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Okamura T, Tsukamoto K, Arai H, Fujioka Y, Ishigaki Y, Koba S, Ohmura H, Shoji T, Yokote K, Yoshida H, Yoshida M, Deguchi J, Dobashi K, Fujiyoshi A, Hamaguchi H, Hara M, Harada-Shiba M, Hirata T, Iida M, Ikeda Y, Ishibashi S, Kanda H, Kihara S, Kitagawa K, Kodama S, Koseki M, Maezawa Y, Masuda D, Miida T, Miyamoto Y, Nishimura R, Node K, Noguchi M, Ohishi M, Saito I, Sawada S, Sone H, Takemoto M, Wakatsuki A, Yanai H. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2022. J Atheroscler Thromb 2024; 31:641-853. [PMID: 38123343 DOI: 10.5551/jat.gl2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Okamura
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University
| | - Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine
| | - Hirotoshi Ohmura
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate school of Medicine
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital
| | | | - Juno Deguchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
| | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | - Masumi Hara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine
| | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Cardiovascular Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Takumi Hirata
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, Nara Medical University
| | - Mami Iida
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center
| | - Yoshiyuki Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine
- Current affiliation: Ishibashi Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic
| | - Hideyuki Kanda
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University graduate School of medicine
| | - Kazuo Kitagawa
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital
| | - Satoru Kodama
- Department of Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promotion of Health Checkup, Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Masahiro Koseki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hematology and Gerontology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Daisaku Masuda
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Innovative Medicine and Therapeutics, Dementia Care Center, Doctor's Support Center, Health Care Center, Rinku General Medical Center
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Rimei Nishimura
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Jikei University School of Medicine
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University
| | - Midori Noguchi
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Mitsuru Ohishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Hypertension, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Division of Metabolism and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, International University of Health and Welfare
| | | | - Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital
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Sedaghat Z, Khodakarim S, Sabour S, Valizadeh M, Barzin M, Nejadghaderi SA, Azizi F. The effect of obesity phenotype changes on cardiovascular outcomes in adults older than 40 years in the prospective cohort of the Tehran lipids and glucose study (TLGS): joint model of longitudinal and time-to-event data. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1126. [PMID: 38654182 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a worldwide health concern with serious clinical effects, including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and all-cause mortality. The present study aimed to assess the association of obesity phenotypes and different CVDs and mortality in males and females by simultaneously considering the longitudinal and survival time data. METHODS In the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), participants older than three years were selected by a multi-stage random cluster sampling method and followed for about 19 years. In the current study, individuals aged over 40 years without a medical history of CVD, stroke, MI, and coronary heart disease were included. Exclusions comprised those undergoing treatment for CVD and those with more than 30% missing information or incomplete data. Joint modeling of longitudinal binary outcome and survival time data was applied to assess the dependency and the association between the changes in obesity phenotypes and time to occurrence of CVD, MI, stroke, and CVD mortality. To account for any potential sex-related confounding effect on the association between the obesity phenotypes and CVD outcomes, sex-specific analysis was carried out. The analysis was performed using packages (JMbayes2) of R software (version 4.2.1). RESULTS Overall, 6350 adults above 40 years were included. In the joint modeling of CVD outcome among males, literates and participants with a family history of diabetes were at lower risk of CVD compared to illiterates and those with no family history of diabetes in the Bayesian Cox model. Current smokers were at higher risk of CVD compared to non-smokers. In a logistic mixed effects model, odds of obesity phenotype was higher among participants with low physical activity, family history of diabetes and older age compared to males with high physical activity, no family history of diabetes and younger age. In females, based on the results of the Bayesian Cox model, participants with family history of diabetes, family history of CVD, abnormal obesity phenotype and past smokers had a higher risk of CVD compared to those with no history of diabetes, CVD and nonsmokers. In the obesity varying model, odds of obesity phenotype was higher among females with history of diabetes and older age compared to those with no history of diabetes and who were younger. There was no significant variable associated with MI among males in the Bayesian Cox model. Odds of obesity phenotype was higher in males with low physical activity compared to those with high physical activity in the obesity varying model, whereas current smokers were at lower odds of obesity phenotype than nonsmokers. In females, risk of MI was higher among those with family history of diabetes compared to those with no history of diabetes in the Bayesian Cox model. In the logistic mixed effects model, a direct and significant association was found between age and obesity phenotype. In males, participants with history of diabetes, abnormal obesity phenotype and older age were at higher risk of stroke in the Bayesian Cox model compared to males with no history of diabetes, normal obesity phenotype and younger persons. In the obesity varying model, odds of obesity phenotype was higher in males with low physical activity, family history of diabetes and older age compared to those with high physical activity, no family history of diabetes and who were younger. Smokers had a lower odds of obesity phenotype than nonsmokers. In females, past smokers and those with family history of diabetes were at higher risk of stroke compared to nonsmokers and females with no history of diabetes in the Bayesian Cox model. In the obesity varying model, females with family history of diabetes and older ages had a higher odds of obesity phenotype compared to those with no family history of diabetes and who were younger. Among males, risk of CVD mortality was lower in past smokers compared to nonsmokers in the survival model. A direct and significant association was found between age and CVD mortality. Odds of obesity phenotype was higher in males with a history of diabetes than in those with no family history of diabetes in the logistic mixed effects model. CONCLUSIONS It seems that modifications to metabolic disorders may have an impact on the heightened incidence of CVDs. Based on this, males with obesity and any type of metabolic disorder had a higher risk of CVD, stroke and CVD mortality (excluding MI) compared to those with a normal body mass index (BMI) and no metabolic disorders. Females with obesity and any type of metabolic disorder were at higher risk of CVD(, MI and stroke compared to those with a normal BMI and no metabolic disorders suggesting that obesity and metabolic disorders are related. Due to its synergistic effect on high blood pressure, metabolic disorders raise the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sedaghat
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Khodakarim
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Valizadeh
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Barzin
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wu J, Meng W, Ma Y, Zhao Z, Xiong R, Wang J, Zhao R, Zeng H, Chen Y. Early smoking lead to worse prognosis of COPD patients: a real world study. Respir Res 2024; 25:140. [PMID: 38528530 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking remains a major risk factor for the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Due to the adolescent smoking associated with worse health state, the age, at which an individual started smoking, might play a key role in shaping the trajectory of COPD development and the severity. METHODS We conducted an observational study from September 2016 through January 2023 of eligible patients hospitalized with COPD. Patients who started smoking during the alveolar development stage (ADS, smoking initiation ≤ 24 years old) were defined as early smoking patients, and patients who started smoking after ADS (smoking initiation > 24 years old) were defined as late smoking patients. We collected demographic and clinical data characterizing the patients and documented their condition from hospital discharge to follow-up. The primary endpoints were short-term (within one year), 3-year, and long-term (beyond 3 years) all-cause mortality after discharge. RESULTS Among 697 COPD patients, early smoking patients had a lower smoking cessation rate (P < 0.001) and a higher smoking index (P < 0.001) than late smoking patients. Although adjusted smoking index, early smoking patients still had poorer lung function (P = 0.023), thicker left ventricular diameters (P = 0.003), higher frequency of triple therapy use during stable stage (P = 0.049), and more acute exacerbations in the past year before enrollment (P < 0.05). Survival analysis showed that they had a higher risk of death after discharge within three years (P = 0.004) and beyond three years (P < 0.001). Furthermore, even in early smoking COPD patients who quit smoking after adjusting the smoking index had poorer lung function (P < 0.05) and thicker left ventricular diameters (P = 0.003), and survival analysis also showed that they had a higher long-term mortality rate (P = 0.010) and shorter survival time (P = 0.0128). CONCLUSION Early smoking COPD patients exhibited multiple adverse clinical outcomes, including heavy cigarette addiction, compromised pulmonary function, augmented left ventricular diameter, and elevated mortality risk. Additional, smoking cessation could not bring enough improvement of health state in early smoking COPD patients as late smoking COPD patients. Consequently, early intervention and specialized cessation approaches for younger smokers are of paramount importance in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Weiwei Meng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ruoyan Xiong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huihui Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center for Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Okuda M, Noda A, Iwamoto K, Hishikawa N, Miyata S, Yasuma F, Taoka T, Ozaki N, Suhr JA, Miyazaki S. Assessment of cognitive function and sleep-wake rhythms in community-dwelling older adults. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:137-145. [PMID: 38476850 PMCID: PMC10899937 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Disruption of the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycles is a consequence of aging and is associated with the cognitive decline and many neurodegenerative conditions. We investigated the bedtime, wake-up time, sleep timing (midpoint between bedtime and wake-up time), and sleep timing standard deviation (SD) using the actigraphy among 80 consecutive volunteers aged ≥ 60 years. Global cognitive function and executive function of detailed cognitive domains were evaluated using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) and subjective daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The category achievement (CA), total errors (TE), perseverative errors of Nelson (PEN), non-perseverative errors (NPE), and difficulties in maintaining set (DMS) on the WCST were significantly correlated with sleep timing SD (CA: r = - 0.276, p = 0.013, TE: r = 0.311, p = 0.005, PEN: r = 0.241, p = 0.032, NPE: r = 0.250, p = 0.025, DMS: r = 0.235, p = 0.036), but not with the MMSE score. Multiple regression analyses with the stepwise forward selection method including age, ESS score, bedtime, sleep timing, and sleep timing SD, revealed that the ESS score, and sleep timing SD were significant factors related to CA on the WCST (ESS score: β = - 0.322, p = 0.004; sleep timing SD: β = - 0.250, p = 0.022). Assessment of sleep-wake rhythms, daytime sleepiness, and cognitive function using the MMSE and WCST is valuable for the prediction of cognitive decline in the geriatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Okuda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| | - Akiko Noda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501 Japan
| | - Kunihiro Iwamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seiko Miyata
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yasuma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University Collage of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taoka
- Department of Innovative Biomedical Visualization, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Julie A. Suhr
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH USA
| | - Soichiro Miyazaki
- Research Institute of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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Hadate T, Kawamura R, Tabara Y, Maruyama K, Takakado M, Ikeda Y, Ohashi J, Takata Y, Saito I, Osawa H. Positive association between serum resistin and smoking was strongest in homozygotes of the G-A haplotype at c.-420 C>G and c.-358 G>A in RETN promoter: the Toon Genome Study. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:745-750. [PMID: 37423942 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Resistin is mainly expressed in human monocytes/macrophages and is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Serum resistin is strongly correlated with the G-A haplotype defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) c.-420 C>G (SNP-420) (rs1862513) and c.-358 G>A (SNP-358) (rs3219175) in the promoter region of the human resistin gene (RETN). Smoking is also associated with insulin resistance. We investigated the association between smoking and serum resistin and the effect of the G-A haplotype on this association. Participants were recruited under the Toon Genome Study (an observational epidemiology research in the Japanese population). Of these, 1975 subjects genotyped for both SNP-420 and SNP-358 were analyzed for serum resistin by grouping them based on smoking status and G-A haplotype status. RETN mRNA, isolated from whole blood cells, was evaluated in smokers (n = 7) and age-, sex-, and BMI-matched non-smokers (n = 7) with the G-A haplotype homozygotes. Serum resistin tended to be higher in current smokers who smoked more cigarettes per day (P for trend < 0.0001). The positive association between serum resistin and smoking was strongest in the G-A haplotype homozygotes, followed by heterozygotes and non-carriers (interaction P < 0.0001). This positive association was stronger in the G-A homozygotes than the C-G homozygotes (interaction P < 0.0001). RETN mRNA was 1.40-fold higher in smokers than non-smokers with the G-A homozygotes (P = 0.022). Therefore, the positive association between serum resistin and smoking was strongest in the G-A haplotype homozygotes defined by RETN SNP-420 and SNP-358.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimi Hadate
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Kawamura
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koutatsu Maruyama
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Misaki Takakado
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ikeda
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun Ohashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takata
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Diabetes and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
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Thiravetyan B, Vathesatogkit P. Long-Term Effects of Cigarette Smoking on All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Thai Population: Results From a 30-Year Cohort Study. Asia Pac J Public Health 2022; 34:761-769. [PMID: 35703388 DOI: 10.1177/10105395221106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming evidences on the health consequences of smoking, studies in Asian population in low-to-middle income countries are very limited. Baseline data of a prospective cohort study were collected in year 1985. Endpoints regarding all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were followed for 30 years. Cox proportional hazard models were used for analysis. Participants had an average age of 43 years, 23% were female, and 43% were current smokers. All-cause mortality was significantly higher in ex-smokers (hazard ratio [HR] 1.32) and current smokers (HR 1.70) when compared with never smokers. Participants with any history of smoking had significantly higher risk of developing MACE. Furthermore, all-cause death, cardiovascular death, and MACE increased with increasing pack years. Statistically significant dose-response relationships were established. Therefore, cigarette smoking increased the risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and MACE in Thai population. Results emphasized the importance of tobacco control in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Thiravetyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prin Vathesatogkit
- Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Xu ZJ, Zhang YH, Chen SY, Wang DN, Wu ZL, Li W. Effects of smoking on the prognosis of anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke with intravenous thrombolysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 220:107365. [PMID: 35868203 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is a single-center retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 516 patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent intravenous thrombolysis. This study was conducted to compare the therapeutic efficacy of smokers and non-smokers. METHODS Univariate analysis was used to analyze and compare the clinical data of smokers and non-smokers. Multivariate analysis was used to assess risk factors affecting the 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. RESULTS Among the 516 patients, 235 (45.5 %) were smokers. Univariate analysis showed that smokers have a better 90-day prognosis and a lower 90-day mRS score than non-smokers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking is not a protective factor affecting prognosis, while baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was an independent risk factor affecting the 90-day functional outcome. Subgroup analysis did not determine a relationship between the 90-day mRS score and the smoking intensity and duration. CONCLUSION Smoking was not associated with a good 90-day prognosis after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) treatment. The good clinical outcome of smokers in univariate analysis was bound up with their baseline characteristics. Baseline NIHSS score was the independent risk factor that affected the 90-day outcome of AIS patients undergoing IVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jia Xu
- Base of Postgraduate Cultivating, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Jinzhou Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Neurology, Baicheng 321 Hospital, Baicheng, Jilin, China
| | - Yi-He Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shao-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Baicheng 321 Hospital, Baicheng, Jilin, China
| | - Dong-Ni Wang
- Base of Postgraduate Cultivating, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Jinzhou Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ze-Lai Wu
- Base of Postgraduate Cultivating, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Jinzhou Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Luo J, Tang X, Li F, Wen H, Wang L, Ge S, Tang C, Xu N, Lu L. Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Different Pathologic Types of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 12:772373. [PMID: 35145466 PMCID: PMC8821532 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.772373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To quantify the association of cigarette smoking, including cigarettes per day and quitting duration, with the risk of different types of stroke morbidity and mortality in the general population, and to clarify the shape of the dose-response relations. Study Selection Prospective cohort studies and reported on the association between smoking, quitting and the incidence or mortality of stroke were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis All available data were converted uniformly to odds ratios (ORs) and were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis with inverse variance weighting. A dose-response meta-analysis was performed to explore the quantitative relationship between different smoking characteristics and the risk of different pathologic types of stroke incidence. Results Twenty-five studies with 3,734,216 individuals were included. Compared to never smokers, the pooled ORs of stroke morbidity and mortality were 1.45 (1.24–1.70) and 1.44 (1.23–1.67) among ever smokers and 1.90 (1.55–2.34) and 1.70 (1.45–1.98) among current smokers. The risk of different pathologic types of stroke was also increased among ever and current smokers. There was a significant non-linear dose-response association between the number of cigarette smoking and the risk of stroke incidence. Comparing no smoking, the ORs for smoking five and 35 cigarettes per day were 1.44 (1.35–1.53) and 1.86 (1.71–2.02). Other pathologic types of stroke have a similar dose-response relationship. There was also non-linear dose-response association between the length of time since quitting and risk of stroke. The risk of stroke decreased significantly after quitting for 3 years [OR = 0.56 (0.42–0.74)]. Conclusion The risk of different types of stroke among smokers is remarkably high. Our findings revealed a more detailed dose-response relationship and have important implications for developing smoking control strategies for stroke prevention. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2020-6-0062/, identifier: INPLASY202060062.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Luo
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuqi Ge
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Chunzhi Tang
| | - Nenggui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Nenggui Xu
| | - Liming Lu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acu-Moxi and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Liming Lu
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9
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Zhu D, Zhao G, Wang X. Association of Smoking and Smoking Cessation With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality. Am J Prev Med 2021; 60:504-512. [PMID: 33745522 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking remains a strong risk factor for premature death. This study examines the associations of nondaily smoking, daily smoking, and smoking cessation with the risks of mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. METHODS This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a population-based, cross-sectional study. Data analysis was conducted in the U.S. from January to October 2020. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to obtain adjusted hazard ratios. RESULTS During 255,100 person-years of follow-up, 2,008 participants died (347 from cardiovascular diseases and 501 from cancer). A significant increase in the risk of all-cause mortality was observed for nondaily smokers (hazard ratio=1.50, 95% CI=1.08, 2.08) compared with that for those who had never smoked. For daily smokers, the adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were 1.54 (95% CI=1.24, 1.90) for those smoking <20 cigarettes per day, 2.09 (95% CI=1.65, 2.63) for those smoking 20-40 cigarettes per day, and 2.78 (95% CI=1.75, 4.43) for those smoking ≥40 cigarettes per day. An increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality was also observed for daily smokers. Former smokers with ≥5 years since cessation had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than current smokers. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that nondaily smokers have a higher risk of all-cause mortality. The association of daily smoking with the risk of mortality increased as the number of cigarettes smoked per day increased. Among former smokers, the risk decreased with longer cessation. Tobacco control efforts should be targeted not only toward daily smokers but also toward nondaily smokers to reduce the risk of premature death owing to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa.
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10
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Effects of long sleep time and irregular sleep-wake rhythm on cognitive function in older people. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7039. [PMID: 33782431 PMCID: PMC8007758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances and cognitive decline are common in older adults. We aimed to investigate the effects of the total sleep time (TST) and sleep–wake rhythm on executive function and working memory in older adults. In 63 older participants, we measured the TST, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep timing (midpoint between bedtime and wake-up time) using actigraphy. Executive function was evaluated with the trail making test B (TMT-B) and Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST). The number of back task (N-back task) was used to measure working memory. Participants with a TST ≥ 8 h had a significantly lower percentage of correct answers (% correct) on the 1-back task than those with a TST < 8 h. The % correct on the 1-back task was significantly correlated with the TST, WASO, and sleep timing. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the TST and sleep timing were significant factors of the % correct on the 1-back task. The TMT-B score was significantly correlated with the sleep timing. Category achievement on the WCST was significantly correlated with the standard deviation of the sleep timing. Therefore, a long sleep time and an irregular sleep–wake rhythm could have adverse effects on executive function and working memory in older people.
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11
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Ugusman A, Mohamed IN, Mohamed Pakri Mohamed R, Kumar J. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on subclinical femoral atherosclerosis in smokers and non-smokers. Addiction 2021; 116:428-429. [PMID: 32945557 DOI: 10.1111/add.15267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
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12
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Takabayashi K, Terasaki Y, Okuda M, Nakajima O, Koito H, Kitamura T, Kitaguchi S, Nohara R. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of heart failure patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the Japanese community-based registry. Heart Vessels 2020; 36:223-234. [PMID: 32770265 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-020-01675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Both heart failure (HF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are common diseases, but few studies have assessed the relationship between COPD and outcomes in patients with acute HF, especially in relation to age or ejection fraction (EF). The Kitakawachi Clinical Background and Outcome of Heart Failure Registry was a prospective, multicenter, community-based cohort and enrolled a total of 1,102 patients with acute HF between 2015 and 2017 in this study. The primary endpoint was defined as a composite endpoint that included all-cause mortality and hospitalization for HF. We stratified patients into two groups: those aged ≥ 80 years (elderly) and < 80 years (nonelderly). HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) was defined as EF ≥ 50%, whereas HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) was defined as EF < 50%. A total of 159 patients (14.4%) with COPD and 943 patients (83.6%) without COPD were included. COPD was found to be independently associated with a higher risk of the composite endpoint (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.42, 95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.77; p = 0.003). During a subgroup analysis, COPD was exposed as an independent risk factor of the composite endpoint in nonelderly patients; however, there was not such a finding observed among elderly patients. Separately, there was a significant association with COPD and the composite endpoint in patients with HFpEF. COPD showed a significantly higher risk of the composite endpoint after discharge in acute HF. However, this heightened risk was observable only in the subgroup of nonelderly patients and those of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Takabayashi
- Department of Cardiology, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, 1-2-1, Fujisakahigashimachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0153, Japan.
| | - Yuka Terasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Arisawa General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Okuda
- Department of Cardiology, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, 1-2-1, Fujisakahigashimachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0153, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakajima
- Department of Cardiology, Hirakata City Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Koito
- Department of Cardiology, Otokoyama Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Kitamura
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shouji Kitaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, 1-2-1, Fujisakahigashimachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0153, Japan
| | - Ryuji Nohara
- Department of Cardiology, Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, 1-2-1, Fujisakahigashimachi, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0153, Japan
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13
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Qin W, Magnussen CG, Li S, Steffen LM, Xi B, Zhao M. Light Cigarette Smoking Increases Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: Findings from the NHIS Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145122. [PMID: 32679883 PMCID: PMC7399798 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have examined the association between light cigarette smoking (i.e., ≤5 cigarettes per day) and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the association of light cigarette smoking with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among adults in the United States. Data were from 13 waves of the National Health Interview Survey (1997 to 2009) that were linked to the National Death Index records through December 31, 2011. A total of 329,035 participants aged ≥18 years in the United States were included. Deaths were from all cause, cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and respiratory disease and were confirmed by death certification. During a median follow-up of 8.2 years, 34,862 participants died, of which 8415 were from cancer, 9031 from CVD, and 2040 from respiratory disease. Compared with never-smokers, participants who smoked 1–2 (hazard ratios (HR) = 1.94, 95%CI = 1.73–2.16) and 3–5 cigarettes (HR = 1.99, 1.83–2.17) per day were at higher risk of all-cause mortality after adjustment for demographic variables, lifestyle factors and physician-diagnosis of chronic disease. The associations were stronger for respiratory disease-specific mortality, followed by cancer-specific mortality and CVD-specific mortality. For example, the HRs (95% CIs) of smoking 1–2 cigarettes per day were 9.75 (6.15–15.46), 2.28 (1.84–2.84) and 1.93 (1.58–2.36), respectively, for these three cause-specific mortalities. This study indicates that light cigarette smoking increases risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- Shandong University Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Costan G. Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia;
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Shengxu Li
- Children’s Minnesota Research Institute, Children’s Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA;
| | - Lyn M Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA;
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Correspondence:
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14
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Mendoza-Herrera K, Pedroza-Tobías A, Hernández-Alcaraz C, Ávila-Burgos L, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Barquera S. Attributable Burden and Expenditure of Cardiovascular Diseases and Associated Risk Factors in Mexico and other Selected Mega-Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4041. [PMID: 31652519 PMCID: PMC6843962 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16204041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper describes the health and economic burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Mexico and other mega-countries through a review of literature and datasets. METHODS Mega-countries with a low (Nigeria), middle (India), high (China/Brazil/Mexico), and very high (the U.S.A./Japan) human development index were included. The review was focused on prevalence of dyslipidemias and CVD economic impact and conducted according to the PRISMA statement. Public datasets of CVD indicators were explored. RESULTS Heterogeneity in economic data and limited information on dyslipidemias were found. Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were higher in Mexico compared with other countries. Higher contribution of dietary risk factors for cardiovascular mortality and greater probability of dying prematurely from CVD were observed in developing countries. From 1990-2016, a greater decrease in cardiovascular mortality in developed countries was registered. In 2015, a CVD expense equivalent to 4% of total health expenditure was reported in Mexico. CVD ranked first in health expenditures in almost all these nations and the economic burden will remain significant for decades to come. CONCLUSIONS Resources should be assured to optimize CVD risk monitoring. Educational and medical models must be improved to enhance CVD diagnosis and the prescription and adherence to treatments. Long-term benefits could be attained by modifying the food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Mendoza-Herrera
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico.
| | - Andrea Pedroza-Tobías
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - César Hernández-Alcaraz
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico.
| | - Leticia Ávila-Burgos
- Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabolicas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, N.L., Mexico.
| | - Simón Barquera
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kondo
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Cardiopulmonary Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshihisa Nakano
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Cardiopulmonary Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shiro Adachi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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16
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Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, White JV, Dick F, Fitridge R, Mills JL, Ricco JB, Suresh KR, Murad MH, Aboyans V, Aksoy M, Alexandrescu VA, Armstrong D, Azuma N, Belch J, Bergoeing M, Bjorck M, Chakfé N, Cheng S, Dawson J, Debus ES, Dueck A, Duval S, Eckstein HH, Ferraresi R, Gambhir R, Gargiulo M, Geraghty P, Goode S, Gray B, Guo W, Gupta PC, Hinchliffe R, Jetty P, Komori K, Lavery L, Liang W, Lookstein R, Menard M, Misra S, Miyata T, Moneta G, Munoa Prado JA, Munoz A, Paolini JE, Patel M, Pomposelli F, Powell R, Robless P, Rogers L, Schanzer A, Schneider P, Taylor S, De Ceniga MV, Veller M, Vermassen F, Wang J, Wang S. Global Vascular Guidelines on the Management of Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2019; 58:S1-S109.e33. [PMID: 31182334 PMCID: PMC8369495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
GUIDELINE SUMMARY Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is associated with mortality, amputation, and impaired quality of life. These Global Vascular Guidelines (GVG) are focused on definition, evaluation, and management of CLTI with the goals of improving evidence-based care and highlighting critical research needs. The term CLTI is preferred over critical limb ischemia, as the latter implies threshold values of impaired perfusion rather than a continuum. CLTI is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in combination with rest pain, gangrene, or a lower limb ulceration >2 weeks duration. Venous, traumatic, embolic, and nonatherosclerotic etiologies are excluded. All patients with suspected CLTI should be referred urgently to a vascular specialist. Accurately staging the severity of limb threat is fundamental, and the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification system, based on grading of Wounds, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) is endorsed. Objective hemodynamic testing, including toe pressures as the preferred measure, is required to assess CLTI. Evidence-based revascularization (EBR) hinges on three independent axes: Patient risk, Limb severity, and ANatomic complexity (PLAN). Average-risk and high-risk patients are defined by estimated procedural and 2-year all-cause mortality. The GVG proposes a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS), which involves defining a preferred target artery path (TAP) and then estimating limb-based patency (LBP), resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The optimal revascularization strategy is also influenced by the availability of autogenous vein for open bypass surgery. Recommendations for EBR are based on best available data, pending level 1 evidence from ongoing trials. Vein bypass may be preferred for average-risk patients with advanced limb threat and high complexity disease, while those with less complex anatomy, intermediate severity limb threat, or high patient risk may be favored for endovascular intervention. All patients with CLTI should be afforded best medical therapy including the use of antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and glycemic control agents, as well as counseling on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and preventive foot care. Following EBR, long-term limb surveillance is advised. The effectiveness of nonrevascularization therapies (eg, spinal stimulation, pneumatic compression, prostanoids, and hyperbaric oxygen) has not been established. Regenerative medicine approaches (eg, cell, gene therapies) for CLTI should be restricted to rigorously conducted randomizsed clinical trials. The GVG promotes standardization of study designs and end points for clinical trials in CLTI. The importance of multidisciplinary teams and centers of excellence for amputation prevention is stressed as a key health system initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Andrew W Bradbury
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Kolh
- Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - John V White
- Department of Surgery, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Niles, IL, USA
| | - Florian Dick
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, and University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Robert Fitridge
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The University of Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joseph L Mills
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ricco
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospitalof Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - M Hassan Murad
- Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Victor Aboyans
- Department of Cardiology, Dupuytren, University Hospital, France
| | - Murat Aksoy
- Department of Vascular Surgery American, Hospital, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Jill Belch
- Ninewells Hospital University of Dundee, UK
| | - Michel Bergoeing
- Escuela de Medicina Pontificia Universidad, Catolica de Chile, Chile
| | - Martin Bjorck
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joseph Dawson
- Royal Adelaide Hospital & University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eike S Debus
- University Heart Center Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Andrew Dueck
- Schulich Heart Centre, Sunnybrook Health, Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Duval
- Cardiovascular Division, University of, Minnesota Medical School, USA
| | | | - Roberto Ferraresi
- Interventional Cardiovascular Unit, Cardiology Department, Istituto Clinico, Città Studi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Gargiulo
- Diagnostica e Sperimentale, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Wei Guo
- 301 General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Prasad Jetty
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Wei Liang
- Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Robert Lookstein
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan E Paolini
- Sanatorio Dr Julio Mendez, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manesh Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Health System, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lee Rogers
- Amputation Prevention Centers of America, USA
| | | | - Peter Schneider
- Kaiser Foundation Hospital Honolulu and Hawaii Permanente Medical Group, USA
| | - Spence Taylor
- Greenville Health Center/USC School of Medicine Greenville, USA
| | | | - Martin Veller
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Jinsong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shenming Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, White JV, Dick F, Fitridge R, Mills JL, Ricco JB, Suresh KR, Murad MH. Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2019; 69:3S-125S.e40. [PMID: 31159978 PMCID: PMC8365864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) is associated with mortality, amputation, and impaired quality of life. These Global Vascular Guidelines (GVG) are focused on definition, evaluation, and management of CLTI with the goals of improving evidence-based care and highlighting critical research needs. The term CLTI is preferred over critical limb ischemia, as the latter implies threshold values of impaired perfusion rather than a continuum. CLTI is a clinical syndrome defined by the presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in combination with rest pain, gangrene, or a lower limb ulceration >2 weeks duration. Venous, traumatic, embolic, and nonatherosclerotic etiologies are excluded. All patients with suspected CLTI should be referred urgently to a vascular specialist. Accurately staging the severity of limb threat is fundamental, and the Society for Vascular Surgery Threatened Limb Classification system, based on grading of Wounds, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI) is endorsed. Objective hemodynamic testing, including toe pressures as the preferred measure, is required to assess CLTI. Evidence-based revascularization (EBR) hinges on three independent axes: Patient risk, Limb severity, and ANatomic complexity (PLAN). Average-risk and high-risk patients are defined by estimated procedural and 2-year all-cause mortality. The GVG proposes a new Global Anatomic Staging System (GLASS), which involves defining a preferred target artery path (TAP) and then estimating limb-based patency (LBP), resulting in three stages of complexity for intervention. The optimal revascularization strategy is also influenced by the availability of autogenous vein for open bypass surgery. Recommendations for EBR are based on best available data, pending level 1 evidence from ongoing trials. Vein bypass may be preferred for average-risk patients with advanced limb threat and high complexity disease, while those with less complex anatomy, intermediate severity limb threat, or high patient risk may be favored for endovascular intervention. All patients with CLTI should be afforded best medical therapy including the use of antithrombotic, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and glycemic control agents, as well as counseling on smoking cessation, diet, exercise, and preventive foot care. Following EBR, long-term limb surveillance is advised. The effectiveness of nonrevascularization therapies (eg, spinal stimulation, pneumatic compression, prostanoids, and hyperbaric oxygen) has not been established. Regenerative medicine approaches (eg, cell, gene therapies) for CLTI should be restricted to rigorously conducted randomizsed clinical trials. The GVG promotes standardization of study designs and end points for clinical trials in CLTI. The importance of multidisciplinary teams and centers of excellence for amputation prevention is stressed as a key health system initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Andrew W Bradbury
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Kolh
- Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, University Hospital of Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - John V White
- Department of Surgery, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Niles, Ill
| | - Florian Dick
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Robert Fitridge
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The University of Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Joseph L Mills
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ricco
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospitalof Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - M Hassan Murad
- Mayo Clinic Evidence-Based Practice Center, Rochester, Minn
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18
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Abeles RD, Mullish BH, Forlano R, Kimhofer T, Adler M, Tzallas A, Giannakeas N, Yee M, Mayet J, Goldin RD, Thursz MR, Manousou P. Derivation and validation of a cardiovascular risk score for prediction of major acute cardiovascular events in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; the importance of an elevated mean platelet volume. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:1077-1085. [PMID: 30836450 PMCID: PMC6519040 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a key cause of morbidity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) but appropriate means to predict major acute cardiovascular events (MACE) are lacking. AIM To design a bespoke cardiovascular risk score in NAFLD. METHODS A retrospective derivation (2008-2016, 356 patients) and a prospective validation (2016- 2017, 111 patients) NAFLD cohort study was performed. Clinical and biochemical data were recorded at enrolment and mean platelet volume (MPV), Qrisk2 and Framingham scores were recorded one year prior to MACE (Cardiovascular death, acute coronary syndrome, stroke and transient ischaemic attack). RESULTS The derivation and validation cohorts were well-matched, with MACE prevalence 12.6% and 12%, respectively. On univariate analysis, age, diabetes, advanced fibrosis, collagen proportionate area >5%, MPV and liver stiffness were associated with MACE. After multivariate analysis, age, diabetes and MPV remained independently predictive of MACE. The "NAFLD CV-risk score" was generated using binary logistic regression: 0.06*(Age) + 0.963*(MPV) + 0.26*(DM1 ) - 16.44; 1 Diabetes mellitus: 1: present; 2: absent. (AUROC 0.84). A cut-off of -3.98 gave a sensitivity 97%, specificity 27%, PPV 16%, and NPV 99%. An MPV alone of >10.05 gave a sensitivity 97%, specificity 59%, PPV 24% and NPV 97% (AUROC 0.83). Validation cohort AUROCs were comparable at 0.77 (NAFLD CV-risk) and 0.72 (MPV). In the full cohort, the NAFLD CV-risk score and MPV outperformed both Qrisk2 and Framingham scores. CONCLUSIONS The NAFLD CV risk score and MPV accurately predict 1-year risk of MACE, thereby allowing better identification of patients that require optimisation of their cardiovascular risk profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D. Abeles
- Liver Unit/ Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and CancerSt Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Benjamin H. Mullish
- Liver Unit/ Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and CancerSt Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Roberta Forlano
- Liver Unit/ Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and CancerSt Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Torben Kimhofer
- Department of Surgery and CancerCentre for Computational and System Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maciej Adler
- Liver Unit/ Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and CancerSt Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Alexandros Tzallas
- Department of Computer Engineering, School of Applied TechnologyTechnological Educational Institute of EpirusArtaGreece
| | - Nikolaos Giannakeas
- Department of Computer Engineering, School of Applied TechnologyTechnological Educational Institute of EpirusArtaGreece
| | - Michael Yee
- Department of EndocrinologySt Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Jamil Mayet
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Robert D. Goldin
- Department of Cellular PathologySt Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Mark R. Thursz
- Liver Unit/ Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and CancerSt Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Pinelopi Manousou
- Liver Unit/ Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, Department of Surgery and CancerSt Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
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19
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Dinh PC, Schrader LA, Svensson CJ, Margolis KL, Silver B, Luo J. Smoking cessation, weight gain, and risk of stroke among postmenopausal women. Prev Med 2019; 118:184-190. [PMID: 30359645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between smoking cessation, concurrent weight gain, and stroke events is not yet understood. Thus, we examined the association between smoking cessation and subsequent stroke risk and whether the association was modified by concurrent weight gain. In 2017, we analyzed data from 109,498 postmenopausal US women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative from 1993 to 1998. Women with a history of cancer or cardiovascular disease events were excluded. The median length of follow-up time was 14.01 years. Variables of primary focus were smoking cessation, weight change, and clinically confirmed incident cases of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Hazard ratios were estimated for stroke incidences (all, ischemic, and hemorrhagic) associated with smoking cessation using Cox regression. The exposure-outcome relationship of smoking cessation and risk of stroke was evaluated for effect modification by weight change. Recent quitters between baseline and year 3 had a significantly lower risk for all stroke and ischemic stroke, but not hemorrhagic stroke, when compared to the reference group of continuing smokers. In the multivariable-adjusted model for ischemic stroke, the hazard ratio for recent quitters was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.95). In the model for hemorrhagic stroke, the hazard ratio for recent quitters was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.61). The association between recent quitting and stroke risk was not significantly modified by weight change. Smoking cessation was associated with a significant reduction in stroke risk. The benefit of smoking cessation on the risk of stroke was not attenuated by concurrent weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dinh
- Indiana University School of Public Health, 1025 E. 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America.
| | - Lauren A Schrader
- Indiana University School of Public Health, 1025 E. 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America.
| | - Catherine J Svensson
- Indiana University School of Public Health, 1025 E. 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America.
| | - Karen L Margolis
- HealthPartners Institute, Box 1524, Mailstop 21111R, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Brian Silver
- Department of Neurology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, United States of America.
| | - Juhua Luo
- Indiana University School of Public Health, 1025 E. 7th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States of America.
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20
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Huang SH, Hahn E, Tsang RK, Chen ZJ, O'Sullivan B. The interplay of IMRT and transoral surgery in HPV-mediated oropharyngeal cancer: Getting the balance right. Oral Oncol 2018; 86:171-180. [PMID: 30409297 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transoral surgery (TOS) and IMRT represent two primary local ablative treatment modalities for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). The choice of one over the other represents an interplay between the chance of cure vs risk of late sequelae. HPV-mediated (HPV+) OPC patients generally have excellent outcomes, especially in TNM-8 stage I disease. Controversies exist over which treatment has a more favorable toxicity profile and equal efficacy in the management of this population. Non-randomized retrospective data show comparable oncological and functional outcomes between TOS-based vs IMRT-based treatment for this disease. Several de-intensification concepts have been explored in this subset in both primary surgery-based vs primary radiotherapy-based trials. However, no robust mature trial data are available to convincingly guide treatment selection. TOS is often presented as one of the de-intensification options although the majority of series also describe the use of adjuvant treatments which inevitably result in non-negligible toxicities. Patient selection and surgeons' training are paramount. Understanding tumor biology and the prognostic value of traditional 'adverse' features will further guide trial design for refinement of risk tailored approach. In conclusion, comparative data suggests TOS and IMRT are both effective treatment for TNM-8 stage I HPV+ OPC with similar oncological and functional outcomes. TOS as a single modality has potential advantages in mitigating radiation included toxicities. TOS should be avoided in the presence of clinically overt extranodal extension or when negative margins are unlikely to be achieved. TOS is also less ideal for cases with radiological features predicting a high risk of distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Hui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ezra Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond K Tsang
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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21
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Akter S, Nakagawa T, Honda T, Yamamoto S, Kuwahara K, Okazaki H, Hu H, Imai T, Nishihara A, Miyamoto T, Sasaki N, Ogasawara T, Uehara A, Yamamoto M, Murakami T, Shimizu M, Eguchi M, Kochi T, Hori A, Nagahama S, Tomita K, Konishi M, Kashino I, Nanri A, Kabe I, Mizoue T, Kunugita N, Dohi S. Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk of Mortality in a Japanese Working Population - Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. Circ J 2018; 82:3005-3012. [PMID: 30210138 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-18-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of smoking on mortality in working-age adults remains unclear. Accordingly, we compared the effects of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on total and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese working population. Methods and Results: This study included 79,114 Japanese workers aged 20-85 years who participated in the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. Deaths and causes of death were identified from death certificates, sick leave documents, family confirmation, and other sources. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated via Cox proportional hazards regression. During a maximum 6-year follow-up, there were 252 deaths in total. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for total mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, and tobacco-related cancer mortality were 1.49 (1.10-2.01), 1.79 (0.99-3.24), and 1.80 (1.02-3.19), respectively, in current vs. never smokers. Among current smokers, the risks of total, tobacco-related cancer, and CVD mortality increased with increasing cigarette consumption (Ptrend<0.05 for all). Compared with never smokers, former smokers who quit <5 and ≥5 years before baseline had HRs (95% CIs) for total mortality of 1.80 (1.00-3.25) and 1.02 (0.57-1.82), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of workers, cigarette smoking was associated with increased risk of death from all and specific causes (including CVD and tobacco-related cancer), although these risks diminished 5 years after smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Akter
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Keisuke Kuwahara
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine.,Teikyo University Graduate School of Public Health
| | | | - Huanhuan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ai Hori
- Department of Global Public Health, University of Tsukuba
| | | | | | - Maki Konishi
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Ikuko Kashino
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Akiko Nanri
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
| | | | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
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22
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Kinoshita M, Yokote K, Arai H, Iida M, Ishigaki Y, Ishibashi S, Umemoto S, Egusa G, Ohmura H, Okamura T, Kihara S, Koba S, Saito I, Shoji T, Daida H, Tsukamoto K, Deguchi J, Dohi S, Dobashi K, Hamaguchi H, Hara M, Hiro T, Biro S, Fujioka Y, Maruyama C, Miyamoto Y, Murakami Y, Yokode M, Yoshida H, Rakugi H, Wakatsuki A, Yamashita S. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) Guidelines for Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases 2017. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:846-984. [PMID: 30135334 PMCID: PMC6143773 DOI: 10.5551/jat.gl2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mami Iida
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Gifu Prefectural General Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Seiji Umemoto
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hirotoshi Ohmura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kihara
- Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Koba
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Department of Community Health Systems Nursing, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juno Deguchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Seitaro Dohi
- Chief Health Management Department, Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Dobashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masumi Hara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mizonokuchi Hospital, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hiro
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yoshio Fujioka
- Faculty of Nutrition, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Chizuko Maruyama
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Yokode
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Wakatsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Department of Community Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Lee PN, Forey BA, Thornton AJ, Coombs KJ. The relationship of cigarette smoking in Japan to lung cancer, COPD, ischemic heart disease and stroke: A systematic review. F1000Res 2018; 7:204. [PMID: 30800285 PMCID: PMC6367657 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To present up-to-date meta-analyses of evidence from Japan relating smoking to major smoking-related diseases. Methods: We restricted attention to lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, considering relative risks (RRs) for current and ex-smokers relative to never smokers. Evidence by amount smoked and time quit was also considered. For IHD and stroke only, studies had to provide age-adjusted RRs, with age-specific results considered. For each disease we extended earlier published databases to include more recent studies. Meta-analyses were conducted, with random-effects RRs and tests of heterogeneity presented. Results: Of 40 studies, 26 reported results for lung cancer and 7 to 9 for each other disease. For current smoking, RRs (95%CIs) were lung cancer 3.59 (3.25-3.96), COPD 3.57 (2.72-4.70), IHD 2.21 (1.96-2.50) and stroke 1.40 (1.25-1.57). Ex-smoking RRs were lower. Data for lung cancer and IHD showed a clear tendency for RRs to rise with increasing amount smoked and decrease with increasing time quit. Dose-response data were unavailable for COPD and unclear for stroke, where the association was weaker. Conclusions: Compared to studies in other Asian and Western countries, current smoking RRs were quite similar for IHD and stroke. The comparison is not clear for COPD, where the Japanese data, mainly from cross-sectional studies, is limited. For lung cancer, the RRs are similar to those in other Asian countries, but substantially lower than in Western countries. Explanations for this are unclear, but less accurate reporting of smoking by Japanese may contribute to the difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Lee
- P.N. Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd., Sutton, SM2 5DA, UK
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24
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Hackshaw A, Morris JK, Boniface S, Tang JL, Milenković D. Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports. BMJ 2018; 360:j5855. [PMID: 29367388 PMCID: PMC5781309 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j5855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use the relation between cigarette consumption and cardiovascular disease to quantify the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke for light smoking (one to five cigarettes/day). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Medline 1946 to May 2015, with manual searches of references. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Prospective cohort studies with at least 50 events, reporting hazard ratios or relative risks (both hereafter referred to as relative risk) compared with never smokers or age specific incidence in relation to risk of coronary heart disease or stroke. DATA EXTRACTION/SYNTHESIS MOOSE guidelines were followed. For each study, the relative risk was estimated for smoking one, five, or 20 cigarettes per day by using regression modelling between risk and cigarette consumption. Relative risks were adjusted for at least age and often additional confounders. The main measure was the excess relative risk for smoking one cigarette per day (RR1_per_day-1) expressed as a proportion of that for smoking 20 cigarettes per day (RR20_per_day-1), expected to be about 5% assuming a linear relation between risk and consumption (as seen with lung cancer). The relative risks for one, five, and 20 cigarettes per day were also pooled across all studies in a random effects meta-analysis. Separate analyses were done for each combination of sex and disorder. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 55 publications containing 141 cohort studies. Among men, the pooled relative risk for coronary heart disease was 1.48 for smoking one cigarette per day and 2.04 for 20 cigarettes per day, using all studies, but 1.74 and 2.27 among studies in which the relative risk had been adjusted for multiple confounders. Among women, the pooled relative risks were 1.57 and 2.84 for one and 20 cigarettes per day (or 2.19 and 3.95 using relative risks adjusted for multiple factors). Men who smoked one cigarette per day had 46% of the excess relative risk for smoking 20 cigarettes per day (53% using relative risks adjusted for multiple factors), and women had 31% of the excess risk (38% using relative risks adjusted for multiple factors). For stroke, the pooled relative risks for men were 1.25 and 1.64 for smoking one or 20 cigarettes per day (1.30 and 1.56 using relative risks adjusted for multiple factors). In women, the pooled relative risks were 1.31 and 2.16 for smoking one or 20 cigarettes per day (1.46 and 2.42 using relative risks adjusted for multiple factors). The excess risk for stroke associated with one cigarette per day (in relation to 20 cigarettes per day) was 41% for men and 34% for women (or 64% and 36% using relative risks adjusted for multiple factors). Relative risks were generally higher among women than men. CONCLUSIONS Smoking only about one cigarette per day carries a risk of developing coronary heart disease and stroke much greater than expected: around half that for people who smoke 20 per day. No safe level of smoking exists for cardiovascular disease. Smokers should aim to quit instead of cutting down to significantly reduce their risk of these two common major disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Hackshaw
- Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre, University College London, London W1T 4TJ, UK
| | - Joan K Morris
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Jin-Ling Tang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Dušan Milenković
- Meta Research, Evidera, London, UK (formerly Cancer Research UK and UCL Cancer Trials Centre)
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25
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Huang SH, O'Sullivan B, Waldron J. The Current State of Biological and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2018; 28:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Lin YH, Ku PW, Chou P. Lifestyles and Mortality in Taiwan: An 11-Year Follow-up Study. Asia Pac J Public Health 2017; 29:259-267. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539517699058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The associations of modifiable lifestyle-related factors with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were examined in a population-based sample of older Taiwanese people. A total of 4176 individuals aged 50 years and older, with 11 years of follow-up, were analyzed. Current and former smokers had a higher risk of all-cause mortality compared with never smokers ([HR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.58], [HR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.16, 1.68]). Low intake of vegetables and fruits was associated with a significantly higher risk of 1.43 (95% CI = 1.13, 1.81) for cardiovascular mortality and 1.22 (95% CI = 1.09, 1.38) for all-cause mortality. The low physical activity group at baseline who became part of the low, moderate, and high physical activity groups during follow-up had the following risks of cardiovascular mortality: ([HR = 2.89; 95% CI = 1.91, 4.36], [HR = 2.17; 95% CI = 1.29, 3.63], [HR = 1.59; 95% CI = 0.90, 2.82]). Similarly, the moderate physical activity group at baseline who became part of the low, moderate, and high physical activity groups during follow-up had the following risks of cardiovascular mortality: ([HR = 3.52; 95% CI = 2.14, 5.80], [HR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.34, 3.80], [HR = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.78, 2.66]). The same tendencies were found in all-cause mortality. Smoking, diet, and physical activity were significantly modifiable lifestyle-related factors for mortality.Besides, individuals who decreased their physical activity had a significantly higher risk, whereas those who increased their physical activity had a significantly lower risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Huai Lin
- Kin-Men Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Wen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Sports and Health, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pesus Chou
- Institute of Public Health and Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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27
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Kato K, Miyata S, Ando M, Matsuoka H, Yasuma F, Iwamoto K, Kawano N, Banno M, Ozaki N, Noda A. Influence of sleep duration on cortical oxygenation in elderly individuals. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:44-51. [PMID: 27696589 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM Short sleep duration is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Cerebral blood flow and its regulation are affected by pathological conditions commonly observed in the elderly population, such as dementia, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus (DM), stroke, and hypertension. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of sleep duration on cortical oxygenated hemoglobin (OxyHb) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). METHODS Seventy-three individuals (age, 70.1 ± 3.9 years, 51 men and 22 women) participated in this study. Cortical OxyHb levels were measured with NIRS. We evaluated age, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol intake, sleep duration, hypertension, DM, and hyperlipidemia using a questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured using plethysmography. RESULTS Peak OxyHb and area under the NIRS curve significantly decreased in participants with sleep duration <7 h compared with those with sleep duration ≥7 h (0.136 ± 0.212 mM·mm vs 0.378 ± 0.342 mM·mm, P = 0.001; 112.0 ± 243.6 vs 331.7 ± 428.7, P = 0.012, respectively). Sleep duration was significantly correlated with peak OxyHb level and area under the NIRS curve (r = 0.378, P = 0.001; r = 0.285, P = 0.015, respectively). Multiple regression analysis, including age, BMI, sex, smoking status, alcohol intake, sleep duration, hypertension, DM, and hyperlipidemia revealed that sleep duration was the only significant independent factor associated with peak OxyHb and area under the NIRS curve (β = 0.343, P = 0.004; β = 0.244, P = 0.049, respectively), and smoking status was independently correlated with time to the peak OxyHb (β = -0.319, P = 0.009). CONCLUSION Sleep duration may be an important factor that influences cortical oxygenation in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Kato
- Chubu University Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Seiko Miyata
- Department of Sleep Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.,Education and Training Center of Medical Technology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motoo Ando
- Education and Training Center of Medical Technology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuoka
- Chubu University Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yasuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Suzuka Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Iwamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawano
- Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Banno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.,Seichiryo Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Noda
- Chubu University Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Education and Training Center of Medical Technology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
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Khademi N, Babanejad M, Najafi F, Nikbakht MR, Hamzeh B, Mohammadi N. Tobacco Use and its Relationship with Health Complaints Among Employees of Kermanshah Province, Iran. Int J Prev Med 2016; 7:71. [PMID: 27226894 PMCID: PMC4872545 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.181757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Identifying the pattern of tobacco use and its related factors in employees is crucial. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of tobacco use and its related factors in employees of Kermanshah Province, Iran. Methods: In 2012, 7129 employees were investigated in a cross-sectional study using the census method. Data on tobacco use and on several chronic diseases obtained using a standardized questionnaire on noncommunicable diseases risk factors of the World Health Organization through face-to-face interviews. Statistical analysis was performed based on the Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. Results: In general, the prevalence of tobacco use, smoking cigarettes, and smoking waterpipe was 9.9%, 8.9%, and 1.2% among the employees, respectively. Tobacco use was significantly higher in the age group over 40 (14.0%), in male gender (13.3%), in married individuals (10.8%) and in those with diploma and lower degree (16.4%), (P < 0.001). At the individual level, the odds ratio of tobacco use was 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–1.8) in hypertensive, 1.8 (95% CI: 1.2–2.6) in diabetic employees and 1.7 (95% CI: 1.3–2.3) in those with heart diseases, compared to healthy individuals. After adjusting for age, gender, marital status and educational level, there was not any significant relationship between tobacco use and health complaints and only the demographic variables remained significant. Conclusions: Preventive public health policies are mandatory especially in younger ages and male employees to promote their knowledge on disadvantages of tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Khademi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehran Babanejad
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Kermanshah Health Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nikbakht
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behrooz Hamzeh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mohammadi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Li K, Yao C, Di X, Yang X, Dong L, Xu L, Zheng M. Smoking and Risk of All-cause Deaths in Younger and Older Adults: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study Among Beijing Adults in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2438. [PMID: 26817876 PMCID: PMC4998250 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. Few studies, however, have examined the modified effects of age on the association between smoking and all-cause mortality.In the current study, the authors estimated the association between smoking and age-specific mortality in adults from Beijing, China. This is a large community-based prospective cohort study comprising of 6209 Beijing adults (aged ≥40 years) studied for approximately 8 years (1991-1999). Hazard ratios (HRs) and attributable fractions associated with smoking were estimated by Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for age, sex, alcohol intake, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, hypertension, and heart rate.The results showed, compared with nonsmokers, the multivariable-adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality were 2.7(95% confidence interval (CI):1.56-4.69) in young adult smokers (40-50 years) and 1.31 (95% CI: 1.13-1.52) in old smokers (>50 years); and the interaction term between smoking and age was significant (P = 0.026). Attributable fractions for all-cause mortality in young and old adults were 63% (95% CI: 41%-85%) and 24% (95% CI: 12%-36%), respectively. The authors estimated multivariate adjusted absolute risk (mortality) by Poisson regression and calculated risk differences and 95% CI by bootstrap estimation. Mortality differences (/10,000 person-years) were 15.99 (95% CI: 15.34-16.64) in the young and 74.61(68.57-80.65) in the old. Compared with current smokers, the HRs of all-cause deaths for former smokers in younger and older adults were 0.57 (95% CI: 0.23-1.42) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.73-1.26), respectively.The results indicate smoking significantly increases the risks of all-cause mortality in both young and old Beijing adults from the relative and absolute risk perspectives. Smoking cessation could also reduce the excess risk of mortality caused by continuing smoking in younger adults compared with older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuibao Li
- From the Heart Center of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University (KL, XY, LX, MZ); Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, (CY, LD); and Pharmacy Department, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (XD)
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Zhao J, Pachanee CA, Yiengprugsawan V, Seubsman SA, Sleigh A. Smoking, smoking cessation, and 7-year mortality in a cohort of Thai adults. Popul Health Metr 2015; 13:30. [PMID: 26512212 PMCID: PMC4624360 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-015-0062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is a strong risk factor for mortality in both the developed and the developing world. However, there is still limited research to examine the impact of smoking cessation and mortality in middle-income Southeast Asian populations. Methods We use longitudinal data from a large Thai cohort of adult Open University students residing nationwide, linked with official death records to assess the association of smoking status and mortality risks during a 7-year follow-up. The log-rank test was used to evaluate the statistical probability of differential survival according to baseline smoking status. Multivariate hazard ratios (HR) were reported for smoking status and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Results From 2005 baseline to 2012, current smokers were more likely to die than cohort members who ceased smoking and never smokers (1.9 vs 1.3 vs 0.6 %, p < 0.05). The hazard of all-cause mortality increased with the daily amount of cigarette consumption among both current and former smokers. Cause of death analyses showed that current male smokers had a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease related mortality (HR 3.9 [95 % CI 1.8–8.1]). Former male smokers had a moderate increase in risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases compared to never smokers (HR 1.6 [95 % CI 0.7–3.4]). Current male smokers between 2005 and 2009 experienced highest subsequent mortality hazards during the period 2009–2012 compared to never smokers (HR 2.1 [95 % CI 1.4–3.4]). The higher risk of dying reduced if people quit smoking during the 2005–2009 follow-up period (HR 1.5 [95 % CI 0.7–3.3]). Risk for mortality fell even further among long-term quitters (HR 1.4 [95 % CI 0.9–2.2]). Conclusion Among a large nationwide cohort of Thai adults, current smokers were at a significantly and substantially higher risk of all-cause mortality, especially cardiovascular-related mortality. The higher risk of dying fell if people quit smoking and the risk for mortality was even lower among long-term quitters. Promotion of smoking cessation will contribute substantially to the reduction in avoidable mortality in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhao
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health and Global Health Division, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cha-Aim Pachanee
- International Health and Policy Program, Bureau of Policy and Strategy, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Vasoontara Yiengprugsawan
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health and Global Health Division, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sam-Ang Seubsman
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health and Global Health Division, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia ; School of Human Ecology, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Adrian Sleigh
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health and Global Health Division, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Kong KA, Jung-Choi KH, Lim D, Lee HA, Lee WK, Baik SJ, Park SH, Park H. Comparison of Prevalence- and Smoking Impact Ratio-Based Methods of Estimating Smoking-Attributable Fractions of Deaths. J Epidemiol 2015; 26:145-54. [PMID: 26477995 PMCID: PMC4773491 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for premature mortality. Estimating the smoking-attributable burden is important for public health policy. Typically, prevalence- or smoking impact ratio (SIR)-based methods are used to derive estimates, but there is controversy over which method is more appropriate for country-specific estimates. We compared smoking-attributable fractions (SAFs) of deaths estimated by these two methods. Methods To estimate SAFs in 2012, we used several different prevalence-based approaches using no lag and 10- and 20-year lags. For the SIR-based method, we obtained lung cancer mortality rates from the Korean Cancer Prevention Study (KCPS) and from the United States-based Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II). The relative risks for the diseases associated with smoking were also obtained from these cohort studies. Results For males, SAFs obtained using KCPS-derived SIRs were similar to those obtained using prevalence-based methods. For females, SAFs obtained using KCPS-derived SIRs were markedly greater than all prevalence-based SAFs. Differences in prevalence-based SAFs by time-lag period were minimal among males, but SAFs obtained using longer-lagged prevalence periods were significantly larger among females. SAFs obtained using CPS-II-based SIRs were lower than KCPS-based SAFs by >15 percentage points for most diseases, with the exceptions of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions SAFs obtained using prevalence- and SIR-based methods were similar for males. However, neither prevalence-based nor SIR-based methods resulted in precise SAFs among females. The characteristics of the study population should be carefully considered when choosing a method to estimate SAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Ae Kong
- Clinical Trial Center, Ewha Womans University Medical Center
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Using the Negative Exponential Model to Describe Changes in Risk of Smoking-Related Diseases following Changes in Exposure to Tobacco. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/487876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently published analyses for four smoking-related diseases show that the declining excess relative risk by time quit is well fitted by the negative exponential model. These analyses estimated the half-life of this excess, that is, the time after quitting when the excess relative risk reaches half that for continuing smokers. We describe extensions of the simple model. One quantifies the decline following an exposure reduction. We show that this extension satisfactorily predicts results from studies investigating the effect of reducing cigarette consumption. It may also be relevant to exposure reductions following product-switching. Another extension predicts changes in excess relative risk occurring following multiple exposure changes over time. Suitable published epidemiological data are unavailable to test this, and we recommend its validity to be investigated using large studies with data recorded on smoking habits at multiple time points in life. The basic formulae described assume that the excess relative risk for a continuing smoker is linearly related to exposure and that the half-life is invariant of age. We describe model adaptations to allow for nonlinear dose-response and for age-dependence of the half-life. The negative exponential model, though relatively simple, appears to have many potential uses in epidemiological research for summarizing variations in risk with exposure changes.
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Lee JH, Lee JY, Ahn SH, Jang MU, Oh MS, Kim CH, Yu KH, Lee BC. Smoking is Not a Good Prognostic Factor following First-Ever Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke 2015; 17:177-91. [PMID: 26060805 PMCID: PMC4460337 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2015.17.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose There is evidence that smoking increases stroke risk; however, the effect of smoking on functional outcome after stroke is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of smoking status on outcome following acute ischemic stroke. Methods We assessed 1,117 patients with first-ever acute cerebral infarction and no prestroke disability whose functional outcome was measured after three months. A poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of ≥2. Smoking within one month prior to admission was defined as current smoking. Our analysis included demographics, vascular risk factors, initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, stroke subtype, onset-to-admission time, thrombolytic therapy, initial blood pressure, and prognostic blood parameters as covariates. Results At baseline, current smokers were predominantly male, approximately 10 years younger than non-smokers (mean age, 58.6 vs. 68.3 years), and less likely to have hypertension and atrial fibrillation (53.9% vs. 65.4% and 8.7% vs. 25.9%, respectively), with a lower mean NIHSS score (4.6 vs. 5.7). The univariate analyses revealed that current smokers had a better functional outcome and significantly fewer deaths at three months follow-up when compared with non-smokers (functional outcome: 64.0% vs. 58.4%, P=0.082; deaths: 3.0% vs. 8.4%, P=0.001); however, these effects disappeared after adjusting for covariates (P=0.168 and P=0.627, respectively). Conclusions In this study, smoking was not associated with a good functional outcome, which does not support the paradoxical benefit of smoking on functional outcome following acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - So Hyun Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Min Uk Jang
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Mi Sun Oh
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
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Miyazaki T, Ashikaga T, Ohigashi H, Komura M, Kobayashi K, Isobe M. Impact of smoking on coronary microcirculatory resistance in patients with coronary artery disease. Int Heart J 2014; 56:29-36. [PMID: 25503655 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.14-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between coronary microvascular function and smoking using the 3 parameters fractional flow reserve (FFR), coronary flow reserve (CFR(thermo)), and index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). A total of 97 CAD patients with 148 intermediate stenotic lesions were divided into two groups: current and former smokers (Smokers: n = 54), and those who had never smoked (Non-smokers: n = 43). Coronary physiology measurements were made following coronary angiography at rest and during hyperemia induced with intravenous adenosine triphosphate. If a patient had several intermediate lesions, the lesion producing the largest IMR value and minimum FFR(myo) and CFR(thermo) value was selected. Averaged over all patients, the FFR(myo), CFR(thermo), and IMR values were 0.86 ± 0.10, 2.66 ± 1.50, and 20.8 ± 10.7, respectively. There was no significant correlation between FFR(myo) and IMR. There were no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers in FFR(myo) value (median: 0.85 [IQR: 0.74-0.90] versus 0.87 [IQR: 0.83-0.90], P = 0.15) and CFR(thermo) value (median: 1.90 [IQR: 1.56-3.16] versus 2.10 [IQR: 1.50-2.67] U, P = 0.95). The IMR value was significantly greater in smokers (median: 24.2 [IQR: 16.8-32.5] U versus 18.5 [IQR: 15.4-27.0] U, P = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, smoking was an independent predictor of increased IMR. Smoking appears to have a detrimental effect on coronary microvascular function as measured by IMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Miyazaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kashiwa Municipal, Chiba; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Clinical benefits of smoking cessation in reducing all-cause and disease-specific mortality among older people in Taiwan: A 10-year nationwide retrospective cohort study. Eur Geriatr Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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He Y, Jiang B, Li LS, Li LS, Sun DL, Wu L, Liu M, He SF, Liang BQ, Hu FB, Lam TH. Changes in smoking behavior and subsequent mortality risk during a 35-year follow-up of a cohort in Xi'an, China. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:1060-70. [PMID: 24674900 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective evidence of the associations of smoking cessation with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other causes of death in Asia is scarce. Previous studies, which were mostly based on baseline smoking behavior only, were subject to sick-quitter bias and misclassification resulting from changes in smoking behavior during follow-up. We followed up a cohort for 18 years (1976-1994) to assess changes in smoking behavior and then for an additional 17 years (1994-2011) to examine the relationships of continuing to smoke and new quitting with mortality risk in 1,494 Chinese people (961 men, 533 women). Of the baseline current smokers, 38.7% quit between 1976 and 1994. From 1994 to 2011, a total of 488 persons (359 men, 129 women) died. Ever smokers had increased risks of lung cancer, coronary heart disease, thrombotic stroke, and COPD, with dose-response relationships. For all tobacco-related mortality, the relative risk for new quitters compared with continuing smokers was 0.68 (95% confidence interval: 0.46, 0.99) for those who had quit 2-7 years previously and 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.37, 0.85) for those who had quit 8 years or more previously. The corresponding relative risks were 0.69 and 0.45 for lung cancer, 0.78 and 0.51 for coronary heart disease, 0.76 and 0.84 for thrombotic stroke, and 0.89 and 0.61 for COPD, respectively. Smoking increased tobacco-related deaths, and particularly deaths from COPD, in China, whereas quitting at middle age (at approximately 50 years of age) substantially reduced the risks of death from these causes. The benefits of smoking cessation were underestimated in previous studies that did not use repeated measures.
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Zhang Y, Yang R, Burwinkel B, Breitling LP, Brenner H. F2RL3 methylation as a biomarker of current and lifetime smoking exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:131-7. [PMID: 24273234 PMCID: PMC3915264 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide DNA methylation studies have found a pronounced difference in methylation of the F2RL3 gene (also known as PAR-4) in blood DNA according to smoking exposure. Knowledge on the variation of F2RL3 methylation by various degrees of smoking exposure is still very sparse. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess dose-response relationships of current and lifetime active smoking exposure with F2RL3 methylation. METHODS In a large population-based study, we quantified blood DNA methylation at F2RL3 for 3,588 participants using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Associations of smoking exposure with methylation intensity were examined by multiple linear regression, controlling for potential confounding factors and paying particular attention to dose-response patterns with respect to current and lifetime smoking exposure as well as time since cessation of smoking. RESULTS F2RL3 methylation intensity showed a strong association with smoking status (p < 0.0001), which persisted after controlling for potential confounding factors. Clear inverse dose-response relationships with F2RL3 methylation intensity were seen for both current intensity and lifetime pack-years of smoking. Among former smokers, F2RL3 methylation intensity increased gradually from levels close to those of current smokers for recent quitters to levels close to never smokers for long-term (> 20 years) quitters. CONCLUSIONS F2RL3 methylation is a promising biomarker for both current and long-term past tobacco exposure, and its predictive value for smoking-related diseases warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, and
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Kondo T, Yamashita K, Murohara T. Does Smoking Add More Visceral Fat in Women? Circ J 2014; 78:1071-2. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kondo
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Cardiopulmonary Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Kentaro Yamashita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
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Usuku H, Izumiya Y, Sugiyama S, Kojima S, Araki S, Kurogi K, Yamamoto N, Ando Y, Ogawa H. Lower Framingham risk score and the absence of hypertension are associated with the morning peak in the circadian variation of ST-elevation myocardial infarction onset. Hypertens Res 2013; 37:239-45. [PMID: 24108239 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies analyzing the influences of coronary risk factors on the circadian variation of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Between 2008 and 2011, 293 patients were admitted to Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital with STEMI. The onset time of STEMI was identified in 280 patients (age, 70.5±11.7 years; male subjects, 68%; hypertension (HT), 80%; diabetes mellitus, 28%; current smoking (cSM), 33%; Framingham risk score (FRS), 8.77±3.28). The day was divided into six 4-h periods, with the morning peak between 0800 and 1200 hours. The frequency of HT was significantly lower in the morning incidence group than in the nighttime incidence group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the prevalence of HT was the only independent variable associated with the morning peak of STEMI (odds ratio (OR), 0.43; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.23-0.83; P=0.01) and that cSM was significantly associated with the nighttime peak of STEMI (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.01-3.80; P=0.04). A comprehensive evaluation using the FRS showed that the FRS was significantly lower in the morning incidence group than in the nighttime incidence group and the other time incidence group (7.95±3.47 vs. 9.14±2.89 vs. 9.06±3.25, P<0.01), and that having a lower FRS was associated with the morning peak of STEMI (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.21; P=0.01). A lower FRS and non-HT status are associated with the morning peak in the circadian variation of STEMI onset. The morning incidence of STEMI might be affected by pathogenic factors other than the classic coronary risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Usuku
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Izumiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seigo Sugiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sunao Kojima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Araki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Kurogi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Miyazaki Prefectural Nobeoka Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yukio Ando
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kumamoto University hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hisao Ogawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Xavier RF, Ramos D, Ito JT, Rodrigues FMM, Bertolini GN, Macchione M, de Toledo AC, Ramos EMC. Effects of cigarette smoking intensity on the mucociliary clearance of active smokers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 86:479-85. [PMID: 23615315 DOI: 10.1159/000348398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking impairs mucociliary clearance and increases respiratory infection frequency and severity in subjects with and without smoking-related chronic lung diseases. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of smoking intensity on mucociliary clearance in active smokers. METHODS Seventy-five active smokers were grouped into light (1-10 cigarettes/day; n = 14), moderate (11-20 cigarettes/day; n = 34) and heavy smokers (≥21 cigarettes/day; n = 27) before starting a smoking cessation programme. Smoking behaviour, nicotine dependence, pulmonary function, carbon monoxide in exhaled air (exCO), carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and mucociliary clearance measured by the saccharin transit time (STT) test were all evaluated. An age-matched non-smoker group (n = 24) was assessed using the same tests. RESULTS Moderate (49 ± 7 years) and heavy smokers (46 ± 8 years) had higher STT (p = 0.0001), exCO (p < 0.0001) and COHb (p < 0.0001) levels compared with light smokers (51 ± 15 years) and non-smokers (50 ± 11 years). A positive correlation was observed between STT and exCO (r = 0.4; p < 0.0001), STT and cigarettes/day (r = 0.3, p = 0.02) and exCO and cigarettes/day (r = 0.3, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Smoking impairs mucociliary clearance and is associated with cigarette smoking intensity.
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Wu F, Chen Y, Parvez F, Segers S, Argos M, Islam T, Ahmed A, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Hasan R, Sarwar G, Ahsan H. A prospective study of tobacco smoking and mortality in Bangladesh. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58516. [PMID: 23505526 PMCID: PMC3594295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Limited data are available on smoking-related mortality in low-income countries, where both chronic disease burden and prevalence of smoking are increasing. Methods Using data on 20, 033 individuals in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Bangladesh, we prospectively evaluated the association between tobacco smoking and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality during ∼7.6 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for deaths from all-cause, cancer, CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke, in relation to status, duration, and intensity of cigarette/bidi and hookah smoking. Results Among men, cigarette/bidi smoking was positively associated with all-cause (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.06 1.86) and cancer mortality (HR 2.91, 1.24 6.80), and there was a dose-response relationship between increasing intensity of cigarette/bidi consumption and increasing mortality. An elevated risk of death from ischemic heart disease (HR 1.87, 1.08 3.24) was associated with current cigarette/bidi smoking. Among women, the corresponding HRs were 1.65 (95% CI 1.16 2.36) for all-cause mortality and 2.69 (95% CI 1.20 6.01) for ischemic heart disease mortality. Similar associations were observed for hookah smoking. There was a trend towards reduced risk for the mortality outcomes with older age at onset of cigarette/bidi smoking and increasing years since quitting cigarette/bibi smoking among men. We estimated that cigarette/bidi smoking accounted for about 25.0% of deaths in men and 7.6% in women. Conclusions Tobacco smoking was responsible for substantial proportion of premature deaths in the Bangladeshi population, especially among men. Stringent measures of tobacco control and cessation are needed to reduce tobacco-related deaths in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Wu
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YC); (HA)
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Segers
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Argos
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tariqul Islam
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Rabiul Hasan
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Sarwar
- U-Chicago Research Bangladesh, Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YC); (HA)
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Serum cotinine levels and prehypertension in never smokers. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:284524. [PMID: 23476744 PMCID: PMC3588205 DOI: 10.1155/2013/284524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Few studies have shown that self-reported secondhand smoke exposure in never smokers is associated with high blood pressure. However, there are no studies investigating the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure, measured objectively by serum cotinine levels, and high blood pressure in never smokers.
Methods. We examined never smokers (n = 2027) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2008. Our exposure of interest was the secondhand smoke exposure estimated by serum cotinine level and our outcome was prehypertension (n = 734), defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120–139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 80–89 mmHg. Results. We found that, in never smokers, serum cotinine levels were positively associated with prehypertension. Compared to those with cotinine levels in the lowest quartile (≤0.024 ng/mL), the multivariable odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of prehypertension among those with cotinine levels in the highest quartile (≥0.224 ng/mL) was 1.45(1.00, 2.11); P trend = 0.0451. In subsequent subgroup analyses, the positive association was found to be stronger among men, non-Whites, and non-obese subjects. Conclusion. Higher secondhand smoke exposure measured objectively by serum cotinine levels was found to be associated with prehypertension in certain subgroups of a representative sample of the US population.
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Impact of smoking and quitting on cardiovascular outcomes and risk advancement periods among older adults. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28:649-58. [PMID: 23397516 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-013-9776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is an established risk factor for cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death. However, most pertinent studies primarily relied on middle aged adults. We aimed to provide empirical evidence on the association of smoking with cardiovascular events and the benefits of smoking cessation in people aged 50 years or older. In a German population-based cohort study detailed information on lifetime smoking history was obtained from 8,807 individuals aged 50-74 years, without previous myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke. Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to estimate the impact of smoking on MI, stroke and cardiovascular death (CVD) as well as on the combined outcome of major cardiovascular events (MI, stroke or CVD). In addition, the impact of smoking and the benefits of smoking cessation were quantified by risk advancement periods (RAP). The cohort included 17.2 % current smokers, 31.7 % former smokers and 51.1 % never smokers. During a mean follow-up of 9.1 years, 261 participants experienced a first MI, 456 had a primary stroke and 274 died of cardiovascular reasons. Compared to never smokers, adjusted hazard ratios (95 % confidence intervals) of current smokers were 2.25 (1.62-3.12), 2.12 (1.65-2.73) and 2.45 (1.76-3.42) and RAPs were 19.3, 9.8 and 8.4 years for MI, stroke and CVD, respectively. Strong dose-response relationships were seen with both current and life-time amount of smoking. Most of the excess risk and risk advancement disappeared within 5 years after smoking cessation. Smoking is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular events even at older age. Smoking cessation is highly and rapidly beneficial also at advanced age.
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Abstract
Hypertension is a major public health problem. Identifying novel risk factors for hypertension, including widely prevalent environmental exposures, is therefore important. Active smoking is a well-known risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. However, there are no studies investigating the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure, measured objectively by serum cotinine, and high blood pressure among never smokers. We examined 2889 never smokers from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008. Our exposure of interest was secondhand smoke exposure among never smokers, estimated by serum cotinine level, and our main outcome was hypertension (n=1004). We found that in never smokers, higher serum cotinine levels were positively associated with hypertension. In comparison with those with serum cotinine levels ≤ 0.025 ng/mL, the multivariable odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of hypertension among those with serum cotinine levels ≥ 0.218 ng/mL was 1.44 (1.01-2.04). In addition, higher serum cotinine was positively associated with mean change in systolic blood pressure (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 3.24 [0.86-5.63]; P=0.0061). However, no association was present with diastolic blood pressure. In conclusion, in never smokers, higher secondhand smoke exposure measured objectively by serum cotinine levels was found to be associated with systolic blood pressure and hypertension independent of age, sex, ethnicity, education, alcohol drinking, body mass index, glycohemoglobin, total cholesterol, and other confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Alshaarawy
- Department of Epidemiology, West Virginia University School of Public Health, 1 Medical Center Dr, PO Box 9190, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Joel DL, Denlinger RL, Dermody SS, Hatsukami DK, Benowitz NL, Donny EC. Very low nicotine content cigarettes and potential consequences on cardiovascular disease. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2012; 6:534-541. [PMID: 23264843 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-012-0266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking remains highly prevalent in the U.S. and contributes significantly to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Tobacco control policies, including product regulation, can reduce smoking-related harm. One approach being considered in the U.S. is for the FDA to set a low nicotine standard for cigarettes. Such a standard could result in multiple beneficial outcomes including reduced cardiovascular toxicity related to nicotine, reduced smoking intensity in current smokers, increased cessation rates, decreased development of smoking dependence in youth, and decreased passive smoke exposure. Consequently, CVD risk in the U.S. could be dramatically improved by nicotine reduction in cigarettes. Possible pathways linking nicotine reduction in cigarettes to decreased CVD risk are discussed, while potential unintended consequences that could offset expected gains are also presented. Gaps in the literature, including limited data on CVD biomarkers and long-term CVD outcomes following the use of very low nicotine cigarettes, are discussed to highlight areas for new research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Joel
- Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh 4311 Sennott Square 201 S. Bouquet Street Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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Lee PN, Fry JS, Hamling JS. Using the negative exponential distribution to quantitatively review the evidence on how rapidly the excess risk of ischaemic heart disease declines following quitting smoking. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:51-67. [PMID: 22728684 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
No previous review has formally modelled the decline in IHD risk following quitting smoking. From PubMed searches and other sources we identified 15 prospective and eight case-control studies that compared IHD risk in current smokers, never smokers, and quitters by time period of quit, some studies providing separate blocks of results by sex, age or amount smoked. For each of 41 independent blocks, we estimated, using the negative exponential model, the time, H, when the excess risk reduced to half that caused by smoking. Goodness-of-fit to the model was adequate for 35 blocks, others showing a non-monotonic pattern of decline following quitting, with a variable pattern of misfit. After omitting one block with a current smoker RR 1.0, the combined H estimate was 4.40 (95% CI 3.26-5.95) years. There was considerable heterogeneity, H being <2years for 10 blocks and >10years for 12. H increased (p<0.001) with mean age at study start, but not clearly with other factors. Sensitivity analyses allowing for reverse causation, or varying assumed midpoint times for the final open-ended quitting period little affected goodness-of-fit of the combined estimate. The US Surgeon-General's view that excess risk approximately halves after a year's abstinence seems over-optimistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Lee
- P N Lee Statistics and Computing Ltd., 17 Cedar Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5DA, UK.
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Saito I. Epidemiological Evidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Disease in Japan. Circ J 2012; 76:1066-73. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Saito
- Department of Public Health, Social Medicine and Medical Informatics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine
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