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Calabrese E, Pressman P. Enhancing the human health and lifespan: a targeted strategy emphasizing statins. Biogerontology 2024:10.1007/s10522-024-10112-y. [PMID: 38811414 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-024-10112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
There has been substantial research interest in finding activities/agents that slow the onset and reduce the severity of numerous age-related diseases/conditions. This assessment indicates that the most studied agent intended to promote health in human population investigations for a broad spectrum of diseases are the statins, with large-scale epidemiological studies addressing numerous health endpoints. The key findings are that statin treatment consistently reduces the occurrence and attenuates the course of numerous non-communicable and contagious pathologies and numerous types of cancer with high mortality rates by about 20-50%. That one agent could affect such a broad based and consistently positive trends in epidemiological studies is unexpected and impressive, along with consistent cell and animal model research. Underlying mechanisms have been proposed that significantly contribute to the spectrum of salutary effects of statins, especially the capacity to activate Nrf2 showing hormetic dose responses in multiple organs and cell types, due to its bioavailability and broad tissue distribution. The widespread use of statins, which has the capacity to enhance human health span, should be considered for experimental exploration as a novel public health strategy that includes practical approaches for reduction of the most common adverse effects of this class of drugs including myalgia/myopathy and transaminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Morrill I, N344, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Peter Pressman
- University of Maine, 5728 Fernald Hall, Room 201, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
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Malektaj H, Nour S, Imani R, Siadati MH. Angiogenesis induction as a key step in cardiac tissue Regeneration: From angiogenic agents to biomaterials. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123233. [PMID: 37460050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. After myocardial infarction, the vascular supply of the heart is damaged or blocked, leading to the formation of scar tissue, followed by several cardiac dysfunctions or even death. In this regard, induction of angiogenesis is considered as a vital process for supplying nutrients and oxygen to the cells in cardiac tissue engineering. The current review aims to summarize different approaches of angiogenesis induction for effective cardiac tissue repair. Accordingly, a comprehensive classification of induction of pro-angiogenic signaling pathways through using engineered biomaterials, drugs, angiogenic factors, as well as combinatorial approaches is introduced as a potential platform for cardiac regeneration application. The angiogenic induction for cardiac repair can enhance patient treatment outcomes and generate economic prospects for the biomedical industry. The development and commercialization of angiogenesis methods often involves collaboration between academic institutions, research organizations, and biomedical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haniyeh Malektaj
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 16, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Shirin Nour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rana Imani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad H Siadati
- Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Ahmadi Y, Fard JK, Ghafoor D, Eid AH, Sahebkar A. Paradoxical effects of statins on endothelial and cancer cells: the impact of concentrations. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:43. [PMID: 36899388 PMCID: PMC9999585 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their lipid-lowering functions, statins elicit additional pleiotropic effects on apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, senescence, and oxidative stress. Many of these effects have been reported in cancerous and noncancerous cells like endothelial cells (ECs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and human umbilical vein cells (HUVCs). Not surprisingly, statins' effects appear to vary largely depending on the cell context, especially as pertains to modulation of cell cycle, senescence, and apoptotic processes. Perhaps the most critical reason for this discordance is the bias in selecting the applied doses in various cells. While lower (nanomolar) concentrations of statins impose anti-senescence, and antiapoptotic effects, higher concentrations (micromolar) appear to precipitate opposite effects. Indeed, most studies performed in cancer cells utilized high concentrations, where statin-induced cytotoxic and cytostatic effects were noted. Some studies report that even at low concentrations, statins induce senescence or cytostatic impacts but not cytotoxic effects. However, the literature appears to be relatively consistent that in cancer cells, statins, in both low or higher concentrations, induce apoptosis or cell cycle arrest, anti-proliferative effects, and cause senescence. However, statins' effects on ECs depend on the concentrations; at micromolar concentrations statins cause cell senescence and apoptosis, while at nonomolar concentrations statins act reversely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ahmadi
- College of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, 46001, Sulaymania, Iraq.
| | - Javad Khalili Fard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dlzar Ghafoor
- College of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, 46001, Sulaymania, Iraq
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Zahedipour F, Butler AE, Eid AH, Sahebkar A. Pleiotropic properties of statins via angiogenesis modulation in cardiovascular disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103325. [PMID: 35872297 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by statins is affected by inhibiting the active site of the enzyme in a competitive manner. Statins reduce plasma cholesterol by inhibiting its de novo synthesis. In addition, statins impart 'pleiotropic' activities that do not directly relate to their ability to decrease cholesterol. The proangiogenic and antiangiogenic characteristics of statins are among these pleiotropic effects. These angiogenic-modifying properties could offer new therapeutic applications. Statins stimulate or suppress angiogenesis in a biphasic manner. Whereas low doses of statin stimulate angiogenesis, high doses reduce protein prenylation and limit cell development and angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss how statins impact angiogenesis, with a particular focus on angiogenesis in stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Chen W, Xie G, Lu Y, Wang J, Feng B, Wang Q, Xu K, Bao J. An improved osseointegration of metal implants by pitavastatin loaded multilayer films with osteogenic and angiogenic properties. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121260. [PMID: 34823885 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of works have highlighted the importance of metal implants surface modification in enhancing bone defect healing through the synergistic osteogenesis-angiogenesis regulation. Studies have shown that pitavastatin has the effect of promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. However, how to prepare pitavastatin functionalized implants and how pitavastatin regulates the synergies of osteogenesis and angiogenesis around implants as well as the related mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, multilayer films with osteogenic and angiogenic properties were constructed on pure titanium substrates via the layer-by-layer assembly of pitavastatin-loaded β-cyclodextrin grafted chitosan and gelatin. In vitro experiments demonstrated that locally applied pitavastatin could dramatically enhance osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and angiogenic potential of endothelial cells (ECs). Moreover, pitavastatin loaded multilayer films could regulate the paracrine signaling mediated crosstalk between MSCs and ECs, and indirectly increase the angiogenic potential of MSCs and osteogenic potential of ECs via multiple paracrine signaling. The results of subcutaneous and femur implantation confirmed that locally released pitavastatin had potentially triggered a chain of biological events: mobilizing endogenous stem cells and ECs to the implant-bone interface, in turn facilitating coupled osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and eventually enhancing peri-implant osseointegration. This study enlarges the application scope of pitavastatin and provides an optional choice for developing a multifunctional bioactive coating on the surfaces of mental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Guoliang Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Baihuan Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Kui Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, PR China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Jiaqi Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, PR China
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Wang K, Shang T, Zhang L, Zhou L, Liu C, Fu Y, Zhao Y, Li X, Wang J. Application of a Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Drug-Eluting Coating for Surface Modification of Vascular Stents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:35431-35443. [PMID: 34304556 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stent implantation is the primary method used to treat coronary heart disease. However, it is associated with complications such as restenosis and late thrombosis. Despite surface modification being an effective way to improve the biocompatibility of stents, the current research studies are not focused on changes in the vascular microenvironment at the implantation site. In the present study, an adaptive drug-loaded coating was constructed on the surface of vascular stent materials that can respond to oxidative stress at the site of vascular lesions. Two functional molecules, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and cysteine hydrochloride, were employed to fabricate a coating on the surface of 316L stainless steel. In addition, the coating was used as a drug carrier to load pitavastatin calcium. EGCG has antioxidant activity, and pitavastatin calcium can inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Therefore, EGCG and pitavastatin calcium provided a synergistic anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, the coating was cross-linked using disulfide bonds, which accelerated the release of the drug in response to reactive oxygen species. A positive correlation was observed between the rate of drug release and the degree of oxidative stress. Collectively, this drug-loaded oxidative stress-responsive coating has been demonstrated to significantly inhibit inflammation, accelerate endothelialization, and reduce the risk of restenosis of vascular stents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tengda Shang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Changqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yudie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yuancong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry and School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Pitavastatin stimulates retinal angiogenesis via HMG-CoA reductase-independent activation of RhoA-mediated pathways and focal adhesion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:2707-2716. [PMID: 34328550 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive angiogenesis of the retina is a key component of irreversible causes of blindness in many ocular diseases. Pitavastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Various studies have shown the effects of pitavastatin on angiogenesis but the conclusions are contradictory. The effects of pitavastatin on retinal angiogenesis have not been revealed. This study investigated the effects of pitavastatin at clinically relevant concentrations on retinal angiogenesis and its underlying mechanisms using retinal microvascular endothelial cells (RMECs). METHODS The effects of pitavastatin on retinal angiogenesis were determined using in vitro model of retinal angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis assays. The mechanism studies were conducted using immunoblotting and stress fiber staining. RESULTS Pitavastatin stimulated capillary network formation of RMECs in a similar manner as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pitavastatin also increased RMEC migration, adhesion to Matrigel, growth, and survival. The combination of pitavastatin with VEGF or LPS was more effective than VEGF or LPS alone in stimulating biological activities of RMECs, suggesting that pitavastatin can enhance the stimulatory effects of VEGF and LPS on retinal angiogenesis. Pitavastatin acted on RMECs in a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase-independent manner. In contrast, pitavastatin activated pro-angiogenic microenvironment via promoting the secretion of VEGF and stimulated retinal angiogenesis via multiple mechanisms including activation of RhoA-mediated pathways, induction of focal adhesion complex formation, and activation of ERK pathway. CONCLUSION Our work provides a preclinical evidence on the pro-angiogenic effect of pitavastatin in retina via multiple mechanisms that are irrelevant to mevalonate pathway.
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Voss L, Guttek K, Reddig A, Reinhold A, Voss M, Simeoni L, Schraven B, Reinhold D. Pitavastatin Is a Highly Potent Inhibitor of T-Cell Proliferation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080727. [PMID: 34451823 PMCID: PMC8399298 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repositioning of approved drugs is an alternative time- and cost-saving strategy to classical drug development. Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors that are usually used as cholesterol-lowering medication, and they also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we observed that the addition of Pitavastatin at nanomolar concentrations inhibits the proliferation of CD3/CD28 antibody-stimulated human T cells of healthy donors in a dose-dependent fashion. The 50% inhibition of proliferation (IC50) were 3.6 and 48.5 nM for freshly stimulated and pre-activated T cells, respectively. In addition, Pitavastatin suppressed the IL-10 and IL-17 production of stimulated T cells. Mechanistically, we found that treatment of T cells with doses <1 µM of Pitavastatin induced hyperphosphorylation of ERK1/2, and activation of caspase-9, -3 and -7, thus leading to apoptosis. Mevalonic acid, cholesterol and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 reversed this Pitavastatin-mediated ERK1/2 activation and apoptosis of T cells. In summary, our results suggest that Pitavastatin is a highly potent inhibitor of T-cell proliferation, which induces apoptosis via pro-apoptotic ERK1/2 activation, thus representing a potential repositioning candidate for the treatment of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Voss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Karina Guttek
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Annika Reddig
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infection and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Fakulty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Luca Simeoni
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infection and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Fakulty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infection and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Fakulty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (L.V.); (K.G.); (A.R.); (A.R.); (M.V.); (L.S.); (B.S.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infection and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Fakulty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-6715857
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Cholesterol-lowering drug pitavastatin targets lung cancer and angiogenesis via suppressing prenylation-dependent Ras/Raf/MEK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 31:377-384. [PMID: 32011362 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic agents that target both tumor cell and vascular endothelial cell may achieve additional anti-tumor efficacy, particularly in lung cancer due to the critical roles of angiogenesis during lung cancer progression and metastasis. In this work, we showed that pitavastatin, a novel cholesterol-lowering drug, potently inhibited lung cancer cells and angiogenesis. This was achieved by the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation of lung cancer cells and human lung tumor-associated endothelial cell. Pitavastatin was not only effective to chemo-sensitive but also chemo-resistant lung cancer cells. This was also consistent with the finding that pitavastatin significantly enhanced cisplatin's efficacy in lung cancer xenograft model without causing toxicity in mice. We further showed that pitavastatin inhibited lung tumor angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo through suppressing human lung tumor-associated endothelial cell migration and morphogenesis without affecting adhesion. Mechanistically, we showed that pitavastatin acted on lung cancer cells and human lung tumor-associated endothelial cell through suppressing prenylation-dependent Ras/Raf/MEK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Our work is the first to demonstrate the inhibitory effects of pitavastatin on Ras-mediated signaling. Our findings provide pre-clinical evidence to repurpose pitavastatin for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Searle T, Al‐Niaimi F, Ali FR. Rosacea and the cardiovascular system. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19:2182-2187. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Searle
- University of Birmingham Medical School Birmingham UK
| | - Firas Al‐Niaimi
- Department of Dermatology Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark
| | - Faisal R. Ali
- Vernova Healthcare CIC Macclesfield UK
- Dermatological Surgery & Laser Unit Guy's Hospital Cancer Centre St John's Institute of DermatologyGuy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK
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Liao S, Han L, Zheng X, Wang X, Zhang P, Wu J, Liu R, Fu Y, Sun J, Kang X, Liu K, Fan TP, Li S, Zheng X. Tanshinol borneol ester, a novel synthetic small molecule angiogenesis stimulator inspired by botanical formulations for angina pectoris. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3143-3160. [PMID: 31116880 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tanshinol borneol ester (DBZ) is a novel synthetic compound derived from Dantonic® , a botanical drug approved in 26 countries outside the United States for angina pectoris and currently undergoing FDA Phase III clinical trial. Here, we investigated the angiogenic effects of (S)-DBZ and (R)-DBZ isomers in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A network pharmacology approach was used to predict molecular targets of DBZ. The effects of DBZ isomers on proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human endothelial cells were assessed. For in vivo approaches, the transgenic Tg (vegfr2:GFP) zebrafish and C57BL/6 mouse Matrigel plug models were used. ELISA and western blots were used to quantitate the release and expression of relevant target molecules and signalling pathways. KEY RESULTS DBZ produced a biphasic modulation on proliferation and migration of three types of human endothelial cells. Both DBZ isomers induced tube formation in Matrigel assay and a 12-day co-culture model in vitro. Moreover, DBZ promoted Matrigel neovascularization in mice and partially reversed the vascular disruption in zebrafish induced by PTK787. Mechanistically, DBZ enhanced the cellular levels of VEGF, VEGFR2, and MMP-9, as well as activating Akt and MAPK signalling in endothelial cells. Selective inhibition of PI3K and MEK significantly attenuated its angiogenic effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data reveal, for the first time, that DBZ promotes multiple key steps of angiogenesis, at least in part through Akt and MAPK signalling pathways, and suggest it may be potentially developed further for treating myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Angiogenesis and Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liwen Han
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xiaopu Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, BNRist/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, BNRist/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Youlan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ximeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.,Angiogenesis and Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, BNRist/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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Olivetti CE, Alvarez Echazú MI, Perna O, Perez CJ, Mitarotonda R, De Marzi M, Desimone MF, Alvarez GS. Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride modified collagen hydrogels loaded with simvastatin as skin wound dressings. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1999-2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oriana Perna
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Claudio J. Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Grupo Ciencia y Tecnología de PolímerosUniversidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Romina Mitarotonda
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratorio de InmunologíaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) CONICET‐UNLu Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mauricio De Marzi
- Laboratorio de InmunologíaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) CONICET‐UNLu Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Martín F. Desimone
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gisela S. Alvarez
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA) Buenos Aires Argentina
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14
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Cheng S, Zhou F, Xu Y, Liu X, Zhang Y, Gu M, Su Z, Zhao D, Zhang L, Jia Y. Geniposide regulates the miR-101/MKP-1/p38 pathway and alleviates atherosclerosis inflammatory injury in ApoE -/- mice. Immunobiology 2018; 224:296-306. [PMID: 30630636 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the common pathological basis of chronic cardiovascular diseases and is associated with inflammation and lipid metabolism dysfunction. Geniposide, the main active ingredient of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit, exhibits a variety of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative functions; however, its role in AS remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of geniposide in alleviating inflammation and thereby attenuating the development of AS. ApoE-/- mice were fed a high fat diet to induce AS and were treated with geniposide (50 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Blood glucose and lipid levels were measured by biochemical analysis. H&E, Masson and Oil red O staining were performed to observe morphological changes and lipid deposition in the aorta and liver. Serum inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the target relationship between microRNA-101 (miR-101) and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). The levels of miR-101, p-p38, and MKP-1 in the aorta were detected by qPCR and western blotting. The anti-inflammatory effect of geniposide in vitro was investigated in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. A miR-101 mimic and an inhibitor were used to study the effect of miR-101 on regulating the expression of the target MKP-1 and the downstream inflammatory cytokines. Geniposide treatment reduced lipid levels and plaque size in the mouse model of AS. Geniposide downregulated miR-101 to upregulate MKP-1 and suppress the production of inflammatory factors in vitro and in vivo. Geniposide suppressed the levels of inflammatory factors in the presence of the miR-101 mimic, whereas no obvious effect was observed in the miR-101 inhibitor group. We concluded that geniposide reduced the plaque size and alleviated inflammatory injury in ApoE-/- mice and RAW264.7 cells. The specific anti-inflammatory mechanism was related to the miR-101/ MKP-1/p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibo Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fenghua Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuling Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Minhua Gu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhijie Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dandan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuhua Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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15
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Son JH, Chung BY, Jung MJ, Choi YW, Kim HO, Park CW. The Risk of Rosacea According to Chronic Diseases and Medications: A 5-Year Retrospective, Multi-Institutional Case-Control Study. Ann Dermatol 2018; 30:676-687. [PMID: 33911507 PMCID: PMC7992441 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2018.30.6.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rosacea is associated with chronic systemic disease. However, research is lacking in Asian countries. Objective To evaluate the association between rosacea and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) related systemic comorbidities, and the use of antihypertensive and antihyperlipidemic drugs in Korea. Methods A five-year retrospective study, using hospital database, was conducted in five medical centers for five years. Totally 1,399,528 patients were evaluated. Results The overall frequency for diagnosed rosacea was 0.18% over five years (2,536 rosacea patients). Patients with diabetes and patients with dyslipidemia were more likely to have rosacea (odd ratio [OR] 2.724, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.295~5.730, p=0.016; OR 1.788, 95% CI 1.445~2.212, p<0.001). Patients with CVD were less likely to have rosacea (OR 0.431, 95% CI 0.244~0.760, p=0.003). Patients with α-blocker prescriptions and patients with β-blocker prescriptions showed a tendency diagnosed with rosacea frequently (OR 1.963, 95% CI 1.200~3.212, p=0.006; OR 3.939, 95% CI 3.512~4.419, p<0.001). Patients with [beta]-hydroxy-[beta]-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, and those with fibrate, were prone to have rosacea (OR 1.599, 95% CI 1.390~1.839, p<0.001; OR 1.660, 95% CI 1.056~2.609, p=0.026). As adjusted results, among the patients who took HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor without dyslipidemia, rosacea was less likely to be diagnosed (OR 0.780, 95% CI 0.620~0.982, p=0.034). Conclusion Rosacea is associated with chronic diseases and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hee Son
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Young Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Je Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Won Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Wook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
After initial concerns regarding the association of statins with increased incidences of cancer and elevated cancer-related mortality, there are now plenty of data on the antitumor, cytostatic and cytotoxic effectiveness of this class of drugs. Here, we present a short review of possible mechanisms of antineoplastic activity obtained from preclinical research and the influence of statins on cancer treatment. In the second part of the article, we focus on the most recent data from observational clinical trials, as well as meta-analyses regarding cancer incidence and mortality in patients treated with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Zaleska
- Department of Cardiology & Hypertension, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior & Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Mozenska
- Department of Cardiology & Hypertension, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior & Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Bil
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior & Administration, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Wang JC, Li XX, Sun X, Li GY, Sun JL, Ye YP, Cong LL, Li WM, Lu SY, Feng J, Liu PJ. Activation of AMPK by simvastatin inhibited breast tumor angiogenesis via impeding HIF-1α-induced pro-angiogenic factor. Cancer Sci 2018. [PMID: 29532562 PMCID: PMC5980150 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial data from preclinical studies have revealed the biphasic effects of statins on cardiovascular angiogenesis. Although some have reported the anti‐angiogenic potential of statins in malignant tumors, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to elucidate the mechanism by which simvastatin, a member of the statin family, inhibits tumor angiogenesis. Simvastatin significantly suppressed tumor cell‐conditioned medium‐induced angiogenic promotion in vitro, and resulted in dose‐dependent anti‐angiogenesis in vivo. Further genetic silencing of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) reduced vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor‐2 expressions in 4T1 cells and correspondingly ameliorated HUVEC proliferation facilitated by tumor cell‐conditioned medium. Additionally, simvastatin induced angiogenic inhibition through a mechanism of post‐transcriptional downregulation of HIF‐1α by increasing the phosphorylation level of AMP kinase. These results were further validated by the fact that 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide reduced HIF‐1α protein levels and ameliorated the angiogenic ability of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Critically, inhibition of AMPK phosphorylation by compound C almost completely abrogated simvastatin‐induced anti‐angiogenesis, which was accompanied by the reduction of protein levels of HIF‐1α and its downstream pro‐angiogenic factors. These findings reveal the mechanism by which simvastatin induces tumor anti‐angiogenesis, and therefore identifies the target that explains the beneficial effects of statins on malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Chang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiong-Xiong Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guang-Yue Li
- Department of Science and Technology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Lan Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan-Peng Ye
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Long-Long Cong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei-Ming Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shao-Ying Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei-Jun Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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18
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Namazi H, Mohit E, Namazi I, Rajabi S, Samadian A, Hajizadeh-Saffar E, Aghdami N, Baharvand H. Exosomes secreted by hypoxic cardiosphere-derived cells enhance tube formation and increase pro-angiogenic miRNA. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4150-4160. [PMID: 29243842 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are required for the regenerative effects of human cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs). Studies show that they mimic the cardioprotective benefits of CDCs in rodents and porcine myocardial infarction (MI) models. Hypoxic preconditioning of stem cells increases the cardioprotective effects of exosomes in MI models by enhancing angiogenesis. Several exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) up-regulate in response to hypoxia and play a role in cardioprotective and pro-angiogenic effects. In this study, we have demonstrated that human CDCs secreted exosomes under hypoxic conditions (1% O2 for 2 days) enhanced tube formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at a concentration of 25 µg/mL. Pro-angiogenic exosomal miRNAs including miR-126, miR-130a, and miR-210 showed a substantial increase (>2-, >2-, and >4-fold, respectively) in the hypoxic exosomes compared to normoxic CDC-derived exosomes. Our study suggested a significant benefit of hypoxic CDC exosomes for the treatment of cardiac diseases by induction of angiogenesis via enrichment of pro-angiogenic exosomal miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia Namazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Mohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Namazi
- School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sarah Rajabi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Samadian
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Hajizadeh-Saffar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
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The balance between induction and inhibition of mevalonate pathway regulates cancer suppression by statins: A review of molecular mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:273-285. [PMID: 28668359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used drugs for their role in decreasing cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients. Statins through inhibition of Hydroxy Methyl Glutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR), the main enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, inhibit mevalonate pathway that provides isoprenoids for prenylation of different proteins such as Ras superfamily which has an essential role in cancer developing. Inhibition of the mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway is the cause of the cholesterol independent effects of statins or pleotropic effects. Depending on their penetrance into the extra-hepatic cells, statins have different effects on mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway. Lipophilic statins diffuse into all cells and hydrophilic ones use a variety of membrane transporters to gain access to cells other than hepatocytes. It has been suggested that the lower accessibility of statins for extra-hepatic tissues may result in the compensatory induction of mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway and so cancer developing. However, most of the population-based studies have demonstrated that statins have no effect on cancer developing, even decrease the risk of different types of cancer. In this review we focus on the cancer developing "potentials" and the anti-cancer "activities" of statins regarding the effects of statins on mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway in the liver and extra-hepatic tissues.
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20
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The Effect of Atorvastatin on the Viability of Ischemic Skin Flaps in Diabetic Rats. Plast Reconstr Surg 2017; 139:425e-433e. [PMID: 28121873 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000002984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial progenitor cells play a critical role in neovascularization. However, the mobilization, recruitment, and functional capacity of endothelial progenitor cells are significantly impaired in diabetes. Statins have been shown to augment the number and improve the function of endothelial progenitor cells. This study investigated the effects of statins on the viability of ischemic skin flaps in diabetic rats. METHODS Twenty normal and 40 diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were included in this study. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day) was administered orally in 20 diabetic rats at 2 weeks before flap surgery for 21 consecutive days. Other rats received equal vehicle. Two weeks after first gavage, a 3 × 10-cm skin flap was established on the backs of rats. The necrotic area of each skin flap was measured at 7 days postoperatively. Capillary density and endothelial progenitor cells recruited to the flaps were analyzed using immunofluorescence staining. Circulating endothelial progenitor cell number was determined by flow cytometry. In vitro migration and tube formation experiments were used to analyze the function of endothelial progenitor cells. RESULTS Atorvastatin treatment increased flap survival rate and capillary density. In addition, more endothelial progenitor cells were identified in peripheral blood and skin flaps in diabetic rats receiving atorvastatin. Atorvastatin treatment also restored the impaired function of diabetic endothelial progenitor cells in migration and tube formation. CONCLUSION Atorvastatin notably promoted neovascularization and enhanced the viability of ischemic skin flaps in diabetic rats, which may be mediated at least partially by augmenting the number and restoring the functional capacity of endothelial progenitor cells.
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21
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Goggi JL, Ng M, Shenoy N, Boominathan R, Cheng P, Sekar S, Bhakoo KK. Simvastatin augments revascularization and reperfusion in a murine model of hind limb ischemia – Multimodal imaging assessment. Nucl Med Biol 2017; 46:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Liu H, Liu Z, Liu Y, Kan S, Yang J, Liu H. Effect of atorvastatin on resolution of chronic subdural hematoma: a prospective observational study [RETRACTED]. J Neurosurg 2016:1-10. [PMID: 27471887 DOI: 10.3171/2015.12.jns151991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is prevalent in the aged population and is commonly treated with bur hole drainage. This treatment, however, can lead to various surgical complications. Atorvastatin may cure CSDH via its antiinflammatory and proangiogenesis effects, but not all patients treated with this medication can avoid surgery. The authors' aim was to investigate the effect of atorvastatin and identify characteristics of patients with CSDH sensitive to atorvastatin therapy. METHODS A prospective, placebo-controlled observational study was conducted in 80 patients with evidence of CSDH. The patients were enrolled between February 2012 and August 2014 and were randomly assigned to either atorvastatin treatment (atorvastatin group) or placebo (control group). Patients were followed up for 12 months after initiation of treatment. Clinically relevant data were collected and compared between the 2 groups. The atorvastatin group was subdivided into patients who required surgery and those who did not, and characteristics of these subgroups were also compared. The relationship between atorvastatin treatment and need for surgery was investigated by means of multiple regression analysis using the following variables as predictors: age, sex, admission Markwalder grade, level of dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) as assessed with the modified Barthel Index, presence of hemiparesis, and hematoma volume. RESULTS The proportion of patients who required surgical intervention during the follow-up period was significantly lower in the atorvastatin group than in the control group (p = 0.001), and the mean time to surgery was longer in the atorvastatin group (p = 0.018). Within the atorvastatin group, there was a significant difference with respect to Markwalder grades, degree of dependency in ADL, percentage of patients with hemiparesis, and mean hematoma volume between the patients who required surgery during the follow-up period and those who did not (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.012, respectively). The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that atorvastatin significantly reduced the probability of surgery and that female sex and favorable admission Markwalder grades and favorable dependency status with respect to ADL (independent, slightly dependent, or moderately dependent) were independent predictors of not requiring surgery. CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin administration can promote the resolution of CSDH, especially for women with favorable Markwalder grades and favorable ADL dependency status at admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu
| | - Zhongkun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of AnQiu City, Weifang, Shandong; and
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Shifeng Kan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Suzhou, Jiangsu
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
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Xu M, Chen P, Zhu X, Wang C, Shi X, Yu B. Effects of Atorvastatin on Conservative and Surgical Treatments of Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Patients. World Neurosurg 2016; 91:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Guo TK, Zhao X, Xie XD, Chen ZH, Zhou CS, Wei LL, Zhang H. The Anti-proliferative Effects of Recombinant Human Lysozyme on Human Gastric Cancer Cells. J Int Med Res 2016; 35:353-60. [PMID: 17593864 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the anti-proliferative effects of recombinant human lysozyme (rHlys) on gastric cancer cell lines and normal human lung fibroblasts. Using conventional molecular cloning techniques we purified rHlys, which we incubated with cultured cells and measured the effects on cell proliferation and viability. At concentrations of 100 and 1000 μg/l, rHlys significantly inhibited the growth of human gastric cancer cell lines. In contrast, 10 and 50 μg/l of rHlys stimulated gastric cancer cell growth. None of the concentrations of rHlys affected cell viability. Only the highest concentration of rHlys (1000 μg/l) inhibited human lung fibroblast growth. Our results suggest that 100 μg/l is the optimum growth inhibiting concentration, which inhibited cancer cell growth but not normal cell growth. Our in vitro findings suggest that genetically engineered rHlys might inhibit human gastric cancer cell proliferation in vivo, so it might warrant further investigation as a potential novel anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Guo
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Burgazli K, Stein N, Mericliler M, Parahuleva M, Erdogan A. Influence of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors on Leptin-Induced Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Capillary-Like Tube Formation. Postgrad Med 2015; 126:231-8. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.05.2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Canstatin induces apoptosis in gastric cancer xenograft growth in mice through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Biosci Rep 2014; 34:BSR20140012. [PMID: 27919040 PMCID: PMC3999450 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canstatin, the non-collagenous domain of collagen type IV α-chains, belongs to a series of collagen-derived angiogenic inhibitors. In this study, the inhibitory effect of recombinant canstatin on tumour growth was investigated using a gastric cancer xenograft model. The volume and weight of tumours in mice treated with canstatin were lower than that in mice treated with PBS. Accordingly, the survival rate of these mice was significantly higher than that of mice bearing tumours treated with PBS. Moreover, valuable insight into the mechanisms mediated by canstatin was obtained.
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27
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Pan Q, Xie X, Guo Y, Wang H. Simvastatin promotes cardiac microvascular endothelial cells proliferation, migration and survival by phosphorylation of p70 S6K and FoxO3a. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:599-609. [PMID: 24375611 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Pan
- Department of Cardiology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Xiaobo Xie
- Department of Disease Surveillance and Control; Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangzhou Military District; Guangzhou 510507 China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Oncology; State Key Discipline of Cell Biology; Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
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Effects of atorvastatin on chronic subdural hematoma: A preliminary report from three medical centers. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:237-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhou J, Cheng M, Liao YH, Hu Y, Wu M, Wang Q, Qin B, Wang H, Zhu Y, Gao XM, Goukassian D, Zhao TC, Tang YL, Kishore R, Qin G. Rosuvastatin enhances angiogenesis via eNOS-dependent mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63126. [PMID: 23704894 PMCID: PMC3660394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (circEPCs) of bone marrow (BM) origin contribute to postnatal neovascularization and represent a potential therapeutic target for ischemic disease. Statins are beneficial for ischemia disease and have been implicated to increase neovascularization via mechanisms independent of lipid lowering. However, the effect of Statins on EPC function is not completely understood. Here we sought to investigate the effects of Rosuvastatin (Ros) on EPC mobilization and EPC-mediated neovascularization during ischemic injury. In a mouse model of surgically-induced hindlimb ischemia (HLI), treatment of mice with low dose (0.1 mg/kg) but not high dose (5 mg/kg) significantly increased capillary density and accelerated blood flow recovery, as compared to saline-treated group. When HLI was induced in mice that had received Tie2/LacZ BM transplantation, Ros treatment led a significantly larger amount of endothelial cells (ECs) of BM origin incorporated at ischemic sites than saline. After treatment of mice with a single low dose of Ros, circEPCs significantly increased from 2 h, peaked at 4 h, declined until 8 h. In a growth-factor reduced Matrigel plug-in assay, Ros treatment for 5 d induced endothelial lineage differentiation in vivo. Interestingly, the enhanced circEPCs and post-HLI neovascularization stimulated by Ros were blunted in mice deficient in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and Ros increased p-Akt/p-eNOS levels in EPCs in vitro, indicating these effects of Ros are dependent on eNOS activity. We conclude that Ros increases circEPCs and promotes their de novo differentiation through eNOS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Zhou
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yu-Hua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Bo Qin
- Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hong Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - David Goukassian
- CardioVascular Systems Biology, Steward St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ting C. Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Roger William Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Yao-Liang Tang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Raj Kishore
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lunder M, Janić M, Žiberna L, Drevenšek G, Šabovič M. A low-dose atorvastatin and losartan combination directly improves aortic ring relaxation and diminishes ischaemic-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts. Med Sci Monit 2013; 18:BR366-74. [PMID: 22936187 PMCID: PMC3560644 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could be of interest for innovative preventive approaches. We aimed to investigate whether low-dose atorvastatin and losartan, separately not possessing protective cardiovascular pleiotropic effects, express them when combined. Material/Methods Forty-five adult male Wistar rats were anaesthetized and their thoracic aortas and hearts were isolated. Relaxation of aortic rings, coronary flow rate and the extent of myocardial ischaemic-reperfusion injury were measured. Different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 μM) of atorvastatin and losartan added to a perfusion medium were first tested. The separate drugs, which were ineffective, were then combined at the same concentrations and the concentration was tested in the same model. Results Low concentrations of atorvastatin or losartan (0.1 and 1 μM, respectively) produced no effects in isolated aorta. However, surprisingly, when these drug concentrations were combined, a significantly improved endothelium-dependent relaxation of the thoracic aorta was observed. Similarly, when combining individually ineffective concentrations of atorvastatin or losartan (0.01 and 0.1 μM, respectively), significantly increased coronary flow and a decreased extent of myocardial injury were observed. By using a nitric oxide-synthase inhibitor, we demonstrated that the vasodilatory effects obtained were nitric oxide-dependent. The degree of effectiveness by the combination was comparable to that obtained by 10-fold (atorvastatin) or 100-fold (losartan) higher concentrations of the separate drugs. Conclusions Our results revealed that remarkable additive/synergistic effects exist between low-doses of a statin (atorvastatin) and an ARB (losartan), resulting in important cardiovascular protection. This new concept could be valuable in cardiovascular prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Lunder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Wu Y, Lv J, Feng D, Jiang F, Fan X, Zhang Z, Yin R, Xu L. Restoration of alveolar type II cell function contributes to simvastatin-induced attenuation of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1294-306. [PMID: 23076613 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type (AT) II cells transdifferentiate into ATI cells and as such represent a promising source for regenerating lung epithelium following lung injury. ATII cells are characterized by the presence of lamellar bodies (LBs), which store and secrete the surfactant protein-C (SP-C). Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) causes a distinct impairment of the ATII cell function, subsequently hindering lung repair by loss of ATI transdifferentiation. In this study, we provide new evidence that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor simvastatin may restore the function of impaired ATII cells in vitro and in vivo. ATII cell lines, A549 (human) and MLE-12 (mouse), were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury. Simvastatin pretreatment at low (5-20 µM), but not high (50-100 µM) doses markedly reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation and SP-C expression. In a rat lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model, simvastatin treatment also increased ATII cell proliferation in vivo, as demonstrated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen/SP-C double staining. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the number and volume density of LBs were significantly increased in the simvastatin-treated rat lungs. The protective effects of simvastatin were reversed in vitro by PI3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin and L-mevalonate, indicating that the PI3K/Akt and mevalonate pathways may be involved in simvastatin-induced ATII cell function restoration. These data demonstrate that an appropriate dose of simvastatin has a protective effect on LIRI in vitro and in vivo, due at least partially to restored ATII cell function via the HMG-CoA reductase pathway-dependent activation of PI3K/Akt signaling in a mevalonate pathway-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210009, P.R. China
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Xiao Y, Li Y, Han J, Pan Y, Tie L, Li X. Transgelin 2 participates in lovastatin-induced anti-angiogenic effects in endothelial cells through a phosphorylated myosin light chain-related mechanism. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46510. [PMID: 23056327 PMCID: PMC3464299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-angiogenic activity is considered to play a key role in the statin-induced anti-tumor effects. We aimed to identify new targets underlying this pleiotropic effect of lovastatin. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the inhibitory effects of lovastatin on endothelial cell biology and angiogenesis in vitro. Lovastatin at high doses inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry, we identified the up-regulation of the actin-binding protein transgelin 2 in endothelial cells following treatment with lovastatin. Changes in transgelin 2 levels were confirmed by Western blot and confocal microscopy. We further demonstrated that the Rho signaling inactivation and actin depolymerization contributed to the up-regulation of transgelin 2. The knockdown of transgelin 2 by siRNA dramatically enhanced endothelial migration and tube formation, and meanwhile attenuated the inhibitory effects of lovastatin on cell motility. Moreover, the lovastatin-induced inhibition of myosin light chain phosphorylation was also reversed by transgelin 2 knockdown. The activation of Rho GTPase in the absence of transgelin 2 may represent a mechanism underlying the regulation of phosphorylated myosin light chain by transgelin 2. Conclusions/Significance These results strongly imply a novel role for transgelin 2 in the angiostatic activities of lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of System Biomedicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Glibenclamide induces collagen IV catabolism in high glucose-stimulated mesangial cells. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:183535. [PMID: 23008698 PMCID: PMC3447387 DOI: 10.1155/2012/183535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have shown the full prevention of mesangial expansion in insulin-deficient diabetic rats by treatment with clinically-relevant dosages of glibenclamide (Glib). Studies in mesangial cells (MCs) also demonstrated reduction in the high glucose (HG)-induced accumulation of collagens, proposing that this was due to increased catabolism. In the present study, we investigated the signaling pathways that may be implicated in Glib action. Rat primary MCs were exposed to HG for 8 weeks with or without Glib in therapeutic (0.01 μM) or supratherapeutic (1.0 μM) concentrations. We found that HG increased collagen IV protein accumulation and PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression, in association with decreased cAMP generating capacity and decreased PKA activity. Low Glib increased collagen IV mRNA but fully prevented collagen IV protein accumulation and PAI-1 overexpression while enhancing cAMP formation and PKA activity. MMP2 mRNA, protein expression and gelatinolytic activity were also enhanced. High Glib was, overall, ineffective. In conclusion, low dosage/concentration Glib prevents HG-induced collagen accumulation in MC by enhancing collagen catabolism in a cAMP-PKA-mediated PAI-1 inhibition.
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Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are established first line treatments for hypercholesterolaemia. In addition to the direct effects of statins in reducing concentrations of atherogenic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), several studies have indicated that the beneficial effects of statins may be due to some of their cholesterol-independent, multiple (pleiotropic) effects which may differ between different members of the class. Pitavastatin is a novel synthetic lipophilic statin that has a number of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties distinct from those of other statins, which may underlie its potential pleiotropic benefits in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. This review examines the principal pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress and thrombosis. The article is based on a systematic literature search carried out in December 2010, together with more recent relevant publications where appropriate. The available data from clinical trials and in vitro and animal studies suggest that pitavastatin is not only effective in reducing LDL-C and triglycerides, but also has a range of other effects. These include increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreasing markers of platelet activation, improving cardiac, renal and endothelial function, and reducing endothelial stress, lipoprotein oxidation and, ultimately, improving the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis. It is concluded that the diverse pleiotropic actions of pitavastatin may contribute to reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality beyond that achieved through LDL-C reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Davignon
- Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research Group, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal (IRCM) and University of Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
Pitavastatin is the newest member of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor family and is approved as adjunctive therapy to diet to reduce elevated levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein (Apo) B, and triglycerides and to increase levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in adult patients with primary hyperlipidemia or mixed dyslipidemia. Pitavastatin undergoes minimal metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and, therefore, has a low propensity for drug-drug interactions with drugs metabolized by CYP enzymes or the CYP3A4 substrate grapefruit juice. In clinical trials, pitavastatin potently and consistently reduced serum levels of total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia where diet and other non-pharmacological measures were inadequate. Mean reductions from baseline in serum total and LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 21-32%, 30-45%, and 10-30%, respectively. Moreover, a consistent trend towards increased HDL cholesterol levels of 3-10% was seen. Long-term extension studies show that the beneficial effects of pitavastatin are maintained for up to 2 years. Pitavastatin produces reductions from baseline in serum total and LDL cholesterol levels to a similar extent to those seen with the potent agent atorvastatin and to a greater extent than those seen with simvastatin or pravastatin. In the majority of other studies comparing pitavastatin and atorvastatin, no significant differences in the favorable effects on lipid parameters were seen, although pitavastatin was consistently associated with trends towards increased HDL cholesterol levels. Pitavastatin also produces beneficial effects on lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome without deleterious effects on markers of glucose metabolism, such as fasting blood glucose levels or proportion of glycosylated hemoglobin. Pitavastatin appears to exert a number of beneficial effects on patients at risk of cardiovascular events independent of lipid lowering. In the JAPAN-ACS (Japan Assessment of Pitavastatin and Atorvastatin in Acute Coronary Syndrome) study, pitavastatin was non-inferior to atorvastatin at reducing plaque volume in patients with ACS undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Further beneficial effects, including favorable effects on the size and composition of atherosclerotic plaques, improvements in cardiovascular function, and improvements in markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and renal function, have been demonstrated in a number of small studies. Pitavastatin is generally well tolerated in hyperlipidemic patients with or without type 2 diabetes, with the most common treatment-related adverse events being musculoskeletal or gastrointestinal in nature. Increases in plasma creatine kinase levels were seen in <5% of pitavastatin recipients and the incidence of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis was extremely low. In summary, pitavastatin, the latest addition to the statin family, produces potent and consistent beneficial effects on lipids, is well tolerated, and has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. The combination of a potent decrease in total and LDL cholesterol levels and increase in HDL cholesterol levels suggest that pitavastatin may produce substantial cardiovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques da Silva
- Núcleo de Investigação Arterial, Medicina IV - Hospital de Sta. Marta, CHLC, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Bansode RR, Ahmedna M, Svoboda KR, Losso JN. Coupling in vitro and in vivo paradigm reveals a dose dependent inhibition of angiogenesis followed by initiation of autophagy by C6-ceramide. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:629-44. [PMID: 21647331 PMCID: PMC3107471 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of N-hexanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine, a C6-ceramide against angiogenesis was tested in vitro and in vivo. The effect of ceramide in inhibiting MCF-7 cancer cells was also determined. The aim of this study was to potentiate the effect of ceramide as anti-angiogenic compound that can regulate tumor induced angiogenesis. C6-ceramide inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) tube formation in a dose-dependent manner within 24 hours. Ceramide at concentrations between 12.5 and 25 μM inhibited the viability of MCF-7 cells and reduced VEGF-induced cell migration in 24 hours. At 50 μM, ceramide induced MCF-7 cell death via autophagy as demonstrated by accumulation of MDC in ceramide-treated MCF-7 vacuoles. The expression of VEGF was reduced and the levels of cathepsin D in MCF-7 increased. In vivo, 50 μM ceramide caused a 40% reduction of new vessel formation in the CAM assay within 24 hours. Zebrafish exposed to 100 - 400 μM ceramide had a distinct disruption of blood vessel development at 48 hours post-fertilization. Ceramide-exposed embryos also had primary motoneurons exhibiting abnormal axonal trajectories and ectopic branching. Ceramide induced cell-death was not detected in the zebrafish assay. Collectively, these data indicate that ceramide is a potent anti-angiogenic compound and that the mechanism underlying its anti-angiogenic capabilities does not rely upon the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishipal R Bansode
- Center of Excellence for Post Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Research Campus, Suite 4222, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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Simvastatin augments the efficacy of therapeutic angiogenesis induced by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:285-93. [PMID: 21553056 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many studies showed beneficial effects of either statin or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) treatment in ischemic disease. In an attempt to further improve postischemic tissue repair, we investigated the effect of a local administration of MSC, in the presence or not of low-dose simvastatin, on angiogenesis and functional recovery in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. In vitro, the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and tube formation of bone marrow MSC derived from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) were detected in the presence or not of 0.01 μmol/l simvastatin, respectively. In vivo, immediately after hindlimb ischemia, the mice were divided into four groups, namely control, MSC, statin, and statin-MSC, and received a single local injection of MSC (2×10(6) cells) and/or a repeated gavages' administration of simvastatin (0.2 mg/kg) for 21 days. The blood flow was measured by laser Doppler imaging, the capillary density was detected by alkaline phosphatase staining and, the MSC differentiation was assessed by immunofluorescent staining at 21 days after the ischemia. In vitro, the MSC proliferation rate, migration ability and tube formation number were increased significantly in simvastatin group relative to control group. Whereas, the H2O2 induced-apoptosis was inhibited significantly in simvastatin group relative to control group. In vivo, hindlimb blood reperfusion was significantly improved (MSC 0.55±0.08, statin 0.57±0.05, vs. control 0.47±0.07, P<0.05) and capillary density was obviously higher at day 21 post-ischemia by Laser Doppler Imaging in the MSC group and the Statin group when compared with control group. The combined use of statin and MSC further improved revascularization (perfusion ratio of 0.70±0.09; P<0.001 verse other groups) and resulted in the highest capillary density (P<0.05 vs. all other groups). GFP-labeled transplanted cells were more frequently observed in the Statin-MSC group than in the MSC group (6.8±0.5-3.1±0.7, P<0.05). Low-dose simvastatin could act in a synergistic way with MSC to potentiate the functional neovascularization in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia.
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Eisenreich A, Boltzen U, Malz R, Schultheiss HP, Rauch U. Overexpression of alternatively spliced tissue factor induces the pro-angiogenic properties of murine cardiomyocytic HL-1 cells. Circ J 2011; 75:1235-42. [PMID: 21389637 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue factor (TF) is expressed in 2 isoforms: membrane-bound "full length" (fl)TF and soluble alternatively spliced (as)TF. flTF is the major thrombogenic form of TF. Although the function of asTF is poorly understood, it was suggested that asTF contributes to tumor-associated growth and angiogenesis. In the heart of a developing embryo, asTF is expressed much later compared to flTF, but in adult heart, asTF exhibits a distribution pattern similar to that of flTF. Thus, it is possible that asTF may play a role in heart development via pro-angiogenic signaling. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of murine asTF overexpression in murine cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells on their pro-angiogenic potential, the chemotaxis of monocytic cells, and the expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of FGF2, Cyr61 and VEGF was assessed on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Cell migration, proliferation, and endothelial tube formation assays were carried out. It was found that overexpression of murine asTF in HL-1 cells increases their proliferation and pro-angiogenic properties. The supernatant of murine asTF-overexpressing HL-1 cells induces the chemotaxis of monocytic cells. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of murine asTF in murine cardiomyocytic cells increases their proliferation, monocyte migration, and pro-angiogenic properties -possibly- mediated by the induction of the pro-migratory and pro-angiogenic factors FGF2, Cyr61 and VEGF. Thus, we propose that murine asTF may serve as a migration- and angiogenesis-promoting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Eisenreich
- Charitè-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Centrum für Herz- und Kreislaufmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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van der Meel R, Symons MH, Kudernatsch R, Kok RJ, Schiffelers RM, Storm G, Gallagher WM, Byrne AT. The VEGF/Rho GTPase signalling pathway: A promising target for anti-angiogenic/anti-invasion therapy. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:219-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Statins are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylyglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and reduce low-density lipoprotein-C levels. Statins are well-tolerated drugs used for prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Statins possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and possible anticancer effects. Statins are reported to be effective against psoriasis, dermatitis, graft-versus-host disease, uremic pruritus, vitiligo, and hirsutism. Topical forms of statins are employed in the treatment of acne, seborrhea, rosacea, and rhinophyma. Animal studies show the beneficial effect of statins against contact dermatitis and wound healing. They have promising anti-HIV effects as well. This article succinctly reviews the various cellular and molecular effects of statins, their applications in cutaneous medicine and their side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Jowkar
- Dermatology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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KATANO M, NARUSE K, UCHIDA K, MIKUNI-TAKAGAKI Y, TAKASO M, ITOMAN M, URABE K. Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Accelerates Delayed Healing Process by Reducing the Time Required for the Completion of Endochondral Ossification in the Aged Mouse Femur Fracture Model. Exp Anim 2011; 60:385-95. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.60.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Motoaki KATANO
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Kouji NARUSE
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Kentaroo UCHIDA
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Yuko MIKUNI-TAKAGAKI
- Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic Science and Functional Biology, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Masashi TAKASO
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | | | - Ken URABE
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine
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Minehara H, Urabe K, Naruse K, Mehlhorn AT, Uchida K, Südkamp NP, Itoman M. A new technique for seeding chondrocytes onto solvent-preserved human meniscus using the chemokinetic effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Cell Tissue Bank 2010; 12:199-207. [PMID: 20556521 PMCID: PMC3135822 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-010-9185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many investigators are currently studying the use of decellularized tissue allografts from human cadavers as scaffolds onto which patients' cells could be seeded, or as carriers for genetically engineered cells to aid cell transplantation. However, it is difficult to seed cells onto very dense regular connective tissue which has few interstitial spaces. Here, we discuss the development of a chemotactic cell seeding technique using solvent-preserved human meniscus. A chemokinetic response to recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) was observed in a monolayer culture of primary chondrocytes derived from femoral epiphyseal cartilage of 2-day-old rats. The rhBMP-2 significantly increased their migration upto 10 ng/ml in a dose-dependent manner. When tested with solvent-preserved human meniscus as a scaffold, which has few interstitial spaces, rhBMP-2 was able to induce chondrocytes to migrate into the meniscus. After a 3-week incubation, newly-formed cartilaginous extracellular matrix was synthesized by migrated chondrocytes throughout the meniscus, down to a depth of 3 mm. These findings demonstrate that rhBMP-2 may be a natural chemokinetic factor in vivo, which induces migration of proliferative chondrocytes into the narrow interfibrous spaces. Our results suggest a potential application of rhBMP-2 for the designed distribution of chondrocytes into a scaffold to be used for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Minehara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Ken Urabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kouji Naruse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Alexander T. Mehlhorn
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kentaroo Uchida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Norbert P. Südkamp
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Albert-Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritoshi Itoman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Japan
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43
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Elewa HF, El-Remessy AB, Somanath PR, Fagan SC. Diverse effects of statins on angiogenesis: new therapeutic avenues. Pharmacotherapy 2010; 30:169-76. [PMID: 20099991 DOI: 10.1592/phco.30.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important process for a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions. Different angiogenic modulating targets are under extensive investigation both experimentally and clinically. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the first-line agents used in hypercholesterolemia. They are also characterized by having other benefits apart from their lipid-lowering effects. Among these pleiotropic effects are the pro- and antiangiogenic properties of statins. The pleiotropic effects of statins and how they modulate new blood vessel formation are discussed in this review. The currently available data from both animal and human studies regarding the effects of statins on angiogenesis in ischemic heart disease, stroke, ocular diseases, and cancer are also reviewed. Statins are safe, orally available agents that may acquire novel therapeutic indications through their angiogenic modulating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem F Elewa
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta,GA 30912-2450, USA
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44
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Morofuji Y, Nakagawa S, So G, Hiu T, Horai S, Hayashi K, Tanaka K, Suyama K, Deli MA, Nagata I, Niwa M. Pitavastatin Strengthens the Barrier Integrity in Primary Cultures of Rat Brain Endothelial Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:727-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Evidence is presented which supports the conclusion that the hormetic dose-response model is the most common and fundamental in the biological and biomedical sciences, being highly generalizable across biological model, endpoint measured and chemical class and physical agent. The paper provides a broad spectrum of applications of the hormesis concept for clinical medicine including anxiety, seizure, memory, stroke, cancer chemotherapy, dermatological processes such as hair growth, osteoporosis, ocular diseases, including retinal detachment, statin effects on cardiovascular function and tumour development, benign prostate enlargement, male sexual behaviours/dysfunctions, and prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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46
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Sodha NR, Boodhwani M, Ramlawi B, Clements RT, Mieno S, Feng J, Xu SH, Bianchi C, Sellke FW. Atorvastatin increases myocardial indices of oxidative stress in a porcine model of hypercholesterolemia and chronic ischemia. J Card Surg 2008; 23:312-20. [PMID: 18598320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8191.2008.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Atorvastatin has previously been shown to reduce the endogenous angiogenic response to chronic ischemia in a porcine model. One possible mechanism for this effect is reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide, a key mediator of angiogenesis, secondary to increased oxygen free radicals. We sought to determine if atorvastatin modulates oxidative stress in myocardial tissue. METHODS Dietary induction of hypercholesterolemia was performed over 20 weeks in Yucatan swine with treated animals receiving atorvastatin 3 mg/kg/day. Chronic myocardial ischemia was induced via surgical placement of an ameroid constrictor ring around the proximal circumflex artery at age 20 weeks, followed by tissue harvest at age 27 weeks. Myocardial levels of protein, lipid, and DNA biomarkers of oxidative stress, serum levels of 8-isoprostane, nitric oxide (NO) dependent, and independent coronary microvascular reactivity, as well as isotope-labeled microsphere myocardial perfusion analysis and histologic analysis for endothelial cell density was performed. RESULTS Atorvastatin treatment was associated with elevated levels of myocardial protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. Conversely, serum oxidant stress biomarkers were not elevated. Atorvastatin treatment improved nitric oxide dependent and independent microvascular reactivity, and was associated with decreased perfusion in the ischemic myocardial territory. CONCLUSION Treatment with atorvastatin was associated with increased levels of myocardial tissue protein and lipid oxidative stress biomarkers and a reduced functional endogenous angiogenic response, but improved coronary microvascular reactivity. Increased oxidative stress in tissues may play a role in the reduced angiogenic response seen with atorvastatin treatment in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel R Sodha
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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47
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Argo CK, Loria P, Caldwell SH, Lonardo A. Statins in liver disease: a molehill, an iceberg, or neither? Hepatology 2008; 48:662-9. [PMID: 18666246 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of chronic liver disease patients, especially those with metabolic syndrome-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or hepatitis C virus-associated dysmetabolic syndrome, will take statins to prevent cardiovascular disease. As a result, clinicians will weigh complex issues raised by the interaction of statins with liver metabolism in these disorders. In this article, we critically review data concerning statins and liver pathophysiology with an emphasis on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C virus, while also touching on other chronic liver diseases. Basic research interests include statins' mechanism of action and their effects on cholesterol-related cell signaling pathways and angiogenesis. From the clinical standpoint, many chronic liver diseases increase cardiovascular risk and would undeniably benefit from sustained statin use. The false alarms and security accompanying aminotransferase monitoring, however, are disturbing in light of the scarcity of data on statins' long-term effects on liver histology. Although some actions of statins might eventually prove to be particularly useful in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis C virus, or hepatocellular carcinoma, others may prove harmful. The lack of definitive data makes a fully informed decision impossible. Research using histological endpoints is urgently needed to determine the indications and contraindications of this extraordinary class of agents in patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis K Argo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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48
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Simvastatin Stimulates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production by Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α Upregulation in Endothelial Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51:267-73. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181624b44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Hayashi T, Yokote K, Saito Y, Iguchi A. Pitavastatin: efficacy and safety in intensive lipid lowering. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:2315-27. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.14.2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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50
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Kinoshita M, Matsumura SI, Sueyoshi K, Ogawa S, Fukuda K. Randomized Trial of Statin Administration for Myocardial Injury. Circ J 2007; 71:1225-8. [PMID: 17652885 DOI: 10.1253/circj.71.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minor myocardial damage after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with cardiac risks, which statins seem to reduce. The aim of this study was to examine whether intensive lipid-lowering therapy is more effective in decreasing the risk of cardiac injury after PCI than moderate lipid-lowering therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Subjects comprised 42 patients with stable angina without previous statin treatment, randomly assigned to either an intensive lipid-lowering group (Group A: target low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)<70 mg/dl) or a moderate lipid-lowering group (Group B: target LDL-C<100 mg/dl) 2 weeks before PCI. All patients took statins to reach target LDL-C levels. Incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury was assessed by analyzing levels of creatine kinase myocardial isozyme (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin T (TnT) before and 6, 12 and 24 h after PCI. Minor myocardial damage was defined as TnT elevation to >0.01 ng/ml. Frequency of minor myocardial damage was 14.2% in Group A and 47.6% in Group B (p=0.043). CK-MB was above the upper limit of normal (ULN) in 19% of Group A and 33.3% of Group B (p=0.44), and CK-MB was >3x ULN in 9.5% of Group A and 19% of Group B (p=0.66). CONCLUSIONS Intensive lipid-lowering therapy before PCI reduces minor myocardial damage during PCI with stenting compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Kinoshita
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, and Division of Cardiology, The Shizuoka Municipal Shimizu Hospital, Japan.
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