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Greenberg JD, van der Mars H, McKenzie TL, Battista RA, Chriqui JF, Cornett K, Graber KC, Kern BD, Russell JA, Ward DS, Wilson WJ. The Role of Physical Education Within the National Physical Activity Plan. J Phys Educ Recreat Dance 2024; 95:7-16. [PMID: 38463632 PMCID: PMC10922003 DOI: 10.1080/07303084.2023.2291641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne D Greenberg
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Hans van der Mars
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Rebecca A Battista
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Jamie F Chriqui
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Kelly Cornett
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Kim C Graber
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Ben D Kern
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Jared A Russell
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Dianne S Ward
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Wesley J Wilson
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
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Kinder CJ, Nam K, Kulinna PH, Woods AM, McKenzie TL. System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth: A Systematic Review of US and Canadian Studies. J Sch Health 2023; 93:934-963. [PMID: 37340586 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The System of Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY) has assisted in providing valid and reliable data of youth physical activity and characteristics specific to environmental contexts. The review aimed to examine empirical research that employed the SOPLAY instrument to measure physical activity in leisure-based activity environments in North American countries. METHODS The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A systematic search was conducted with an exhaustive process using 10 electronic databases to locate peer-reviewed studies implementing SOPLAY that were published between 2000 and 2021. RESULTS A total of 60 studies were included in the review. Most studies (n = 35) reported physical activity findings related to contextual characteristics measured using SOPLAY. Interestingly, a few of the studies (n = 8) found the provision of equipment and supervision, particularly adult supervision, significantly increased child physical activity observed. CONCLUSIONS This review provides information relative to the group-level physical activity observed across multiple contexts (ie, playgrounds, parks, recreation centers) using a validated direct observation instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kinder
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801
| | - Kahyun Nam
- Arizona State University, 200 E. Curry Road, Unit 146, Tempe, AZ, 85281
| | - Pamela H Kulinna
- Arizona State University, 200 E. Curry Road, Unit 146, Tempe, AZ, 85281
| | - Amelia M Woods
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 906 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801
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Thompson HR, Madsen KA, Zamek M, McKenzie TL, Dzewaltowski DA. Implementation of elementary school physical education quantity and quality law through school district audit, feedback, and coaching. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2023; 20:77. [PMID: 37386631 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-023-01479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To address low state physical education (PE) quantity and quality law implementation in elementary schools, the New York City Department of Education (NYCDOE) delivered a multilevel intervention (PE Works; 2015-2019), which included a district-led audit of school PE-law implementation, feedback, and coaching with principals. Using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) implementation science framework, we assessed the primary multilevel drivers of success for this approach in increasing adherence to PE quantity and quality law. METHODS We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with district-level personnel (n=17), elementary school administrators (n=18), and PE teachers (n=6) in 2020-21. RESULTS Interview results suggested several key RE-AIM drivers of successful PE law implementation. Reach: Ensure higher-need schools receive the necessary initial support to improve PE and later focus on lower-need schools. EFFECTIVENESS Provide support tailored to school needs, not penalties, to improve PE. Adoption: Increase the priority of PE at both district and school levels (e.g., audit and feedback, themselves, appear to elevate PE's priority). Streamline data collection and feedback reports; collecting/reporting too much information is burdensome and leads to lack of focus. Involve qualified (i.e., skilled in both school administration and PE programming/pedagogy) district-level personnel to work collaboratively with schools. IMPLEMENTATION Build strong, trusting district-school relationships. Maintenance: Provide ongoing district-level support to schools and involve parents to advocate for quality PE. CONCLUSIONS PE audits, feedback, and coaching (PEAFC) can guide schools in establishing long-term plans for successfully implementing PE-related law. Future research should examine the impact of PEAFC elsewhere (e.g., secondary schools, other districts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Thompson
- School of Public Health, Community Health Sciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Kristine A Madsen
- School of Public Health, Community Health Sciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Maya Zamek
- School of Public Health, Community Health Sciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David A Dzewaltowski
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Young DR, McKenzie TL, Eng S, Talarowski M, Han B, Williamson S, Galfond E, Cohen DA. Playground Location and Patterns of Use. J Urban Health 2023; 100:504-512. [PMID: 37155140 PMCID: PMC10322796 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-023-00729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Playgrounds have features that benefit visitors, including opportunities to engage in outdoor physical activity. We surveyed 1350 adults visiting 60 playgrounds across the USA in Summer 2021 to determine if distance to the playground from their residence was associated with weekly visit frequency, length of stay, and transportation mode to the site. About 2/3 of respondents living within ½ mile from the playground reported visiting it at least once per week compared with 14.1% of respondents living more than a mile away. Of respondents living within ¼ mile of playgrounds, 75.6% reported walking or biking there. After controlling for socio-demographics, respondents living within ½ mile of the playground had 5.1 times the odds (95% CI: 3.68, 7.04) of visiting the playground at least once per week compared with those living further away. Respondents walking or biking to the playground had 6.1 times the odds (95% CI: 4.23, 8.82) of visiting the playground at least once per week compared with respondents arriving via motorized transport. For public health purposes, city planners and designers should consider locating playgrounds ½ mile from all residences. Distance is likely the most important factor associated with playground use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R Young
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, 100 S Los Robles, 6th Floor, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA.
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Eng
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, 100 S Los Robles, 6th Floor, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | | | - Bing Han
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, 100 S Los Robles, 6th Floor, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Stephanie Williamson
- Information Services, Research Programming Group, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - Deborah A Cohen
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, 100 S Los Robles, 6th Floor, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
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Young D, McKenzie TL, Eng S, Talarowski M, Han B, Williamson S, Galfond E, Cohen DA. Playgrounds Location and Patterns of Use. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2697497. [PMID: 36993744 PMCID: PMC10055650 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2697497/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Playgrounds have features that benefit visitors, including opportunities to engage in outdoor physical activity. We surveyed 1350 adults visiting 60 playgrounds across the U.S. in Summer 2021 to determine if distance to the playground from their residence was associated with weekly visit frequency, length of stay, and transportation mode to the site. About 2/3 of respondents living within ½ mile from the playground reported visiting it at least once per week compared with 14.1% of respondents living more than a mile away. Of respondents living within ¼ mile of playgrounds, 75.6% reported walking or biking there. After controlling for socio-demographics, respondents living within ½ mile of the playground had 5.1 times the odds (95% CI: 3.68, 7.04) of visiting the playground at least once per week compared with those living further away. Respondents walking or biking to the playground had 6.1 times the odds (95% CI: 4.23, 8.82) of visiting the playground at least once per week compared with respondents arriving via motorized transport. For public health purposes, city planners and designers should consider locating playgrounds ½ mile from all residences. Distance is likely the most important factor associated with playground use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Eng
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California
| | | | - Bing Han
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California
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Cohen DA, Talarowski M, Han B, Williamson S, Galfond E, Young DR, Eng S, McKenzie TL. Playground Design: Contribution to Duration of Stay and Implications for Physical Activity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4661. [PMID: 36901670 PMCID: PMC10002332 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study goal was to identify playground features associated with visitor length of stay and physical activity. METHODS We observed playground visitors over 4 days during summer 2021 in 60 playgrounds in 10 US cities, selected based on design, population density, and poverty levels. We observed 4278 visitors and documented their length of stay. We observed an additional 3713 visitors for 8 min, recording their playground location, activity level, and use of electronic media. RESULTS People stayed an average of 32 min (range 5 min-4 h). Stay time varied by group size, with larger groups staying longer. The presence of restrooms increased the likelihood of staying longer by 48%. Playground size, mature trees, swings, climbers, and spinners were associated with longer stays. When a teen was a part of the group observed, the group was 64% less likely to stay longer. The use of electronic media was associated with lower amounts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity compared to non-media users. CONCLUSIONS To increase population-level physical activity and time spent outdoors, playground features associated with a longer stay should be considered when renovating or building new playgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Cohen
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | | | - Bing Han
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Stephanie Williamson
- Research Programming Group, Information Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90407, USA
| | | | - Deborah R. Young
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Sarah Eng
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Thomas L. McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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Cohen DA, Talarowski MR, Han B, Williamson SL, Galfond EC, Young DR, Eng S, McKenzie TL. Playground Design and Physical Activity. Am J Prev Med 2023; 64:326-333. [PMID: 36526541 PMCID: PMC10264149 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study compares traditional post-and-platform playgrounds with innovatively designed playgrounds to assess the degree to which design influences use and physical activity. Innovative playgrounds are defined as having (1) a variety of surface types; (2) naturalized and planted areas designed for play; (3) open-ended structures that do not dictate play sequences; (4) loose, movable equipment; and (5) not comprised solely of traditional post-and-platform structures. This study also examines how neighborhood contextual factors contribute to playground use and physical activity. METHODS The authors selected 30 traditional and 30 innovative playgrounds in 10 U.S. cities and used the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities to document the number and characteristics of users during 19 hourly observations over 1 week at each playground in the summer of 2021. Data were analyzed to identify the factors associated with the number of users and the amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity within each playground. RESULTS Innovative playgrounds attracted 2.5 times more users and generated almost 3 times as much moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. After controlling for playground size, population density, neighborhood poverty, and destination location, innovative playgrounds still attracted 43% more visitors than traditional playgrounds. Whereas playgrounds in high-poverty neighborhoods saw less overall use, innovatively designed playgrounds mitigated the difference by 60% compared with traditional playgrounds. CONCLUSIONS Playground characteristics that attract more users and are associated with more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, such as design, size, and the number of unique features, should be integrated into future playground designs and renovations, with innovative designs prioritized for low-income neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Cohen
- From Southern California Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California.
| | | | - Bing Han
- From Southern California Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California
| | - Stephanie L Williamson
- Research Programming Group, Information Services, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Deborah R Young
- From Southern California Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California
| | - Sarah Eng
- From Southern California Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente, Pasadena, California
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- and the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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Puttock EJ, Marquez J, Young DR, Shirley AM, Han B, McKenzie TL, Smith NJ, Manuel K, Hoelscher D, Spear S, Ruiz M, Smith C, Krytus K, Martinez I, So H, Levy M, Nolan V, Bagley E, Mehmood A, Thomas JG, Apedaile L, Ison S, Barr-Anderson DJ, Heller JG, Cohen DA. Association of masking policies with mask adherence and distancing during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. Am J Infect Control 2022; 50:969-974. [PMID: 35545151 PMCID: PMC9080722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of the impact of local masking policies may help guide future policy interventions to reduce SARS-COV-2 disease transmission. This study's objective was to identify factors associated with adherence to masking and social distancing guidelines. METHODS Faculty from 16 U.S. colleges and universities trained 231 students in systematic direct observation. They assessed correct mask use and distancing in public settings in 126 US cities from September 2020 through August 2021. RESULTS Of 109,999 individuals observed in 126 US cities, 48% wore masks correctly with highest adherence among females, teens and seniors and lowest among non-Hispanic whites, those in vigorous physical activity, and in larger groups (P < .0001). Having a local mask mandate increased the odds of wearing a mask by nearly 3-fold (OR = 2.99, P = .0003) compared to no recommendation. People observed in non-commercial areas were least likely to wear masks. Correct mask use was greatest in December 2020 and remained high until June 2021 (P < .0001). Masking policy requirements were not associated with distancing. DISCUSSION The strong association between mask mandates and correct mask use suggests that public policy has a powerful influence on individual behavior. CONCLUSIONS Mask mandates should be considered in future pandemics to increase adherence.
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9
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Cohen DA, Talarowski M, Awomolo O, Han B, Williamson S, McKenzie TL. Increased mask adherence after important politician infected with COVID-19. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261398. [PMID: 35020749 PMCID: PMC8754325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
To quantify changes in adherence to mask and distancing guidelines in outdoor settings in Philadelphia, PA before and after President Trump announced he was infected with COVID-19.
Methods
We used Systematic Observation of Masking Adherence and Distancing (SOMAD) to assess mask adherence in parks, playgrounds, and commercial streets in the 10 City Council districts in Philadelphia PA. We compared adherence rates between August and September 2020 and after October 2, 2020.
Results
Disparities in mask adherence existed by age group, gender, and race/ethnicity, with females wearing masks correctly more often than males, seniors having higher mask use than other age groups, and Asians having higher adherence than other race/ethnicities. Correct mask use did not increase after the City released additional mask guidance in September but did after Oct 2. Incorrect mask use also decreased, but the percentage not having masks at all was unchanged.
Conclusions
Vulnerability of leadership appears to influence population behavior. Public health departments likely need more resources to effectively and persuasively communicate critical safety messages related to COVID-19 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Cohen
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Bing Han
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas L. McKenzie
- Emeritus, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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10
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Zhao X, Lee RE, Ledoux TA, Hoelscher DM, McKenzie TL, O'Connor DP. Harmonizing Ratings From Different School Environment Assessment Methods: A Simplified Approach. J Sch Health 2022; 92:92-98. [PMID: 34796495 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes a method for harmonizing data collected with different tools to compute a rating of compliance with national recommendations for school physical activity (PA) and nutrition environments. METHODS We reviewed questionnaire items from 84 elementary schools that participated in the Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (CORD) project, which was 3 distinct childhood obesity prevention projects in 7 communities in California, Massachusetts, and Texas. Each project used tools specific to its programs, schools, and communities. While this approach increased the feasibility of data collection, it created a challenge with the need to combine data across projects. We evaluated all questionnaire items and retained only those items that assessed one or more recommendations and constructed several items to indicate compliance or noncompliance with the respective associated recommendations. RESULTS Ten constructed items covered 11 of the 20 recommendations. Analysis indicated that the scores detected variability in compliance both among communities and among school within communities. CONCLUSIONS The scores captured differences in compliance with the national recommendations at multiple levels. Our method, designed for creating common scores, may be useful in integrated data analysis, systematic reviews, or future studies requiring harmonizing of data collected via different tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman Street GAR 104, 77204-6015, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca E Lee
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N 3rd Street, 85004, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Tracey A Ledoux
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St., Rm 104 Garrison, 77204-6015, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deanna M Hoelscher
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), The University of Texas, 1616 Guadalupe Street, Suite 6.300, 78701, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5127 Walsh Way, 92115, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P O'Connor
- Department of Health and Human Performance, HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, 3875 Holman St., Rm 104 Garrison, 77204-6015, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL. Website Representations of Physical Education and Physical Activity: Comparison of Public Charter and Private Schools. Res Q Exerc Sport 2021; 92:865-872. [PMID: 32657639 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1761934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Health authorities recommend schools play a major role in providing and promoting physical activity (PA). School choice legislation has led to increases in both public charter schools and private schools, and these have greater flexibility in curriculum, staffing, and other practices than traditional public schools. Most schools have public websites for informing constituents about their goals, curricula, and programs. Little is known, however, about how they use websites to provide information about and advocate for PA programs. Thus, we compared how selected PA programs were represented on public charter and private elementary school websites. Methods: We conducted a systematic content analysis of the websites of 520 public charter and 990 private schools in California that included grades 1-5 and compared how they represented PE, interscholastic sport, and other PA opportunities. Results: Websites mentioned PA programs infrequently and provided little information about them. PE was the PA program mentioned most often on both charter (30.8%) and private (71.3%) school websites, but information about its frequency, duration, curricula, and who taught it was comparatively scarce (range: charter (4.8 - 22.5%); private (11.2 - 54.8%). More private than charter school websites mentioned interscholastic sport (45.6% vs. 16.5%, p <.001) and other extracurricular PA programs (26.8% vs. 20.4%, p =.006). Conclusion: Although available in nearly all schools, website content about PA/PE was limited. In this regard, however, private school websites were more fully developed than those in public charter schools.
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Carlton T, McKenzie TL, Bocarro JN, Edwards M, Casper J, Suau L, Kanters MA. Objective Assessment of Physical Activity and Associated Contexts During High School Sport Practices. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:548516. [PMID: 34308345 PMCID: PMC8299060 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.548516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Organized sports provide children and adolescents with opportunities to achieve recommended amounts of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and schools are a primary setting for sports programs. The main aims of this study were to examine participant physical activity (PA) levels during the most popular high school sports in the United States and to assess the influences of practice contextual factors on PA levels. Methods: Participant PA and its contexts were assessed during practices for the 10 most popular girls' and boys' high school sports in the United States. Data were obtained during 598 practice sessions in 12 schools in North Carolina using a validated direct observation instrument (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). A regression model was applied to understand the association between sport context and athletes' PA. Results: Overall, athletes were observed engaging in MVPA 60% of practice time. MVPA varied among sports and levels were highly influenced by practice contexts. Among girls' sports, cross country and soccer practices provided the highest proportion of MVPA and MVPA percent during boys' practice sessions was highest during cross country and track and field. Practice contexts were associated with MVPA accrual with time allocated for gameplay and fitness activities associated with the highest levels of PA. Conclusions: The results contribute to an understanding of which sports and how their practices are conducted facilitate increased PA. Findings indicate athletes accrue substantial amounts of PA during high school practices, but that it varies from sport to sport. As well, the context that characterizes sport practices is a significant determinant in how much PA occurs. Most sports that emphasized game simulation, fitness, and skill development drills had higher levels of MVPA. Given the length and frequency of practices and how the content is delivered, we can accurately predict how much PA athletes are likely to achieve during a given sport season. The findings from this study demonstrate that sport can make a useful, if not sufficient role in helping high school athletes reach recommended PA levels. PA engagement can be optimized by attending to the management of contexts surrounding the sports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Suau
- Shaw University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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13
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Cohen DA, Talarowski M, Awomolo O, Han B, Williamson S, McKenzie TL. Systematic observation of mask adherence and distancing (SOMAD): Findings from Philadelphia. Prev Med Rep 2021; 23:101449. [PMID: 34155476 PMCID: PMC8200254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mask adherence differed by gender, age group, and race/ethnicity. Mask adherence also differs by physical activity level, setting, and location. High rates of incorrect mask usage (17%) and non-adherence (40% with no mask at all) were observed. Mask adherence was lower in higher poverty neighborhoods. Maintaining a 6-foot distance was lowest for Hispanics.
Adherence to guidelines for face coverings and physical distancing are critical strategies to stem the COVID-19 pandemic but are not uniformly followed. Understanding factors associated with adherence to mask-wearing and physical distancing may help guide future control efforts. We conducted an observational study using Systematic Observation of Mask Adherence and Distancing (SOMAD) in August 2020 in parks, playgrounds and commercial streets in each of 10 City Council Districts in Philadelphia, PA. Wearing a mask correctly varied by setting with highest adherence in commercial areas and lowest in playgrounds. Almost 17% wore visible masks that did not cover the nose and/or mouth. There were multiple disparities in correct mask use. Females had higher rates than males (unadjusted relative risk = 1.40, p < .0001) and seniors higher than any other age group (unadjusted chi-square p < .0001). Asians wore masks correctly the most often [adjusted log odds ratio (LOR) = 0.53 compared with non-Hispanic white, p = 0.02]. Correct mask-wearing was higher in areas with a higher population density (adjusted LOR = 0.03 per one thousand/square mile, p = 0.02) and lower in higher poverty areas (adjusted LOR = −0.01, p = .03). Disparities in adherence to mask wearing and physical distancing likely reflect differences in perception of risk by gender, age group, and race/ethnicity. While the risk of COVID-19 transmission is lower in outdoor settings, it is unlikely to be zero. The lower rates of mask use by males and minority groups suggest increased efforts are needed to enhance adherence to recommended guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Cohen
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California Research and Evaluation, United States
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14
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL, Satnick M. Analysis of Youth Physical Activity Promotion in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Synagogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 41:555-579. [PMID: 33994603 PMCID: PMC8111661 DOI: 10.1007/s12397-021-09372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Faith-based organizations are entities recommended to promote and provide health-related physical activity to youth. Meanwhile, religious institutions—including synagogues—typically use diverse media, including websites, bulletins/newsletters, and calendars to inform current and potential members about both general (e.g., theological) and specific practical messages (e.g., about the occurrence of services, meetings, and programs). Given the historical role synagogue centers played in the early- to mid-twentieth century in providing members recreational and sport programming, we were interested to know what physical activities synagogues currently advertise through the aforementioned media. From January through May 2019, we completed a line-by-line analysis of the public websites of a large nationally representative sample of synagogues (n = 1383 sites from 337 U.S. cities in 39 states) to assess content (including links to bulletins/newsletters and calendars) related to child and adolescent physical activity. Only 35.4% of the sampled websites used these media to mention that their synagogue provided even a single physical activity program/event. Thus, most synagogues either (a) did not provide physical activity programs for children and adolescents, or (b) neglected to use online platforms to promote engagement in them. We found 938 distinct programs/events and 1667 specific activities across synagogue websites that mentioned at least one physical activity. Programs by type and proportion (i.e., percentage of programs overall) included youth group (39.1%), preschool (26.9%), youth worship (18.0%), and youth education (16.0%). We situate our findings by explicating past and current functions of synagogues related to the provision of youth programming. Future research should examine the beliefs that synagogue rabbis and media gatekeepers hold toward physical activity in general and youth physical activity specifically. Youths should also be queried as to what role synagogue programming can/should play in promoting/providing and accommodating their physical activity needs and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, ENS Building 315, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-7251 USA
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, ENS Building 315, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-7251 USA
| | - Maya Satnick
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, ENS Building 315, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-7251 USA
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15
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL, Satnick M. Denominational Differences in US Synagogues' Promotion of Youth Physical Activity Programming. J Relig Health 2021; 60:4521-4536. [PMID: 33977416 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Less than 25% of US children 6-17 years of age are sufficiently active. Faith-based settings are one of the nine societal sectors tasked with promoting physical activity (PA). Religious organizations frequently use diverse media, including websites, bulletins/newsletters, and calendars to inform current/potential members of events. These could be used to inform youth congregants about PA programs and/or various programs (e.g., worship, social group) with a PA component. We aimed to identify types of PA offerings available to youth and detect disparities by denomination. We performed a systematic line-by-line analysis of website content for a nationally representative, proportionate random sample of 1386 US synagogues representing five denominations: Humanistic (n = 24), Reconstructionist (n = 86), Reform (n = 462), Conservative (n = 368), and Orthodox (n = 446). We utilized crosstabulations and post hoc analyses (z scores) to identify denominational differences by a priori determined program type: education, worship, youth group, and preschool. Only 35% of the synagogues overall mentioned provision of at least one PA across program types. Proportions by denomination included: Humanistic (8%), Reconstructionist (48%), Reform (29%), Conservative (60%), and Orthodox (21%). There were denominational differences for education, worship, and preschool, with Conservative synagogue websites mentioning PA programs more frequently than expected. Future research should survey synagogue clergy and those overseeing media content toward understanding the decision-making process for mentioning/omitting PA when advertising youth programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, ENS Building 315, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA.
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, ENS Building 315, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA
| | - Maya Satnick
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, ENS Building 315, San Diego, CA, 92182-7251, USA
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Camplain R, Lopez NV, Cooper DM, McKenzie TL, Zheng K, Radom-Aizik S. Development of the systematic observation of COVID-19 mitigation (SOCOM): Assessing face covering and distancing in schools. J Clin Transl Sci 2021; 5:e124. [PMID: 34258031 PMCID: PMC8267337 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2021.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the COVID-19 pandemic, some K-12 schools resumed in-person classes with varying degrees of mitigation plans in the fall 2020. Physical distancing and face coverings can minimize SARS-CoV-2 spread, the virus that causes COVID-19. However, no research has focused on adherence to mitigation strategies during school days. Thus, we sought to develop a systematic observation protocol to capture COVID-19 mitigation strategy adherence in school environments: The Systematic Observation of COVID-19 Mitigation (SOCOM). METHODS We extended previously validated and internationally used tools to develop the SOCOM training and implementation protocols to assess physical-distancing and face-covering behaviors. SOCOM was tested in diverse indoor and outdoor settings (classrooms, lunchrooms, physical education [PE], and recess) among diverse schools (elementary, secondary, and special needs). RESULTS For the unique metrics of physical-distancing and face-covering behaviors, areas with less activity and a maximum of 10-15 students were more favorable for accurately capturing data. Overall proportion of agreement was high for physical distancing (90.9%), face covering (88.6%), activity type (89.2%), and physical activity level (87.9%). Agreement was lowest during active recess, PE, and observation areas with ≥20 students. CONCLUSIONS Millions of children throughout the USA are likely to return to school in the months ahead. SOCOM is a relatively inexpensive research tool that can be implemented by schools to determine mitigation strategy adherence and to assess protocols that allow students return to school safely and slow the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Camplain
- Center for Health Equity Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Nanette V. Lopez
- Department of Health Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Dan M. Cooper
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L. McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kai Zheng
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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17
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Cohen DA, Han B, Williamson S, Nagel C, McKenzie TL, Evenson KR, Harnik P. Playground features and physical activity in U.S. neighborhood parks. Prev Med 2020; 131:105945. [PMID: 31805315 PMCID: PMC7405885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
All people need to engage in routine physical activity and children require it daily. Playgrounds are settings designed for children to be physically active, yet there has been little research assessing which play elements and structures are associated with more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among both youth and adults. We conducted a national study of neighborhood parks with the goal of identifying factors that promote more MVPA. We selected a nationally representative sample of 162 parks between 3 and 22 acres in 25 U.S. cities with a population >100,000. We used direct observation to measure MVPA in 147 playgrounds during spring and summer of 2016, documented playground characteristics and assessed hours of use and MVPA by age group and gender. We analyzed data using descriptive statistics and generalized linear models. The most common play elements and structures were slides and ladders (92% of parks) and swings (81%); elements supporting balancing, crawling, spinning, sand and water play were in <30% of playgrounds. Each additional play element was associated with about 50% more users and 50% more MVPA. Spinning structures and splash pads were associated with more playground use and more MVPA. Playgrounds with signage advertising park programs and on-site restrooms had more person-hours of use, but only half the parks had restrooms and <30% had signage. To address insufficient physical activity, upgrades to playgrounds should include restrooms, structures that support a wide variety of movements, and elements that also encourage adults to be active.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Han
- RAND Corporation, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Kelly R Evenson
- University North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, United States of America
| | - Peter Harnik
- Trust for Public Land (previous affiliation), United States of America
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL. School Websites: A Physical Education and Physical Activity Content Analysis. J Sch Health 2020; 90:47-55. [PMID: 31707743 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schools are important venues for providing and promoting physical activity, but little is known about how school websites are being used for these purposes. Completing a content analysis of existing school websites is essential to understanding their function and value relative to supporting physical education (PE) and physical activity. METHODS We conducted a quantitative, cross-sectional, systematic content analysis to analyze and identify correlates of the website features of 990 private elementary schools located in 325 California cities/localities. RESULTS Nearly all schools (98%) had a functioning website, but PE and physical activity content were displayed sparsely and inconspicuously. Regression models identified 10 predictors of website PE/physical activity content, including religious affiliation and having a separate webpage for PE. CONCLUSIONS Websites can serve many functions, including providing information on the school vision/goals, curriculum content, class schedules, extracurricular activities, and core topics. This study is among the first to carry out a systematic analysis of school websites relative to PE and physical activity. Schools did not use the full potential of their websites to inform constituents about physical activity or to promote it. Schools should scrutinize their websites to ensure content and messaging are consistent with enabling students to engage in sufficient health-promoting physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-7251
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-7251
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL. California Districts and Schools Underutilize Websites to Demonstrate Compliance to a Physical Education Lawsuit. Res Q Exerc Sport 2019; 90:712-719. [PMID: 31282787 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1623855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Quality physical education (PE) reaches many objectives (e.g., knowledge, physical fitness, and physical skills) and could provide at least half the dose of recommended daily physical activity for youths if their opportunity to learn is provided according to national professional recommendations (min/week) and related state mandates. A 2015 California class-action lawsuit required affected schools to post data indicating they scheduled PE time meeting the state mandate of 200 min per 10-day period. The extent to which schools posted PE schedules on their websites and demographic factors related to their compliance was investigated in this study. Method: We performed a quantitative, cross-sectional content analysis of the websites of 37 school districts plus a random sample of 860 elementary schools in them. Z tests were used to analyze frequencies/proportions and associations among demographic (e.g., Hispanic enrollment, PE specialist) and PE schedule variables (e.g., schools meeting state-mandated PE time). Results: Twenty-two districts (59.4%) had websites with ≥1 page/document related to PE opportunities. Only 11% of schools posted PE schedules, an event that was associated with employing a PE specialist (p = .01). Of schools posting schedules, 68% specified a PE volume that met the state mandate. Meeting the mandate was independently associated with enrolling a minority of Hispanic students (p = .02). Conclusion: Websites can provide information about the importance/occurrence of PE; however, schools in the lawsuit did not use the potential of their websites to inform constituents either about the lawsuit or their PE programs. Non-compliant schools should adjust PE schedules to meet statutory requirements.
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Lounsbery MA, McKenzie TL, Smith NJ. School Physical Activity Policy. Transl J ACSM 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/tjx.0000000000000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sit CHP, Huang WY, Yu JJ, McKenzie TL. Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity and Sedentary Time at School for Children with Disabilities: Seasonal Variation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16173163. [PMID: 31480233 PMCID: PMC6747188 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schools are salient locations for children with disabilities to accrue physical activity (PA) and to diminish sedentary time (ST). We examined seasonal variation in accelerometer-assessed PA and ST among children with disabilities during the school day in three school settings (physical education (PE) lessons, recess and lunchtime). Children (n = 270) from 13 special schools for those with five disability types (visual impairments, hearing impairments, physical disabilities, intellectual disabilities (ID), and social development problems) participated. Their PA and ST were assessed during three winter and three summer school days using accelerometry. Linear mixed models were performed to determine seasonal variation in the proportion of time they spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and ST in the three settings. On average, the children spent 4.5% (18.6 min) and 4.0% (15.6 min) in MVPA at school during winter and summer days, respectively. They were more physically active during winter (especially during recess and lunchtime), but there were no seasonal differences for ST. Thus, children’s year-round engagement in PA needs to be promoted, especially during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy H P Sit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wendy Y Huang
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jane J Yu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, USA
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McKenzie TL, Kahan D. Physical Activity Promotion: Content Analysis of Nationally Representative Elementary School Websites. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000561017.18914.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Evenson KR, Williamson S, Han B, McKenzie TL, Cohen DA. United States' neighborhood park use and physical activity over two years: The National Study of Neighborhood Parks. Prev Med 2019; 123:117-122. [PMID: 30898586 PMCID: PMC6534437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The United States lacks surveillance to monitor park use and conditions. The purpose of this study was to use the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) as a surveillance tool to describe the conditions, user characteristics, and physical activity of a national sample of neighborhood parks at two time points. Using a stratified multistage sampling strategy, a representative sample of 174 neighborhood parks in 25 major United States' cities were selected. During 2014 and 2016, park-related use, conditions, and physical activity were assessed using SOPARC in 169 parks. Overall, 74,106 park users were observed at baseline and 69,150 park users were observed two years later (p = 0.37). There were persistent disparities in park use by gender and age, with disproportionately more male than female users in each age group (child, teenager, adult, older adult). Older adults used the park less than other age groups. Almost two-thirds of park users were observed being sedentary (61.9% in 2014, 60.7% in 2016), followed by moderate (30.8%, 32.0%) and vigorous (7.3%, 7.3%) activity. Empty target areas increased over two years (75.3%, 77.6%; p = 0.01) and those that were equipped (2.6%, 1.2%; p = 0.0003), accessible (95.4%, 94.3%; p = 0.01), and organized (2.6%, 1.7%; p = 0.01) decreased. Areas that were usable (97.5%, 97.4%) or provided supervised activities (2.0%, 2.4%) did not change significantly. The findings demonstrate the value of SOPARC as a surveillance tool, identify user groups under represented at parks, and suggest an opportunity to encourage more park-based physical activity among park visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, 123 W Franklin Street, Building C, Suite 410, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
| | | | - Bing Han
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407, United States.
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5127 Walsh Way, San Diego, CA 92115, United States.
| | - Deborah A Cohen
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407, United States.
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL, Khatri A. U.S. charter schools neglect promoting physical activity: Content analysis of nationally representative elementary charter school websites. Prev Med Rep 2019; 14:100815. [PMID: 30815333 PMCID: PMC6378835 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most youths fail to meet recommended public health recommendations for physical activity (PA) and schools have been assigned a key role in mitigating this problem. Charter school growth exploded recently, but little is known about these schools' support of PA. School websites offer public windows through which they can share information about their programs, policies, and values. Thus, during spring 2018, we completed a quantitative content analysis of specific information about PA on the websites of a representative sample of U.S. charter elementary schools (n = 759). Nearly all schools (97%) had a functioning website, but most (52%) did not mention even one of five PA programs frequently offered at schools: physical education (PE), recess, intramurals, interscholastics, and PA clubs. PE, a standard part of school curricula, was mentioned on only 34% of the sites. Although public health proponents identify schools as ideal locations for promoting PA, school websites are neglected both as a means for identifying the importance of PE and PA and as a vehicle for informing students about how and when to be active during the school day.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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Smith NJ, McKenzie TL. SOFIT Studies of Physical Education in U. S. and International Schools. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000562095.19704.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lin SF, Binggeli-Vallarta A, Cervantes G, Angulo J, Moody JS, McKenzie TL, Horton LA, Ayala GX. Process Evaluation of an Early Care and Education Intervention: The California Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration Study (CA-CORD). Health Promot Pract 2018; 21:298-307. [PMID: 30051727 DOI: 10.1177/1524839918786953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Given the widespread use of out-of-home child care in the United States, early care and education (ECE) providers offer ideal settings to promote health behaviors among Hispanic/Latino children whose obesity prevalence remains high. This study details the process evaluation of ECE intervention strategies of a childhood obesity research demonstration study (California Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration [CA-CORD]) to prevent and control obesity among Hispanic/Latino children aged 2 to 12 years. Participating ECE providers received the Nutrition and Physical Activity Self-Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC) materials and action planning sessions with a trained interventionist; Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids (SPARK) physical activity (PA), health behavior, and body mass index assessment trainings; and health behavior toolkit, cooking kit, water dispensers, and posters to promote healthy eating, PA, water consumption, and quality sleep. Intervention logs and director/lead teacher interviews evaluated how well 14 center-based and 9 private ECE providers implemented policy, system, and environmental changes. NAP SACC was implemented with higher fidelity than other strategies, and participation in SPARK trainings was lower than health behavior trainings. ECE directors/lead teachers reported that the intervention activities and materials helped them promote the targeted behaviors, especially PA. Results demonstrated that the use of NAP SACC, trainings, and toolkit had high fidelity and were potentially replicable for implementation in ECE settings among Hispanic/Latino communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janette Angulo
- Imperial County Public Health Department, El Centro, CA, USA
| | - Jamie S Moody
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL. Correlates of Private Secondary Schools Meeting Physical Education Guidelines. J Sch Health 2018; 88:508-515. [PMID: 29864205 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there are over 26,000 private schools in the United States, little is known about the relationship of their characteristics to mandated and recommended time allocations for physical education (PE). METHODS Private secondary schools (N = 450; grades 6-12) in California completed a 15-item questionnaire related to school characteristics and PE policies and practices. Using correlational analysis and predictive modeling, we assessed the associations and influences of various factors relative to the schools meeting state (California) and national professional time targets for PE. RESULTS Whereas most schools fell short of meeting PE weekly time recommendations, 5 of 10 tested variables were significantly associated with schools meeting PE minutes/week targets: school enrollment, school level, having a fitness testing policy, PE class size, and not permitting exemptions for PE. Large schools and those serving high school students provided more PE and were more likely to meet PE time allocation standards. Having policies for PE minutes/week and no exemptions for PE were significantly associated with a school having all its PE classes taught by a specialist. CONCLUSIONS Private secondary schools should consider the adoption of professional guidelines related to PE time allocations, class size, conducting physical fitness testing, employing PE specialists, and not permitting exemptions for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-7251
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5127 Walsh Way, San Diego, CA 92115
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Smith NJ, McKenzie TL. Physical Education in the U.S. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000535296.23655.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL. Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure During an After-School Running Club: Laps Versus Game Play. J Sch Health 2018; 88:237-245. [PMID: 29399835 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After-school programs (ASPs) have the potential to contribute to student physical activity (PA), but there is limited empirical evidence to guide program development and implementation. METHODS We used pedometry to assess the overall effectiveness of an elementary school ASP running program relative to national and state PA recommendations and to compare 2 different formats (laps vs games) on PA and energy expenditure. RESULTS Both running laps and running games contributed substantially to PA accrual and energy expenditure (overall 24.2 minutes of PA and 52.6 kcal during sessions averaging 37 minutes), but the formats provided different outcomes relative to PA intensity and energy expenditure. Overall PA% was higher on lap days, but MVPA% (moderate-to-vigorous PA) was higher on game days. Only game days met the stipulation that ASPs provide activities at an intensity in which MVPA% of PA ≥ 50%. CONCLUSIONS Both running laps and running games in an ASP can contribute to PA accrual. ASP providers should weigh the demands and outcomes of program activities, and especially consider the quality of activities, students' feelings about them, and the implementation demands on instructors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, ENS Building 315, San Diego, CA 92182-7251
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5127 Walsh Way, San Diego, CA 92115
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Perez LG, Conway TL, Arredondo EM, Elder JP, Kerr J, McKenzie TL, Sallis JF. Where and when adolescents are physically active: Neighborhood environment and psychosocial correlates and their interactions. Prev Med 2017; 105:337-344. [PMID: 28987342 PMCID: PMC5653432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Female adolescents are less active than male peers in certain contexts including the neighborhood. Adolescents' physical activity can be explained by interactions between environmental and psychosocial factors, but few studies have tested such interactions in relation to context-specific behaviors. This study tested interactions between neighborhood environmental and psychosocial factors in relation to adolescents' context-specific physical activity. Data were collected in 2009-11 from 910 adolescents and a parent/guardian residing in the Baltimore/Seattle regions. Measures included adolescent-reported neighborhood leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and non-neighborhood LTPA, accelerometer-based non-school moderate-to vigorous-physical activity (MVPA), psychosocial factors, and objective and parent-perceived neighborhood environmental factors. Gender-stratified mixed effects linear models tested associations of 6 environmental and 4 psychosocial factors and their interactions in relation to each physical activity outcome. The psychosocial factors had consistent associations with the physical activity outcomes but the environmental correlates were context-specific. Decisional balance (weighing of pros and cons of physical activity) moderated the association between recreation facility density and neighborhood LTPA among females, with a negative association only among those with high decisional balance (pros outweighed cons). Decisional balance also moderated associations of neighborhood walkability with non-school MVPA among females and non-neighborhood LTPA among males, with positive associations only among those with high decisional balance. Results support context-specific ecological models of physical activity. Targeting environmental factors that may promote opportunities for physical activity in specific contexts as well as adolescent decision-making may help promote their physical activity in those contexts, potentially leading to increased overall physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Perez
- Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, University of California, San Diego/San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, 9245 Sky Park Ct., Ste. 221, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
| | - T L Conway
- Active Living Research, 3900 Fifth Ave., Ste. 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - E M Arredondo
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, 9245 Sky Park Ct., Ste. 221, San Diego, CA 92123, USA; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - J P Elder
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, 9245 Sky Park Ct., Ste. 221, San Diego, CA 92123, USA; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - J Kerr
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - T L McKenzie
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, 9245 Sky Park Ct., Ste. 221, San Diego, CA 92123, USA; School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - J F Sallis
- Active Living Research, 3900 Fifth Ave., Ste. 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE An objective database for physical education (PE) is important for policy and practice decisions, and the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) has been identified as an appropriate surveillance tool for PE across the nation. The purpose of this review was to assess peer-reviewed studies using SOFIT to study K-12 PE in U.S. schools. METHOD The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses informed the review, and 10 databases were searched for English-language articles published through 2016. A total of 704 records identifying SOFIT were located, and 137 full texts were read. Two authors reviewed full-text articles, and a data extraction tool was developed to select studies and main topics for synthesis. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies that included direct observations of 12,256 PE lessons met inclusion criteria; 17 were conducted in elementary schools, 9 in secondary schools, and 3 in combined-level schools. Inconsistent reporting among studies was evident, including not all identifying the number of classes and teachers involved. All studies reported student physical activity, but fewer reported observer reliabilities (88%), lesson context (76%), teacher behavior (38%), and PE dosage (34%). The most frequently analyzed independent variables were teacher preparation (48%), lesson location (38%), and student gender (31%). CONCLUSIONS SOFIT can be used reliably in diverse settings. Inconsistent reporting about study procedures and variables analyzed, however, limited comparisons among studies. Adherence to an established protocol and more consistent reporting would more fully enable the development of a viable database for PE in U.S. schools.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Interscholastic, intramural, and club physical activity (PA) programs can be important contributors to student PA accrual at schools. Few studies have assessed factors related to the provision of these extracurricular PA programs, especially in private schools. METHODS We used a 16-item questionnaire to assess the associations and influences of selected factors relative to extracurricular PA program policies and practices in 450 private California secondary schools. Associations were evaluated using contingency table analyses (i.e., chi-squared, effect size, and post-hoc analyses). RESULTS Six factors were associated with schools providing extracurricular PA programs: school location, level, enrollment, and religious classification and whether the physical education (PE) program met state PE time standards and was taught by PE specialists. CONCLUSIONS Both static factors (e.g., school location, level, enrollment, and religious affiliation) and modifiable factors (e.g., meeting PE standards and employing specialists) affect the provision of extracurricular PA programs. As education is state-mandated, additional study is recommended to assess the generalizability of these findings to other states and to public schools.
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Perez LG, Kerr J, Sallis JF, Slymen D, McKenzie TL, Elder JP, Arredondo EM. Perceived Neighborhood Environmental Factors That Maximize the Effectiveness of a Multilevel Intervention Promoting Physical Activity Among Latinas. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:334-343. [PMID: 29166779 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117742999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested whether a multilevel physical activity (PA) intervention had differential effects on PA according to participants' perceptions of their neighborhood environment. DESIGN Two-group cluster randomized controlled trial. SETTING San Diego, California. SUBJECTS Analytical sample included 319 Latinas (18-65 years) from churches randomized to the following conditions: PA (n = 8 churches, n = 157 participants) or attention control (n = 8 churches, n = 162 participants). INTERVENTION Over 12 months, PA participants were offered free PA classes (6/wk), while attention control participants were offered cancer prevention workshops. MEASURES Baseline and 12-month follow-up measures included self-report and accelerometer-based moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sociodemographics, and perceived neighborhood environment variables. ANALYSIS Mixed-effects models examined each PA outcome at 12-month follow-up, adjusted for church clustering, baseline PA, and sociodemographics. We tested interactions between 7 baseline perceived environment variables and study condition. RESULTS Neighborhood esthetics was the only significant moderator of intervention effects on accelerometer-based MVPA and self-report leisure-time MVPA. Participants in the PA intervention had significantly higher PA at follow-up than attention control participants, only when participants evaluated their neighborhood esthetics favorably. CONCLUSION Perceived neighborhood esthetics appeared to maximize the effectiveness of a multilevel PA intervention among Latinas. For sustainable PA behavior change, the environments in which Latinas are encouraged to be active may need to be evaluated prior to implementing an intervention to ensure they support active lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian G Perez
- 1 Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,2 Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,3 Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Kerr
- 4 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J F Sallis
- 4 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - D Slymen
- 3 Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, CA, USA.,5 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T L McKenzie
- 3 Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, CA, USA.,6 School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J P Elder
- 3 Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, CA, USA.,7 Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - E M Arredondo
- 3 Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, CA, USA.,7 Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Li R, Sit CHP, Yu JJ, Sum RKW, Wong SHS, Cheng KCC, McKenzie TL. Children with Physical Disabilities at School and Home: Physical Activity and Contextual Characteristics. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14070687. [PMID: 28672833 PMCID: PMC5551125 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity (PA) of children with physical disabilities (PD) in school and home settings and to simultaneously examine selected contextual characteristics in relation to PA in those settings. Children with PD (N = 35; Mean age = 15.67 ± 4.30 years; 26 boys) were systematically observed using BEACHES (Behaviors of Eating and Activity for Children’s Health: Evaluation System) at school (before school, recess, lunch break, after class) and at home (before dinner) during four normal school days. The children spent most of their time in all five settings being physically inactive, but had slightly more PA during recess and lunch break periods. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that selected contextual characteristics explained 18.9–56.0% (p < 0.01) of the variance predicting moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) after controlling for demographic variables. Prompts to be active were positively associated with MVPA at school and the presence of fathers and fathers being motivators at home. This study highlights how little PA that children with PD receive and identifies the importance of the provision of prompts for PA at both school and home with this special population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Li
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Cindy Hui-Ping Sit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jane Jie Yu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Raymond Kim-Wai Sum
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kenneth Chik-Chi Cheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Cohen DA, Han B, Derose KP, Williamson S, Marsh T, Raaen L, McKenzie TL. Promoting physical activity in high-poverty neighborhood parks: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Soc Sci Med 2017. [PMID: 28645058 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although physical activity can help mitigate or prevent multiple chronic diseases, most people in the U.S., especially high-poverty minority groups, engage in insufficient levels of physical activity. To test ways to promote more physical activity in high-poverty area public parks we conducted a randomized controlled intervention trial. After completing baseline measures of park-based physical activity using systematic direct observation three times/day each month for six months and assessing preferences for park programming among 1445 residents living within 1 mile of study parks, we randomized 48 parks in high poverty neighborhoods in the City of Los Angeles, California during 2013-2014 to four study arms: 1) free physical activity classes over a 6-month period, 2) a frequent user program where participants could win prizes based upon the number of visits they made to the park, 3) both the programs, and 4) neither one (control condition). We re-measured park use in 2014-2015 using the same methods during the six months the intervention programs were in operation. A total of 2047 free park classes were offered attracting 16,718 participants. The frequent user programs enrolled 1452 individuals and prizes were awarded to 830. Residents in the two study arms with free classes were more likely to report being aware of and participating in park-based physical activity programs; however, overall observed park-based physical activity increased similarly across all study arms. The process evaluation uncovered several barriers to program implementation, including inconsistent scheduling of classes, partly due to safety concerns among instructors. Multiple social factors interfere with leisure time physical activity among low-income populations, suggesting modest interventions may be insufficient to overcome these issues. Although new park programs can attract users, new programs alone may be insufficient to increase overall park use in low-income neighborhoods at times when the programs are not taking place.
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL. School and Neighborhood Predictors of Physical Fitness in Elementary School Students. J Sch Health 2017; 87:448-456. [PMID: 28463449 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the associations of 5 school and 7 neighborhood variables with fifth-grade students achieving Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) or Needs Improvement-Health Risk (NI-HR) on aerobic capacity (AC) and body composition (BC) physical fitness components of the state-mandated FITNESSGRAM® physical fitness test. METHODS Data for outcome (physical fitness) and predictor (school and neighborhood) variables were extracted from various databases (eg, Data Quest, Walk Score® ) for 160 schools located in San Diego, California. Predictor variables that were at least moderately correlated (|r| ≥ .30) with ≥1 outcome variables in univariate analyses were retained for ordinary least squares regression analyses. RESULTS The mean percentages of students achieving HFZ AC (65.7%) and BC (63.5%) were similar (t = 1.13, p = .26), while those for NI-HR zones were significantly different (AC = 6.0% vs BC = 18.6%; t = 12.60, p < .001). Correlations were greater in magnitude for school than neighborhood demographics and stronger for BC than AC. The school variables free/reduced-price lunch (negative) and math achievement (positive) predicted fitness scores. Among neighborhood variables, percent Hispanic predicted failure of meeting the HFZ BC criterion. CONCLUSIONS Creating school and neighborhood environments conducive to promoting physical activity and improving fitness is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, ENS Building 315, San Diego, CA 92182-7251
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Sit CH, Yu JJ, Huang WY, McKenzie TL, Chow BC, Cerin E. Seasonal Variation in Physical Activity of Children with Disabilities during Physical Education. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517022.65812.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li R, Sit CHP, Yu JJ, Sum RKW, Cheng KC, Wong SHS, McKenzie TL. Physical Activity Levels among Children with Physical Disabilities in Home and School Settings. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000517023.73436.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ayala GX, Molina M, Madanat H, Nichols JF, McKenzie TL, Ji M, Holguin M, Cuestas L, Sumek C, Labarca C, Elvira S, Arredondo EM, Elder JP. Intervention Effects on Latinas' Physical Activity and Other Health Indicators. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:S279-S283. [PMID: 28215381 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION U.S. Latinas do not engage in sufficient leisure-time physical activity. This study examined whether adding promotor-facilitated healthy lifestyle classes to an exercise intervention would promote exercise session attendance and improve health indicators. METHODS The Familias Sanas y Activas II (Healthy and Active Families II) study used a within-subjects, longitudinal design, with measures at baseline and at 6 and 12 months post-baseline. The intervention was developed by the San Diego Prevention Research Center and implemented between May 2011 and June 2014 in South San Diego County. Three organizations each hired a part-time coordinator and trained volunteer promotores (six to ten per organization) to deliver the intervention in various community locations. A convenience sample of 442 Latinas were in the evaluation cohort. Measured variables included a step test, blood pressure, waist circumference, height, and weight; physical activity was self-reported. RESULTS Attendance at healthy lifestyle classes was positively associated with exercise session attendance (p≤0.001). Mixed effects models showed improvements in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p≤0.001); waist circumference (p≤0.001); weight (p≤0.05); and BMI (p≤0.05) between baseline and 12 months. At 12 months, fewer participants met clinical guidelines for being hypertensive and having an at-risk waist circumference. Exercise session attendance was associated with improved fitness (p≤0.05) and increased self-reported MET minutes of leisure-time physical activity (p≤0.01). CONCLUSIONS The intervention represents an effective strategy for improving the health status of Latinas, a population with significant health disparities, including high obesity rates. Research efforts are needed to assess methods for scaling up such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe X Ayala
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, California; Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California.
| | - Marisa Molina
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California
| | - Hala Madanat
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Jeanne F Nichols
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California; School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California; School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Ming Ji
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California; College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | | | | | - Caryn Sumek
- San Ysidro Health Center, San Ysidro, California
| | - Carolina Labarca
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California
| | - Sandra Elvira
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California
| | - Elva M Arredondo
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - John P Elder
- Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California; Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
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Cohen DA, Han B, Evenson KR, Nagel C, McKenzie TL, Marsh T, Williamson S, Harnik P. The Prevalence and Use of Walking Loops in Neighborhood Parks: A National Study. Environ Health Perspect 2017; 125:170-174. [PMID: 27517530 PMCID: PMC5289910 DOI: 10.1289/ehp293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicate that the design of streets and sidewalks can influence physical activity among residents. Park features also influence park use and park-based physical activity. Although individuals can walk on streets and sidewalks, walking loops in parks offer a setting to walk in nature and to avoid interruptions from traffic. OBJECTIVES Here we describe the use of walking loops in parks and compare the number of park users and their physical activity in urban neighborhood parks with and without walking loops. METHODS We analyzed data from the National Study of Neighborhood Parks in which a representative sample of neighborhood parks (n = 174) from 25 U.S. cities with > 100,000 population were observed systematically to document facilities and park users by age group and sex. We compared the number of people and their physical activity in parks with and without walking loops, controlling for multiple factors, including park size, facilities, and population density. RESULTS Overall, compared with parks without walking loops, on average during an hourly observation, parks with walking loops had 80% more users (95% CI: 42, 139%), and levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were 90% higher (95% CI: 49, 145%). The additional park use and park-based physical activity occurred not only on the walking loops but throughout the park. CONCLUSIONS Walking loops may be a promising means of increasing population level physical activity. Further studies are needed to confirm a causal relationship. Citation: Cohen DA, Han B, Evenson KR, Nagel C, McKenzie TL, Marsh T, Williamson S, Harnik P. 2017. The prevalence and use of walking loops in neighborhood parks: a national study. Environ Health Perspect 125:170-174; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Cohen
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA
- Address correspondence to D.A. Cohen, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St., Santa Monica, CA 90407 USA. Telephone: (310) 393-0411, ext 6023. E-mail:
| | - Bing Han
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Kelly R. Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Thomas L. McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Terry Marsh
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA
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Kahan D, McKenzie TL. Energy expenditure estimates during school physical education: Potential vs. reality? Prev Med 2017; 95:82-88. [PMID: 27979706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schools are salient locations for addressing the high prevalence of overweight and obesity. Most US states require some physical education (PE) and the energy expended during PE has potential to positively affect energy balance. We previously used 2012 data to examine state policies for PE to calculate estimated student energy expenditure (EEE) under potential (i.e., recommendations followed) and existing conditions. Since then, data have been updated on both state policies and the conduct of PE. Based on updated data, we used PE frequency, duration, and intensity, student mass, and class size to calculate EEE for the delivery of PE under (a) national professional recommendations, (b) 2016 state policies, and (c) school-reported conditions. Although increased from four years ago, only 22 states currently have policies mandating specific PE minutes. EEE over 10years shows the enormous impact PE could have on energy balance. For the average recommended-size PE class, resultant annual EEE based on professional recommendations for min/week far exceeded those based on average state (n=22) policy for min/week by 44.5% for elementary, 62.7% for middle, and 59.5% for high schools. Since 2012 more states adopted policies for PE minutes than dropped them, however, EEE over 10years showed a net loss of 1200kcal/student. With no overall recent improvements in state PE policy and professional recommendations currently not being met, PE remains an underutilized public health resource for EEE. Strong policies, coupled with enhanced accountability of PE teachers and administrators, are needed to ensure PE exists in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kahan
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-7251, United States.
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-7251, United States
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Monnat SM, Lounsbery MAF, McKenzie TL, Chandler RF. Associations between demographic characteristics and physical activity practices in Nevada schools. Prev Med 2017; 95S:S4-S9. [PMID: 27565054 PMCID: PMC5292061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Schools are important settings for not only providing and promoting children's physical activity (PA) but also for reducing PA disparities. We investigated associations between school-level demographic characteristics (racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition, urban-rural status, and student-to-teacher ratio) and 16 PA-promoting practices in 347 Nevada public elementary, middle, and high schools in 2014. We found that low-cost and easy-to-implement practices are most prevalent. There is relative demographic equity in ten of 16 PA practices and significant differences in six PA practices in Nevada schools. Schools with comparatively larger percentages of Black students are the most disadvantaged, as they have the fewest PA-supportive practices in place. Higher percent black was associated with lower odds of providing classroom activity breaks (AOR=0.632, 95% CI=0.453-0.881) and bike racks (AOR=0.60, 95% CI=0.362-0.996), greater odds of withholding recess/PE for disciplinary reasons (AOR=1.377, 95% CI=1.006-1.885), and lower odds of having recess supervisors who are trained to promote PA (AOR=0.583, 95% CI=0.374-0.909). Schools with greater percentages of Hispanic students have lower odds of providing before-school PA programs (AOR=0.867, 95% CI=0.761-0.987), whereas schools with greater percentages of low-SES students have greater odds of providing after-school PA programs (AOR=1.135, 95% CI=1.016-1.268). Higher student-to-teacher ratio was also associated with greater odds of providing after-school PA programs (AOR=1.135, 95% CI=1.016-1.268). Urban-rural status was unrelated to all PA practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Monnat
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, 103 Armsby Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Monica A F Lounsbery
- California State University, Long Beach, College of Health & Human Services, USA.
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, USA.
| | - Raeven Faye Chandler
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, 103 Armsby Bldg, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Abstract
Physical activity is place-based, and being able to assess the number of people and their characteristics in specific locations is important both for public health surveillance and for practitioners in their design of physical activity spaces and programs. Although physical activity measurement has improved recently, many investigators avoid or are at a loss regarding the assessment of physical activity in explicit locations, especially in open environments where many people come and go in a seemingly indiscriminate fashion. Direct, systematic observation exceeds other methods in simultaneously assessing physical activity and the contexts in which it occurs. This commentary summarizes the development and use of 2 validated observation tools: the System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth (SOPLAY) and System for Observing Play and Active Recreation in Communities (SOPARC). Their use is well supported by both behavior-analytic principles and social-ecological theory, and their methods have utility for both researchers and practitioners.
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Katzmarzyk PT, Denstel KN, Beals K, Bolling C, Wright C, Crouter SE, McKenzie TL, Pate RR, Saelens BE, Staiano AE, Stanish HI, Sisson SB. Results From the United States of America's 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. J Phys Act Health 2016; 13:S307-S313. [PMID: 27848726 PMCID: PMC5562149 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2016 United States (U.S.) Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth provides a comprehensive evaluation of physical activity levels and factors influencing physical activity among children and youth. METHODS The report card includes 10 indicators: Overall Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Active Transportation, Organized Sport Participation, Active Play, Health-related Fitness, Family and Peers, School, Community and the Built Environment, and Government Strategies and Investments. Nationally representative data were used to evaluate the indicators using a standard grading rubric. RESULTS Sufficient data were available to assign grades to 7 of the indicators, and these ranged from B- for Community and the Built Environment to F for Active Transportation. Overall Physical Activity received a grade of D- due to the low prevalence of meeting physical activity guidelines. A grade of D was assigned to Health-related Fitness, reflecting the low prevalence of meeting cardiorespiratory fitness standards. Disparities across age, gender, racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups were observed for several indicators. CONCLUSIONS Continued poor grades suggest that additional work is required to provide opportunities for U.S. children to be physically active. The observed disparities indicate that special attention should be given to girls, minorities, and those from lower socioeconomic groups when implementing intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim Beals
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Scott E. Crouter
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Thomas L. McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Russell R. Pate
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | | | | | - Heidi I. Stanish
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston
| | - Susan B. Sisson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Chuang E, Brunner J, Moody J, Ibarra L, Hoyt H, McKenzie TL, Binggeli-Vallarta A, Cervantes G, Finlayson TL, Ayala GX. Factors Affecting Implementation of the California Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration (CA-CORD) Project, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E147. [PMID: 27763831 PMCID: PMC5072750 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.160238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ecological approaches to health behavior change require effective engagement from and coordination of activities among diverse community stakeholders. We identified facilitators of and barriers to implementation experienced by project leaders and key stakeholders involved in the Imperial County, California, Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration project, a multilevel, multisector intervention to prevent and control childhood obesity. Methods A total of 74 semistructured interviews were conducted with project leaders (n = 6) and key stakeholders (n = 68) representing multiple levels of influence in the health care, early care and education, and school sectors. Interviews, informed by the Multilevel Implementation Framework, were conducted in 2013, approximately 12 months after year-one project implementation, and were transcribed, coded, and summarized. Results Respondents emphasized the importance of engaging parents and of ensuring support from senior leaders of participating organizations. In schools, obtaining teacher buy-in was described as particularly important, given lower perceived compatibility of the intervention with organizational priorities. From a program planning perspective, key facilitators of implementation in all 3 sectors included taking a participatory approach to the development of program materials, gradually introducing intervention activities, and minimizing staff burden. Barriers to implementation were staff turnover, limited local control over food provided by external vendors or school district policies, and limited availability of supportive resources within the broader community. Conclusion Project leaders and stakeholders in all sectors reported similar facilitators of and barriers to implementation, suggesting the possibility for synergy in intervention planning efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline Chuang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772.
| | - Julian Brunner
- Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jamie Moody
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California
| | | | - Helina Hoyt
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California
| | | | - Griselda Cervantes
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, San Diego, California
| | - Tracy L Finlayson
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, and San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego, California
| | - Guadalupe X Ayala
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, Institute for Behavioral and Community Health, and San Diego State University, College of Health and Human Services, San Diego, California
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Cohen DA, Han B, Nagel CJ, Harnik P, McKenzie TL, Evenson KR, Marsh T, Williamson S, Vaughan C, Katta S. The First National Study of Neighborhood Parks: Implications for Physical Activity. Am J Prev Med 2016; 51:419-26. [PMID: 27209496 PMCID: PMC5030121 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An extensive infrastructure of neighborhood parks supports leisure time physical activity in most U.S. cities; yet, most Americans do not meet national guidelines for physical activity. Neighborhood parks have never been assessed nationally to identify their role in physical activity. METHODS Using a stratified multistage sampling strategy, a representative sample of 174 neighborhood parks in 25 major cities (population >100,000) across the U.S. was selected. Park use, park-based physical activity, and park conditions were observed during a typical week using systematic direct observation during spring/summer of 2014. Park administrators were interviewed to assess policies and practices. Data were analyzed in 2014-2015 using repeated-measure negative binomial regressions to estimate weekly park use and park-based physical activity. RESULTS Nationwide, the average neighborhood park of 8.8 acres averaged 20 users/hour or an estimated 1,533 person hours of weekly use. Walking loops and gymnasia each generated 221 hours/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity. Seniors represented 4% of park users, but 20% of the general population. Parks were used less in low-income than in high-income neighborhoods, largely explained by fewer supervised activities and marketing/outreach efforts. Programming and marketing were associated with 37% and 63% more hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity/week in parks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The findings establish national benchmarks for park use, which can guide future park investments and management practices to improve population health. Offering more programming, using marketing tools like banners and posters, and installing facilities like walking loops, may help currently underutilized parks increase population physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bing Han
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
| | | | - Peter Harnik
- Trust for Public Land, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Sweatha Katta
- City Parks Alliance, Washington, District of Columbia
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Lapham SC, Cohen DA, Williamson S, Han B, Evenson KR, McKenzie TL, Hillier A, Ward P. How important is perception of safety to park use? A four-city survey. Urban Stud 2016; 53:2624-2636. [PMID: 34552299 PMCID: PMC8455087 DOI: 10.1177/0042098015592822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine individual- and park-related characteristics associated with adults visiting their closest neighborhood park and involvement in sports, walking, and sedentary activities. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Neighborhoods surrounding 24 parks in four United States metropolitan areas. SUBJECTS Adults (N = 3,815) (25% African American, 12% Hispanic, and 56% Non-Hispanic White) living within .5 mile of one of 24 public parks. MEASURES Anonymous surveys and park observations. ANALYSIS Chi-square statistics and logistic regression including individual and park characteristics. RESULTS Thirty-seven percent reported never having visited their park; 16% reported using it for regular exercise. Respondents who perceived the parks as safe or very safe had 4.6 times the odds of visiting the parks. Active sports participation was associated with being male, ages 18 to 24, and of African American heritage. Walking was associated with being female, age 47+, and reporting fair or poor health. Females, Hispanics, and those reporting fair/poor health were more likely to report sedentary activities. Park characteristics associated with park use included fewer physical incivilities, closer proximity to homes, more facilities, and organized activities. CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of park safety were strongly associated with ever having visited a respective park, while park characteristics appeared to influence the types of activities performed. Increasing the number of organized activities and offering a variety of different facilities may encourage park use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Lapham
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 612 Encino Place NE, Albuquerque, NM 87102
| | | | | | - Bing Han
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90407
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 137 East Franklin Street, Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- San Diego State University, School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, 5127 Walsh Way, San Diego, CA 92115
| | - Amy Hillier
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Design, 210 South 34th Street, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Phillip Ward
- Ohio State University, School of Physical Activity and Educational Services, 305 W. 17th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210
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Li R, Sit CHP, Yu JJ, Duan JZJ, Fan TCM, McKenzie TL, Wong SHS. Correlates of physical activity in children and adolescents with physical disabilities: A systematic review. Prev Med 2016; 89:184-193. [PMID: 27261407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of physical activity (PA) for children with disabilities are well documented, and children with physical disabilities (PD) are often less active than peers with other disability types. Various correlates associated with PA in children with PD have been identified in separate studies, and a thorough analysis of these correlates could aid in understanding and designing interventions that promote children with PD to be more physically active. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive summary of the correlates of PA in children with PD. METHOD A systematic search using PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsychINFO, Eric, and EMbase was initiated in October 2014 to identify studies examining the correlates of PA in children with PD aged 6-18years. Two researchers independently screened studies, assessed their methodological quality, and extracted relevant data. The correlates were synthesized and further assessed semi-quantitatively. RESULTS A total of 45 articles were included in the detailed review. Several modifiable physical, psychological, and environmental correlates were consistently and positively associated with PA in children with PD. Some non-modifiable correlates (e.g., intellectual ability, parents' ethnicity) were found to be consistently and negatively associated with PA. CONCLUSIONS The correlates of PA in children with PD are multifaceted and along many dimensions. This review can have implications for future studies and these may confirm the consistency of variables related to PA. Insights derived from the outcomes may also foster the measurement of the magnitude of associations that could assist the development of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Li
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cindy H P Sit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Jane J Yu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joyce Z J Duan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas C M Fan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, United States
| | - Stephen H S Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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