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Warneke K, Rabitsch T, Dobert P, Wilke J. The effects of static and dynamic stretching on deep fascia stiffness: a randomized, controlled cross-over study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2809-2818. [PMID: 38689040 PMCID: PMC11365840 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
AIM Previous stretching studies mostly investigated effects on the skeletal muscle but comprehensive explorations regarding the role of the connective tissue are scarce. Since the deep fascia has been demonstrated to be sensitive to mechanical tension, it was hypothesized that the fascia would also respond to stretching, contributing to enhanced range of motion (ROM). METHODS Forty (40) recreationally active participants (male: n = 25, female: n = 15) were included in the randomized controlled cross-over trial and allocated to different groups performing 5 min static (STAT) or dynamic (DYN) plantar flexor stretching or control condition (CC) in a random order. Pre- and immediately post-intervention, muscle and fascia stiffness, as well as muscle and fascia thickness were measured using high-resolution ultrasound and strain elastography. ROM was assessed in the ankle joint via the knee to wall test (KtW) and goniometer. RESULTS STAT reduced both, muscle and fascia stiffness (d = 0.78 and 0.42, p < 0.001, respectively), while DYN did not reduce stiffness compared to the control condition (p = 0.11-0.41). While both conditions showed significant increases in the KtW (d = 0.43-0.46, p = 0.02-0.04), no significant differences to the CC were observed for the isolated ROM testing (p = 0.09 and 0.77). There was a small correlation between fascia stiffness decreases and ROM increases (r = - 0.25, p = 0.006) but no association was found between muscle stiffness decreases and ROM increases (p = 0.13-0.40). CONCLUSION Our study is the first to reveal stretch-induced changes in fascia stiffness. Changes of fascia`s but not muscle`s mechanical properties may contribute to increased ROM following stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8020, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria.
| | - Thomas Rabitsch
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Patrik Dobert
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Jan Wilke
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, 9020, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
- Department of Neuromotorics and Movement, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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2
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Li G, Liu D, Yang D, He L. The Impact of Different Muscle Relaxation Techniques on the Upper Trapezius and Its Relationship with the Middle Trapezius. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 2024; 67:225-232. [PMID: 39206782 DOI: 10.4103/ejpi.ejpi-d-24-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The relaxation of trapezius muscles is widely believed to alleviate fatigue or injury of the trapezius muscles and reduce the risk of shoulder and neck pain. This study aims to examine the effects of different muscle relaxation techniques on the physical properties of the trapezius muscle and to explore how changes in the physical properties of the upper trapezius muscle affect those of the middle trapezius muscle. Twenty-four healthy males (mean age: 23.08 ± 0.97 years; height: 172.42 ± 4.61 cm; weight: 66.38 ± 6.68 kg; and body mass index: 22.30 ± 1.81 kg/m2), randomly divided into four groups: stretching relaxation group (ST, n = 6), mechanical vibration massage (MV, n = 6), pulse massage (PU, n = 6), and control (CO, n = 6). Measurements using the Myoton digital muscle assessment system were conducted daily over 2 weeks. The experimental groups demonstrated a notable decrease in tension and stiffness, accompanied by heightened elasticity in the upper trapezius muscles. Conversely, the control group exhibited contrasting trends. Although no significant variances were detected among the relaxation techniques, all proved efficacious compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Moreover, relaxation of the upper trapezius muscles significantly influenced the middle trapezius muscles (P < 0.05). Various relaxation methods positively influenced trapezius muscle attributes over 2 weeks, with inter-regional effects noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Di Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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3
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Miyamoto N, Yamazaki K, Iwasaki T, Mujika I, Yamashita D, Hirata K. Biceps femoris long head stiffens after 2 weeks of training cessation in highly trained sprinters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05536-w. [PMID: 38904773 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most athletes experience short-term training cessation because of illness, injury, post-season vacation, or other reasons. Passive muscle stiffness is a potential risk factor for a sprint-type hamstring strain injury, but limited information is available about the effect of short-term training cessation on passive muscle stiffness. The present study aimed to identify whether and how passive muscle stiffness of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) would vary due to 2 weeks of training cessation in sprinters. METHODS Passive BFlh shear-wave speed (a proxy for stiffness) was measured using ultrasound shear-wave elastography in 28 male sprinters, before and after 2 weeks of intervention. During the 2 weeks, the participants in the training-cessation group (n = 14) were allowed to maintain their normal daily activities but not to perform any physical training, including stretching and resistance exercises. The participants in the training continuation group (n = 14) performed the training (including maximum speed sprint, plyometric, and weight training) prescribed by their coaches 5 days per week. RESULTS In the training-cessation group, passive BFlh shear-wave speed increased after the 2 weeks of training cessation (4.75 ± 0.77 to 5.00 ± 0.88 m/s, P < 0.001). In contrast, there was no significant difference before and after the 2 weeks of training continuation (4.90 ± 0.85 to 4.93 ± 0.85 m/s, P = 0.521). CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that muscles stiffen by training cessation in sprinting athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Miyamoto
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Yamazaki
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Takafumi Iwasaki
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daichi Yamashita
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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4
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Namsawang J, Srijunto W, Werasirirat P, Snieckus A, Bradauskiene K, Kamandulis S, Muanjai P. The effects of 6-week home-based static stretching, dynamic stretching, or eccentric exercise interventions on muscle-tendon properties and functional performance in older women. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:117-126. [PMID: 38283890 PMCID: PMC10820338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Joint inflexibility is acknowledged as a significant contributor to functional limitations in the older adult, with lengthening-type exercises identified as a potential remedial approach. Nevertheless, the responses to eccentric exercise in female older adults have not been extensively studied especially in home-based environment. Here, we aimed to assess the effectiveness of home-based static stretching (ST), dynamic closed-chain stretching (DCS), or eccentric exercise (ECC) interventions on flexibility, musculotendinous architecture, and functional ability in healthy older women. Methods We randomly assigned 51 healthy older women (age 65.9 ± 3.4 years) to one of three interventional exercise groups: DCS (N = 17), ECC (N = 17), or ST (N = 17). The training was performed 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The participants' musculotendinous stiffness, fascicle length, eccentric strength, and functional capacities were measured before the intervention, after 6 weeks of exercise, and at a 1-month follow-up. Results The results showed that all three interventions improved hamstring flexibility and passive ankle dorsiflexion (p < 0.001), with increased biceps femoris and medial gastrocnemius fascicle length (p < 0.01). However, there was no significant change in musculotendinous stiffness. The ECC intervention produced a greater improvement in knee flexor and calf eccentric peak torque (p < 0.05), and gait speed (p = 0.024) than the other two interventions. The changes in flexibility and knee flexor strength remained for up to 4 weeks after detraining. Conclusion In conclusion, the present study suggests that home-based ECC may be more beneficial in enhancing physical capacities in older women compared with either DCS or SS interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntip Namsawang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
- Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Wirasinee Srijunto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Phurichaya Werasirirat
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
- Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pornpimol Muanjai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
- Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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Hirata K, Akagi R. Acute effect of static stretching on non-muscular tissue stiffness and joint flexibility: a comparative study between older and young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:793-803. [PMID: 37702788 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-muscular tissue stiffness is assumed to have a negative impact on joint flexibility, and a reduction in non-muscular tissue stiffness may be important, especially in older adults. The present study aimed to compare the acute effects of static stretching on non-muscular tissue stiffness between older and young adults and to investigate whether a decrease in tissue stiffness improves joint flexibility. METHODS Twenty older (62-83 years) and 20 young (21-24 years) males participated. Ankle dorsiflexion static stretching (five sets of 90 s each) was performed, and before and after stretching, the ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (RoM), passive ankle joint stiffness, and shear wave speed (SWS) (an index of stiffness) of the sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, and posterior thigh fascia were measured. RESULTS Stretching led to an increase in RoM and a decrease in passive joint stiffness in both groups (P < 0.001) with no significant between-group differences (P ≥ 0.055). The between-group difference in the effect of stretching on SWS was evident only for the sciatic nerve, and a decline in sciatic nerve SWS was only observed in the older adult group (pre-stretching: 2.5 ± 0.3 m/s; post-stretching: 2.3 ± 0.4 m/s; P = 0.027). A significant positive repeated-measures correlation was observed between the sciatic nerve SWS and passive joint stiffness (P = 0.014, rrm = 0.540). CONCLUSION The reduction in sciatic nerve stiffness by stretching was noticeable in older men and led to improved joint flexibility. These findings may provide insight into tissue adaptation by stretching and may be used to explore effective exercises for improving joint flexibility in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hirata
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan.
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 337-8570, Japan.
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Železnik P, Jelen A, Kalc K, Behm DG, Kozinc Ž. Acute effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on hamstrings muscle stiffness and range of motion: a randomized cross-over study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1005-1014. [PMID: 37803178 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the acute effects of static stretching (SS) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on hamstrings flexibility and shear modulus. Sixteen recreationally active young volunteers participated in a randomized cross-over study. Participants underwent an aerobic warm-up (WU), followed by either SS or PNF stretching. Range of motion (RoM) during passive straight leg raise and active knee extension, as well as shear modulus of the biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles, were measured at baseline, post-WU, and post-stretching. Both stretching techniques significantly increased RoM, with no differences observed between SS and PNF (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.59-0.68). However, only PNF stretching resulted in a significant decrease in BF shear modulus (time×stretching type interaction: p = 0.045; η2 = 0.19), indicating reduced muscle stiffness. No changes in ST shear modulus were observed after either stretching technique. There was no significant correlation between changes in RoM and shear modulus, suggesting that the increase in RoM was predominantly due to changes in stretch tolerance rather than mechanical properties of the muscles. These findings suggest that both SS and PNF stretching can effectively improve hamstring flexibility, but PNF stretching may additionally reduce BF muscle stiffness. The study highlights the importance of considering individual muscle-specific responses to stretching techniques and provides insights into the mechanisms underpinning acute increases in RoM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Železnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Amadej Jelen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Kalc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
- University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, Muzejski Trg 2, 6000, Koper, Slovenia.
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7
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Nakamura M, Takeuchi K, Fukaya T, Nakao G, Konrad A, Mizuno T. Acute effects of static stretching on passive stiffness in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 117:105256. [PMID: 37951029 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Static stretching has been demonstrated to improve the health of older adults. One of its goals is to decrease passive stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) and/or muscles. Decreased passive stiffness in older adults could increase the range of motion and movement efficiency. Herein, we conducted a meta-analysis of the acute effects of static stretching on passive stiffness in older adults as well as a meta-analysis of differences in these effects between older and young adults. BACKGROUND PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO were searched for studies published before June 28, 2023. Manual searches were performed to identify additional studies. All included studies were critically reviewed by five authors. Meta-analyses of muscle and tendon injuries were performed using a random effect model. Of 4643 identified studies, 6 studies were included in the systematic review. RESULTS The main meta-analysis in older adults showed that static stretching could decrease the passive stiffness of the MTU or muscles (effect size, 0.55; 95 % confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.84; p < 0.01; and I2 = 0.0 %). Moreover, for the comparison between young and old adults, three studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results revealed no significant difference in the effects of static stretching interventions on stiffness between older and young adults (effect size, 0.136; 95 % confidence interval, -0.301 to 0.5738; p = 0.541; and I2 = 17.4 %). Static stretching could decrease the passive stiffness of the MTU and/or muscles in older adults to a small magnitude, and the effects were comparable between older and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, 4490-9 Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga 842-8585, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Takeuchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kobe International University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Work Studies, Josai International University, Togane, Chiba, Japan
| | - Gakuto Nakao
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan; Professional Post-Secondary Course (Physical Therapist), Sapporo Medical Technology, Welfare and Dentistry Professional Training College of Nishino Gakuen School Foundation, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Takamasa Mizuno
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
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Albuquerque Brandão MC, de Carvalho Teixeira G, Fernandes de Oliveira L. Acute Effects of Stretching Exercises on Posterior Chain: Analysis of Shear Modulus by Elastography SSI. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 2023:5582277. [PMID: 38654914 PMCID: PMC11023729 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5582277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The posterior chain muscles of the lower limb include the hamstrings and triceps surae, along with the Achilles tendon. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of static stretching exercises commonly used in clinical and training settings on the shear modulus (µ) of these muscles and tendon using Supersonic Shear-Wave Imaging (SSI) elastography. Fifteen healthy adults participated in the study, performing stretching exercises for hamstrings and triceps surae. Shear modulus and joint range of motion (ROM) were measured before and after the stretching protocols. The hip and ankle mean ROM significantly increased by 19.27% and 24.10%, respectively. However, the stretching protocol did not significantly alter in µ of the hamstrings, the gastrocnemius muscles, and the Achilles tendon. K-means clustering analysis identified a group where the subjects with lower initial ROM showed higher amplitude gains and a significant decrease in the semimembranosus stiffness after stretching. These findings suggest that the stretching protocol was effective in improving joint mobility but not sufficient to elicit immediate mechanical changes in muscle and tendon stiffness. Neural adaptations and nonmuscular structures might contribute to increased ROM. The study highlights the importance of considering individual initial ROM and subsequent responses when evaluating the effects of stretching exercises on muscle and tendon properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Albuquerque Brandão
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Carvalho Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Liliam Fernandes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica—COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Akagi R, Miyokawa Y, Shiozaki D, Yajima Y, Yamada K, Kano K, Hashimoto Y, Okamoto T, Ando S. Eight-week neuromuscular electrical stimulation training produces muscle strength gains and hypertrophy, and partial muscle quality improvement in the knee extensors. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2209-2228. [PMID: 38390833 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2318540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of an 8-week neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training programme (3 days/week) on muscle quantity and quality and single-joint performance in the knee extensors. Thirty-nine untrained young male participants were randomly assigned to NMES training (n = 21) and control (n = 18) groups. The 8-week NMES training induced significant increase in the isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the knee extensors (≈9.3%), muscle volume of the individual and entire quadriceps muscles determined by magnetic resonance imaging (≈3.3%-6.4%), and a significant decrease in the ultrasound echo intensity of the vastus lateralis (≈-4.0%); however, hypertrophy of the vastus intermedius (i.e., the deep muscle) was limited (≈3.3%). In the NMES training group, the repeated measures correlations of the isometric MVC torque with the muscle volume of the entire quadriceps muscle and each quadriceps muscle were significant (rrm (20) = 0.551-0.776), whereas that of the isometric MVC torque with the ultrasound echo intensity of the vastus lateralis was not significant. These findings suggest that NMES training produces muscle strength gains, muscle hypertrophy, and partial muscle quality improvement and that the NMES training-induced muscle strength gains is caused by muscle hypertrophy in the knee extensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyokawa
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daigo Shiozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Yajima
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koki Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kano
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Hashimoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Okamoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Gupta U, Sharma A, Rizvi MR, Alqahtani MM, Ahmad F, Kashoo FZ, Miraj M, Asad MR, Uddin S, Ahamed WM, Nanjan S, Hussain SA, Ahmad I. Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization Technique versus Static Stretching in Patients with Pronated Dominant Foot: A Comparison in Effectiveness on Flexibility, Foot Posture, Foot Function Index, and Dynamic Balance. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060785. [PMID: 36981441 PMCID: PMC10048685 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pronated foot is a deformity with various degrees of physical impact. Patients with a pronated foot experience issues such as foot pain, ankle pain, heel pain, shin splints, impaired balance, plantar fasciitis, etc. Objective: The study intended to compare the effectiveness of IASTM (instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization) and static stretching on ankle flexibility, foot posture, foot function, and balance in patients with a flexible pronated foot. Methods: Seventy-two participants between the ages of 18–25 years with a flexible pronated foot were included and allocated into three groups: Control, stretching, and IASTM group using single-blinded randomization. Range of motion (ROM) measuring ankle flexibility, foot posture index (FPI), foot function index (FFI), and dynamic balance was measured at baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention. Soft tissue mobilization was applied on to the IASTM group, while the stretching group was directed in static stretching of the gastrocnemius-soleus complex, tibialis anterior, and Achilles tendon in addition to the foot exercises. The control group received only foot exercises for 4 weeks. Results: The result shows the significant improvement of the right dominant foot in ROM plantar flexion, (F = 3.94, p = 0.03), dorsiflexion (F = 3.15, p = 0.05), inversion (F = 8.54, p = 0.001) and eversion (F = 5.93, p = 0.005), FFI (control vs. IASTM, mean difference (MD) = 5.9, p < 0.001), FPI (right foot, control vs. IASTM MD = 0.88, p = 0.004), and in dynamic balance of the right-leg stance (anterior, pre vs. post = 88.55 ± 2.28 vs. 94.65 ± 2.28; anteromedial, pre vs. post = 80.65 ± 2.3 vs. 85.55 ± 2.93; posterior, pre vs. post = 83 ± 3.52 vs. 87 ± 2.99 and lateral, pre vs. post = 73.2 ± 5.02 vs. 78.05 ± 4.29) in the IASTM group. The FFI was increased remarkably in the stretching group as compared to the control group. Conclusions: Myofascial release technique, i.e., IASTM with foot exercises, significantly improves flexibility, foot posture, foot function, and dynamic balance as compared to stretching, making it a choice of treatment for patients with a flexible pronated foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjwal Gupta
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute and Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute and Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Moattar R. Rizvi
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Manav Rachna International Institute and Studies (MRIIRS), Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Mazen M. Alqahtani
- College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy & Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah 15431, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (F.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Fuzail Ahmad
- College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (F.A.); (I.A.)
| | - Faizan Z. Kashoo
- Department of Physical Therapy & Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah 15431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Miraj
- Department of Physical Therapy & Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah 15431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad R. Asad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Almajmaah 15431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadab Uddin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waseem M. Ahamed
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saravanakumar Nanjan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed A. Hussain
- College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.); (F.A.); (I.A.)
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11
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Hirata K, Akagi R. Contribution of muscle stiffness of the triceps surae to passive ankle joint stiffness in young and older adults. Front Physiol 2022; 13:972755. [PMID: 36726380 PMCID: PMC9885261 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.972755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether triceps surae muscle stiffness is associated with passive ankle joint stiffness in 40 young (21-24 years) and older (62-83 years) males. Using ultrasound shear wave elastography, the shear modulus of each muscle of the triceps surae (the medial [MG], lateral gastrocnemius [LG], and soleus [Sol]) was assessed as muscle stiffness at the ankle neutral position (NP) and 15-degree dorsiflexed position (DF15) with the knee fully extended. Passive ankle joint stiffness at the NP and DF15 was calculated as the gradient of the angle-torque relationship at each joint angle during passive ankle dorsiflexion at 1°∙s-1 controlled by using an isokinetic dynamometer. Passive ankle joint stiffness was normalized by the body mass. There was no correlation between the absolute ankle joint stiffness and muscle shear modulus of triceps surae in the young and older groups at the NP (r ≤ 0.349, p ≥ 0.138). Significant positive correlations between absolute ankle joint stiffness and muscle shear modulus at DF15 were observed for MG and Sol in the young group (r ≥ 0.451, p ≤ 0.044) but not in the older group. The normalized ankle joint stiffness at the NP was significantly positively correlated with the LG shear modulus in young participants and with the MG and LG shear modulus in older participants (r ≥ 0.466 and p ≤ 0.039). There were significant positive correlations between the normalized ankle joint stiffness and the muscle shear modulus of the triceps surae at DF15 in young and older participants (r ≥ 0.464 and p ≤ 0.040), except for the MG shear modulus in older participants (r = 0.419 and p = 0.066). These results suggest that the material properties of the entire triceps surae, even Sol, which is the most compliant muscle among the triceps surae, affect passive ankle joint stiffness, especially when the triceps surae is lengthened and body size is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hirata
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan,*Correspondence: Kosuke Hirata, ; Ryota Akagi,
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan,College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan,*Correspondence: Kosuke Hirata, ; Ryota Akagi,
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12
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Kawama R, Yanase K, Hojo T, Wakahara T. Acute changes in passive stiffness of the individual hamstring muscles induced by resistance exercise: effects of contraction mode and range of motion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2071-2083. [PMID: 35699758 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies raise an interesting possibility that resistance exercise also decreases passive muscle stiffness, as does stretching exercise. However, little is known about how program variables of resistance exercise acutely influence muscle stiffness. We aimed to examine the acute changes in passive stiffness of the individual hamstring muscles after resistance exercises using different combinations of contraction modes and ranges of motion (ROMs). METHODS Thirteen healthy young male participants performed three sessions of resistance exercises that comprised stiff-leg deadlift with different contraction modes and exercise ROMs on separate days as follows: (1) eccentric contractions with a wide exercise ROM (EW); (2) eccentric contractions with a narrow exercise ROM (EN); and (3) concentric contractions with a wide exercise ROM (CW). Maximal joint ROM, passive torque, shear modulus of the individual hamstring muscles, and maximal isometric torque of knee flexion were measured before and 3 min, 30 min, and 60 min after completing each session. RESULTS The shear modulus of the semimembranosus was significantly lower at 3 min post-exercise (121.8 ± 16.0 kPa) than at pre-exercise (129.0 ± 18.9 kPa, p = 0.021, r = 0.45) in EW, but not in EN or CW. There were no significant changes in the shear moduli of the biceps femoris long head or the semitendinosus at any timepoint in any exercise protocols. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that the combination of eccentric contraction and wide ROM during resistance exercise has the potential to acutely decrease passive stiffness (shear modulus) of a specific muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raki Kawama
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Yanase
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hojo
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan. .,Human Performance Laboratory, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
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13
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Hatano G, Matsuo S, Asai Y, Suzuki S, Iwata M. Effects of High-Intensity Stretch with Moderate Pain and Maximal Intensity Stretch without Pain on Flexibility. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:171-181. [PMID: 35719229 PMCID: PMC9157514 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify the time course effects of different intensities of static stretch (SST) (maximal intensity without pain vs. high-intensity with moderate pain) on flexibility. This study included 16 healthy students (8 men and 8 women) who performed 1) 5-minute SST at 100%, 2) 110%, and 3) 120% intensity, as well as 4) no stretching (control) in a random sequence on four separate days. Static passive torque (SPT), hamstring electromyography (EMG), and pain intensity were continuously recorded during SST. We assessed markers of stiffness, range of motion (ROM), and maximal dynamic passive torque (DPTmax) before SST and 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes after SST. Stiffness decreased and ROM and DPTmax increased significantly immediately after SST at the three different intensity levels (p < 0.05). The effects of SST at 120% intensity were stronger and lasted longer than the effects of SST at 110% and 100% intensity (stiffness: -17%, -9%, and -7%, respectively; ROM: 14%, 10%, and 6%, respectively; DPTmax: 15%, 15%, and 9%, respectively). SPT decreased after SST at all intensities (p < 0.05). SST at 120% intensity caused a significantly greater reduction in SPT than SST at 100% intensity (p < 0.05). Pain intensity and EMG activity increased immediately after the onset of SST at 120% intensity (p < 0.05), although these responses were attenuated over time. Stretching intensity significantly correlated with the degree of change in ROM and stiffness (p < 0.05). These results support our hypothesis that stretch-induced flexibility is amplified and prolonged with an increase in stretch intensity beyond the pain threshold. Additional studies with more participants and different demographics are necessary to examine the generalizability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Hatano
- Institute of Sport Science, ASICS Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shingo Matsuo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
| | - Yuji Asai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Suzuki
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwata
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University, Handa, Japan
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Trade-Off Between Maximal Power Output and Fatigue Resistance of the Knee Extensors for Older Men. J Aging Phys Act 2022; 30:1003-1013. [PMID: 35453123 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated associations of fatigue resistance determined by an exercise-induced decrease in neuromuscular power with prefatigue neuromuscular strength and power of the knee extensors in 31 older men (65-88 years). A fatigue task consisted of 50 consecutive maximal effort isotonic knee extensions (resistance: 20% of prefatigue isometric maximal voluntary contraction torque) over a 70° range of motion. The average of the peak power values calculated from the 46th to 50th contractions during the fatigue task was normalized to the prefatigue peak power value, which was defined as neuromuscular fatigue resistance. Neuromuscular fatigue resistance was negatively associated with prefatigue maximal power output (r = -.530) but not with prefatigue maximal voluntary contraction torque (r = -.252). This result highlights a trade-off between prefatigue maximal power output and neuromuscular fatigue resistance, implying that an improvement in maximal power output might have a negative impact on neuromuscular fatigue resistance.
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15
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Ando R, Sato S, Hirata N, Tanimoto H, Imaizumi N, Suzuki Y, Hirata K, Akagi R. Relationship Between Drop Jump Training–Induced Changes in Passive Plantar Flexor Stiffness and Explosive Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:777268. [PMID: 35035358 PMCID: PMC8753453 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.777268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive muscle stiffness is positively associated with explosive performance. Drop jump training may be a strategy to increase passive muscle stiffness in the lower limb muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8-week drop jump training on the passive stiffness in the plantar flexor muscles and the association between training-induced changes in passive muscle stiffness and explosive performance. This study was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four healthy young men were divided into two groups, control and training. The participants in the training group performed drop jumps (five sets of 20 repetitions each) 3days per week for 8weeks. As an index of passive muscle stiffness, the shear moduli of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus were measured by shear wave elastography before and after the intervention. The participants performed maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion at an ankle joint angle of 0° and maximal drop jumps from a 15cm high box. The rate of torque development during isometric contraction was calculated. The shear modulus of the medial gastrocnemius decreased for the training group (before: 13.5±2.1kPa, after: 10.6±2.1kPa); however, such a reduction was not observed in the control group. There was no significant group (control and training groups)×time (before and after the intervention) interaction for the shear modulus of the soleus. The drop jump performance for the training group improved, while the rate of torque development did not change. Relative changes in these measurements were not correlated with each other in the training group. These results suggest that drop jump training decreases the passive stiffness in the medial gastrocnemius, and training-induced improvement in explosive performance cannot be attributed to change in passive muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryosuke Ando,
| | - Shinya Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoya Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Imaizumi
- College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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16
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Xu J, Fu SN, Hug F. Age-related increase in muscle stiffness is muscle length dependent and associated with muscle force in senior females. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:829. [PMID: 34579696 PMCID: PMC8477537 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In aging, muscle stiffness is considered as one of the factors associated with the reduction of force generation capability. There have been inconsistent findings on age-related alteration in the passive stiffness of quadriceps muscle in the female adults. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of aging on the shear moduli of the superficial muscle heads of the quadriceps and to explore its relationship with knee extension force. Methods Passive shear moduli of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) were measured at rest using shear wave elastography in 20 young and 20 senior female adults. Measurements were repeated at four knee joint positions, that is, 30°, 60°, 90°, and 105° of knee flexion. Maximal isometric voluntary knee extension force was assessed at 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Results As per our findings, senior adults were determined to have significantly higher passive muscle shear moduli in the RF (by 34% – 68%; all p < 0.05) and the VL muscle heads (by 13%–16%, all p < 0.05) at and beyond 60° of knee flexion. Age-related increase in the VM was evident at 105° knee flexion (by11%, p = 0.020). The RF shear modulus was negatively correlated to the maximal isometric voluntary contraction force measured at 60° (r = − 0.485, p = 0.030) in senior adults. Conclusions Senior female adults had greater passive stiffness at the superficial muscle heads of the quadriceps muscles when measured at long muscle length. Among the senior female adults, the passive stiffness of RF has been determined to have a negative association with the knee extensor force only at 60° knee flexion. No significant association was noted for other angles and muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.,Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Siu Ngor Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - François Hug
- University of Nantes, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA 4334), Nantes, France.,InstitutUniversitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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17
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Relationship between resting medial gastrocnemius stiffness and drop jump performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 58:102549. [PMID: 33915270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the influence of the series elastic element of the muscle-tendon unit on jump performance has been investigated, the corresponding effect of the parallel elastic element remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between the resting calf muscle stiffness and drop jump performance. Twenty-four healthy men participated in this study. The shear moduli of the medial gastrocnemius and the soleus were measured at rest as an index of muscle stiffness using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The participants performed drop jumps from a 15 cm high box. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between shear moduli of the muscles and drop jump performance. The medial gastrocnemius shear modulus showed a significant correlation with the drop jump index (jump height/contact time) (r = 0.414, P = 0.044) and jump height (r = 0.411, P = 0.046), but not with contact time (P > 0.05). The soleus shear modulus did not correlate with these jump parameters (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the resting medial gastrocnemius stiffness can be considered as one of the factors that influence drop jump performance. Therefore, increase in resting muscle stiffness should enhance explosive athletic performance in training regimens.
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18
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Nakamura M, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yahata K, Yoshida R, Fukaya T, Nishishita S, Konrad A. Association between the Range of Motion and Passive Property of the Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit in Older Population. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:314. [PMID: 33809115 PMCID: PMC8000756 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Range of motion has been widely known to decrease with age; however, factors associated with its decrease in the elderly population and especially its gender difference have been unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the factors associated with ankle dorsiflexion range of motion in the older population. Both male (n = 17, mean ± SD; 70.5 ± 4.2 years; 165.4 ± 5.3 cm; 63.8 ± 7.7 kg) and female (n = 25, 74.0 ± 4.0 years; 151.2 ± 4.9 cm; 50.1 ± 5.6 kg) community-dwelling older adults participated in this study. The ankle dorsiflexion and passive torque of both legs were measured using a dynamometer, and shear elastic modulus of the medial gastrocnemius muscle at 0° ankle angle was measured using ultrasonic shear wave elastography. In this study, we defined the passive torque at dorsiflexion range of motion (DF ROM) as the index of stretch tolerance, and shear elastic modulus as the index of passive muscle stiffness. The partial correlation coefficient adjusted by age, height, weight, and side (dominant or nondominant side) was used to analyze the relationship between DF ROM and passive torque at DF ROM or shear elastic modulus of MG in each male and female participant, respectively. Our results revealed that dorsiflexion range of motion was significantly associated with passive torque at dorsiflexion range of motion in both male (r = 0.455, p = 0.012) and female (r = 0.486, p < 0.01), but not with shear elastic modulus in both male (r = -0.123, p = 0.519) and female (r = 0.019, p = 0.898). Our results suggested that the ankle dorsiflexion range of motion could be related to the stretch tolerance, but not to passive muscle stiffness in community-dwelling elderly population regardless of gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan;
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan;
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, 10 Karahashirajoumoncho, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8453, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishishita
- Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka 560-0054, Japan;
- Kansai Rehabilitation Hospital, Tokuyukai Medical Corporation, Osaka 560-0054, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Hirata K, Yamadera R, Akagi R. Associations between Range of Motion and Tissue Stiffness in Young and Older People. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2179-2188. [PMID: 32348099 PMCID: PMC7497479 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the associations between passive ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and stiffness of the triceps surae, sciatic nerve, and deep fascia located in the posterior leg between young and older people. Methods Twenty young and twenty older males were recruited and were placed in a prone position with their hip and knee fully extended. Passive ankle dorsiflexion ROM was determined based on the onset of pain during passive dorsiflexion at 1°·s−1 using an isokinetic dynamometer. Shear wave speeds (as a stiffness index) of the triceps surae, the sciatic nerve, and the deep fascia in the posterior leg were evaluated by ultrasound shear wave elastography. Results The shear wave speeds of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius measured at 15° dorsiflexion correlated negatively with passive ROM in young but not in older participants. The shear wave speed of the sciatic nerve measured at 15° dorsiflexion correlated negatively with passive ROM only in older participants. No association was observed between passive ROM and shear wave speed of the deep fascia in the posterior leg. For data measured at maximal dorsiflexion angle (as an index of stretch tolerance), shear wave speeds of the triceps surae and passive joint torque correlated positively with passive ROM in both groups. Conclusion These results suggest that the tissues limiting passive ankle dorsiflexion ROM are muscle and nerve for young and older people, respectively, whereas stretch tolerance influences passive ROM for both groups. This implies that the relative contribution of nonmuscular tissues to joint flexibility become stronger than that of muscles with age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryosuke Yamadera
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama-shi, Saitama, JAPAN
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Nakamura M, Sato S, Kiyono R, Yahata K, Yoshida R, Fukaya T, Konrad A. Comparison of the Acute Effects of Hold-Relax and Static Stretching among Older Adults. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020126. [PMID: 33562673 PMCID: PMC7914644 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is well known that stretching interventions are effective in improving age-related changes in range of motion (ROM) and muscle stiffness. We investigated the effects of various stretching interventions, such as static stretching and hold–relax stretching, on ROM and muscle stiffness in older adults to establish the most effective stretching technique. Our results showed that static stretching and hold–relax stretching increased ROM, which could be contributed by not change in muscle stiffness, but stretch tolerance. Conversely, medial gastrocnemius muscle stiffness decreased only after a static stretching intervention and not after hold–relax stretching. Our results indicated that static stretching intervention improved ROM and muscle stiffness in older adults. Abstract Various stretching techniques are generally recommended to counteract age-related declines in range of motion (ROM) and/or increased muscle stiffness. However, to date, an effective stretching technique has not yet been established for older adults. Consequently, we compared the acute effects of hold relax stretching (HRS) and static stretching (SS) on dorsiflexion (DF) ROM and muscle stiffness among older adults. Overall, 15 elderly men and nine elderly women (70.2 ± 3.9 years, 160.8 ± 7.8 cm, 59.6 ± 9.7 kg) were enrolled, and both legs were randomized to either HRS or SS stretching. We measured DF ROM and muscle stiffness using a dynamometer and ultrasonography before and after 120 s of HRS or SS interventions. Our multivariate analysis indicated no significant interaction effects, but a main effect for DF ROM. Post-hoc tests revealed that DF ROM was increased after both HRS and SS interventions. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed a significant interaction effect for muscle stiffness. Post-hoc tests revealed that muscle stiffness was decreased significantly after only SS intervention. Taken together, our results indicated that both HRS and SS interventions are recommended to increase ROM, and SS is recommended to decrease muscle stiffness in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakamura
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan;
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Ryosuke Kiyono
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Kaoru Yahata
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Riku Yoshida
- Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan;
| | - Taizan Fukaya
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 950-3198, Japan; (M.N.); (S.S.); (R.K.); (K.Y.); (T.F.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kujo Hospital, 10 Karahashirajoumoncho, Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8453, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-380-8336; Fax: +43-316-380-9790
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Oliveira LFD, Cabral HV, Leitão BFM, Matta TTD. Both the resistance training session and the static stretching after exercise does not affect the pectoralis major stiffness of well-trained men. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:321-324. [PMID: 33218529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence suggests the intense resistance training session can increase the muscle hardness, while stretching protocols with high intensity and volume can decrease it. However, it remains unknown the effects of an exercise and a less intensive stretching maneuver on muscle stiffness of well-trained men. Herein we (i) analyze the acute effects of heavy bench press exercise on the pectoralis major muscle shear modulus of well-trained men and (ii) assess the effectiveness of a 1-min stretching maneuver applied on this muscle after the exercise using shear wave elastography. Fourteen participants performed three sets of bench press from 8 to 13 repetitions maximum. Immediately after the exercise, their right shoulder was passively stretched for 1 min (stretched side) while their left arm stayed relaxed along the side of the body (control side). Elastographic images were acquired for the pectoralis major mid-region of both sides before the exercise, immediately after the intervention and after 5 min of rest. Our results revealed that both the bench press exercise and the static stretching does not affect the pectoralis major shear modulus of well-trained men. Conversely, the shear modulus significantly decreased at 5 min after intervention with respect to immediately after, for both the stretched (from 5.52 to 4.29 kPa) and the control sides (from 5.87 to 4.56 kPa). Therefore, both resistance training session and 1-min static stretching were not sufficient to significantly change the pectoralis major muscle stiffness of well-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliam Fernandes de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hélio V Cabral
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Torres da Matta
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Miyamoto N, Kimura N, Hirata K. Non-uniform distribution of passive muscle stiffness within hamstring. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1729-1738. [PMID: 32490549 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is available on whether stiffness is different within and between the constituents of the hamstring, that is, the biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semitendinosus (ST), and semimembranosus (SM). Therefore, understanding of hamstring injuries and stretching effect on hamstring stiffness is difficult. The present study primarily aimed to identify whether passive muscle stiffness differs between the BFlh, ST, and SM and between the proximal, middle, and distal sites within each muscle. Secondly, the effect of stretching exercise on the heterogeneity in passive muscle stiffness was examined. In the lengthened hamstring positions by extending the knee joint or flexing the hip joint, passive muscle shear modulus (a measure of stiffness) at the proximal, middle, and distal sites of the BFlh, ST, and SM was measured by using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Furthermore, before and after five repetitions of 90-seconds static stretching for the hamstring, passive muscle shear modulus at the proximal and distal sites of the SM was measured. The shear modulus was significantly higher in the SM than in the BFlh and ST and higher at the distal site than the proximal site in all muscles. After the stretching, the higher shear modulus at the distal site of the SM compared to the proximal site was still observed (pre-stretching: +80%, post-stretching: +81%). These findings indicate that passive muscle stiffness varies within the hamstring regardless of performing stretching exercise and that passive muscle stiffness is not highest at the proximal site of the SM where a stretching-type hamstring strain typically occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan.,National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Noriko Kimura
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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