1
|
Marchiori G, Bellucci D, Gambardella A, Petretta M, Berni M, Boi M, Grigolo B, Giavaresi G, Baldini N, Cannillo V, Cavallo C. A Multidisciplinary Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Polycaprolactone Bioactive Glass Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Purposes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2413. [PMID: 38793481 PMCID: PMC11122918 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In the development of bone graft substitutes, a fundamental step is the use of scaffolds with adequate composition and architecture capable of providing support in regenerative processes both on the tissue scale, where adequate resistance to mechanical stress is required, as well as at the cellular level where compliant chemical-physical and mechanical properties can promote cellular activity. In this study, based on a previous optimization study of this group, the potential of a three-dimensional construct based on polycaprolactone (PCL) and a novel biocompatible Mg- and Sr-containing glass named BGMS10 was explored. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed the inclusion of BGMS10 in the scaffold structure. Mesenchymal stem cells cultured on both PCL and PCL-BGMS10 showed similar tendencies in terms of osteogenic differentiation; however, no significant differences were found between the two scaffold types. This circumstance can be explained via X-ray microtomography and atomic force microscopy analyses, which correlated the spatial distribution of the BGMS10 within the bulk with the elastic properties and topography at the cell scale. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of multidisciplinary approaches to understand the relationship between design parameters, material properties, and cellular response in polymer composites, which is crucial for the development and design of scaffolds for bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Marchiori
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Devis Bellucci
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Alessandro Gambardella
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | | | - Matteo Berni
- Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marco Boi
- Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche e Nanobiotecnologie, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Brunella Grigolo
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche e Nanobiotecnologie, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (M.B.); (N.B.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Cannillo
- Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Carola Cavallo
- Laboratorio RAMSES, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (B.G.); (C.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Freitas L, Bezerra A, Resende-Coelho A, Gomez-Lazaro M, Maciel L, Amorim T, Fernandes RJ, Fonseca H. Impact of Long-Term Swimming Exercise on Rat Femur Bone Quality. Biomedicines 2023; 12:35. [PMID: 38255142 PMCID: PMC10813774 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the conflicting evidence regarding the potential long-term detrimental effect of swimming during growth on femur quality and fracture risk, our aim was to investigate the effect of eight months of swimming on femur quality. Twenty male eight-week-old Wistar rats were assigned into a swimming (SW; n = 10; 2 h/day, 5 days/week) or active control group (CG; n = 10, housed with running wheel) for eight months. Plasma osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen concentrations (ELISA) were assessed at baseline, four, and eight months of protocol. Femur structure (micro-computed tomography), biomechanical properties (three-point bending), and cellular density (histology) were determined after the protocol. SW displayed a lower uncoupling index, suggesting higher bone resorption, lower empty lacunae density, cortical and trabecular femur mass, femur length and cortical thickness, and higher cortical porosity than CG (p < 0.05). Although both biomarkers' concentrations decreased in both groups throughout the experiment (p < 0.001), there were no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). No differences were also found regarding biomechanical properties, bone marrow adiposity, and osteocyte and osteoclast densities (p > 0.05). Long-term swimming was associated with unbalanced bone turnover and compromised femur growth, lower femur mass, and deteriorated cortical bone microarchitecture. However, femur trabecular microarchitecture and biomechanical properties were not affected by swimming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (A.R.-C.); (L.M.); (H.F.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (A.R.-C.); (L.M.); (H.F.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Resende-Coelho
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (A.R.-C.); (L.M.); (H.F.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Gomez-Lazaro
- i3S—Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (A.R.-C.); (L.M.); (H.F.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Nursing Program, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão 49100-000, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto 49400-000, Brazil
| | - Tânia Amorim
- Fame Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 421-00 Trikala, Greece;
| | - Ricardo J. Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.B.); (A.R.-C.); (L.M.); (H.F.)
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dalle Carbonare L, Minoia A, Zouari S, Piritore FC, Vareschi A, Romanelli MG, Valenti MT. Crosstalk between Bone and Muscles during Physical Activity. Cells 2023; 12:2088. [PMID: 37626898 PMCID: PMC10453939 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone-muscle crosstalk is enabled thanks to the integration of different molecular signals, and it is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of skeletal and muscle tissue. Both the skeletal system and the muscular system perform endocrine activity by producing osteokines and myokines, respectively. These cytokines play a pivotal role in facilitating bone-muscle crosstalk. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the role of non-coding RNAs in promoting crosstalk between bone and muscle in physiological or pathological conditions. Therefore, positive stimuli or pathologies that target one of the two systems can affect the other system as well, emphasizing the reciprocal influence of bone and muscle. Lifestyle and in particular physical activity influence both the bone and the muscular apparatus by acting on the single system but also by enhancing its crosstalk. Several studies have in fact demonstrated the modulation of circulating molecular factors during physical activity. These molecules are often produced by bone or muscle and are capable of activating signaling pathways involved in bone-muscle crosstalk but also of modulating the response of other cell types. Therefore, in this review we will discuss the effects of physical activity on bone and muscle cells, with particular reference to the biomolecular mechanisms that regulate their cellular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Engineering for Innovative Medicine, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (L.D.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.); (A.V.)
| | - Arianna Minoia
- Department of Engineering for Innovative Medicine, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (L.D.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.); (A.V.)
| | - Sharazed Zouari
- Department of Engineering for Innovative Medicine, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (L.D.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesca Cristiana Piritore
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (F.C.P.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Anna Vareschi
- Department of Engineering for Innovative Medicine, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (L.D.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (F.C.P.); (M.G.R.)
| | - Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy; (F.C.P.); (M.G.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stamos PA, Alemseged Z. Hominin locomotion and evolution in the Late Miocene to Late Pliocene. J Hum Evol 2023; 178:103332. [PMID: 36947894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present on the evolution of the locomotor adaptation of hominins in the Late Miocene to Late Pliocene, with emphasis on some of the prominent advances and debates that have occurred over the past fifty years. We start with the challenging issue of defining hominin locomotor grades that are currently used liberally and offer our own working definitions of facultative, habitual, and obligate bipedalism. We then discuss the nature of the Pan-Homo last common ancestor and characterize the locomotor adaptation of Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, and Ardipithecus-often referred to as facultative bipeds-and examine the debates on the extent of bipedality and arboreality in these taxa. Moreover, the question of Middle Pliocene hominin locomotor diversity is addressed based on information derived from the 'Little Foot' specimen from Sterkfontein, footprints from Laetoli, and the Burtele Foot in Ethiopia. Our review suggests that the most convincing evidence for locomotor diversity comes from Burtele, whereas the evidence from Sterkfontein and Laetoli is unconvincing and equivocal, respectively. Finally, we address the decades old issue of the significance of arboreality in the otherwise habitual biped, Australopithecus, with emphasis on Australopithecus afarensis and its implications for the paleobiology of these creatures. We conclude that many of the apelike features encountered, mostly in the upper part of the Australopithecus skeleton, were retained for their significance in climbing. Approaches that have investigated character plasticity and those exploring internal bone structure have shown that the shoulder and limbs in Au. afarensis and Australopithecus africanus were involved in arboreal activities that are thought to be key for feeding, nesting, and predator avoidance. We conclude that many of the so-called retained ape-like features persisted due to stabilizing selection, that early hominins engaged in a considerable amount of arboreality even after Australopithecus had become a habitual biped, and arboreality only ceased to be an important component of hominin locomotor behavior after the emergence of Homo erectus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Stamos
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Anatomy Bldg 201, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zeresenay Alemseged
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Anatomy Bldg 201, 1027 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jones K, Kimble R, Baker K, Tew GA. Effects of structured exercise programmes on physiological and psychological outcomes in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278480. [PMID: 36454911 PMCID: PMC9714897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been suggested to counteract specific complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, its role as a therapeutic option remains poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of exercise in IBD. METHODS Five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL and SPORTDiscus) and three registers (Clinicaltrials.gov, WHO ICTRP and ISRCTN) were searched from inception to September 2022, for studies assessing the effects of structured exercise of at least 4 weeks duration on physiological and/or psychological outcomes in adults with IBD. Two independent reviewers screened records, assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB 2.0) and ROBINS-I tools, and evaluated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE method. Data were meta-analysed using a random-effects model. RESULTS From 4,123 citations, 15 studies (9 RCTs) were included, comprising of 637 participants (36% male). Pooled evidence from six RCTs indicated that exercise improved disease activity (SMD = -0.44; 95% CI [-0.82 to -0.07]; p = 0.02), but not disease-specific quality of life (QOL) (IBDQ total score; MD = 3.52; -2.00 to 9.04; p = 0.21) when compared to controls. Although meta-analysis could not be performed for other outcomes, benefits were identified in fatigue, muscular function, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, bone mineral density and psychological well-being. Fourteen exercise-related non-serious adverse events occurred. The overall certainty of evidence was low for disease activity and very low for HRQOL as a result of downgrading for risk of bias and imprecision. CONCLUSIONS Structured exercise programmes improve disease activity, but not disease-specific QOL. Defining an optimal exercise prescription and synthesis of evidence in other outcomes, was limited by insufficient well-designed studies to ascertain the true effect of exercise training. This warrants further large-scale randomised trials employing standard exercise prescription to verify this effect to enable the implementation into clinical practice. REGISTRATION This systematic review was prospectively registered in an international database of systematic reviews in health-related research (CRD42017077992; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Jones
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Kimble
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Baker
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Garry A. Tew
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- York St John University, Lord Mayor’s Walk, York, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cavedon V, Sandri M, Peluso I, Zancanaro C, Milanese C. Sporting activity does not fully prevent bone demineralization at the impaired hip in athletes with amputation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:934622. [PMID: 36338502 PMCID: PMC9634735 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.934622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is lack of information about bone mineralization at the lumbar spine and bilateral hips of athletes with unilateral lower limb amputation. The present study assessed for the first time the areal bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and at the hip of the able and impaired leg by means of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry using a large sample (N = 40) of male athletes. Results showed that bone demineralization in athletes with unilateral lower limb amputation is found at the impaired hip but not at the lumbar spine and may therefore be site-specific. The extent of hip demineralization was influenced by the level of amputation, with about 80% of athletes with above knee amputation and 10% of athletes with below knee amputation showing areal bone mineral density below the expected range for age. Nevertheless, a reduced percentage of fat mass and a lower fat-to-lean mass ratio in the residual impaired leg as well as a greater amount of weekly training was positively associated with bone mineralization at the impaired hip (partial correlation coefficients = 0.377–0.525, p = 0.040–0.003). Results showed that participation in adapted sport has a positive effect on bone health in athletes with unilateral lower limb amputation but is not sufficient to maintain adequate levels of bone mineralization at the impaired hip in athletes with above-knee amputation. Accordingly, physical conditioners should consider implementing sporting programs, according to the severity of the impairment, aimed at improving bone mineralization at the impaired hip and improve body composition in the residual impaired leg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cavedon
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- *Correspondence: Valentina Cavedon,
| | - Marco Sandri
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Peluso
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-AN), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Zancanaro
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Laboratory of Anthropometry and Body Composition, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Bryan SJ, Giuliano C, Woessner MN, Vogrin S, Smith C, Duque G, Levinger I. Progressive Resistance Training for Concomitant Increases in Muscle Strength and Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1939-1960. [PMID: 35608815 PMCID: PMC9325860 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults experience considerable muscle and bone loss that are closely interconnected. The efficacy of progressive resistance training programs to concurrently reverse/slow the age-related decline in muscle strength and bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to quantify concomitant changes in lower-body muscle strength and BMD in older adults following a progressive resistance training program and to determine how these changes are influenced by mode (resistance only vs. combined resistance and weight-bearing exercises), frequency, volume, load, and program length. METHODS MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases were searched for articles published in English before 1 June, 2021. Randomized controlled trials reporting changes in leg press or knee extension one repetition maximum and femur/hip or lumbar spine BMD following progressive resistance training in men and/or women ≥ 65 years of age were included. A random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression determined the effects of resistance training and the individual training characteristics on the percent change (∆%) in muscle strength (standardized mean difference) and BMD (mean difference). The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (version 2.0) and Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. RESULTS Seven hundred and eighty studies were identified and 14 were included. Progressive resistance training increased muscle strength (∆ standardized mean difference = 1.1%; 95% confidence interval 0.73, 1.47; p ≤ 0.001) and femur/hip BMD (∆ mean difference = 2.77%; 95% confidence interval 0.44, 5.10; p = 0.02), but not BMD of the lumbar spine (∆ mean difference = 1.60%; 95% confidence interval - 1.44, 4.63; p = 0.30). The certainty for improvement was greater for muscle strength compared with BMD, evidenced by less heterogeneity (I2 = 78.1% vs 98.6%) and a higher overall quality of evidence. No training characteristic significantly affected both outcomes (p > 0.05), although concomitant increases in strength and BMD were favored by higher training frequencies, increases in strength were favored by resistance only and higher volumes, and increases in BMD were favored by combined resistance plus weight-bearing exercises, lower volumes, and higher loads. CONCLUSIONS Progressive resistance training programs concomitantly increase lower-limb muscle strength and femur/hip bone mineral density in older adults, with greater certainty for strength improvement. Thus, to maximize the efficacy of progressive resistance training programs to concurrently prevent muscle and bone loss in older adults, it is recommended to incorporate training characteristics more likely to improve BMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J O'Bryan
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3134, Australia.
| | - Catherine Giuliano
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3134, Australia
| | - Mary N Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3134, Australia
| | - Sara Vogrin
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3134, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHeS), Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3134, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dickinson E, Young MW, Granatosky MC. Testing mechanisms for weight support distribution during inverted quadrupedalism in primates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:699-708. [PMID: 35567440 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A key characteristic of primate above-branch arboreal locomotion is hindlimb-biased weight support, subverting the typical mammalian condition in which the majority of the body weight is supported by the forelimb. This shift is thought to reflect an adaptation toward the arboreal niches exploited by early primates. However, above-branch quadrupedalism represents only one locomotor mode employed by primates in arboreal contexts. Inverted quadrupedal gaits, in which primates are suspended beneath branches by their hands and feet, have been documented in more than 50 primate taxa. This gait is characterized by a return to forelimb-biased weight distributions and a transition from peak vertical forces being greatest in the hindlimb to being greatest in the forelimb, which may occur to protect the hindlimb from high magnitudes of tensile loading when inverted. In this study, we compare kinetic and kinematic data during upright and inverted quadrupedalism in Lemur catta, Varecia variegata, Cebus capucinus, and Saimiri sciureus. These data are referenced against a classical inverted quadrupedal model: the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus). Our findings show that inverted quadrupedalism in primates is differentiated from above-branch quadrupedalism by increases in forelimb weight support, forelimb contact times, and both forelimb and hindlimb joint excursions. Previously postulated biomechanical models outlining mechanisms relating to the control of weight support during upright walking do not translate well to inverted quadrupedal walking. We suggest that inverted primates may simply be adopting basal neuromuscular gait characteristics and applying them facultatively to this infrequent locomotor behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Melody W Young
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Effects of a Physical Education Intervention Program on the Bone Properties of Second- and Third-Grade Pupils: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. J Phys Act Health 2022; 19:425-435. [PMID: 35618299 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many young children do not participate in sufficient physical activity for promoting optimal bone growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of young children who participated in a school-based intervention program on bone properties. The program included structured physical activity, with a focus on the application of mechanical loads on the upper and lower limbs. METHODS A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted, in which classes were randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. A total of 295 (50.17% girls) children from the second and third grades from 12 classes in Israel were randomly allocated to an intervention consisting of three 10-minute weekly medium- to high-intensity activities throughout one academic year or to a treatment as usual control group. Bone properties were measured at the distal radius and tibia shaft using speed of sound, before and after the intervention. RESULTS Distal radius properties improved significantly for both boys and girls in the intervention group (boys: meanpre = 3769.95, meanpost = 3875.08, Δ = 2.80%; girls: meanpre = 3766.27, meanpost = 3890.83, Δ = 3.30%; d = 1.03); whereas, tibia shaft properties only significantly improved for boys (meanpre = 3663.98, meanpost = 3732.75, Δ = 1.90%; d = 1). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that distal radius properties of children can be positively affected by a short, easy to implement intervention program that does not require special resources.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bachmann S, Dunmore CJ, Skinner MM, Pahr DH, Synek A. A computational framework for canonical holistic morphometric analysis of trabecular bone. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5187. [PMID: 35338187 PMCID: PMC8956643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a remarkable, living tissue that functionally adapts to external loading. Therefore, bone shape and internal structure carry information relevant to many disciplines, including medicine, forensic science, and anthropology. However, morphometric comparisons of homologous regions across different individuals or groups are still challenging. In this study, two methods were combined to quantify such differences: (1) Holistic morphometric analysis (HMA) was used to quantify morphometric values in each bone, (2) which could then be mapped to a volumetric mesh of a canonical bone created by a statistical free-form deformation model (SDM). Required parameters for this canonical holistic morphometric analysis (cHMA) method were identified and the robustness of the method was evaluated. The robustness studies showed that the SDM converged after one to two iterations, had only a marginal bias towards the chosen starting image, and could handle large shape differences seen in bones of different species. Case studies were performed on metacarpal bones and proximal femora of different primate species to confirm prior study results. The differences between species could be visualised and statistically analysed in both case studies. cHMA provides a framework for performing quantitative comparisons of different morphometric quantities across individuals or groups. These comparisons facilitate investigation of the relationship between spatial morphometric variations and function or pathology, or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bachmann
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christopher J Dunmore
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Alexander Synek
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Variation in cross-sectional indicator of femoral robusticity in Homo sapiens and Neandertals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4739. [PMID: 35304879 PMCID: PMC8933494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the cross-sectional properties of long bones are used to reconstruct the activity of human groups and differences in their respective habitual behaviors. Knowledge of what factors influence bone structure in Homo sapiens and Neandertals is still insufficient thus, this study investigated which biological and environmental variables influence variations in the femoral robusticity indicator of these two species. The sample consisted of 13 adult Neandertals from the Middle Paleolithic and 1959 adult individuals of H. sapiens ranging chronologically from the Upper Paleolithic to recent times. The femoral biomechanical properties were derived from the European data set, the subject literature, and new CT scans. The material was tested using a Mantel test and statistical models. In the models, the polar moment of area (J) was the dependent variable; sex, age, chronological period, type of lifestyle, percentage of the cortical area (%CA), the ratio of second moment areas of inertia about the X and Y axes (Ix/Iy), and maximum slope of the terrain were independent covariates. The Mantel tests revealed spatial autocorrelation of the femoral index in H. sapiens but not in Neandertals. A generalized additive mixed model showed that sex, %CA, Ix/Iy, chronological period, and terrain significantly influenced variation in the robusticity indicator of H. sapiens femora. A linear mixed model revealed that none of the analyzed variables correlated with the femoral robusticity indicator of Neandertals. We did not confirm that the gradual decline in the femoral robusticity indicator of H. sapiens from the Middle Paleolithic to recent times is related to the type of lifestyle; however, it may be associated with lower levels of mechanical loading during adolescence. The lack of correlation between the analysed variables and the indicator of femoral robusticity in Neandertals may suggest that they needed a different level of mechanical stimulus to produce a morphological response in the long bone than H. sapiens.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang Y, Ke Y, Huang L, Shen X, Yan S, Zhao F, Li Y, Lin Y. Association of decreased muscle mass with reduced bone mineral density in patients with Graves' disease. Endocrine 2022; 75:916-926. [PMID: 35064543 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to determine the association of decreased muscle mass with reduced bone mineral density in patients with Graves' disease. METHODS A total of 758 patients with Graves' disease at diagnosis (mean age 41.2 years) were enrolled for a cross-sectional study; of these, 287 were enrolled for a cohort study with a median follow-up of 24 months. Meanwhile, 1164 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. All participants underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and muscle mass index (ASMI) measurements. The changes in ASMI and bone mineral density (BMD) were calculated from the measurements made at a gap of 2 years. RESULTS The BMD of patients with Graves' disease was still significantly lower after normalizing serum thyroid hormone levels compared with that of healthy controls. ASMI positively correlated with BMD in patients with Graves' disease (lumbar BMD, r = 0.210; femoral neck BMD, r = 0.259; hip BMD, r = 0.235; P < 0.001), and this relationship persisted after successful anti-thyroid therapy (lumbar BMD, r = 0.169; femoral neck BMD, r = 0.281; hip BMD, r = 0.394; P < 0.001). Low muscle mass was associated with low BMD (OR, 1.436; 95% CI, 1.026-2.010). Improving the muscle mass led to changes in the bone mass of the femoral neck (OR, 0.420; 95% CI, 0.194-0.911) and hip (OR, 0.217; 95% CI, 0.092-0.511) during the follow-up. However, this phenomenon was not observed in lumbar and bone turnover markers. CONCLUSIONS The recovery of bone mass might be related to the recovery of the muscle mass. Patients with Graves' disease should be helped to regain their muscle mass and thus accelerate the recovery of bone mass while administering anti-thyroid therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongze Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Yuzhen Ke
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Lingning Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Ximei Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Sunjie Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China.
| | - Fengying Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxi Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Diabetes Research Institute of Fujian Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
- Metabolic Diseases Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Cha Zhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Turcotte CM, Rabey KN, Green DJ, McFarlin SC. Muscle attachment sites and behavioral reconstruction: An experimental test of muscle-bone structural response to habitual activity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:63-82. [PMID: 36787715 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral reconstruction from muscle attachment sites (entheses) is a common practice in anthropology. However, experimental evidence provides mixed support for the assumed association between enthesis size and shape with changes in habitual activity. In this study, a laboratory mouse model was used to experimentally test whether activity level and type alters muscle architecture and the underlying bone cross-sectional geometry of entheses in order to assess the underlying assumption that behavioral changes lead to quantifiable differences in both muscle and enthesis morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female wild-type mice were separated into one control group and two experimentally increased activity groups (running, climbing) over an 11-week study period. At the start of the experiment, half of the mice were 4 weeks and half were 7 weeks of age. The postmortem deltoideus and biceps brachii muscles were measured for potential force production (physiological cross-sectional area) and potential muscle excursion (fiber length). Bone cross-sectional geometry variables were measured from microCT scans of the humerus and radius at the enthesis and non-enthesis regions of interest across activity groups. RESULTS Activity level and type altered potential force production and potential muscle excursion of both muscles in the younger cohort. We observed differences in cortical bone geometry in both the humerus enthesis and radius non-enthesis region driven exclusively among the younger wheel-running mice. DISCUSSION These results indicate that in addition to muscle architectural changes, bone structural properties at the enthesis do show an adaptive response to increased activity, such as running but only during earlier development. However, further research is required in order to apply these findings to the reconstruction of living behavior from anthropological specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Karyne N Rabey
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stunes AK, Brobakken CL, Sujan MAJ, Aagård N, Brevig MS, Wang E, Syversen U, Mosti MP. Acute Effects of Strength and Endurance Training on Bone Turnover Markers in Young Adults and Elderly Men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:915241. [PMID: 35846315 PMCID: PMC9279869 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Exercise is recognized as an important strategy to prevent bone loss, but its acute effects on bone turnover markers (BTMs) and related markers remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE To assess the acute effects of two different exercise modes on BTMs and related markers in young adults of both sexes and elderly men. DESIGN SETTING PARTICIPANTS This was a three-group crossover within-subjects design study with a total of 53 participants-19 young women (aged 22-30), 20 young men (aged 21-30 years), and 14 elderly men (aged 63-74 years)-performing two different exercise sessions [strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)] separated by 2 weeks, in a supervised laboratory setting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma volume-corrected serum measurements of the BTMs C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-I) and procollagen of type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), total osteocalcin (OC), sclerostin, and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) at baseline, immediately after, and 3 and 24 h after each of the two exercise modes were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Analyses revealed sex- and age-dependent differences in BTMs and related bone markers at baseline and time-, sex-, and age-dependent differences in response to exercise. No differences between exercise modes were observed for BTM response except for sclerostin in young men and LCN2 in elderly men. An acute, transient, and uniform increase in P1NP/CTX-1 ratio was found in young participants, demonstrating that beneficial skeletal effects on bone metabolism can be attained through both aerobic endurance and resistance exercise, although this effect seems to be attenuated with age. The acute effects of exercise on bone-related biomarkers were generally blunted after 24 h, suggesting that persistent alterations following prolonged exercise interventions should be assessed at later time points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kamilla Stunes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Medical Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: Astrid Kamilla Stunes, orcid.org/0000-0003-1074-5199
| | - Cathrine Langlie Brobakken
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Md Abu Jafar Sujan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Norun Aagård
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Myworkout, Medical Rehabilitation Clinic, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Siksjø Brevig
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eivind Wang
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway
- Department of Psychosis and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Unni Syversen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mats Peder Mosti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Medical Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Clinic of Substance Use and Addiction Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Integrative Approach Uncovers New Patterns of Ecomorphological Convergence in Slow Arboreal Xenarthrans. J MAMM EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-021-09590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIdentifying ecomorphological convergence examples is a central focus in evolutionary biology. In xenarthrans, slow arboreality independently arose at least three times, in the two genera of ‘tree sloths’, Bradypus and Choloepus, and the silky anteater, Cyclopes. This specialized locomotor ecology is expectedly reflected by distinctive morpho-functional convergences. Cyclopes, although sharing several ecological features with ‘tree sloths’, do not fully mirror the latter in their outstandingly similar suspensory slow arboreal locomotion. We hypothesized that the morphology of Cyclopes is closer to ‘tree sloths’ than to anteaters, but yet distinct, entailing that slow arboreal xenarthrans evolved through ‘incomplete’ convergence. In a multivariate trait space, slow arboreal xenarthrans are hence expected to depart from their sister taxa evolving toward the same area, but not showing extensive phenotypical overlap, due to the distinct position of Cyclopes. Conversely, a pattern of ‘complete’ convergence (i.e., widely overlapping morphologies) is hypothesized for ‘tree sloths’. Through phylogenetic comparative methods, we quantified humeral and femoral convergence in slow arboreal xenarthrans, including a sample of extant and extinct non-slow arboreal xenarthrans. Through 3D geometric morphometrics, cross-sectional properties (CSP) and trabecular architecture, we integratively quantified external shape, diaphyseal anatomy and internal epiphyseal structure. Several traits converged in slow arboreal xenarthrans, especially those pertaining to CSP. Phylomorphospaces and quantitative convergence analyses substantiated the expected patterns of ‘incomplete’ and ‘complete’ convergence for slow arboreal xenarthrans and ‘tree sloths’, respectively. This work, highlighting previously unidentified convergence patterns, emphasizes the value of an integrative multi-pronged quantitative approach to cope with complex mechanisms underlying ecomorphological convergence.
Collapse
|
16
|
Min C, Yoo DM, Wee JH, Lee HJ, Choi HG. High-Intensity Physical Activity with High Serum Vitamin D Levels is Associated with a Low Prevalence of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis: A Population-Based Study. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:883-891. [PMID: 33230576 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05746-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We found that combination of high-intensity PA and high 25(OH)D levels was associated with low prevalence of osteoporosis/osteopenia. In addition, the prevalence of osteoporosis was lower in the low PA with high 25(OH)D levels than in the moderate or high PA with low 25(OH)D levels. INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to explore the association of physical activity (PA) and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels with osteopenia/osteoporosis. METHODS The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2008 to 2011 were used in this study. Data from 6868 individuals were selected. Each individual's level of PA was classified as 'low', 'moderate', or 'high'. Serum 25(OH)D levels were classified as 'low' or 'high'. Accordingly, the combined PA and 25(OH)D groups were divided into 6 groups. Bone mineral density (BMD) was classified as 'normal (T score ≥ - 1.0)', 'osteopenia (- 2.5 < T score < - 1.0)' or 'osteoporosis (T score ≤ - 2.5)'. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS The AORs (95% CIs) for osteopenia were 0.64 (0.50-0.83) in the high PA with high 25(OH)D group and 0.69 (0.53-0.88) in the moderate PA with high 25(OH)D group. The AORs (95% CIs) for osteoporosis were increased in the groups in ascending order as follows: high PA with high 25(OH)D (0.40 [0.28-0.57]) < moderate PA with high 25(OH)D (0.47 [0.33-0.66]) < low PA with high 25(OH)D (0.59 [0.42-0.83]) < high PA with low 25(OH)D (0.70 [0.49-1.00]) < moderate PA with low 25(OH)D (0.76 [0.53-1.07]) < low PA with low 25(OH)D. This result was consistent in males but not evident in females. CONCLUSION We suggest that the combination of high-intensity PA and high 25(OH)D levels is positively associated with high BMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Min
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - D M Yoo
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - J H Wee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - H-J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - H G Choi
- Hallym Data Science Laboratory, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tommy KA, Zipfel B, Kibii J, Carlson KJ. Trabecular bone properties in the ilium of the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age Border Cave 3 Homo sapiens infant and the onset of independent gait. J Hum Evol 2021; 155:102984. [PMID: 33945891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Border Cave 3 (BC3) infant skeleton has been understudied, despite its importance as an example of a well-preserved and fairly complete immature skeleton of early Homo sapiens which potentially provides a rare window into various aspects of ontogenetic development, including locomotor activity (e.g., timing of gait events). Trabecular structure in the BC3 ilium was evaluated to investigate whether it matches that of an equivalently aged infant from a postindustrialized society. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) scans were acquired from the BC3 infant and from an ontogenetic series of 25 postindustrial infants that were divided into three age classes (ACs) ranging from neonates to toddlers (<36 months). All ilia were qualitatively compared and then digitally subdivided into 10 volumes of interest (VOIs) based on anatomical reference points. The VOIs were quantified and ontogenetic differences in trabecular structure were statistically evaluated. Across the comparative ontogenetic series, trabecular architectural properties overlapped in all regions. However, trabecular thickness increased significantly after the first year of life. The BC3 infant demonstrated generally similar trabecular structure to that observed in the age-equivalent postindustrial infants (AC2), including relatively strong development of the trabecular chiasma qualitatively. However, some interesting distinctions were observed in BC3, such as low strut thickness compared with infants from the postindustrial sample, that bear further exploration in future studies. Evaluation of only one individual from the Middle Stone Age (MSA), coupled with the relatively small comparative sample, limit our ability to distinguish more meaningful biological differences in trabecular structure throughout ontogeny from idiosyncratic characteristics. Nonetheless, results of this study extend ongoing research on infant locomotor and morphological development to archeological populations in the Middle Stone Age. Further cross-cultural studies consisting of larger comparative postindustrial samples may provide additional information on trabecular structure in the infant ilium during this important developmental timeframe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberleigh A Tommy
- Human Variation and Identification Research Unit, School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Bernhard Zipfel
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Job Kibii
- Earth Sciences Department, Palaeontology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa; Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Diniz-Sousa F, Veras L, Boppre G, Sa-Couto P, Devezas V, Santos-Sousa H, Preto J, Vilas-Boas JP, Machado L, Oliveira J, Fonseca H. The Effect of an Exercise Intervention Program on Bone Health After Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:489-499. [PMID: 33295063 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been suggested as a therapeutic approach to attenuate bone loss induced by bariatric surgery (BS), but its effectiveness remains unclear. Our aim was to determine if an exercise-training program could induce benefits on bone mass after BS. Eighty-four patients, submitted to gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, were randomized to either exercise (EG) or control group (CG). One month post-BS, EG underwent a 11-month supervised multicomponent exercise program, while CG received only standard medical care. Patients were assessed before BS and at 1, 6, and 12 months post-BS for body composition, areal bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers, calciotropic hormones, sclerostin, bone material strength index, muscle strength, and daily physical activity. A primary analysis was conducted according to intention-to-treat principles and the primary outcome was the between-group difference on lumbar spine BMD at 12 months post-BS. A secondary analysis was also performed to analyze if the exercise effect depended on training attendance. Twelve months post-BS, primary analysis results revealed that EG had a higher BMD at lumbar spine (+0.024 g∙cm-2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.004, 0.044]; p = .015) compared with CG. Among total hip, femoral neck, and 1/3 radius secondary outcomes, only 1/3 radius BMD improved in EG compared with CG (+0.013 g∙cm-2 [95% CI 0.003, 0.023]; p = .020). No significant exercise effects were observed on bone biochemical markers or bone material strength index. EG also had a higher lean mass (+1.5 kg [95% CI 0.1, 2.9]; p = .037) and higher number of high impacts (+51.4 [95% CI 6.6, 96.1]; p = .026) compared with CG. In addition, secondary analysis results suggest that exercise-induced benefits may be obtained on femoral neck BMD but only on those participants with ≥50% exercise attendance compared with CG (+5.3% [95% CI 2.0, 8.6]; p = .006). Our findings suggest that an exercise program is an effective strategy to ameliorate bone health in post-BS patients. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florêncio Diniz-Sousa
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucas Veras
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giorjines Boppre
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sa-Couto
- Center for Research and Development in Mathematics and Applications (CIDMA), Department of Mathematics, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vítor Devezas
- General Surgery Department, São João Medical Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Santos-Sousa
- General Surgery Department, São João Medical Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - John Preto
- General Surgery Department, São João Medical Center, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Machado
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Oliveira
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health, and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jones EJ, Kennett JE, Green DA. Spring-loaded body mass equivalent horizontal reactive countermovement jump ground contact and flight times, but not peak forces, are comparable to vertical jumping. J Biomech 2020; 116:110206. [PMID: 33485147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal (cylinder-based) sledge jumping has been shown to ameliorate multi-system deconditioning induced by long-term bed-rest. However, biomechanics differ from 1 g vertical jumping, in particular prolongation of ground contact times (GCT), reduction of peak force, rate of force development (RFD) (and presumably stretch shortening cycle [SSC] efficacy) and stiffness, whilst also requiring relatively complex equipment. Thus, we sought to determine if horizontal spring-loaded countermovement jumps were more analogous to vertical jumping. 9 healthy (5 female) subjects (27 ± 7yrs; 169.0 ± 5.3 cm; 63.6 ± 2.6 kg) performed 10 reactive countermovement jumps vertically, and horizontally (randomized) when lay on a spring-loaded carriage performed against loading (at lift-off) equivalent (±6%) to their body weight. Jump kinetics, kinematics and lower limb/trunk electromyographic activity were compared between conditions (paired t-tests). Mean flight and GCTs did not differ, however, peak jump height (p = 0.003; d = -0.961) was greater when jumping horizontally. In contrast, ground reaction forces (zGRF) during take-off (p < 0.001; d = 1.645) and landing (p = 0.002; d = 1.309), peak acceleration (p = 0.001; d = 1.988), leg stiffness (p = 0.001; d = 2.371) and RFD (p = 0.023; d = 1.255) were lower horizontally. Mean rectus femoris activity was lower during landing (p = 0.033; d = 0.691) when horizontal, but did not differ during either take-off or land-lift. Mean medial gastrocnemius activity was significantly (p = 0.018; d = 0.317) lower during horizontal take-off. Spring-loading (1 g at take-off) maintained short GCTs and flight times presumably maintaining muscle SSC efficacy in a manner that appears intuitive (in young active subjects), simple, robust and potentially compatible with spaceflight. Whether appropriate jump characteristics can be achieved in older subjects and in μg/hypogravity needs to be determined. However, greater jump height, lower peak zGRF, RFD and leg stiffness along with reduced lower limb and trunk muscle activity suggests that 1 g at take-off is insufficient to replicate vertical jump biomechanics. Thus, further investigation is warranted to optimize, and evaluate spring-loaded jumping as a gravity-independent multi-systems countermeasure on Earth, and in Space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Jones
- Centre of Human & Applied Physiological Sciences (CHAPS), King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - J E Kennett
- Physical Mind London, 135 High Street, Teddington, London TW11 8HH, UK
| | - D A Green
- Centre of Human & Applied Physiological Sciences (CHAPS), King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; KBR, Wyle Laboratories GmbH, Albin-Koebis Strasse 4, 51174 Cologne, Germany; Space Medicine Team, HRE-OM, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Linder Höhe, Cologne 51147, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laurson KR, Thomas JN, Barnes JL. Vitamin D status is associated with muscular strength in a nationally representative sample of US youth. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:2755-2761. [PMID: 32173905 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and muscular strength in a nationally representative sample of US youth. METHODS Participants (n = 3350) were 6- to 18-y-olds from 2011 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Relative handgrip strength was quantified using age- and sex-specific z-scores. Poor strength was defined as those <25th percentile. Multivariate general linear and logistic models were used to compare strength and poor strength status by clinically relevant groupings of 25OHD. RESULTS Approximately 20.2% of youth had 25OHD <50 nmol/L. Mean relative strength was highest for those at ≥75 nmol/L of 25OHD. The percentage of boys/girls with poor strength in the <50 nmol/L, 50-74.9 nmol/L and ≥75 nmol/L groups was 34.9%/32.3%, 25.8%/28.2% and 14.0%/15.8%, respectively. The odds of boys and girls with <50 nmol/L 25OHD having poor strength were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.4, 5.5) and 3.4 (1.7, 6.8) times higher compared to those with ≥75 nmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSION Higher levels of circulating vitamin D were associated with higher relative strength, and poor strength was more prevalent when 25OHD was <75 nmol/L. These findings highlight the value of vitamin D for the muscle-bone unit and potential extraskeletal ramifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Laurson
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation Illinois State University Normal Illinois
| | - Jaime N. Thomas
- Department of Family and Consumer Science Illinois State University Normal Illinois
| | - Jennifer L. Barnes
- Department of Family and Consumer Science Illinois State University Normal Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saers JPP, DeMars LJ, Stephens NB, Jashashvili T, Carlson KJ, Gordon AD, Shaw CN, Ryan TM, Stock JT. Combinations of trabecular and cortical bone properties distinguish various loading modalities between athletes and controls. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 174:434-450. [PMID: 33244746 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Variation in trabecular and cortical bone properties is often used to infer habitual behavior in the past. However, the structures of both types of bone are rarely considered together and may even contradict each other in functional interpretations. We examine trabecular and cortical bone properties in various athletes and sedentary controls to clarify the associations between combinations of cortical and trabecular bone properties and various loading modalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compare trabecular and cortical bone properties using peripheral quantitative computed tomography scans of the tibia between groups of 83 male athletes (running, hockey, swimming, cricket) and sedentary controls using Bayesian multilevel models. We quantify midshaft cortical bone rigidity and area (J, CA), midshaft shape index (Imax/Imin), and mean trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) in the distal tibia. RESULTS All groups show unique combinations of biomechanical properties. Cortical bone rigidity is high in sports that involve impact loading (cricket, running, hockey) and low in nonimpact loaded swimmers and controls. Runners have more anteroposteriorly elliptical midshafts compared to other groups. Interestingly, all athletes have greater trabecular BMD compared to controls, but do not differ credibly among each other. DISCUSSION Results suggest that cortical midshaft hypertrophy is associated with impact loading while trabecular BMD is positively associated with both impact and nonimpact loading. Midshaft shape is associated with directionality of loading. Individuals from the different categories overlap substantially, but group means differ credibly, suggesting that nuanced group-level inferences of habitual behavior are possible when combinations of trabecular and cortical bone are analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap P P Saers
- Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lily J DeMars
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tea Jashashvili
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Geology and Paleontology, Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adam D Gordon
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Timothy M Ryan
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jay T Stock
- Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Department of Anthropology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Beavers KM, Greene KA, Yu EW. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Bone complications of bariatric surgery: updates on sleeve gastrectomy, fractures, and interventions. Eur J Endocrinol 2020; 183:R119-R132. [PMID: 32869608 PMCID: PMC8254876 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite well recognized improvements in obesity-related comorbidities, increasing evidence implicates bariatric surgery in the onset of adverse skeletal health outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update in three critical areas: (i) emergent data on sleeve gastrectomy and bone loss, (ii) evidence linking bariatric surgery to incident fracture, and (iii) intervention strategies designed to mitigate surgical bone loss. Better understanding of these issues will inform our treatment of skeletal health for patients planning bariatric surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Beavers
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Katelyn A. Greene
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elaine W. Yu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kubicka AM, Myszka A. Are entheseal changes and cross-sectional properties associated with the shape of the upper limb? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:293-306. [PMID: 32643151 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reconstruction of the activity of past human populations can be carried out using various skeletal markers; however, the relationship between these methods is not fully understood. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between entheseal changes, cross-sectional properties, and variability in the shape of the upper limb. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analyzed material consisted of CT images of 71 right scapulae, humeri, and ulnae belonging to the same individuals from a mediaeval population located in Poland. For each series of bones for the same individual, skeletal markers such as: cross-sectional properties, entheses and shape variation were assessed. Next, correlations between these three skeletal indicators were calculated. RESULTS In general, the models showed that only sex influences entheses. Multivariate regression revealed significant correlation only between ulnar auricular surface shape and two types of mean score for entheses. DISCUSSION The findings are inconsistent and stand in contradiction to other research; therefore, we suggest that an assessment of individual activity should be carried out, using as many post-cranial elements as possible and a variety of methods. This approach will ensure more accurate reconstruction of the activity levels and patterns of archeological groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Kubicka
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,PaleoFED team, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Anna Myszka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
ROWLANDS ALEXV, EDWARDSON CHARLOTTEL, DAWKINS NATHANP, MAYLOR BEND, METCALF KRISTENM, JANZ KATHLEENF. Physical Activity for Bone Health: How Much and/or How Hard? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2331-2341. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Pejon TMM, Gobatto CA, Fabrício V, Beck WR. Moderate intensity swimming training on bone mineral density preservation under food restriction in female rats. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
26
|
Zymbal V, Baptista F, Letuchy EM, Janz KF, Levy SM. Mediating Effect of Muscle on the Relationship of Physical Activity and Bone. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:202-210. [PMID: 30157107 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study analyzed prospective associations between distinct trajectories of objectively measured physical activity (PA) and late adolescent bone parameters and explored the mediating effects of lean soft tissue, a surrogate of muscle mass to associations. METHODS Physical activity was measured by accelerometry starting at age 5 yr and continuing at 8, 11, 13, 15, and 17 yr in approximately 524 participants from the Iowa Bone Development Study. Sex-specific group-based trajectory modeling was used to construct developmental trajectories of moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) from childhood to late adolescence. At age 17 yr, proximal femur bone mineral density (aBMD) was assessed by dual X-ray energy absorptiometry, and its distribution was calculated by aBMD ratios. Specific geometric measures of the proximal femur were assessed using hip structural analysis. RESULTS A significant portion of the total effect of MVPA from age 5 to 17 yr on bone parameters at age 17 yr was explained by an increase in leg lean soft tissue in both sexes. For males and females, indirect effects were observed on the total and all regional proximal femur aBMD, and on the ratio between the inferomedial and superolateral neck aBMD. The effect on the ratio between the trochanter and the total proximal femur was specific to females, whereas the effect on the hip axis length was specific to males. Direct effects of MVPA on aBMD were identified only in males. CONCLUSIONS Using robust mediation analysis, this is the first study addressing the indirect effect (through muscle) of PA across childhood and adolescence on proximal femur bone parameters. To improve bone health at the proximal femur, the results suggest PA interventions during growth that increase muscle mass, particularly in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Zymbal
- Department of Sport and Health, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Fátima Baptista
- Department of Sport and Health, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Elena M Letuchy
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kathleen F Janz
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Health and Human Physiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Steven M Levy
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Niinimäki S, Narra N, Härkönen L, Abe S, Nikander R, Hyttinen J, Knüsel CJ, Sievänen H. Do bone geometric properties of the proximal femoral diaphysis reflect loading history, muscle properties, or body dimensions? Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23246. [PMID: 31004392 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate activity-induced effects from bone geometric properties of the proximal femur in athletic vs nonathletic healthy females by statistically controlling for variation in body size, lower limb isometric, and dynamic muscle strength, and cross-sectional area of Musculus gluteus maximus. METHODS The material consists of hip and proximal thigh magnetic resonance images of Finnish female athletes (N = 91) engaged in either high jump, triple jump, soccer, squash, powerlifting, endurance running or swimming, and a group of physically active nonathletic women (N = 20). Cross-sectional bone geometric properties were calculated for the lesser trochanter, sub-trochanter, and mid-shaft of the femur regions. Bone geometric properties were analyzed using a general linear model that included body size, muscle size, and muscle strength as covariates. RESULTS Body size and isometric muscle strength were positively associated with bone geometric properties at all three cross-sectional levels of the femur, while muscle size was positively associated with bone properties only at the femur mid-shaft. When athletes were compared to nonathletic females, triple jump, soccer, and squash resulted in greater values in all studied cross-sections; high jump and endurance running resulted in greater values at the femoral mid-shaft cross-section; and swimming resulted in lower values at sub-trochanter and femur mid-shaft cross-sections. CONCLUSIONS Activity effects from ground impact loading were associated with higher bone geometric values, especially at the femur mid-shaft, but also at lesser and sub-trochanter cross-sections. Bone geometric properties along the femur can be used to assess the mechanical stimuli experienced, where ground impact loading seems to be more important than muscle loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaniel Narra
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Härkönen
- Aquatic population dynamics Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland
| | - Shinya Abe
- Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riku Nikander
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,GeroCenter Foundation for Aging Research and Development, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Hyttinen
- Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, BioMediTech, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christopher J Knüsel
- De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aboarrage Junior AM, Teixeira CVLS, Dos Santos RN, Machado AF, Evangelista AL, Rica RL, Alonso AC, Barroso JA, Serra AJ, Baker JS, Bocalini DS. A High-Intensity Jump-Based Aquatic Exercise Program Improves Bone Mineral Density and Functional Fitness in Postmenopausal Women. Rejuvenation Res 2018; 21:535-540. [PMID: 29886815 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2018.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of a high-intensity jump-based aquatic exercise (HIIAE) program on bone mass and functional fitness in postmenopausal women. We randomly assigned 25 women (65 ± 7 years) into two groups: Training group (T, n = 15) and Untrained group (Un, n = 10). The T group was submitted to 24 weeks of HIIAE program, where each session lasted for 30 minutes. The following parameters were assessed before and 6 months following the intervention: bone and physical fitness; lumbar spine (LS), total femur (TF), and whole body (WB) bone mineral density (BMD); agility (time up-and-go, TUG); and leg strength (chair stand test, CS). We observed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in LS, (Un: -0.88 ± 3.55, T: 3.71 ± 3.68; %), TF (Un: -1.38 ± 17.76, T: 6.52 ± 2.71; %), and WB (Un: 2.09 ± 3.17, T: 3.23 ± 4.18) BMD in the T group. Regarding functional fitness, the T group showed improvements in both TUG (before: 6.86 ± 1.24 vs. after: 6.22 ± 1.13 seconds; p < 0.05) and CS (before: 16 ± 4 vs. after: 19 ± 5 repetitions; p > 0.05) tests when compared with the U group's TUG (before: 5 ± 1, after: 6 ± 1 seconds; p < 0.05) and CS (before: 20 ± 2, after: 19 ± 2 repetitions; p > 0.05) scores. Our data suggest that a high-intensity, jump-based interval aquatic exercise program is able to improve BMD and functional fitness parameters in postmenopausal women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cauê V La Scala Teixeira
- 2 Department of Health Science, Group of Studies on Obesity of Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
- 3 Department of Physical Education, Praia Grande College, Praia Grande, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nolasco Dos Santos
- 4 Department of Endocrinology, Federal University of São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Fernades Machado
- 5 Post Graduate Program of Physical Education and Aging Science, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Lopes Evangelista
- 5 Post Graduate Program of Physical Education and Aging Science, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Ailton Barroso
- 1 Department of Physical Education, University Center of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- 7 Post Graduate Program in Biophotonic Applied in Healthy Science, Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julien Steven Baker
- 8 Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland
| | - Danilo Sales Bocalini
- 9 Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Physical Education and Sport Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saers JPP, Ryan TM, Stock JT. Trabecular bone functional adaptation and sexual dimorphism in the human foot. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:154-169. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap P. P. Saers
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M. Ryan
- Department of Anthropology Pennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania
| | - Jay T. Stock
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Cambridge United Kingdom
- Department of Anthropology University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Archaeology Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Granatosky MC, Karantanis NE, Rychlik L, Youlatos D. A suspensory way of life: Integrating locomotion, postures, limb movements, and forces in two-toed sloths Choloepus didactylus (Megalonychidae, Folivora, Pilosa). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 329:570-588. [PMID: 30129260 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have learned much about the anatomy, evolutionary history, and biomechanics of the extant sloths. However, most of this study has involved studying sloths in controlled conditions, and few studies have explored how these animals are behaving in a naturalistic setting. In this study, we integrate positional activities in naturalistic conditions with kinematic and kinetic observations collected on a simulated runway to best capture the biomechanical behavior of Linnaeus's two-toed sloths. We confirm that the dominant positional behaviors consist of hanging below the support using a combination of forelimbs and hindlimbs, and walking quadrupedally below the branches. The majority of these behaviors occur on horizontal substrates that are approximately 5-10 cm in diameter. The kinematics of suspensory walking observed both in the naturalistic settings and on simulated arboreal runways are dominated by movement of the proximal limb elements, while distal limb elements tend to show little excursion. Joint kinematics are similar between the naturalistic setting and the simulated runway, but movements of the shoulder and hip tend to be exaggerated while moving in simulated conditions. Kinetic patterns of the two-toed sloth can be explained almost entirely by considering them as an inverted linked strut. However, medially directed forces toward the substrate were more frequent than expected in the forelimb, which may help sloths maintain a better "grip" on the substrate. This study serves as a model of how to gain a comprehensive understanding of the functional-adaptive profile of a particular species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nikolaos E Karantanis
- Princess Royal College of Animal Management and Saddlery, Capel Manor College, London, UK.,Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Leszek Rychlik
- Department of Systematic Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dionisios Youlatos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kubicka AM, Nowaczewska W, Balzeau A, Piontek J. Bilateral asymmetry of the humerus in Neandertals, Australian aborigines and medieval humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 167:46-60. [PMID: 29786835 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bilateral asymmetry of diaphyseal shape and size may be a reflection of relative activity levels and patterns of habitual biomechanical stress in the upper arms of Neandertals and Homo sapiens. The main purpose of our study was to assess the level of directional asymmetry of humeral cross sections in Neandertals, recent Australian aborigines, and medieval farmers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Indices of directional and absolute asymmetry (%DA and %AA) of humeral cross-sectional properties in Neandertals and recent Homo sapiens were calculated. Evenly distributed semilandmarks around the external and internal borders of cortical bone were digitized in the course of computed tomography for analysis of shape differences between sides of the body. RESULTS The medieval farmers were characterized by significant %DA and %AA for polar second moment of area (J), ratio of maximum to minimum second moments of area, and ratio of antero-posterior to medio-lateral bending strength. In Australian aborigines, only J in males shows significant %DA and %AA, while Neandertals exhibit no significant asymmetry of any cross-sectional properties. Differences in cross-sectional shape between sides of the body were established in all three analyzed groups. DISCUSSION High levels of directional asymmetry of cross-sectional shape and properties in medieval farmers may be caused by the performance of more physically demanding tasks using one side of the body from an early age in that population. Various patterns of asymmetry in Neandertals and modern humans may be caused by different habitual behaviors during growth, eco-geographic patterns in body proportions, genetic factors, and differences in ontogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Kubicka
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-625, Poland
| | | | - Antoine Balzeau
- Equipe de Paleontologie Humaine, UMR 7194 du CNRS, Departement de Prehistoire, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.,Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren B-3080, Belgium
| | - Janusz Piontek
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
A systematic review of the exercise effect on bone health: the importance of assessing mechanical loading in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause 2018; 24:1208-1216. [PMID: 28538603 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this systematic review were to determine the general effects of exercise on areal bone mineral density (BMD) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, and to provide information on the most suitable bone-loading exercise regimens that may improve bone health in this population group. METHODS A computerized, systematic literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and The Cochrane Library, from January 2005 to November 2015, to identify all randomized controlled trials related to exercise in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The initial search identified 915 studies, with a final yield of 10 studies. Only randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of exercise programs longer than 24 weeks in women aged 35 to 70 years were included. The 10 studies quantified at least BMD and described training variables adequately (training period, frequency, volume, intensity). RESULTS Ten studies with moderate quality evidence (6.4 ± 1.8 points, range 4-9) were included. Significant changes in lumbar and femoral neck BMD were found mainly with high-impact exercise and whole body vibration interventions. CONCLUSIONS While training effects must be interpreted with caution because of the heterogeneity of the protocols and exercises performed, this systematic review confirmed the effectiveness of impact exercises combined with other forms of training (vibration or strength training) to preserve BMD in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Despite the results possibly not representing a general dose-response relationship, we highlight the importance of quantifying loading intensity and frequency by means of accelerometry as these parameters are determinants for bone adaptation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Patel BA, Romanu JT, Carlson KJ. Subchondral Bone Radiodensity Patterns in the Glenoid Fossa of Ape and Human Scapulae. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 301:776-785. [PMID: 29281860 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Regions of denser subchondral bone deep to a joint's articular surface indicate locations where the joint experiences relatively higher or more frequent compressive trans-articular forces than less dense regions. Human clinically focused studies have hypothesized that regional variation of acquired with computed tomography osteoabsorptiomety (CT-OAM), in the scapular glenoid fossa (GF) is specifically related to forces arising from everyday rotator cuff muscle function. We test this hypothesis by investigating the relationship between rotator cuff function and GF HiRD subchondral bone patterns in a broader comparative context. CT-OAM was used on scapulae of chimpanzees, gibbons and humans to visualize HiRD subchondral bone patterns and assess regional (anterior-posterior; superior-inferior) differences in HiRD concentrations within each group. Like patterns observed in humans, ape GFs show HiRD concentrations in anterior, posterior and superior regions. Gibbons exhibit significantly larger concentrations anteriorly, probably serving as a skeletal correlate of increased subscapularis activity during humeral internal rotation during arm-swinging locomotion. Chimpanzees exhibit relatively larger areas posteriorly (though not statistically significant), conceivably serving as a correlate of increased infraspinatus activity during humeral external rotation and retraction during knuckle-walking. All groups show relatively larger HiRD areas superiorly, likely correlating with forceful humeral abduction (rather than adduction) during routine upper limb use across behaviors. Subchondral bone HiRD patterns in the GF appear to correspond with normal and unbalanced rotator cuff activity and force production not only in humans, but also in other primates, thereby corroborating their value in human clinical studies and functional morphology research. Anat Rec, 301:776-785, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biren A Patel
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Joshua T Romanu
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stiles VH, Metcalf BS, Knapp KM, Rowlands AV. A small amount of precisely measured high-intensity habitual physical activity predicts bone health in pre- and post-menopausal women in UK Biobank. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1847-1856. [PMID: 29106579 PMCID: PMC5837700 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity is a highly modifiable risk factor for the development of osteoporosis but, due to a lack of research that has precisely and objectively meaured physical activity (PA) relevant to bone, the specific contribution that PA can make to bone health is poorly understood. This study examined whether a more precise measure of PA relelvant to bone was associated with meaures of bone health in pre- and post-menopausal women in UK Biobank. Methods Time spent at intensities specific to bone health [≥750 milli-gravitational units (mg) and ≥1000 mg] were analysed from raw tri-axial acceleration data averaged over 1-second epochs from 7-day monitoring of habitual PA using accelerometry-based activity monitors (100 Hz; AX3, Axivity, UK) of 1218 pre- and 1316 post-menopausal healthy women. In a cross-sectional analysis, associations between categories of time (<1, 1-2 and ≥2 minutes) spent above the intensity thresholds and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measures of bone health (bone mineral density T-score, BMDT-score; speed of sound, SOS; and broadband ultrasound attenuation, BUA) were examined. Results Compared with <1 minute, spending 1-2 or ≥2 minutes/day at intensities ≥1000 mg in pre-menopausal and ≥750 mg in post-menopausal women was positively associated with BMDT-score, SOS and BUA. Conclusion Brief bursts of high-intensity PA relevant to bone health can be captured by applying bone-specific thresholds of intensity to raw tri-axial accelerations averaged over 1-second epochs. Accumulating 1-2 minutes/day of high-intensity PA, equivalent to running in pre-menopausal women and slow jogging in post-menopausal women, is associated with better bone health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria H Stiles
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Brad S Metcalf
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Karen M Knapp
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Alex V Rowlands
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, UK and
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
James CR, Atkins LT, Yang HS, Dufek JS, Bates BT. Prediction of calcaneal bone competence from biomechanical accommodation variables measured during weighted walking. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 56:37-45. [PMID: 29096182 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carrying weight while walking is a common activity associated with increased musculoskeletal loading, but not all individuals accommodate to the weight in the same way. Different accommodation strategies could lead to different skeletal forces, stimuli for bone adaptation and ultimately bone competence. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationships between calcaneal bone competence and biomechanical accommodation variables measured during weighted walking. Twenty healthy men and women (10 each; age 27.8 ± 6.8 years) walked on a treadmill at 1.34 m/s while carrying 0, 44.5 and 89 N weights with two hands in front of the body. Peak vertical ground reaction force and sagittal plane angular displacements of the trunk and left lower extremity during weight acceptance were measured and used to quantify accommodation. Calcaneal bone stiffness index T-score (BST) was measured using quantitative ultrasound. Correlation and stepwise multiple regression were used to predict calcaneal BST from the accommodation variables. Accommodations of the foot and ankle explained 29 and 54% (p ≤ .015) of the variance in calcaneal BST in different regression models. Statistical resampling using 1000 replications confirmed the strength and consistency of relationships, with the best model explaining 94% of the variance in calcaneal BST. Individuals who change foot and ankle function when carrying heavier weight likely alter the control of gravitational and muscular forces, thereby affecting calcaneal loading, bone adaptation and bone competence. These novel findings illustrate the importance of gait accommodation strategies and highlight a potential clinical consequence that requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Roger James
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Lee T Atkins
- Department of Physical Therapy, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX, USA.
| | - Hyung Suk Yang
- Division of Kinesiology and Sport Management, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Janet S Dufek
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Barry T Bates
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sherk VD, Carpenter RD, Giles ED, Higgins JA, Oljira RM, Johnson GC, Mills S, Maclean PS. Ibuprofen before Exercise Does Not Prevent Cortical Bone Adaptations to Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:888-895. [PMID: 28079706 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) before a single bout of mechanical loading can reduce bone formation response. It is unknown whether this translates to an attenuation of bone strength and structural adaptations to exercise training. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use before exercise prevents increases in bone structure and strength in response to weight-bearing exercise. METHODS Adult female Wistar rats (n = 43) were randomized to ibuprofen (IBU) or vehicle (VEH) and exercise (EX) or sedentary (SED) groups in a 2 × 2 (drug and activity) ANCOVA design with body weight as the covariate, and data are reported as mean ± SE. IBU drops (30 mg·kg BW) or VEH (volume equivalent) were administered orally 1 h before the bout of exercise. Treadmill running occurred 5 d·wk for 60 min·d at 20 m·min with a 5° incline for 12 wk. Micro-CT, mechanical testing, and finite element modeling were used to quantify bone characteristics. RESULTS Drug-activity interactions were not significant. Exercise increased tibia cortical cross-sectional area (EX = 5.67 ± 0.10, SED = 5.37 ± 0.10 mm, P < 0.01) and structural estimates of bone strength (Imax: EX = 5.16 ± 0.18, SED = 4.70 ± 0.18 mm, P < 0.01; SecModPolar: EX = 4.01 ± 0.11, SED = 3.74 ± 0.10 mm, P < 0.01). EX had increased failure load (EX = 243 ± 9, SED = 202 ± 7 N, P < 0.05) and decreased distortion in response to a 200-N load (von Mises stress at tibia-fibula junction: EX = 48.2 ± 1.3, SED = 51.7 ± 1.2 MPa, P = 0.01). There was no effect of ibuprofen on any measurement tested. Femur results revealed similar patterns. CONCLUSION Ibuprofen before exercise did not prevent the skeletal benefits of exercise in female rats. However, exercise that engenders higher bone strains may be required to detect an effect of ibuprofen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Sherk
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO; and 3Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pham MH, Buser Z, Wang JC, Acosta FL. Low-magnitude mechanical signals and the spine: A review of current and future applications. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 40:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
38
|
The effect of body composition and serum inflammatory markers on the functional muscle-bone unit in premenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1203-1206. [PMID: 28442780 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES A number of recent studies dealing with the relationship between the effects of high body mass (BM) and fat mass (FM) on bone mass and strength exhibit a range of contrasting variations in their findings. These diverse findings have led to an ongoing controversy as to whether high BM and FM positively or negatively affect bone mass and strength. Excessive FM and the associated low-grade inflammation might overturn the higher mechanical stimulus arising from a higher BM. Therefore, we aimed at quantifying the functional muscle-bone unit in premenopausal women with markedly diverging body composition. SUBJECTS/METHODS Sixty-four young women with BMs ranging from 50 to 113 kg and body fat percentages between 20.7% and 51.8% underwent jumping mechanography and peripheral quantitative computed tomography measurements. Maximum voluntary ground reaction force during multiple one-legged hopping (Fm1LH), as well as bone characteristics at 4, 14 and 38% of tibia length, were determined. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and serum inflammatory markers were analyzed from blood samples. RESULTS Fm1LH predicted volumetric bone mineral content at the 14% site by 48.7%. Women with high body fat percentage had significantly higher Fm1LH, significantly lower relative bone mass, relative bone strength and relative bone area, as well as higher serum inflammatory markers in comparison to women with lower body fat percentage. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, high body fat percentage was associated with lower relative bone mass and strength despite normal habitual muscle force in premenopausal women, indicating that high body fat percentage compromised the functional muscle-bone unit in these individuals.
Collapse
|
39
|
Granatosky MC, Schmitt D. Forelimb and hind limb loading patterns during below branch quadrupedal locomotion in the two‐toed sloth. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Granatosky
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - D. Schmitt
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University Durham NC USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zymbal V, Janz KF, Baptista F. Sexual dimorphism in bone–muscle relationship in young adults. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2433-2438. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1273535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Zymbal
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kathleen F. Janz
- Department of Health and Human Physiology and Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fátima Baptista
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jallai T, Maasalu K, Kums T, Ereline J, Gapeyeva H, Pääsuke M. Comparison of bone mineral density in adolescent male soccer and basketball players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
42
|
Lima LRAD, Krug RDR, Silva RCRD, Carvalho APD, González-Chica DA, Back IDC, Petroski EL. Prediction of Areal Bone Mineral Density and Bone Mineral Content in Children and Adolescents Living With HIV Based on Anthropometric Variables. J Clin Densitom 2016. [PMID: 26206526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Children and adolescents living with HIV have low bone mass for age. There are reliable and accurate methods for evaluation of bone mass, however, alternative methods are necessary, especially, for application in limited-resource scenarios. Anthropometry is a noninvasive and low cost method that can predict bone mass in healthy youths. The aim of the study was to develop predictive equations for bone mineral content and bone mineral density in children and adolescents living with HIV based on anthropometric variables. Forty-eight children and adolescents of both sexes (24 females) from 7 to 17 years, living in greater Florianopolis area, Santa Catarina, Brazil, who were under clinical follow-up at "Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão", participated in the study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to evaluate whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD). Height, body weight, bone diameters, arm circumference, and triceps skinfold were measured and the body mass index and arm muscle area were calculated. Multiple regression models were fitted to predict BMC and aBMD, using backward selection (p ≥ 0.05). Two predictive models with high R2 values (84%-94%) were developed. Model 1 to estimate aBMD [Y = -0.1450124 + (height × 0.0033807) + (age × 0.0146381) + (body mass index × 0.0158838) + (skin color × 0.0421068)], and model 2 to estimate BMC [Y = 1095.1 + (body weight × 45.66973) + (age × 31.36516) + (arm circumference × -53.27204) + (femoral diameter × -9.594018)].The predictive models using anthropometry provided reliable estimates and can be useful to monitor aBMD and BMC in children and adolescents living with human immunodeficiency virus where limited resources are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Rodrigo Augustemak de Lima
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo de Rosso Krug
- Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Health Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rosane Carla Rosendo da Silva
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Aroldo Prohmann de Carvalho
- Pediatric Infectologist at Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmão, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Vale do Itajaí University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela de Carlos Back
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Health Sciences Centre, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Edio Luiz Petroski
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Sports Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Montgomery G, Abt G, Dobson C, Smith T, Ditroilo M. Tibial impacts and muscle activation during walking, jogging and running when performed overground, and on motorised and non-motorised treadmills. Gait Posture 2016; 49:120-126. [PMID: 27400020 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine tibial acceleration and muscle activation during overground (OG), motorised treadmill (MT) and non-motorised treadmill conditions (NMT) when walking, jogging and running at matched velocities. METHODS An accelerometer recorded acceleration at the mid-tibia and surface EMG electrodes recorded rectus femoris (RF), semitendinosus (ST), tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SL) muscle activation during OG, MT and NMT locomotion whilst walking, jogging and running. RESULTS The NMT produced large reductions in tibial acceleration when compared with OG and MT conditions across walking, jogging and running conditions. RF EMG was small-moderately higher in the NMT condition when compared with the OG and MT conditions across walking, jogging and running conditions. ST EMG showed large and very large increases in the NMT when compared to OG and MT conditions during walking whilst SL EMG found large increases on the NMT when compared to OG and MT conditions during running. The NMT condition generated very large increases in step frequency when compared to OG and MT conditions during walking, with large and very large decreases during jogging and very large decreases during running. CONCLUSIONS The NMT generates large reductions in tibial acceleration, moderate to very large increases in muscular activation and large to very large decreases in cycle time when compared to OG and MT locomotion. Whilst this may decrease the osteogenic potential of NMT locomotion, there may be uses for NMTs during rehabilitation for lower limb injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Montgomery
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science Department, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
| | - G Abt
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science Department, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - C Dobson
- School of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - T Smith
- Faculty of Education, Health & Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - M Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Stephens NB, Kivell TL, Gross T, Pahr DH, Lazenby RA, Hublin JJ, Hershkovitz I, Skinner MM. Trabecular architecture in the thumb of Pan and Homo: implications for investigating hand use, loading, and hand preference in the fossil record. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 161:603-619. [PMID: 27500902 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Humans display an 85-95% cross-cultural right-hand bias in skilled tasks, which is considered a derived behavior because such a high frequency is not reported in wild non-human primates. Handedness is generally considered to be an evolutionary byproduct of selection for manual dexterity and augmented visuo-cognitive capabilities within the context of complex stone tool manufacture/use. Testing this hypothesis requires an understanding of when appreciable levels of right dominant behavior entered the fossil record. Because bone remodels in vivo, skeletal asymmetries are thought to reflect greater mechanical loading on the dominant side, but incomplete preservation of external morphology and ambiguities about past loading environments complicate interpretations. We test if internal trabecular bone is capable of providing additional information by analyzing the thumb of Homo sapiens and Pan. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assess trabecular structure at the distal head and proximal base of paired (left/right) first metacarpals using micro-CT scans of Homo sapiens (n = 14) and Pan (n = 9). Throughout each epiphysis we quantify average and local bone volume fraction (BV/TV), degree of anisotropy (DA), and elastic modulus (E) to address bone volume patterning and directional asymmetry. RESULTS We find a right directional asymmetry in H. sapiens consistent with population-level handedness, but also report a left directional asymmetry in Pan that may be the result of postural and/or locomotor loading. CONCLUSION We conclude that trabecular bone is capable of detecting right/left directional asymmetry, but suggest coupling studies of internal structure with analyses of other skeletal elements and cortical bone prior to applications in the fossil record.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Stephens
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Gross
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/BE, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9/BE, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard A Lazenby
- Department of Anthropology, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC, Canada, V2N 4Z9
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Israel Hershkovitz
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Medina-Gomez C, Heppe DHM, Yin JL, Trajanoska K, Uitterlinden AG, Beck TJ, Jaddoe VWV, Rivadeneira F. Bone Mass and Strength in School-Age Children Exhibit Sexual Dimorphism Related to Differences in Lean Mass: The Generation R Study. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1099-106. [PMID: 26599073 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone strength, a key determinant of fracture risk, has been shown to display clear sexual dimorphism after puberty. We sought to determine whether sex differences in bone mass and hip bone geometry as an index of strength exist in school-age prepubertal children and the degree to which the differences are independent of body size and lean mass. We studied 3514 children whose whole-body and hip scans were measured using the same densitometer (GE-Lunar iDXA) at a mean age of 6.2 years. Hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans underwent hip structural analyses (HSA) with derivation of bone strength indices. Sex differences in these parameters were assessed by regression models adjusted for age, height, ethnicity, weight, and lean mass fraction (LMF). Whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) levels were 1.3% and 4.3% higher in girls after adjustment by LMF. Independent of LMF, boys had 1.5% shorter femurs, 1.9% and 2.2% narrower shaft and femoral neck with 1.6% to 3.4% thicker cortices than girls. Consequent with this geometry configuration, girls observed 6.6% higher stresses in the medial femoral neck than boys. When considering LMF, the sexual differences on the derived bone strength indices were attenuated, suggesting that differences in muscle loads may reflect an innate disadvantage in bone strength in girls, as consequence of their lower muscular acquisition. In summary, we show that bone sexual dimorphism is already present at 6 years of age, with boys having stronger bones than girls, the relation of which is influenced by body composition and likely attributable to differential adaptation to mechanical loading. Our results support the view that early life interventions (ie, increased physical activity) targeted during the pre- and peripubertal stages may be of high importance, particularly in girls, because before puberty onset, muscle mass is strongly associated with bone density and geometry in children. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Medina-Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise H M Heppe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jia-Lian Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Beck
- Beck Radiological Innovations Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mosti MP, Flemmen G, Hoff J, Stunes AK, Syversen U, Wang E. Impaired skeletal health and neuromuscular function among amphetamine users in clinical treatment. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1003-1010. [PMID: 26501558 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY This study examined musculoskeletal health in amphetamine users, compared with healthy age-matched controls. We show that amphetamine users have reduced bone mass at several skeletal sites and attenuated maximal muscle strength and force development capacity in the lower extremities. INTRODUCTION Amphetamine use may cause poor bone quality and elevated risk of osteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether amphetamine users exhibit reduced regional and whole body bone mineral density (BMD), altered bone metabolism, and how muscle function may relate to the patient groups' skeletal health. METHODS We assessed hip, lumbar spine and whole body BMD, and trabecular bone score (TBS) by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bone metabolism markers in serum and maximal strength and force development capacity in 36 amphetamine users (25 men, 30 ± 7 years; 11 women 35 ± 10 years) and in 37 healthy controls (23 men, 31 ± 9 years; 14 women, 35 ± 7 years). RESULTS Whole body BMD was lower in amphetamine users (8% in males and 7% females, p < 0.01), as were BMD at the total hip and sub-regions of the hip (9-11% in men and 10-11 % in women, p < 0.05). Male users had 4% lower TBS (p < 0.05) and higher serum level of type 1 collagen amino-terminal propeptide (p < 0.01). This coincided with reduced lower extremity maximal strength of 30% (males, p < 0.001) and 25% (females, p < 0.05) and 27% slower muscular force development in males compared to controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that amphetamine users suffer from a generalized reduction in bone mass, which was associated with attenuated maximal muscle strength and force development capacity in the lower extremities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Mosti
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - G Flemmen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, Clinic of Substance Use and Addiction Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Hoff
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A K Stunes
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - U Syversen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - E Wang
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kivell TL. A review of trabecular bone functional adaptation: what have we learned from trabecular analyses in extant hominoids and what can we apply to fossils? J Anat 2016; 228:569-94. [PMID: 26879841 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the unresolved debates in palaeoanthropology regarding evolution of particular locomotor or manipulative behaviours are founded in differing opinions about the functional significance of the preserved external fossil morphology. However, the plasticity of internal bone morphology, and particularly trabecular bone, allowing it to respond to mechanical loading during life means that it can reveal greater insight into how a bone or joint was used during an individual's lifetime. Analyses of trabecular bone have been commonplace for several decades in a human clinical context. In contrast, the study of trabecular bone as a method for reconstructing joint position, joint loading and ultimately behaviour in extant and fossil non-human primates is comparatively new. Since the initial 2D studies in the late 1970s and 3D analyses in the 1990 s, the utility of trabecular bone to reconstruct behaviour in primates has grown to incorporate experimental studies, expanded taxonomic samples and skeletal elements, and improved methodologies. However, this work, in conjunction with research on humans and non-primate mammals, has also revealed the substantial complexity inherent in making functional inferences from variation in trabecular architecture. This review addresses the current understanding of trabecular bone functional adaptation, how it has been applied to hominoids, as well as other primates and, ultimately, how this can be used to better interpret fossil hominoid and hominin morphology. Because the fossil record constrains us to interpreting function largely from bony morphology alone, and typically from isolated bones, analyses of trabecular structure, ideally in conjunction with that of cortical structure and external morphology, can offer the best resource for reconstructing behaviour in the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Kivell
- Animal Postcranial Evolution Laboratory, Skeletal Biological Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nadell JA, Shaw CN. Phenotypic plasticity and constraint along the upper and lower limb diaphyses ofHomo sapiens. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:410-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin N. Shaw
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liphardt AM, Schipilow JD, Macdonald HM, Kan M, Zieger A, Boyd SK. Bone micro-architecture of elite alpine skiers is not reflected by bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:2309-17. [PMID: 25910749 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone quality is affected by muscle forces and external forces. We investigated how micro-architecture is influenced in elite alpine skiers who have received high loading levels throughout their adolescent bone development. Bone strength was higher in skiers, likely due to external forces, but muscle forces may also be a significant contributor. INTRODUCTION Impact loading and muscle forces affect bone quality, but little is known about how they influence 3 dimensional aspects of bone structure. This study investigated bone quality in female and male elite alpine skiers using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). METHODS HR-pQCT at the distal radius and tibia, whole-body lean mass, and muscle strength were assessed in 10 female (22.7 ± 3.9 years) and 12 male (25.5 ± 3.3 years) Canadian national alpine team athletes and compared to recreationally active female (N = 10, 23.8 ± 3.2 years) and male (N = 12; 23.7 ± 3.6 years) control subjects. HR-pQCT standard parameters and customized cortical and finite element (FE) analyses were performed and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS Male and female skiers had stronger bones than controls at radius (38-49 %, p < 0.001) and tibia (24-28 %, p < 0.001). This result was not consistently reflected by total bone mineral density (BMD) because higher trabecular BMD occurred in parallel with lower cortical BMD, which was due to a redistribution of mineral leading to a shift of the endocortical margin toward a thicker cortex. The endocortical regional adaptation was likely responsible for the greater strength of the athletes' bones. Lean mass and muscle strength was 29 to 90 % greater (p < 0.001) in athletes compared to controls. Good associations between muscle strength and FE-estimated bone strength were found (r = 0.63 to 0.80; p < 0.001), although micro-architecture was more strongly associated with muscle outcomes in females than males. CONCLUSIONS Higher bone strength in elite alpine skiers is achieved through micro-architectural adaptation that is not apparent by BMD measurements alone. The improved micro-architecture at radius and tibia suggests that muscle forces may play an important role in bone adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-M Liphardt
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tagliaferri C, Wittrant Y, Davicco MJ, Walrand S, Coxam V. Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 21:55-70. [PMID: 25804855 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As bones are levers for skeletal muscle to exert forces, both are complementary and essential for locomotion and individual autonomy. In the past decades, the idea of a bone-muscle unit has emerged. Numerous studies have confirmed this hypothesis from in utero to aging works. Space flight, bed rest as well as osteoporosis and sarcopenia experimentations have allowed to accumulate considerable evidence. Mechanical loading is a key mechanism linking both tissues with a central promoting role of physical activity. Moreover, the skeletal muscle secretome accounts various molecules that affect bone including insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-15, myostatin, osteoglycin (OGN), FAM5C, Tmem119 and osteoactivin. Even though studies on the potential effects of bone on muscle metabolism are sparse, few osteokines have been identified. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and Wnt3a, which are secreted by osteocytes, osteocalcin (OCN) and IGF-1, which are produced by osteoblasts and sclerostin which is secreted by both cell types, might impact skeletal muscle cells. Cartilage and adipose tissue are also likely to participate to this control loop and should not be set aside. Indeed, chondrocytes are known to secrete Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and adipocytes produce leptin, adiponectin and IL-6, which potentially modulate bone and muscle metabolisms. The understanding of this system will enable to define new levers to prevent/treat sarcopenia and osteoporosis at the same time. These strategies might include nutritional interventions and physical exercise.
Collapse
|