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Pepey A, Obadia T, Kim S, Sovannaroth S, Mueller I, Witkowski B, Vantaux A, Souris M. Mobility evaluation by GPS tracking in a rural, low-income population in Cambodia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266460. [PMID: 35559983 PMCID: PMC9106150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is an effective tool for quantifying individuals' mobility patterns and can be used to understand their influence on infectious disease transmission. In Cambodia, mobility measurements have been limited to questionnaires, which are of limited efficacy in rural environments. In this study, we used GPS tracking to measure the daily mobility of Cambodian forest goers, a population at high risk of malaria, and developed a workflow adapted to local constraints to produce an optimal dataset representative of the participants' mobility. We provide a detailed assessment of the GPS tracking and analysis of the data, and highlight the associated difficulties to facilitate the implementation of similar studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Pepey
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Obadia
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Analytics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Département de Biologie Computationnelle, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Saorin Kim
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Centre for Parasitology Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ivo Mueller
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Amélie Vantaux
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marc Souris
- UMR Unité des Virus Emergents, UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ–IRD 190–Inserm 1207–IHU 5 Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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2
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Steel C, Crist K, Grimes A, Bejarano C, Ortega A, Hibbing PR, Schipperijn J, Carlson JA. Validity of a Global Positioning System-Based Algorithm and Consumer Wearables for Classifying Active Trips in Children and Adults. JOURNAL FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL BEHAVIOUR 2021; 4:321-332. [PMID: 36237517 PMCID: PMC9555805 DOI: 10.1123/jmpb.2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the convergent validity of a global positioning system (GPS)-based and two consumer-based measures with trip logs for classifying pedestrian, cycling, and vehicle trips in children and adults. METHODS Participants (N = 34) wore a Qstarz GPS tracker, Fitbit Alta, and Garmin vivosmart 3 on multiple days and logged their outdoor pedestrian, cycling, and vehicle trips. Logged trips were compared with device-measured trips using the Personal Activity Location Measurement System (PALMS) GPS-based algorithms, Fitbit's SmartTrack, and Garmin's Move IQ. Trip- and day-level agreement were tested. RESULTS The PALMS identified and correctly classified the mode of 75.6%, 94.5%, and 96.9% of pedestrian, cycling, and vehicle trips (84.5% of active trips, F1 = 0.84 and 0.87) as compared with the log. Fitbit and Garmin identified and correctly classified the mode of 26.8% and 17.8% (22.6% of active trips, F1 = 0.40 and 0.30) and 46.3% and 43.8% (45.2% of active trips, F1 = 0.58 and 0.59) of pedestrian and cycling trips. Garmin was more prone to false positives (false trips not logged). Day-level agreement for PALMS and Garmin versus logs was favorable across trip modes, though PALMS performed best. Fitbit significantly underestimated daily cycling. Results were similar but slightly less favorable for children than adults. CONCLUSIONS The PALMS showed good convergent validity in children and adults and were about 50% and 27% more accurate than Fitbit and Garmin (based on F1). Empirically-based recommendations for improving PALMS' pedestrian classification are provided. Since the consumer devices capture both indoor and outdoor walking/running and cycling, they are less appropriate for trip-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Steel
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Katie Crist
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Grimes
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Carolina Bejarano
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Adrian Ortega
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Paul R Hibbing
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jordan A Carlson
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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3
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Smart Watch Versus Classic Receivers: Static Validity of Three GPS Devices in Different Types of Built Environments. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21217232. [PMID: 34770539 PMCID: PMC8588079 DOI: 10.3390/s21217232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the relationship between human physical activity and the design of the built environment, it is important to measure the location of human movement accurately. In this study, we compared an inexpensive GPS receiver (Holux RCV-3000) and a frequently used Garmin Forerunner 35 smart watch, with a device that has been validated and recommended for physical activity research (Qstarz BT-Q1000XT). These instruments were placed on six geodetic points, which represented a range of different environments (e.g., residential, open space, park). The coordinates recorded by each device were compared with the known coordinates of the geodetic points. There were no differences in accuracy among the three devices when averaged across the six sites. However, the Garmin was more accurate in the city center and the Holux was more accurate in the park and housing estate areas compared to the other devices. We consider the location accuracy of the Holux and the Garmin to be comparable to that of the Qstarz. Therefore, we consider these devices to be suitable instruments for locating physical activity. Researchers must also consider other differences among these devices (such as battery life) when determining if they are suitable for their research studies.
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Hunter RF, Garcia L, de Sa TH, Zapata-Diomedi B, Millett C, Woodcock J, Pentland A'S, Moro E. Effect of COVID-19 response policies on walking behavior in US cities. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3652. [PMID: 34135325 PMCID: PMC8209100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is causing mass disruption to our daily lives. We integrate mobility data from mobile devices and area-level data to study the walking patterns of 1.62 million anonymous users in 10 metropolitan areas in the United States. The data covers the period from mid-February 2020 (pre-lockdown) to late June 2020 (easing of lockdown restrictions). We detect when users were walking, distance walked and time of the walk, and classify each walk as recreational or utilitarian. Our results reveal dramatic declines in walking, particularly utilitarian walking, while recreational walking has recovered and even surpassed pre-pandemic levels. Our findings also demonstrate important social patterns, widening existing inequalities in walking behavior. COVID-19 response measures have a larger impact on walking behavior for those from low-income areas and high use of public transportation. Provision of equal opportunities to support walking is key to opening up our society and economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth F Hunter
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Leandro Garcia
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Thiago Herick de Sa
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, Universtiy of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Belen Zapata-Diomedi
- Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Millett
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Woodcock
- Centre for Diet and Activity Research, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Esteban Moro
- Connection Science, Institute for Data Science and Society, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Mathematics and GISC, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain.
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5
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Taoum A, Chaudru S, DE Müllenheim PY, Congnard F, Emily M, Noury-Desvaux B, Bickert S, Carrault G, Mahé G, LE Faucheur A. Comparison of Activity Monitors Accuracy in Assessing Intermittent Outdoor Walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:1303-1314. [PMID: 33731660 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine and compare the accuracy of different activity monitors in assessing intermittent outdoor walking in both healthy and clinical populations through the development and validation of processing methodologies. METHODS In study 1, an automated algorithm was implemented and tested for the detection of short (≤1 min) walking and stopping bouts during prescribed walking protocols performed by healthy subjects in environments with low and high levels of obstruction. The following parameters obtained from activity monitors were tested, with different recording epochs0.1s/0.033s/1s/3s/10s and wearing locationsscapula/hip/wrist/ankle: GlobalSat DG100 (GS) and Qstarz BT-Q1000XT/-Q1000eX (QS) speed; ActiGraph wGT3X+ (AG) vector magnitude (VM) raw data, VM counts, and steps; and StepWatch3 (SW) steps. Furthermore, linear mixed models were developed to estimate walking speeds and distances from the monitors parameters. Study 2 validated the performance of the activity monitors and processing methodologies in a clinical population showing profile of intermittent walking due to functional limitations during outdoor walking sessions. RESULTS In study 1, GS1s, scapula, QS1s, scapula/wrist speed, and AG0.033s, hip VM raw data provided the highest bout detection rates (>96.7%) and the lowest root mean square errors in speed (≤0.4 km·h-1) and distance (<18 m) estimation. Using SW3s, ankle steps, the root mean square error for walking/stopping duration estimation reached 13.6 min using proprietary software and 0.98 min using our algorithm (total recording duration, 282 min). In study 2, using AG0.033s, hip VM raw data, the bout detection rate (95% confidence interval) reached 100% (99%-100%), and the mean (SD) absolute percentage errors in speed and distance estimation were 9% (6.6%) and 12.5% (7.9%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS GPS receivers and AG demonstrated high performance in assessing intermittent outdoor walking in both healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Taoum
- University of Rennes 2, M2S-EA 7470, Rennes, FRANCE
| | - Ségolène Chaudru
- Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM 1414, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, FRANCE
| | | | - Florian Congnard
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences (IFEPSA), UCO, Les Ponts-de-Cé, FRANCE
| | - Mathieu Emily
- Institut Agro, CNRS, Univ Rennes, IRMAR-UMR 6625, Rennes, FRANCE
| | | | - Sandrine Bickert
- Laboratory of Vascular Investigations and Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, FRANCE
| | - Guy Carrault
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, FRANCE
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Mizen A, Fry R, Rodgers S. GIS-modelled built-environment exposures reflecting daily mobility for applications in child health research. Int J Health Geogr 2020; 19:12. [PMID: 32276644 PMCID: PMC7147039 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-020-00208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inaccurately modelled environmental exposures may have important implications for evidence-based policy targeting health promoting or hazardous facilities. Travel routes modelled using GIS generally use shortest network distances or Euclidean buffers to represent journeys with corresponding built-environment exposures calculated along these routes. These methods, however, are an unreliable proxy for calculating child built-environment exposures as child route choice is more complex than shortest network routes. Methods We hypothesised that a GIS model informed by characteristics of the built-environment known to influence child route choice could be developed to more accurately model exposures. Using GPS-derived walking commutes to and from school we used logistic regression models to highlight built-environment features important in child route choice (e.g. road type, traffic light count). We then recalculated walking commute routes using a weighted network to incorporate built-environment features. Multilevel regression analyses were used to validate exposure predictions to the retail food environment along the different routing methods. Results Children chose routes with more traffic lights and residential roads compared to the modelled shortest network routes. Compared to standard shortest network routes, the GPS-informed weighted network enabled GIS-based walking commutes to be derived with more than three times greater accuracy (38%) for the route to school and more than 12 times greater accuracy (92%) for the route home. Conclusions This research advocates using weighted GIS networks to accurately reflect child walking journeys to school. The improved accuracy in route modelling has in turn improved estimates of children’s exposures to potentially hazardous features in the environment. Further research is needed to explore if the built-environment features are important internationally. Route and corresponding exposure estimates can be scaled to the population level which will contribute to a better understanding of built-environment exposures on child health and contribute to mobility-based child health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Mizen
- Health Data Research UK (HDR-UK), Data Science Building, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Richard Fry
- Health Data Research UK (HDR-UK), Data Science Building, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.,National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Sarah Rodgers
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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7
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Sarmiento OL, Higuera-Mendieta D, Wilches-Mogollon MA, Guzman LA, Rodríguez DA, Morales R, Méndez D, Bedoya C, Linares-Vásquez M, Arévalo MI, Martínez-Herrera E, Montes F, Meisel JD, Useche AF, García E, Triana CA, Medaglia AL, Hessel P, Arellana J, Moncada C, King AC, Diez Roux AV. Urban Transformations and Health: Methods for TrUST-a Natural Experiment Evaluating the Impacts of a Mass Transit Cable Car in Bogotá, Colombia. Front Public Health 2020; 8:64. [PMID: 32211367 PMCID: PMC7075807 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cable cars provide urban mobility benefits for vulnerable populations. However, no evaluation has assessed cable cars' impact from a health perspective. TransMiCable in Bogotá, Colombia, provides a unique opportunity to (1) assess the effects of its implementation on the environmental and social determinants of health (microenvironment pollution, transport accessibility, physical environment, employment, social capital, and leisure time), physical activity, and health outcomes (health-related quality of life, respiratory diseases, and homicides); and (2) use citizen science methods to identify, prioritize, and communicate the most salient negative and positive features impacting health and quality of life in TransMiCable's area, as well as facilitate a consensus and advocacy-building change process among community members, policymakers, and academic researchers. Methods: TrUST (In Spanish: Transformaciones Urbanas y Salud: el caso de TransMiCable en Bogotá) is a quasi-experimental study using a mixed-methods approach. The intervention group includes adults from Ciudad Bolívar, the area of influence of TransMiCable. The control group includes adults from San Cristóbal, an area of future expansion for TransMiCable. A conceptual framework was developed through group-model building. Outcomes related to environmental and social determinants of health as well as health outcomes are assessed using questionnaires (health outcomes, physical activity, and perceptions), secondary data (crime and respiratory outcomes) use of portable devices (air pollution exposure and accelerometry), mobility tracking apps (for transport trajectories), and direct observation (parks). The Stanford Healthy Neighborhood Discovery Tool is being used to capture residents' perceptions of their physical and social environments as part of the citizen science component of the investigation. Discussion: TrUST is innovative in its use of a mixed-methods, and interdisciplinary research approach, and in its systematic engagement of citizens and policymakers throughout the design and evaluation process. This study will help to understand better how to maximize health benefits and minimize unintended negative consequences of TransMiCable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria A Wilches-Mogollon
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Guzman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel A Rodríguez
- College of Environmental Design and Institute for Transport Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo Morales
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela Méndez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Bedoya
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario Linares-Vásquez
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Isabel Arévalo
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eliana Martínez-Herrera
- National School of Public Health, Research Group of Epidemiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Felipe Montes
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jose D Meisel
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Andrés F Useche
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth García
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo A Triana
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés L Medaglia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Philipp Hessel
- School of Government, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Arellana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Carlos Moncada
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Abby C King
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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8
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Sarmiento OL, Higuera-Mendieta D, Wilches-Mogollon MA, Guzman LA, Rodríguez DA, Morales R, Méndez D, Bedoya C, Linares-Vásquez M, Arévalo MI, Martínez-Herrera E, Montes F, Meisel JD, Useche AF, García E, Triana CA, Medaglia AL, Hessel P, Arellana J, Moncada C, King AC, Diez Roux AV. Urban Transformations and Health: Methods for TrUST-a Natural Experiment Evaluating the Impacts of a Mass Transit Cable Car in Bogotá, Colombia. Front Public Health 2020. [PMID: 32211367 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.0006410.3389/fpubh.2020.00064.s001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cable cars provide urban mobility benefits for vulnerable populations. However, no evaluation has assessed cable cars' impact from a health perspective. TransMiCable in Bogotá, Colombia, provides a unique opportunity to (1) assess the effects of its implementation on the environmental and social determinants of health (microenvironment pollution, transport accessibility, physical environment, employment, social capital, and leisure time), physical activity, and health outcomes (health-related quality of life, respiratory diseases, and homicides); and (2) use citizen science methods to identify, prioritize, and communicate the most salient negative and positive features impacting health and quality of life in TransMiCable's area, as well as facilitate a consensus and advocacy-building change process among community members, policymakers, and academic researchers. Methods: TrUST (In Spanish: Transformaciones Urbanas y Salud: el caso de TransMiCable en Bogotá) is a quasi-experimental study using a mixed-methods approach. The intervention group includes adults from Ciudad Bolívar, the area of influence of TransMiCable. The control group includes adults from San Cristóbal, an area of future expansion for TransMiCable. A conceptual framework was developed through group-model building. Outcomes related to environmental and social determinants of health as well as health outcomes are assessed using questionnaires (health outcomes, physical activity, and perceptions), secondary data (crime and respiratory outcomes) use of portable devices (air pollution exposure and accelerometry), mobility tracking apps (for transport trajectories), and direct observation (parks). The Stanford Healthy Neighborhood Discovery Tool is being used to capture residents' perceptions of their physical and social environments as part of the citizen science component of the investigation. Discussion: TrUST is innovative in its use of a mixed-methods, and interdisciplinary research approach, and in its systematic engagement of citizens and policymakers throughout the design and evaluation process. This study will help to understand better how to maximize health benefits and minimize unintended negative consequences of TransMiCable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria A Wilches-Mogollon
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Guzman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel A Rodríguez
- College of Environmental Design and Institute for Transport Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo Morales
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniela Méndez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Bedoya
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario Linares-Vásquez
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maria Isabel Arévalo
- Systems Engineering and Computing Department, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eliana Martínez-Herrera
- National School of Public Health, Research Group of Epidemiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Felipe Montes
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jose D Meisel
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Andrés F Useche
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Elizabeth García
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo A Triana
- School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés L Medaglia
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Philipp Hessel
- School of Government, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Arellana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Carlos Moncada
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Abby C King
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Bradley E, Close L, Whyte I. Putting the Boom, Boom, Boom into Physical Activity and Health: Music Festivals as a Positive Health Alternative to Couch Fandom. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122105. [PMID: 31197103 PMCID: PMC6616469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Despite the popularity of outdoor music festivals in the UK, no evidence exists of the volume or intensity of movement that occurs through attendance at these festivals and the potential health benefits this may provide. The aim of this study was to accurately record the amount of physical activity and movement at the Glastonbury Festival and to compare it against recommended levels. Methods: 22 attendees wore an Actigraph activity monitor and GPS data-logger to the Glastonbury Festival. Distances travelled, speeds and durations were recorded. Activity levels were identified based on step count thresholds and the total duration spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was calculated. Results: Mean total distance of 66.1 km was recorded with daily distance (11.01 km), movement duration (11 h 28 min) and steps/day (15,661). Total MVPA of 927 min occurred over the festival period. Conclusions: This study objectively recorded the volume of physical activity that occurred at an outdoor UK festival. Large movement distances and MVPA six times greater than the recommended guidelines for health benefits were found. It can be suggested that attendance at large-scale festivals can be used as a modality for attaining physical activity guidelines alongside commonly suggested fitness activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Bradley
- Department of Sport & Exercise, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
| | - Lauren Close
- Students Union, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK.
| | - Ian Whyte
- Department of Sport & Exercise, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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10
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Zandieh R, Martinez J, Flacke J, Jones P, van Maarseveen M. Older Adults' Outdoor Walking: Inequalities in Neighbourhood Safety, Pedestrian Infrastructure and Aesthetics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13121179. [PMID: 27898023 PMCID: PMC5201320 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13121179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Older adults living in high-deprivation areas walk less than those living in low-deprivation areas. Previous research has shown that older adults’ outdoor walking levels are related to the neighbourhood built environment. This study examines inequalities in perceived built environment attributes (i.e., safety, pedestrian infrastructure and aesthetics) and their possible influences on disparities in older adults’ outdoor walking levels in low- and high-deprivation areas of Birmingham, United Kingdom. It applied a mixed-method approach, included 173 participants (65 years and over), used GPS technology to measure outdoor walking levels, used questionnaires (for all participants) and conducted walking interviews (with a sub-sample) to collect data on perceived neighbourhood built environment attributes. The results show inequalities in perceived neighbourhood safety, pedestrian infrastructure and aesthetics in high- versus low-deprivation areas and demonstrate that they may influence disparities in participants’ outdoor walking levels. Improvements of perceived neighbourhood safety, pedestrian infrastructure and aesthetic in high-deprivation areas are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Zandieh
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Javier Martinez
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes Flacke
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Phil Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Martin van Maarseveen
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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de Müllenheim PY, Chaudru S, Gernigon M, Mahé G, Bickert S, Prioux J, Noury-Desvaux B, Le Faucheur A. Accuracy of a low-cost global positioning system receiver for estimating grade during outdoor walking. Physiol Meas 2016; 37:1741-1756. [PMID: 27653453 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/37/10/1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the accuracy of a low-cost global positioning system (GPS) receiver for estimating grade during outdoor walking. Thirty subjects completed outdoor walks (2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 km · h-1) in three randomized conditions: 1/level walking on a 0.0% grade; 2/graded (uphill and downhill) walking on a 3.4% grade; and 3/on a 10.4% grade. Subjects were equipped with a GPS receiver (DG100, GlobalSat Technology Corp., Taiwan; ~US$75). The GPS receiver was set to record at 1 Hz and its antenna was placed on the right shoulder. Grade was calculated from GPS speed and altitude data (grade = altitude variation/travelled distance × 100). Two methods were used for the grade calculation: one using uncorrected altitude data given by the GPS receiver and another one using corrected altitude data obtained using map projection software (CartoExploreur, version 3.11.0, build 2.6.6.22, Bayo Ltd, Appoigny, France, ~US$35). Linear regression of GPS-estimated versus actual grade with R 2 coefficients, bias with 95% limits of agreement (±95% LoA), and typical error of the estimate with 95% confidence interval (TEE (95% CI)) were computed to assess the accuracy of the GPS receiver. 444 walking periods were performed. Using uncorrected altitude data, we obtained: R 2 = 0.88 (p < 0.001), bias = 0.0 ± 6.6%, TEE between 1.9 (1.7-2.2)% and 4.2 (3.6-4.9)% according to the grade level. Using corrected altitude data, we obtained: R 2 = 0.98 (p < 0.001), bias = 0.2 ± 1.9%, TEE between 0.2 (0.2-0.3)% and 1.0 (0.9-1.2)% according to the grade level. The low-cost GPS receiver used was weakly accurate for estimating grade during outdoor walking when using uncorrected altitude data. However, the accuracy was greatly improved when using corrected altitude data. This study supports the potential interest of using GPS for estimating energy expenditure during outdoor walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves de Müllenheim
- Movement, Sport and Health Laboratory (EA 1274), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Rennes 2, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Re-creating daily mobility histories for health research from raw GPS tracks: Validation of a kernel-based algorithm using real-life data. Health Place 2016; 40:29-33. [PMID: 27164433 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GPS tracking is increasingly used to document daily mobility, allowing refined analysis of daily exposures and health behaviour. Validation of algorithms processing raw GPS data to identify activity locations and trips are lacking. OBJECTIVE Propose novel ways to evaluate GPS processing algorithms data while validating an existing kernel-based algorithm with real-life GPS tracks. METHODS Seven-day GPS tracking and GPS-prompted recall interviews were conducted among 234 adult participants of the RECORD GPS Study. Raw GPS data was transformed using a kernel-based algorithm. Two match and nine mismatch configurations are analysed. Algorithm detection of activity locations and trips were validated. RESULTS Some 95.8% of available GPS time was correctly classified as an activity location or a trip. The algorithm falsely identified a trip for 2.2% of the tracking time, and falsely identified an activity location 0.7% of time. Missed trips and missed activity locations counted for less than .4% of the time. CONCLUSION The tested kernel-based algorithm provides histories of activity locations and trips that are highly concordant with GPS-prompted follow-up interviews.
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Vanwolleghem G, Schipperijn J, Gheysen F, Cardon G, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Van Dyck D. Children's GPS-determined versus self-reported transport in leisure time and associations with parental perceptions of the neighborhood environment. Int J Health Geogr 2016; 15:16. [PMID: 27150842 PMCID: PMC4858916 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-016-0045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to examine both GPS-determined and self-reported walking, cycling and passive transport in leisure time during week- and weekend-days among 10 to 12-year old children. Comparisons between GPS-determined and self-reported transport in leisure time were investigated. Second, associations between parental perceptions of the neighborhood environment and GPS-determined walking, cycling and passive transport in leisure time were studied. Methods Children (10 to 12-years old; n = 126) wore a GPS device and an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days to assess objectively measured transport in leisure time and filled out a diary to assess self-reported transport in leisure time. Parents completed a questionnaire to assess parental perceptions of the neighborhood environment. Pearson correlations and t-tests were used to test for concurrent validity and differences between GPS-determined and self-reported transport in leisure time. Generalized linear models were used to determine the associations between the parental perceptions of the neighborhood environment and GPS-determined transport in leisure time. Results Overall, children under-reported their walking and cycling in leisure time, compared to GPS-determined measures (all p values <0.001). However, children reported their passive transport in leisure time during weekend days quite accurate. GPS-determined measures revealed that children walked most during weekdays (M = 3.96 trips/day; 26.10 min/day) and used passive transport more frequently during weekend days (M = 2.12 trips/day; 31.39 min/day). Only a few parental perceived environmental attributes of the neighborhood (i.e. residential density, land use mix access, quality and availability of walking and cycling facilities, and aesthetics) were significantly associated with children’s GPS-determined walking, cycling or passive transport in leisure time. Conclusions To accurately assess children’s active transport in leisure time, GPS measures are recommended over self-reports. More research using GPS with a focus on children’s transport in leisure time and investigating the associations with parental perceptions of the neighborhood environment is needed to confirm the results of the present study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12942-016-0045-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Vanwolleghem
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Research Unit for Active Living, Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Freja Gheysen
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Greet Cardon
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
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Cross Sectional Association between Spatially Measured Walking Bouts and Neighborhood Walkability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:412. [PMID: 27070633 PMCID: PMC4847074 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Walking is the most popular choice of aerobic physical activity to improve health among U.S. adults. Physical characteristics of the home neighborhood can facilitate or hinder walking. The purpose of this study was to quantify neighborhood walking, using objective methods and to examine the association between counts of walking bouts in the home neighborhood and neighborhood walkability. This was a cross-sectional study of 106 adults who wore accelerometers and GPS devices for two weeks. Walking was quantified within 1, 2, and 3 km Euclidean (straight-line) and network buffers around the geocoded home location. Walkability was estimated using a commercially available index. Walking bout counts increased with buffer size and were associated with walkability, regardless of buffer type or size (p < 0.001). Quantification of walking bouts within (and outside) of pre-defined neighborhood buffers of different sizes and types allowed for the specification of walking locations to better describe and elucidate walking behaviors. These data support the concept that neighborhood characteristics can influence walking among adults.
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James P, Weissman J, Wolf J, Mumford K, Contant CK, Hwang WT, Taylor L, Glanz K. Comparing GPS, Log, Survey, and Accelerometry to Measure Physical Activity. Am J Health Behav 2016; 40:123-31. [PMID: 26685821 PMCID: PMC4866646 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.40.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We explored how objectively measured global positioning system (GPS) and accelerometer data match with travel logs and questionnaires in predicting trip duration and physical activity (PA). METHODS 99 participants wore GPS devices and accelerometers, and recorded all trips in a log for 5 consecutive days. Participants also completed a self-administered questionnaire on PA and travel behaviors. RESULTS There was good agreement between GPS and log for assessment of trip duration, although log measures overestimated trip duration (concordance correlation coefficient 0.53 [0.47, 0.59]; Bland-Altman estimate 0.76 [0.16, 3.71] comparing GPS to log). Log measures underestimated light PA and overestimated moderate PA compared to accelerometry when greater than zero moderate PA was reported. CONCLUSIONS It is often not feasible to deploy accelerometry or GPS devices in population research because these devices are expensive and require technical expertise and data processing. Questionnaires and logs provide inexpensive tools to assess PA and travel with reasonable concordance with objective measures. However, they have shortcomings in evaluating the presence and amount of light and moderate PA. Future questionnaires and logs should be developed to evaluate sensitivity to light and moderate PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter James
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Jean Wolf
- Westat Geostats Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karen Mumford
- Watershed Institute for Collaborative Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI, USA
| | | | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lynne Taylor
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Glanz
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Carlson JA, Jankowska MM, Meseck K, Godbole S, Natarajan L, Raab F, Demchak B, Patrick K, Kerr J. Validity of PALMS GPS scoring of active and passive travel compared with SenseCam. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:662-7. [PMID: 25010407 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to assess validity of the personal activity location measurement system (PALMS) for deriving time spent walking/running, bicycling, and in vehicle, using SenseCam (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) as the comparison. METHODS Forty adult cyclists wore a Qstarz BT-Q1000XT GPS data logger (Qstarz International Co., Taipei, Taiwan) and SenseCam (camera worn around the neck capturing multiple images every minute) for a mean time of 4 d. PALMS used distance and speed between global positioning system (GPS) points to classify whether each minute was part of a trip (yes/no), and if so, the trip mode (walking/running, bicycling, or in vehicle). SenseCam images were annotated to create the same classifications (i.e., trip yes/no and mode). Contingency tables (2 × 2) and confusion matrices were calculated at the minute level for PALMS versus SenseCam classifications. Mixed-effects linear regression models estimated agreement (mean differences and intraclass correlation coefficients) between PALMS and SenseCam with regard to minutes/day in each mode. RESULTS Minute-level sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value were ≥88%, and positive predictive value was ≥75% for non-mode-specific trip detection. Seventy-two percent to 80% of outdoor walking/running minutes, 73% of bicycling minutes, and 74%-76% of in-vehicle minutes were correctly classified by PALMS. For minutes per day, PALMS had a mean bias (i.e., amount of over or under estimation) of 2.4-3.1 min (11%-15%) for walking/running, 2.3-2.9 min (7%-9%) for bicycling, and 4.3-5 min (15%-17%) for vehicle time. Intraclass correlation coefficients were ≥0.80 for all modes. CONCLUSIONS PALMS has validity for processing GPS data to objectively measure time spent walking/running, bicycling, and in vehicle in population studies. Assessing travel patterns is one of many valuable applications of GPS in physical activity research that can improve our understanding of the determinants and health outcomes of active transportation as well as its effect on physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Carlson
- Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
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Loveday A, Sherar LB, Sanders JP, Sanderson PW, Esliger DW. Technologies That Assess the Location of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res 2015; 17:e192. [PMID: 26245157 PMCID: PMC4705371 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The location in which physical activity and sedentary behavior are performed can provide valuable behavioral information, both in isolation and synergistically with other areas of physical activity and sedentary behavior research. Global positioning systems (GPS) have been used in physical activity research to identify outdoor location; however, while GPS can receive signals in certain indoor environments, it is not able to provide room- or subroom-level location. On average, adults spend a high proportion of their time indoors. A measure of indoor location would, therefore, provide valuable behavioral information. Objective This systematic review sought to identify and critique technology which has been or could be used to assess the location of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Methods To identify published research papers, four electronic databases were searched using key terms built around behavior, technology, and location. To be eligible for inclusion, papers were required to be published in English and describe a wearable or portable technology or device capable of measuring location. Searches were performed up to February 4, 2015. This was supplemented by backward and forward reference searching. In an attempt to include novel devices which may not yet have made their way into the published research, searches were also performed using three Internet search engines. Specialized software was used to download search results and thus mitigate the potential pitfalls of changing search algorithms. Results A total of 188 research papers met the inclusion criteria. Global positioning systems were the most widely used location technology in the published research, followed by wearable cameras, and radio-frequency identification. Internet search engines identified 81 global positioning systems, 35 real-time locating systems, and 21 wearable cameras. Real-time locating systems determine the indoor location of a wearable tag via the known location of reference nodes. Although the type of reference node and location determination method varies between manufacturers, Wi-Fi appears to be the most popular method. Conclusions The addition of location information to existing measures of physical activity and sedentary behavior will provide important behavioral information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Loveday
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
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18
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Rodríguez DA, Merlin L, Prato CG, Conway TL, Cohen D, Elder JP, Evenson KR, McKenzie TL, Pickrel JL, Veblen-Mortenson S. Influence of the built environment on pedestrian route choices of adolescent girls. ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 47:359-394. [PMID: 25969591 PMCID: PMC4426267 DOI: 10.1177/0013916513520004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined the influence of the built environment on pedestrian route selection among adolescent girls. Portable global positioning system units, accelerometers, and travel diaries were used to identify the origin, destination, and walking routes of girls in San Diego, CA and Minneapolis, MN. We completed an inventory of the built environment on every street segment to measure the characteristics of routes taken and not taken. Route-level variables covering four key conceptual built environment domains (Aesthetics, Destinations, Functionality, and Safety) were used in the analysis of route choice. Shorter distance had the strongest positive association with route choice, while the presence of a greenway or trail, higher safety, presence of sidewalks, and availability of destinations along a route were also consistently positively associated with route choice at both sites. The results suggest that it may be possible to encourage pedestrians to walk farther by providing high quality and stimulating routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Rodríguez
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Louis Merlin
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Carlo G Prato
- Department of Transport, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Terry L Conway
- Family & Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - John P Elder
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health San Diego State University, San Diego CA, USA
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Julie L Pickrel
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sara Veblen-Mortenson
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis., MN, USA
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Carlson JA, Saelens BE, Kerr J, Schipperijn J, Conway TL, Frank LD, Chapman JE, Glanz K, Cain KL, Sallis JF. Association between neighborhood walkability and GPS-measured walking, bicycling and vehicle time in adolescents. Health Place 2015; 32:1-7. [PMID: 25588788 PMCID: PMC5576349 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate relations of walking, bicycling and vehicle time to neighborhood walkability and total physical activity in youth. METHODS Participants (N=690) were from 380 census block groups of high/low walkability and income in two US regions. Home neighborhood residential density, intersection density, retail density, entertainment density and walkability were derived using GIS. Minutes/day of walking, bicycling and vehicle time were derived from processing algorithms applied to GPS. Accelerometers estimated total daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Models were adjusted for nesting of days (N=2987) within participants within block groups. RESULTS Walking occurred on 33%, active travel on 43%, and vehicle time on 91% of the days observed. Intersection density and neighborhood walkability were positively related to walking and bicycling and negatively related to vehicle time. Residential density was positively related to walking. CONCLUSIONS Increasing walking in youth could be effective in increasing total physical activity. Built environment findings suggest potential for increasing walking in youth through improving neighborhood walkability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Carlson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3900 Fifth Avenue, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
| | - Brian E Saelens
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington & Children׳s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Kerr
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive ♯ 0811, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- University of Southern Denmark, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Terry L Conway
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3900 Fifth Avenue, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
| | - Lawrence D Frank
- School of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, ♯433-6333 Memorial Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Jim E Chapman
- Urban Design 4 Health, 353 Rockingham St., Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
| | - Karen Glanz
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Nursing, 801 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kelli L Cain
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3900 Fifth Avenue, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
| | - James F Sallis
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 3900 Fifth Avenue, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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Gell NM, Rosenberg DE, Carlson J, Kerr J, Belza B. Built environment attributes related to GPS measured active trips in mid-life and older adults with mobility disabilities. Disabil Health J 2014; 8:290-5. [PMID: 25637503 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding factors which may promote walking in mid-life and older adults with mobility impairments is key given the association between physical activity and positive health outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between active trips and objective measures of the home neighborhood built environment. METHODS Global positioning systems (GPS) data collected on 28 adults age 50+ with mobility disabilities were analyzed for active trips from home. Objective and geographic information systems (GIS) derived measures included Walk Score, population density, street connectivity, crime rates, and slope within the home neighborhood. For this cross-sectional observational study, we conducted mean comparisons between participants who took active trips from home and those who did not for the objective measures. Effect sizes were calculated to assess the magnitude of group differences. RESULTS Nine participants (32%) took active trips from home. Walking in the home neighborhood was significantly associated with GIS derived measures (Walk Score, population density, and street density; effect sizes 0.9-1.2). Participants who used the home neighborhood for active trips had less slope within 1 km of home but the difference was not significant (73.5 m ± 22 vs. 100.8 m ± 38.1, p = 0.06, d = 0.8). There were no statistically significant differences in mean scores for crime rates between those with active trips from home and those without. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide preliminary evidence that more walkable environments promote active mobility among mid-life and older adults with mobility disabilities. The data suggest that this population can and does use active transportation modes when the built environment is supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Gell
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Dori E Rosenberg
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jordan Carlson
- Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Kerr
- Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Center for Wireless & Population Health Systems, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Basia Belza
- Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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McCrorie PRW, Fenton C, Ellaway A. Combining GPS, GIS, and accelerometry to explore the physical activity and environment relationship in children and young people - a review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2014; 11:93. [PMID: 25356782 PMCID: PMC4172984 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-014-0093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment has long been associated with physical activity engagement, and recent developments in technology have resulted in the ability to objectively quantify activity behaviours and activity context. This paper reviews studies that have combined Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and accelerometry to investigate the PA-environment relationship in children and young people (5–18 years old). Literature searches of the following bibliographic databases were undertaken: Sportdiscus, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Psychinfo and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA). Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and covered topics including greenspace use, general land use, active travel, and the built environment. Studies were largely cross-sectional and took place across developed countries (UK, USA, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia). Findings suggest that roads and streets, school grounds, and the home location are important locations for total PA, and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). The relationship between greenspace was positive, however, multiple definitions and outcome measures add complexity to the results. MVPA was more likely in those exposed to higher levels of greenspace compared to sedentary individuals. Total MVPA time in greenspace is low, but when framed as a proportion of the total can be quite high. Domestic gardens may be an important area for higher intensity activity. Researchers are encouraged to show transparency in their methods. As a relatively new area of research, with ever-evolving technology, future work is best placed in developing novel, but robust, methods to investigate the PA and environment relationship. Further descriptive work is encouraged to build on a small but increasing knowledge base; however, longitudinal studies incorporating seasonal/weather variation would also be extremely beneficial to elicit some of the nuances associated with land use. A greater understanding of geographic variation (i.e. within and between countries), as well as urban/suburban and rural dwelling is welcomed, and future work should also include the investigation of psycho-social health as an outcome, as well as differences in socio-economic status, sex and adiposity.
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Nethery E, Mallach G, Rainham D, Goldberg MS, Wheeler AJ. Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and temperature data to generate time-activity classifications for estimating personal exposure in air monitoring studies: an automated method. Environ Health 2014; 13:33. [PMID: 24885722 PMCID: PMC4046178 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal exposure studies of air pollution generally use self-reported diaries to capture individuals' time-activity data. Enhancements in the accuracy, size, memory and battery life of personal Global Positioning Systems (GPS) units have allowed for higher resolution tracking of study participants' locations. Improved time-activity classifications combined with personal continuous air pollution sampling can improve assessments of location-related air pollution exposures for health studies. METHODS Data was collected using a GPS and personal temperature from 54 children with asthma living in Montreal, Canada, who participated in a 10-day personal air pollution exposure study. A method was developed that incorporated personal temperature data and then matched a participant's position against available spatial data (i.e., road networks) to generate time-activity categories. The diary-based and GPS-generated time-activity categories were compared and combined with continuous personal PM2.5 data to assess the impact of exposure misclassification when using diary-based methods. RESULTS There was good agreement between the automated method and the diary method; however, the automated method (means: outdoors = 5.1%, indoors other =9.8%) estimated less time spent in some locations compared to the diary method (outdoors = 6.7%, indoors other = 14.4%). Agreement statistics (AC1 = 0.778) suggest 'good' agreement between methods over all location categories. However, location categories (Outdoors and Transit) where less time is spent show greater disagreement: e.g., mean time "Indoors Other" using the time-activity diary was 14.4% compared to 9.8% using the automated method. While mean daily time "In Transit" was relatively consistent between the methods, the mean daily exposure to PM2.5 while "In Transit" was 15.9 μg/m3 using the automated method compared to 6.8 μg/m3 using the daily diary. CONCLUSIONS Mean times spent in different locations as categorized by a GPS-based method were comparable to those from a time-activity diary, but there were differences in estimates of exposure to PM2.5 from the two methods. An automated GPS-based time-activity method will reduce participant burden, potentially providing more accurate and unbiased assessments of location. Combined with continuous air measurements, the higher resolution GPS data could present a different and more accurate picture of personal exposures to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nethery
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, AL 4903C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0 K9, Canada
| | - Gary Mallach
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, AL 4903C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0 K9, Canada
| | | | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, HECSB, Health Canada, 269 Laurier Avenue West, AL 4903C, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0 K9, Canada
- School of Natural Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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Klinker CD, Schipperijn J, Kerr J, Ersbøll AK, Troelsen J. Context-Specific Outdoor Time and Physical Activity among School-Children Across Gender and Age: Using Accelerometers and GPS to Advance Methods. Front Public Health 2014; 2:20. [PMID: 24653983 PMCID: PMC3949325 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Being outdoors has a positive influence on health among children. Evidence in this area is limited and many studies have used self-reported measures. Objective context-specific assessment of physical activity patterns and correlates, such as outdoor time, may progress this field. AIMS To employ novel objective measures to assess age and gender differences in context-specific outdoor weekday behavior patterns among school-children [outdoor time and outdoor moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA)] and to investigate associations between context-specific outdoor time and MVPA. METHODS A total of 170 children had at least one weekday of 9 h combined accelerometer and global positioning system data and were included in the analyses. The data were processed using the personal activity and location measurement system (PALMS) and a purpose-built PostgreSQL database resulting in context-specific measures for outdoor time, outdoor MVPA, and overall daily MVPA. In addition, 4 domains (leisure, school, transport, and home) and 11 subdomains (e.g., urban green space and sports facilities) were created and assessed. Multilevel analyses provided results on age and gender differences and the association between outdoor time and MVPA. RESULTS Girls compared to boys had fewer outdoor minutes (p < 0.05), spent a smaller proportion of their overall daily time outdoors (p < 0.05), had fewer outdoor MVPA minutes during the day (p < 0.001) and in 11 contexts. Children compared to adolescents had more outdoor minutes (p < 0.05). During school and within recess, children compared to adolescents had more outdoor MVPA (p < 0.001) and outdoor time (p < 0.001). A 1-h increase in outdoor time was associated with 9.9 more minutes of MVPA (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION A new methodology to assess the context-specific outdoor time and physical activity patterns has been developed and can be expanded to other populations. Different context-specific patterns were found for gender and age, suggesting different strategies may be needed to promote physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Demant Klinker
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Jacqueline Kerr
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens Troelsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
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Kang B, Moudon AV, Hurvitz PM, Reichley L, Saelens BE. Walking objectively measured: classifying accelerometer data with GPS and travel diaries. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1419-28. [PMID: 23439414 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318285f202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study developed and tested an algorithm to classify accelerometer data as walking or nonwalking using either GPS or travel diary data within a large sample of adults under free-living conditions. METHODS Participants wore an accelerometer and a GPS unit and concurrently completed a travel diary for seven consecutive days. Physical activity (PA) bouts were identified using accelerometry count sequences. PA bouts were then classified as walking or nonwalking based on a decision-tree algorithm consisting of seven classification scenarios. Algorithm reliability was examined relative to two independent analysts' classification of a 100-bout verification sample. The algorithm was then applied to the entire set of PA bouts. RESULTS The 706 participants' (mean age = 51 yr, 62% female, 80% non-Hispanic white, 70% college graduate or higher) yielded 4702 person-days of data and had a total of 13,971 PA bouts. The algorithm showed a mean agreement of 95% with the independent analysts. It classified PA into 8170 walking bouts (58.5 %) and 5337 nonwalking bouts (38.2%); 464 bouts (3.3%) were not classified for lack of GPS and diary data. Nearly 70% of the walking bouts and 68% of the nonwalking bouts were classified using only the objective accelerometer and GPS data. Travel diary data helped classify 30% of all bouts with no GPS data. The mean ± SD duration of PA bouts classified as walking was 15.2 ± 12.9 min. On average, participants had 1.7 walking bouts and 25.4 total walking minutes per day. CONCLUSIONS GPS and travel diary information can be helpful in classifying most accelerometer-derived PA bouts into walking or nonwalking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumjoon Kang
- Urban Form Lab and the Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Beekhuizen J, Kromhout H, Huss A, Vermeulen R. Performance of GPS-devices for environmental exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:498-505. [PMID: 22829049 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Integration of individual time-location patterns with spatially resolved exposure maps enables a more accurate estimation of personal exposures to environmental pollutants than using estimates at fixed locations. Current global positioning system (GPS) devices can be used to track an individual's location. However, information on GPS-performance in environmental exposure assessment is largely missing. We therefore performed two studies. First, a commute-study, where the commute of 12 individuals was tracked twice, testing GPS-performance for five transport modes and two wearing modes. Second, an urban-tracking study, where one individual was tracked repeatedly through different areas, focused on the effect of building obstruction on GPS-performance. The median error from the true path for walking was 3.7 m, biking 2.9 m, train 4.8 m, bus 4.9 m, and car 3.3 m. Errors were larger in a high-rise commercial area (median error=7.1 m) compared with a low-rise residential area (median error=2.2 m). Thus, GPS-performance largely depends on the transport mode and urban built-up. Although ~85% of all errors were <10 m, almost 1% of the errors were >50 m. Modern GPS-devices are useful tools for environmental exposure assessment, but large GPS-errors might affect estimates of exposures with high spatial variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Beekhuizen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Yen IH, Leung CW, Lan M, Sarrafzadeh M, Kayekjian KC, Duru OK. A pilot study using global positioning systems (GPS) devices and surveys to ascertain older adults' travel patterns. J Appl Gerontol 2013; 34:NP190-201. [PMID: 24652872 DOI: 10.1177/0733464813479024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies indicate that older adults lead active lives and travel to many destinations including those not in their immediate residential neighborhoods. We used global positioning system (GPS) devices to track the travel patterns of 40 older adults (mean age: 69) in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Study participants wore the GPS devices for 7 days in fall 2010 and winter 2011. We collected survey responses concurrently about travel patterns. GPS data showed a mean of four trips/day, and a mean trip distance of 7.6 km. Survey data indicated that older adults commonly made trips for four activities (e.g., volunteering, work, visiting friends) at least once each week. Older adults regularly travel outside their residential neighborhoods. GPS can document the mode of travel, the path of travel, and the destinations. Surveys can document the purpose of the travel and the impressions or experiences in the specific locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene H Yen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cindy W Leung
- Center for Health and Community, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mars Lan
- Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Majid Sarrafzadeh
- Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Duncan S, Stewart TI, Oliver M, Mavoa S, MacRae D, Badland HM, Duncan MJ. Portable global positioning system receivers: static validity and environmental conditions. Am J Prev Med 2013; 44:e19-29. [PMID: 23332343 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GPS receivers are becoming increasingly common as an objective measure of spatiotemporal movement in free-living populations; however, research into the effects of the surrounding physical environment on the accuracy of off-the-shelf GPS receivers is limited. PURPOSE The goal of the current study was to (1) determine the static validity of seven portable GPS receiver models under diverse environmental conditions and (2) compare the battery life and signal acquisition times among the models. METHODS Seven GPS models (three units of each) were placed on six geodetic sites subject to a variety of environmental conditions (e.g., open sky, high-rise buildings) on three separate occasions. The observed signal acquisition time and battery life of each unit were compared to advertised specifications. Data were collected and analyzed in June 2012. RESULTS Substantial variation in positional error was observed among the seven GPS models, ranging from 12.1 ± 19.6 m to 58.8 ± 393.2 m when averaged across the three test periods and six geodetic sites. Further, mean error varied considerably among sites: the lowest error occurred at the site under open sky (7.3 ± 27.7 m), with the highest error at the site situated between high-rise buildings (59.2 ± 99.2 m). While observed signal acquisition times were generally longer than advertised, the differences between observed and advertised battery life were less pronounced. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that portable GPS receivers are able to accurately monitor static spatial location in unobstructed but not obstructed conditions. It also was observed that signal acquisition times were generally underestimated in advertised specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Duncan
- Human Potential Centre, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.
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McCluskey A, Ada L, Dean CM, Vargas J. Feasibility and Validity of a Wearable GPS Device for Measuring Outings after Stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/823180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim. Self-report diaries are a low-cost method of measuring community participation but may be inaccurate, while the “gold standard,” observation is time consuming and costly. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and validity of a global positioning system (GPS) for measuring outings after stroke. Design. Cross-sectional cohort study. Methods. Twenty ambulant people with stroke wore a GPS device and kept a diary for 7 days, and 18 were observed for half a day. We recorded recruitment rate, user perceptions, and data extraction time. GPS data were analysed against Google maps. Percent exact agreement (PEA) with observation was calculated for GPS and diary. Results. Of 23 eligible participants, 20 consented (mean 3.6 years after stroke). GPS data recovery was high (87%). Some participants had difficulty operating the on/off switch and reading the small screen. Data extraction took an average of 5 hours per participant. PEA with observation was high for number of outings (GPS 94%; diary 89%) but lower for purpose of outings (GPS 71%; diary 82%). Conclusions. The GPS device and diary were both feasible and valid for measuring outings after stroke. Simultaneous use of GPS and diaries is recommended for comprehensive analysis of outings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie McCluskey
- Discipline of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, P.O. Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia
| | - Louise Ada
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, P.O. Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Dean
- Department of Health Professions, Faculty of Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Rd, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Janine Vargas
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, P.O. Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia
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Boruff BJ, Nathan A, Nijënstein S. Using GPS technology to (re)-examine operational definitions of 'neighbourhood' in place-based health research. Int J Health Geogr 2012; 11:22. [PMID: 22738807 PMCID: PMC3490929 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inconsistencies in research findings on the impact of the built environment on walking across the life course may be methodologically driven. Commonly used methods to define 'neighbourhood', from which built environment variables are measured, may not accurately represent the spatial extent to which the behaviour in question occurs. This paper aims to provide new methods for spatially defining 'neighbourhood' based on how people use their surrounding environment. RESULTS Informed by Global Positioning Systems (GPS) tracking data, several alternative neighbourhood delineation techniques were examined (i.e., variable width, convex hull and standard deviation buffers). Compared with traditionally used buffers (i.e., circular and polygon network), differences were found in built environment characteristics within the newly created 'neighbourhoods'. Model fit statistics indicated that exposure measures derived from alternative buffering techniques provided a better fit when examining the relationship between land-use and walking for transport or leisure. CONCLUSIONS This research identifies how changes in the spatial extent from which built environment measures are derived may influence walking behaviour. Buffer size and orientation influences the relationship between built environment measures and walking for leisure in older adults. The use of GPS data proved suitable for re-examining operational definitions of neighbourhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Boruff
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrea Nathan
- Centre for the Built Environment and Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Sandra Nijënstein
- School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Pav. B08.a, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Monitoring Community Mobility With Global Positioning System Technology After a Stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther 2012; 36:68-78. [DOI: 10.1097/npt.0b013e318256511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abraham P, Noury-Desvaux B, Gernigon M, Mahé G, Sauvaget T, Leftheriotis G, Le Faucheur A. The inter- and intra-unit variability of a low-cost GPS data logger/receiver to study human outdoor walking in view of health and clinical studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31338. [PMID: 22363623 PMCID: PMC3282693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study evaluates the intra- and inter-unit variability of the GlobalSat® DG100 GPS data logger/receiver (DG100) when estimating outdoor walking distances and speeds. Methods Two experiments were performed using healthy subjects walking on a 400 m outdoor synthetic track. The two experiments consisted of two different outdoor prescribed walking protocols with distances ranging from 50 to 400 m. Experiment 1 examined the intra-unit variability of the DG100 (test-retest reproducibility) when estimating walking distances. Experiment 2 examined the inter-unit variability of four DG100 devices (unit to unit variability) when estimating walking distances and speeds. Results The coefficient of variation [95% confidence interval], for the reliability of estimating walking distances, was 2.8 [2.5–3.2] %. The inter-unit variability among the four DG100 units tested ranged from 2.8 [2.5–3.2] % to 3.9 [3.5–4.4] % when estimating distances and from 2.7 [2.4–3.0] % to 3.8 [3.4–4.2] % when estimating speeds. Conclusion The present study indicates that the DG100, an economical and convenient GPS data logger/receiver, can be reliably used to study human outdoor walking activities in unobstructed conditions. This device let facilitate the use of GPS in studies of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Abraham
- Laboratory of Vascular Investigations and Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
- CNRS, UMR6214, Inserm U771, Medical School, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Bénédicte Noury-Desvaux
- CNRS, UMR6214, Inserm U771, Medical School, University of Angers, Angers, France
- APCoSS, Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IFEPSA), UCO 49, Les Ponts de Cé, France
| | - Marie Gernigon
- Laboratory of Vascular Investigations and Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Mahé
- Laboratory of Vascular Investigations and Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
- CNRS, UMR6214, Inserm U771, Medical School, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Sauvaget
- Laboratory of Vascular Investigations and Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
- APCoSS, Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IFEPSA), UCO 49, Les Ponts de Cé, France
| | - Georges Leftheriotis
- Laboratory of Vascular Investigations and Sports Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
- CNRS, UMR6214, Inserm U771, Medical School, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Alexis Le Faucheur
- CNRS, UMR6214, Inserm U771, Medical School, University of Angers, Angers, France
- APCoSS, Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (IFEPSA), UCO 49, Les Ponts de Cé, France
- * E-mail:
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Anderson DM, Winters C, Estell RE, Fredrickson EL, Doniec M, Detweiler C, Rus D, James D, Nolen B. Characterising the spatial and temporal activities of free-ranging cows from GPS data. RANGELAND JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/rj11062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electronic tracking provides a unique way to document behaviour by cows on a continuous basis. Over 2 years 17 beef cows with calves were fitted with global positioning system (GPS) devices programmed to record uncorrected GPS locations at 1-s intervals in a semi-desert rangeland. Each cow was periodically observed during daylight hours and foraging, walking and stationary (standing/lying) activity times were recorded across days and individual cows to calculate a mean travel rate for each activity. Data without observers present were collected immediately preceding and following the abrupt weaning of calves at between 223 and 234 days of age to evaluate the potential of classifying various travel rates into foraging, walking and stationary activity. The three activities were further characterised within a 24-h period based on the sun’s angle with respect to the horizon. Only data from cows whose equipment acquired ≥ 90% of the potential GPS positional data among consecutive days were analysed. Due to problems with the equipment, data from two cows in 2009 and two cows in 2011 met these criteria. The interval evaluated consisted of four 24-h periods before abrupt weaning and seven 24-h periods following weaning. Results suggested that uncorrected 1-s positional GPS data are satisfactory to classify the behaviour by free-ranging beef cows into foraging, walking and stationary activities. Furthermore, abrupt weaning caused cows to change their spatial and temporal behaviour across and within days. Overall, travel by cows increased post-weaning with subtle within-day behavioural changes. Further research will be required to fully understand the biological importance of spatio-temporal behaviour to optimise cattle and landscape management goals.
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Mavoa S, Oliver M, Witten K, Badland HM. Linking GPS and travel diary data using sequence alignment in a study of children's independent mobility. Int J Health Geogr 2011; 10:64. [PMID: 22142322 PMCID: PMC3248843 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-10-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Global positioning systems (GPS) are increasingly being used in health research to determine the location of study participants. Combining GPS data with data collected via travel/activity diaries allows researchers to assess where people travel in conjunction with data about trip purpose and accompaniment. However, linking GPS and diary data is problematic and to date the only method has been to match the two datasets manually, which is time consuming and unlikely to be practical for larger data sets. This paper assesses the feasibility of a new sequence alignment method of linking GPS and travel diary data in comparison with the manual matching method. Methods GPS and travel diary data obtained from a study of children's independent mobility were linked using sequence alignment algorithms to test the proof of concept. Travel diaries were assessed for quality by counting the number of errors and inconsistencies in each participant's set of diaries. The success of the sequence alignment method was compared for higher versus lower quality travel diaries, and for accompanied versus unaccompanied trips. Time taken and percentage of trips matched were compared for the sequence alignment method and the manual method. Results The sequence alignment method matched 61.9% of all trips. Higher quality travel diaries were associated with higher match rates in both the sequence alignment and manual matching methods. The sequence alignment method performed almost as well as the manual method and was an order of magnitude faster. However, the sequence alignment method was less successful at fully matching trips and at matching unaccompanied trips. Conclusions Sequence alignment is a promising method of linking GPS and travel diary data in large population datasets, especially if limitations in the trip detection algorithm are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Mavoa
- SHORE and Whariki Research Centre, School of Public Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Wu J, Jiang C, Houston D, Baker D, Delfino R. Automated time activity classification based on global positioning system (GPS) tracking data. Environ Health 2011; 10:101. [PMID: 22082316 PMCID: PMC3256108 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution epidemiological studies are increasingly using global positioning system (GPS) to collect time-location data because they offer continuous tracking, high temporal resolution, and minimum reporting burden for participants. However, substantial uncertainties in the processing and classifying of raw GPS data create challenges for reliably characterizing time activity patterns. We developed and evaluated models to classify people's major time activity patterns from continuous GPS tracking data. METHODS We developed and evaluated two automated models to classify major time activity patterns (i.e., indoor, outdoor static, outdoor walking, and in-vehicle travel) based on GPS time activity data collected under free living conditions for 47 participants (N = 131 person-days) from the Harbor Communities Time Location Study (HCTLS) in 2008 and supplemental GPS data collected from three UC-Irvine research staff (N = 21 person-days) in 2010. Time activity patterns used for model development were manually classified by research staff using information from participant GPS recordings, activity logs, and follow-up interviews. We evaluated two models: (a) a rule-based model that developed user-defined rules based on time, speed, and spatial location, and (b) a random forest decision tree model. RESULTS Indoor, outdoor static, outdoor walking and in-vehicle travel activities accounted for 82.7%, 6.1%, 3.2% and 7.2% of manually-classified time activities in the HCTLS dataset, respectively. The rule-based model classified indoor and in-vehicle travel periods reasonably well (Indoor: sensitivity > 91%, specificity > 80%, and precision > 96%; in-vehicle travel: sensitivity > 71%, specificity > 99%, and precision > 88%), but the performance was moderate for outdoor static and outdoor walking predictions. No striking differences in performance were observed between the rule-based and the random forest models. The random forest model was fast and easy to execute, but was likely less robust than the rule-based model under the condition of biased or poor quality training data. CONCLUSIONS Our models can successfully identify indoor and in-vehicle travel points from the raw GPS data, but challenges remain in developing models to distinguish outdoor static points and walking. Accurate training data are essential in developing reliable models in classifying time-activity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | | | - Douglas Houston
- Department of Planning, Policy and Design, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Dean Baker
- Center for Occupational & Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Ralph Delfino
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Using global positioning systems in health research: a practical approach to data collection and processing. Am J Prev Med 2011; 41:532-40. [PMID: 22011426 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of GPS devices in health research is increasingly popular. There are currently no best-practice guidelines for collecting, processing, and analyzing GPS data. The standardization of data collection and processing procedures will improve data quality, allow more-meaningful comparisons across studies and populations, and advance this field more rapidly. This paper aims to take researchers, who are considering using GPS devices in their research, through device-selection criteria, device settings, participant data collection, data cleaning, data processing, and integration of data into GIS. Recommendations are outlined for each stage of data collection and analysis and indicates challenges that should be considered. This paper highlights the benefits of collecting GPS data over traditional self-report or estimated exposure measures. Information presented here will allow researchers to make an informed decision about incorporating this readily available technology into their studies. This work reflects the state of the art in 2011.
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Identifying walking trips from GPS and accelerometer data in adolescent females. J Phys Act Health 2011; 9:421-31. [PMID: 21934163 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.9.3.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies that have combined accelerometers and global positioning systems (GPS) to identify walking have done so in carefully controlled conditions. This study tested algorithms for identifying walking trips from accelerometer and GPS data in free-living conditions. The study also assessed the accuracy of the locations where walking occurred compared with what participants reported in a diary. METHODS A convenience sample of high school females was recruited (N = 42) in 2007. Participants wore a GPS unit and an accelerometer, and recorded their out-of-school travel for 6 days. Split-sample validation was used to examine agreement in the daily and total number of walking trips with Kappa statistics and count regression models, while agreement in locations visited by walking was examined with geographic information systems. RESULTS Agreement varied based on the parameters of the algorithm, with algorithms exhibiting moderate to substantial agreement with self-reported daily (Kappa = 0.33-0.48) and weekly (Kappa = 0.41-0.64) walking trips. Comparison of reported locations reached by walking and GPS data suggest that reported locations are accurate. CONCLUSIONS The use of GPS and accelerometers is promising for assessing the number of walking trips and the walking locations of adolescent females.
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