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Kim KJ, Park JB, Lee SP, Kim HK, Kim YJ. Thalidomide and a Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor in a Rat Model of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. Korean Circ J 2023; 53:795-810. [PMID: 37880871 PMCID: PMC10751183 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2023.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Myocarditis is a potentially fatal disease, but curative treatments have not yet been established. Myocardial inflammation is an important pathogenesis of this disease, and immunosuppressants such as methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin have been used for treatment; however, the effectiveness needs to be improved. Thalidomide and dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 4 inhibitors were recently investigated regarding their immunomodulatory properties. This study aimed to test whether thalidomide or a DPP4 inhibitor (evogliptin) can improve the effectiveness of myocarditis treatment using a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). METHODS Rats with or without myocarditis were administered thalidomide at 100 mg/kg/day and DPP4 inhibitor at 10 mg/kg/day orally. Measurement of echocardiography, serum inflammatory cytokines, myocardial histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical staining for leukocytes, macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and cytoskeleton were performed after 3 weeks, and the fibrosis area was measured after 3 and 6 weeks. RESULTS Thalidomide and DPP4 inhibitor did not reduce the severity of myocarditis compared with the EAM without treatment rats by comparing the echocardiographic data, myocardial CD4+, macrophages, neutrophil infiltrations, and the heart weight/body weight ratio in 3 weeks. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were not lower in the thalidomide and DPP4 inhibitor-treated group than in the untreated group in 3 weeks. In 6 weeks, thalidomide and DPP4 inhibitors did not reduce the fibrosis area compared to untreated groups. CONCLUSIONS Although thalidomide and the DPP4 inhibitor had an immunomodulatory effect and are used against inflammatory diseases, they did not ameliorate myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in this rat model of EAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Bean Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Therapies to limit myocardial injury in animal models of myocarditis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 114:48. [PMID: 31673885 PMCID: PMC6823299 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current myocarditis guidelines do not advocate treatment to prevent myocardial injury and scar deposition in patients with myocarditis and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. We aimed to ascertain the utility of beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and antagonists of the renin–angiotensin system in ameliorating myocardial injury, scar formation and calcification in animal in vivo models of myocarditis. The project was prospectively registered with the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews (CRD42018089336). Primary outcomes (necrosis, fibrosis and calcification) were meta-analysed with random-effects modelling. 52 studies were systematically reviewed. Meta-analysis was performed compared with untreated controls. In each study, we identified all independent comparisons of treatment versus control groups. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) indicated treatment reduced necrosis by 16.9% (71 controlled analyses, 95% CI 13.2–20.7%; P < 0.001), however there was less evidence of an effect after accounting for publication bias. Treatment led to a 12.8% reduction in fibrosis (73 controlled analyses, 95% CI 7.6–18.0%; P < 0.001). After accounting for publication bias this was attenuated to 7.8% but remained significant. Treatment reduced calcification by 4.1% (28 controlled analyses, 95% CI 0.2–8.0%; P < 0.0395). We observed significant heterogeneity in effect size in all primary endpoints, which was predominantly driven by differences between drug categories. Beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors were the only agents that were effective for both necrosis and fibrosis, while only ACE inhibitors had a significant effect on calcification. This study provides evidence for a role for ACE inhibitors and beta blockers to prevent myocardial injury and scar deposition in in vivo models of myocarditis. There is a need for further well-designed studies to assess the translational application of these treatments.
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Unlubilgin E, Suleyman B, Balci G, Atakan Al R, Cankaya M, Arslan Nayki U, Suleyman H. Prevention of infertility induced by ovarian ischemia reperfusion injury by benidipine in rats: Biochemical, gene expression, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2017; 46:267-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhao S, Yang G, Liu PN, Deng YY, Zhao Z, Sun T, Zhuo XZ, Liu JH, Tian Y, Zhou J, Yuan Z, Wu Y. miR-590-3p Is a Novel MicroRNA in Myocarditis by Targeting Nuclear Factor Kappa-B in vivo. Cardiology 2015; 132:182-8. [PMID: 26278103 DOI: 10.1159/000433596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-954;B)-induced inflammation leads to myocarditis and heart dysfunction. How microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to this process is poorly defined. The aim of this study was to investigate whether miRNAs regulate NF-954;B-induced inflammation in experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS NF-954;B and its related proinflammatory genes, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), were activated in EAM. Profiling of NF-954;B-related miRNAs revealed that miR-590-3p was strikingly reduced in EAM. We found IL-6-induced proinflammatory signaling via miR-590-3p reduction, p50 induction, NF-954;B activation and IL-6/TNF-a expression. Moreover, a luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-590-3p directly interacted with the 3' UTR (untranslated region) of the p50 subunit, and that miR-590-3p overexpression inhibited p50 expression. Finally, miR-590-3p transfection through adeno-associated virus significantly inhibited p50 expression, suppressed NF-954;B activity and blocked IL-6/TNF-a expression in vivo, reducing the lesion area and improving cardiac function in EAM. CONCLUSION miR-590-3p is a novel NF-954;B-related miRNA that directly targets the p50 subunit. This may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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Roubille F, Tournoux F, Roubille C, Merlet N, Davy JM, Rhéaume E, Busseuil D, Tardif JC. Management of pericarditis and myocarditis: could heart-rate-reducing drugs hold a promise? Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 106:672-9. [PMID: 24070595 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2013.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rest is usually recommended in acute pericarditis and acute myocarditis. Given that myocarditis often leads to hospitalization, this task seems easy to carry out in hospital practice; however, it could be a real challenge at home in daily life. Heart rate-lowering treatments (mainly beta-blockers) are usually recommended in case of acute myocarditis, especially in case of heart failure or arrhythmias, but level of proof remains weak. Calcium channel inhibitors and digoxin are sometimes proposed, albeit in limited situations. It is possible that rest or even heart rate-lowering treatments could help to manage these patients by preventing heart failure as well as by limiting "mechanical inflammation" and controlling arrhythmias, especially life-threatening ones. Whether heart rate has an effect on inflammation remains unclear. Several questions remain unsolved, such as the duration of such treatments, especially in light of new heart rate-lowering treatments, such as ivabradine. In this review, we discuss rest and heart-rate lowering medications for the treatment of pericarditis and myocarditis. We also highlight some work in experimental models that indicates the beneficial effects of such treatments for these conditions. Finally, we suggest certain experimental avenues, through the use of animal models and clinical studies, which could lead to improved management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Roubille
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Hirano E, Shimada K, Komiyama T, Fujita M, Kishimoto C. Erythromycin treatment suppresses myocardial injury in autoimmune myocarditis in rats via suppression of superoxide production. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:2228-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Hirata Y, Kurobe H, Uematsu E, Yagi S, Soeki T, Yamada H, Fukuda D, Shimabukuro M, Nakayama M, Matsumoto K, Sakai Y, Kitagawa T, Sata M. Beneficial effect of a synthetic prostacyclin agonist, ONO-1301, in rat autoimmune myocarditis model. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 699:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kishimoto C, Nimata M, Okabe TA, Shioji K. Immunoglobulin treatment ameliorates myocardial injury in experimental autoimmune myocarditis associated with suppression of reactive oxygen species. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:140-5. [PMID: 22244481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypothesis that immunoglobulin ameliorated experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in mice attributing to the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated myocardial injury. METHODS We intraperitoneally administered intact type of human immunoglobulin (Ig) or F(ab')2 fragments of human immunoglobulin, 1g/kg/day daily for 3 weeks, to male BALB/c mice with heart failure due to EAM. RESULTS The results showed that intact type of Ig, but not F(ab')2 type, reduced the severity of myocarditis by comparing the heart weight/body weight and lung weight/body weight ratios, pericardial effusion score, macroscopic and microscopic scores. Tissue superoxide production was marked in untreated mice with EAM, which was suppressed by the treatment of immunoglobulins. The cytotoxic activities of lymphocytes in mice with EAM treated with Ig were reduced compared with untreated controls. The shift from Th1 toward Th2 cytokine balance was demonstrated by the treatment of immunoglobulins both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION ROS may be involved in the development of myocarditis. Intact Ig ameliorates myocardial damage in mice with myocarditis associated with suppression of ROS and cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Kishimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Mito S, Thandavarayan RA, Ma M, Lakshmanan A, Suzuki K, Kodama M, Watanabe K. Inhibition of cardiac oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis by curcumin treatment contributes to protection against acute myocarditis. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1223-31. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.607252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Heidecker B, Kittleson MM, Kasper EK, Wittstein IS, Champion HC, Russell SD, Hruban RH, Rodriguez ER, Baughman KL, Hare JM. Transcriptomic biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis of myocarditis. Circulation 2011; 123:1174-84. [PMID: 21382894 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocytic myocarditis is a clinically important condition that is difficult to diagnose and distinguish. We hypothesized that the transcriptome obtained from an endomyocardial biopsy would yield clinically relevant and accurate molecular signatures. METHODS AND RESULTS Microarray analysis was performed on samples from patients with histologically proven lymphocytic myocarditis (n=16) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (n=32) to develop accurate diagnostic transcriptome-based biomarkers using multiple classification algorithms. We identified 9878 differentially expressed genes in lymphocytic myocarditis versus idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (fold change >1.2; false discovery rate <5%) from which a transcriptome-based biomarker containing 62 genes was identified that distinguished myocarditis with 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval, 46 to 100) and 100% specificity (95% confidence interval, 66 to 100) and was generalizable to a broad range of secondary cardiomyopathies associated with inflammation (n=27), ischemic cardiomyopathy (n=8), and the normal heart (n=11). Multiple classification algorithms and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis further reduced this subset to a highly robust molecular signature of 13 genes, which still performed with 100% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings demonstrate that transcriptomic biomarkers from a single endomyocardial biopsy can improve the clinical detection of patients with inflammatory diseases of the heart. This approach advances the clinical management and treatment of cardiac disorders with highly variable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Heidecker
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Bldg, Room 824, PO Box 016960 (R-125), Miami, FL 33101, USA
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11
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Augustyniak A, Bartosz G, Čipak A, Duburs G, Horáková L, Łuczaj W, Majekova M, Odysseos AD, Rackova L, Skrzydlewska E, Stefek M, Štrosová M, Tirzitis G, Venskutonis PR, Viskupicova J, Vraka PS, Žarković N. Natural and synthetic antioxidants: An updated overview. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1216-62. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.508495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Effects of angiotensin-II receptor blockers on experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Int J Cardiol 2009; 137:282-8. [PMID: 19896742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.09.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) on the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and other cardiovascular diseases have been confirmed extensively. However, recent studies have emphasized the nonhemodynamic effects of these drugs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ARBs on the development of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), and to clarify the mechanisms involved. METHODS EAM model was induced in Lewis rats by injection of porcine cardiac myosin subcutaneously. We administered valsartan (a new ARB) to rats with EAM and measured blood pressure regularly. Echocardiography was performed to examine the cardiac function and heart structure of the rats. The severity of myocarditis was detected by histopathological evaluation. We evaluated antigen-specific T-cell proliferation responses to cardiac myosin by the lymphocyte proliferation assay and measured serum levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the blood pressure (BP) level between the groups and cardiac function of valsartan-treated rats was significantly improved compared with untreated rats. Valsartan markedly reduced the severity of myocardial lesions and suppressed lymphocyte proliferation in rats immunized with myosin. After drug administration, Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-2) were significantly down-regulated, while Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were detected to undergo up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that valsartan can ameliorate EAM independent of BP-lowering effects. Some of the beneficial effects of ARBs may be due to their immunomodulatory reactions in the modification of helper T-cell balance.
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Omae K, Ogawa T, Nitta K. Influence of T-calcium channel blocker treatment on deterioration of renal function in chronic kidney disease. Heart Vessels 2009; 24:301-7. [PMID: 19626404 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-008-1125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Some calcium channel blockers (CCBs) have renoprotective effects. Our aim was to compare the effects of different subclasses of CCBs on the deterioration of renal function in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is a prospective, observational cohort study in a single center. The subjects were 107 nondiabetic CKD patients. The rate of deterioration of estimated glomerular filtration rate (DeltaeGFR) was calculated by [last visit eGFR - baseline eGFR/follow-up duration]. Multivariate analysis was performed using the change in urinary protein (DeltaUP) and DeltaeGFR during follow-up as response variables. CCB subclasses were L-type in 76 patients, T- and L-type in 28 patients, and nondihydropyridines in 6 patients. Multiregression analysis indicated that higher baseline proteinuria (UP) and the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers were associated with the decrease of UP, while the use of L-type CCBs, prednisolone, and probucol was associated with the increase of UP. The use of T- and L-type CCBs, ACEIs and diuretics was associated with a good outcome in terms of DeltaeGFR, whereas chronic glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and higher baseline eGFR and UP were associated with a poor outcome. It is suggested that the use of T- and L-type CCB among other subclasses may improve the outcome of patients with nondiabetic CKD in terms of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotsugu Omae
- Internal Medicine Department, Yoshikawa Hospital, Tokyo, [corrected] Japan
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Naloxone, an Opiate Receptor Antagonist, Ameliorates Acute Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis by Reducing Cytotoxic Activities. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 52:445-51. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31818c8605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Kittleson MM, Lowenstein CJ, Hare JM. Novel pathogenetic mechanisms in myocarditis: nitric oxide signaling. Heart Fail Clin 2007; 1:345-61. [PMID: 17386859 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gong X, Feng H, Zhang S, Yu Y, Li J, Wang J, Guo B. Increased expression of CCR5 in experimental autoimmune myocarditis and reduced severity induced by anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 42:781-91. [PMID: 17362985 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease. CCR5, which is expressed mostly on activated T cells and monocytes/macrophages, are potent chemotactic factors for autoimmune myocarditis. We investigated the role of CCR5 in the formation of experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Expression of CCR5 and its cognate ligands was assessed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. Single-cell suspension of splenocytes and whole blood specimens from EAM mice were subjected to flow-cytometry analysis. We investigated the critical role of CCR5 in EAM mice by adoptively transferring CCR5-positive/negative T cells to mice and by neutralizing CCR5 with monoclonal antibody to observe the influence on the severity and prevalence of myocarditis. In this report, we found that CCR5-positive cells predominate in infiltrated inflammatory cells in cardiac tissue of EAM mice and CCR5-positive T cells in peripheral blood increased markedly in EAM mice compared with controls. Moreover, we demonstrated that the severity of myocarditis was significantly reduced when CCR5-negative T cells from EAM mice were adoptively transferred. When administrated with CCR5-positive T cells, the myocarditis was significantly aggravated. We also demonstrated that blockade of CCR5 with monoclonal antibodies significantly reduced severity of myocarditis in EAM mice. Overall, these findings indicate that CCR5 is important in the induction of EAM and inhibition of CCR5 with monoclonal antibody significantly reduces the severity of myocarditis. CCR5 may have the potential to become a new therapy target against autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Gong
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Briede J, Stivrina M, Stoldere D, Vigante B, Duburs G. Effect of cerebrocrast, a new long-acting compound on blood glucose and insulin levels in rats when administered before and after STZ-induced diabetes mellitus. Cell Biochem Funct 2007; 25:673-80. [PMID: 16986170 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by selective destruction of insulin secreting pancreatic islets beta-cells. The formation of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, etc.) leads to extensive morphological damage of beta-cells, DNA fragmentation, decrease of glucose oxidation, impaired glucose-insulin secretion and decreased insulin action and proinsulin biosynthesis. We examined the protective effect of a 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) derivative cerebrocrast (synthesized in the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis) on pancreatic beta-cells in rats possessing diabetes induced with the autoimmunogenic compound streptozotocin (STZ). Cerebrocrast administration at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) 1 h or 3 days prior to STZ as well as at 24 and 48 h after STZ administration partially prevented pancreatic beta-cells from the toxic effects of STZ, and delayed the development of hyperglycaemia. Administration of cerebrocrast starting 48 h after STZ-induced diabetes in rats for 3 consecutive days at doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) significantly decreased blood glucose level, and the effect remained 10 days after the last administration. Moreover, in these rats, cerebrocrast evoked an increase of serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) level during 7 diabetic days as compared to both the control normal rats and the STZ-induced diabetic control rats. The STZ-induced diabetic rats that received cerebrocrast had a significantly high serum IRI level from the 14th to 21st diabetic days in comparison with the STZ-induced diabetic control. The IRI level in serum as well as the glucose disposal rate were significantly increased after stimulation of pancreatic beta-cells with glucose in normal rats that received cerebrocrast, administered 60 min before glucose. Glucose disposal rate in STZ-induced diabetic rats as a result of cerebrocrast administration was also increased in comparison with STZ-diabetic control rats. Administration of cerebrocrast in combination with insulin intensified the effect of insulin. The hypoglycaemic effect of cerebrocrast primarily can be explained by its immunomodulative properties. Moreover, cerebrocrast can act through extrapancreatic mechanisms that favour the expression of glucose transporters, de novo insulin receptors formation in several cell membranes as well as glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Briede
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
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Shimada K, Kishimoto C, Okabe TA, Hattori M, Murayama T, Yokode M, Kita T. Exercise Training Reduces Severity of Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice via Nitric Oxide. Circ J 2007; 71:1147-51. [PMID: 17587726 DOI: 10.1253/circj.71.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training may protect against the development of atherosclerosis, although the precise mechanisms are still unknown. The present study assessed the hypothesis that exercise training would reduce the severity of experimental atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E (apoE)-deficient mice via nitric oxide (NO). METHODS AND RESULTS ApoE-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet underwent exercise training (30 min swimming) 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The exercise group were also given oral N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME; 25 mg x kg (-1) x day(-1)), an inhibitor of NO synthase. Fatty streak plaque lesions developed in ApoE-deficient mice fed the high-fat diet, and were suppressed in the mice that underwent swimming training. In contrast, atherosclerotic lesions were not ameliorated in mice that had exercise training plus oral L-NAME treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression of endothelial NO increased in mice undergoing exercise compared with the mice that did not exercise, and that the expression was suppressed in the mice having exercise plus oral L-NAME treatment. Differences in lesion area did not correlate with any significant alterations in serum lipid levels. CONCLUSION Exercise training suppressed atherosclerosis via the NO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Shimada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Veeraveedu PT, Watanabe K, Ma M, Gurusamy N, Palaniyandi SS, Wen J, Prakash P, Wahed MII, Kamal FA, Mito S, Kunisaki M, Kodama M, Aizawa Y. Comparative Effects of Pranidipine with Amlodipine in Rats with Heart Failure. Pharmacology 2006; 77:1-10. [PMID: 16508340 DOI: 10.1159/000091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the cardioprotective properties of long-acting calcium channel antagonist pranidipine with amlodipine in rat model of heart failure induced by autoimmune myocarditis. Twenty-eight days after immunization the surviving rats were randomized for the oral administration of low-dose amlodipine (1 mg/kg/day), high-dose amlodipine (5 mg/kg/day), pranidipine (0.3 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose). After oral administration for 1 month, the animals underwent echocardiography and hemodynamic analysis. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and Western immunoblotting were carried out in the heart samples. Both pranidipine and high-dose amlodipine increased survival rate. Although the heart rate did not differ among the four groups, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly decreased and +/-dP/dt was increased in the pranidipine- and high-dose amlodipine-treated rats, but not in low-dose amlodipine-treated rats. In comparison to amlodipine treatment, pranidipine treatment significantly reduced myocyte size and central venous pressure. Furthermore, both pranidipine and high-dose amlodipine treatment significantly reduced myocardial protein levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and inducible nitric oxide synthase, whereas pranidipine only significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and improved sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase2 protein levels. We conclude that pranidipine ameliorates the progression of left ventricular dysfunction and cardiac remodeling in rats with heart failure after autoimmune myocarditis in a lower dose when compared to amlodipine and which may be a clinically potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punniyakoti T Veeraveedu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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20
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Kawada H, Niwano S, Niwano H, Yumoto Y, Wakisaka Y, Yuge M, Kawahara K, Izumi T. Tumor Necrosis Factor-.ALPHA. Downregulates the Voltage Gated Outward K+ Current in Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes A Possible Cause of Electrical Remodeling in Diseased Hearts. Circ J 2006; 70:605-9. [PMID: 16636498 DOI: 10.1253/circj.70.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory cytokines have been reported to contribute to the progression of cardiac remodeling in various heart diseases and a remarkable prolongation of the monophasic action potential duration and reductions in the expression of Kv4.2 and K+ channel-interacting protein-2 (KChIP-2) in a rat autoimmune myocarditis model have been documented. In this study, the effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on cultured cardiomyocytes was evaluated, focusing on the change in the voltage-gated outward K+ current and expression of related molecules. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiomyocytes isolated from 1-day-old Lewis rats were cultured for 72 h and treated with TNF-alpha (50 ng/ml) for an additional 48 h. The myocytes treated with TNF-alpha showed a 22% reduction in the peak K+ current, which consisted of a transient outward K+ current (Ito) and 1.4-fold enhancement of the cell-capacitance in comparison with the control. Among the cardiac ion channel related molecules evaluated in this study, Kv4.2 and KChIP-2 mRNA exhibited remarkable reductions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with TNF-alpha induced reductions in Ito as well as cellular hypertrophy in neonatal cultured myocytes, which indicates that TNF-alpha might play a role in promoting electrical remodeling of cardiomyocytes under inflammatory conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Heart Diseases/pathology
- Heart Diseases/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy/chemically induced
- Hypertrophy/pathology
- Kv Channel-Interacting Proteins/drug effects
- Kv Channel-Interacting Proteins/genetics
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Potassium/metabolism
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Shal Potassium Channels/drug effects
- Shal Potassium Channels/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kawada
- Department of Angio-cardiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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21
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Yao K, Nagashima K, Miki H. Pharmacological, Pharmacokinetic, and Clinical Properties of Benidipine Hydrochloride, a Novel, Long-Acting Calcium Channel Blocker. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 100:243-61. [PMID: 16565579 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.dtj05001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Benidipine is a dihydropyridine-derived calcium channel blocker developed in Japan, with several unique mechanisms of action, that is, triple calcium channels (L, N, and T) blocking action with a membrane approach. Benidipine has relatively high vascular selectivity and is expected to show protective effects on vascular endothelial cells. Renal protective effects of benidipine also have been shown in several basic and clinical studies. Moreover, anti-oxidative action and enhancing nitric oxide production have been noted with this drug, following its cardio-protective effects in patients with ischemic heart diseases. In fact, benidipine exerted a better prognostic effect than other calcium channel blockers in the therapy for patients with vasospastic angina. In addition, benidipine showed reliable antihypertensive, renoprotective effects if used in combination with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) when adequate anti-hypertensive effects are not achieved by ARBs alone, indicating that benidipine is an useful calcium channel blocker in combination therapy for hypertension. Benidipine was launched on the Japanese market 14 years ago, but few severe side effects have been reported, suggesting that this is a drug with established safety and long-acting pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan
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22
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Hayasaki T, Kaikita K, Okuma T, Yamamoto E, Kuziel WA, Ogawa H, Takeya M. CC Chemokine Receptor-2 Deficiency Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Infarct Size Caused by Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion in Mice. Circ J 2006; 70:342-51. [PMID: 16501303 DOI: 10.1253/circj.70.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and its major receptor, CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), have been shown to contribute to left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. However, it is unknown whether CCR2 deficiency protects the myocardium after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of CCR2 deficiency on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were performed in CCR2(-/-) and wild-type mice subjected to 45 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Macrophage infiltration in ischemic lesions was markedly reduced in CCR2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice (p<0.01). The infarct size was significantly reduced in CCR2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice at 3 days after reperfusion (p<0.001). In situ zymography revealed augmented gelatinolytic activity at 3 days after reperfusion in wild-type mice, but significantly less activity in CCR2(-/-) mice. NADPH oxidase activity, the intensity of nitrotyrosine staining and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and thioredoxin-1 were significantly increased in ischemic myocardium in wild-type mice compared with CCR2(-/-) mice, indicating a role for CCR2 in oxidative stress after ischemia-reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of the MCP-1/CCR2 pathway may be a useful strategy for attenuating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Hayasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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23
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Yuan Z, Nimata M, Okabe TA, Shioji K, Hasegawa K, Kita T, Kishimoto C. Olmesartan, a novel AT1 antagonist, suppresses cytotoxic myocardial injury in autoimmune heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H1147-52. [PMID: 15879491 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00078.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some ANG II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonists are reported to inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects of the drugs on autoimmune diseases are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that olmesartan, a novel AT1 antagonist, ameliorated experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in rats attributed to the suppression of inflammatory cytokines as well as to the immunomodulatory action of the heart. We administered olmesartan orally at does of 1, 3, and 10 mg·kg−1·day−1 to rats with EAM for 3 wk. The results showed that olmesartan decreased blood pressure significantly compared with the untreated group and markedly reduced the severity of myocarditis associated with the decrease of myocardial macrophage, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell expression by comparison of heart wt-to-body wt ratios, pericardial effusion scores, and macroscopic and microscopic scores. Numbers of myocardial interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-positive-staining cells (obtained by immunohistochemistry) and quantities of IL-1β expression (obtained by Western blotting) were significantly lower in rats with EAM given olmesartan treatment compared with rats given vehicle. Cardiac myosin-specific, delayed-type hypersensitivity was significantly lower in olmesartan-treated rats than in control rats. The cytotoxic activities of lymphocytes in rats with EAM treated with olmesartan were reduced compared with untreated control rats. In vitro study showed that both olmesartan and its active metabolite RNH-6270 suppressed IL-1β production in U-937 cells and cultured myocytes. Olmesartan ameliorates acute EAM in rats. The cardioprotection of olmesartan may be due to suppression of inflammatory cytokines as well as to suppressive effects of cytotoxic myocardial injury in addition to hemodynamic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Univ., 54 Kawaracho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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24
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Maeda K, Shioi T, Kosugi R, Yoshida Y, Takahashi K, Machida Y, Izumi T. Rapamycin Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. Int Heart J 2005; 46:513-30. [PMID: 16043946 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.46.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis in rats is a model of human dilated cardiomyopathy. Rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant and specifically inactivates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). To examine the role of mTOR in autoimmune myocarditis, we administered rapamycin to rats immunized with cardiac myosin. Phosphorylation of p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), a target of mTOR, was increased by 6.9 fold in the heart tissue of myosin immunized rats. Rapamycin (2 mg/kg/day) completely suppressed S6K1 and S6 phosphorylation. The amount of interleukin-1beta, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in the heart tissue was markedly increased in myosin-immunized rats, and rapamycin significantly attenuated the cytokine gene expressions. Rapamycin improved the survival of the rats and preserved cardiac function. The plasma level of brain natriuretic peptide increased by 4.7 fold in myosin-immunized rats, and rapamycin attenuated the increase in plasma brain natriuretic peptide. The heart weight/tibial length ratio of vehicle-treated myosin-immunized rats was increased by 1.81 +/- 0.06 fold compared with vehicle-treated unimmunized rats, and rapamycin suppressed the increase in heart weight. Rapamycin decreased the cellular infiltration and fibrosis of the myocardium. The amount of phosphorylated S6 was increased in the infiltrating mononuclear cells in vehicle-treated myosin-immunized rats. Rapamycin significantly ameliorated myocardial injury and preserved cardiac function in a rat model of autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Maeda
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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25
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Shioji K, Yuan Z, Kita T, Kishimoto C. Immunoglobulin treatment suppressed adoptively transferred autoimmune myocarditis in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2619-25. [PMID: 15308483 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01130.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the suppressive effects of immunoglobulin (Ig) on effector T cells in autoimmune myocarditis. Treatment with Ig reduced production of the so-called T-helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines stimulated by concanavalin A or cardiac myosin in cultured lymph node (LN) cells from rats with myocarditis. The cytotoxic activities of LN cells from rats immunized with myosin and treated with Ig were reduced against cardiomyocytes and F-2 cells compared with those treated without Ig. The adoptive transfer of myocarditis from LN cells of Lewis rats with myocarditis to severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) recipients was successfully achieved. Treatment with Ig, but not with F(ab′)2fragments of Ig, reduced the mortality and severity of myocarditis in SCID recipient mice. Decreased ability of LN cells of Ig-treated rats, but not rats treated with F(ab′)2fragments, to transfer autoimmune myocarditis was also demonstrated. The findings of the present study suggest that autoimmune myocarditis was successfully transferred to SCID mice and that treatment with Ig ameliorated autoimmune myocarditis by inducing selective myosin unresponsiveness via the Fc portion, resulting in suppression of Th1 cytokine production and cytotoxic activities of LN cells, which operated together in the development of autoimmune myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shioji
- Dept. of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Univ., 54 Kawaracho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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26
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Wahed MII, Watanabe K, Ma M, Nakazawa M, Takahashi T, Hasegawa G, Naito M, Yamamoto T, Kodama M, Aizawa Y. Effects of Pranidipine, a Novel Calcium Channel Antagonist, on the Progression of Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Remodeling in Rats with Heart Failure. Pharmacology 2004; 72:26-32. [PMID: 15292652 DOI: 10.1159/000078629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cardioprotective properties of pranidipine were studied in a rat model of heart failure after autoimmune myocarditis. Twenty-eight days after immunization the surviving rats were divided into three groups and received oral treatment of 0.03 mg/kg/day (group 0.03) or 0.3 mg/kg/day (group 0.3) of pranidipine or vehicle (group V) for 1 month. High-dose pranidipine (group 0.3) improved the survival rate, and significantly reduced heart weight, heart weight to body weight ratio, myocardial fibrosis, central venous pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure than low-dose pranidipine (group 0.03) and group V. Pranidipine at high dose also decreased the left ventricular systolic and diastolic dimensions, and increased fractional shortening compared with group V. The increase in level of TGF-beta1 and collagen-III mRNA were suppressed by pranidipine in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicated that pranidipine has cardioprotective effects on heart failure, and that the beneficial effect can be partly explained by attenuation of fibrotic response through suppression of TGF-beta1 and collagen-III mRNA expression, and regression of myocyte hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Imam Ibne Wahed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Kamishin-ei-cho, Japan
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27
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Liu HR, Gao F, Tao L, Yan WL, Gao E, Christopher TA, Lopez BL, Hu A, Ma XL. Antiapoptotic mechanisms of benidipine in the ischemic/reperfused heart. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:627-34. [PMID: 15172961 PMCID: PMC1575055 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Considerable evidence indicates that calcium plays a critical role in apoptosis. We have previously shown that benidipine, a vasodilatory calcium channel blocker, attenuates postischemia myocardial apoptosis. The present study was designed to determine the mechanisms by which benidipine exerts its antiapoptotic effect. 2. Adult male rats were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Rats were randomized to receive either vehicle or benidipine (10 microg x kg(-1), i.v.) 10 min before reperfusion. 3. Compared with rats receiving vehicle, those rats treated with benidipine had reduced postischemic myocardial apoptosis as evidenced by decreased TUNEL-positive staining (8.4+/-1.2 vs 15.3+/-1.3%, P<0.01) and caspase-3 activity (1.94+/-0.25 vs 3.43+/-0.29, P<0.01). 4. Benidipine treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase-9 activation, but had no effect on caspase-8 activation, suggesting that benidipine exerts its antiapoptotic effect by inhibiting the mitochondrial-mediated, but not death receptor-mediated, apoptotic pathway. 4. 5. Benidipine treatment not only increased the maximal activity of ERK1/2 at 10 min after reperfusion, but also prolonged the duration of ERK1/2 activation. Benidipine treatment had no significant effect on other apoptotic regulating molecules, such as p38 MAPK. 6. Taken together, our present study demonstrated for the first time the differential regulation of a calcium channel blocker. Benidipine tilted the balance between ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK toward an antiapoptotic state, decreased mitochondrial cytochrome c release, reduced caspase-9 activation, and attenuated subsequent caspase-3 activation and postischemic myocardial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Rong Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, P.R. China
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A
| | - Wen-Li Yan
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, P.R. China
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A
| | - Theodore A Christopher
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A
| | - Bernard L Lopez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A
| | - Aihua Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A
| | - Xin L Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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