMID: 32507433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that sweat loss during exercise causes a disruption in calcium homeostasis that activates bone resorption and over time leads to low bone mineral density. The purpose of this small pilot study was to determine whether dermal calcium loss from a bout of excessive sweating during light intensity physical activity triggers an increase in biomarkers of bone resorption. Biochemical markers related to bone homeostasis were measured before and after a 90 min Bikram hot yoga practice performed in a room heated to 105 °F with 40 % humidity. Participants were five females with a mean age of 47.4 ± 4.7 years. Nude body weight, serum total calcium (Ca2+), free ionized calcium, albumin, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and CTX-I were measured before and after a Bikram hot yoga practice. Mean estimated sweat loss was 1.54 ± 0.65 L, which elicited a 1.9 ± 0.9 % decrease in participant's body weight. Mean Ca2+ concentration in sweat was 2.9 ± 1.7 mg/dl and the estimated mean total calcium lost was 41.3 ± 16.4 mg. Serum ionized Ca2+ increased from 4.76 ± 0.29 mg/dl to 5.35 ± 0.36 mg/dl after the Bikram hot yoga practice (p = 0.0118). Serum PTH decreased from pre- 33.9 ± 3.3 pg/ml to post- 29.9 ± 2.1 pg/ml yoga practice (p = 0.0015) when adjusted for hemoconcentration (PTHADJ), implying a decrease in PTH secretion. We conclude that calcium loss in sweat during 90 min of Bikram hot yoga did not trigger an increase in PTH secretion and did not initiate bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Mathis
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | | | - Sarah M Hicks
- Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, United States
| | - Hasan Alrefai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Gordon G MacGregor
- Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States; Yogalytes, Huntsville, AL, United States.
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