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Li Y, He L, Song H, Bao X, Niu S, Bai J, Ma J, Yuan R, Liu S, Guo J. Cordyceps: Alleviating ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular injury - A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118321. [PMID: 38735418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps has a long medicinal history as a nourishing herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs), including cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) and myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury (MI/RI), are major contributors to mortality and disability in humans. Numerous studies have indicated that Cordyceps or its artificial substitutes have significant bioactivity on ischemic CCVDs, however, there is a lack of relevant reviews. AIM OF THE STUDY This review was conducted to investigate the chemical elements, pharmacological effects, clinical application and drug safety of Cordycepson ischemic CCVDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted on the Web of Science, PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases using the keywords "Cordyceps", "Cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury", and "Myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury" or their synonyms. The retrieved literature was then categorized and summarized. RESULTS The study findings indicated that Cordyceps and its bioactive components, including adenosine, cordycepin, mannitol, polysaccharide, and protein, have the potential to protect against CI/RI and MI/RI by improving blood perfusion, mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species, suppressing inflammation, preventing cellular apoptosis, and promoting tissue regeneration. Individually, Cordyceps could reduce neuronal excitatory toxicity and blood-brain barrier damage caused by cerebral ischemia. It can also significantly improve cardiac energy metabolism disorders and inhibit calcium overload caused by myocardial ischemia. Additionally, Cordyceps exerts a significant preventive or curative influence on the factors responsible for heart/brain ischemia, including hypertension, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and arrhythmia. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates Cordyceps' prospective efficacy and safety in the prevention or treatment of CI/RI and MI/RI, providing novel insights for managing ischemic CCVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liying He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haoran Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiuwen Bao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shuqi Niu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junhao Ma
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Run Yuan
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Sijing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinlin Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Sirichaiwetchakoon K, Tiamyom K, Ayamuang IO, Suknasang S, Eumkeb G. The synergistic effect of Cordyceps sinensis and Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. extracts on amelioration of glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in high-fat diet-fed mice. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38885348 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2369235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) and Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. (G. inodorum) have been widely used for treating various illnesses. The study focused on exploring the effects of C. sinensis extract (CSE), G. inodorum extract (GIE), using alone and combined (COM) on ameliorating glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and obesity in mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). The results revealed that the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and LDL-cholesterol (LDL) exhibited a significant decrease in all groups treated with CSE, GIE, and COM compared to the control (p < 0.05). Obviously, CSE plus GIE exhibited a synergistic effect on amelioration of OGTT, TC, TG, and LDL, which is also the first report. Furthermore, the extracts showed no toxicity in the mice's vital organs. These results suggest that CSE, GIE, and their combined could have the potential as complementary therapeutic approaches for managing hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipot Sirichaiwetchakoon
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Tiamyom
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand
| | - Intu-Orn Ayamuang
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Suknasang
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand
| | - Griangsak Eumkeb
- School of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand
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Wang M, Han Z, Fan B, Qu K, Zhang W, Li W, Li J, Li L, Li J, Li H, Wu S, Wang D, Zhu H. Discovery of Oral AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activators for Treating Hyperlipidemia. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7870-7890. [PMID: 38739840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is proposed to alleviate hyperlipidemia. With cordycepin and N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA) as lead compounds, a series of adenosine-based derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated on activation of AMPK. Finally, compound V1 was identified as a potent AMPK activator with the lipid-lowering effect. Molecular docking and circular dichroism indicated that V1 exerted its activity by binding to the γ subunit of AMPK. V1 markedly decreased the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in C57BL/6 mice, golden hamsters, and rhesus monkeys. V1 was selected as the clinical compound and concluded Phase 1 clinical trials. A single dose of V1 (2000 mg) increased AMPK activation in human erythrocytes after 5 and 12 h of treatment. RNA sequencing data suggested that V1 downregulated expression of genes involved in regulation of apoptotic process, lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammatory response in liver by activating AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baoyan Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jingya Li
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Song Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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Chen L, Wei W, Sun J, Sun B, Deng R. Cordycepin enhances anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer by enhanceing ALB expression. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29903. [PMID: 38720766 PMCID: PMC11076851 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The treatment of breast cancer still faces great challenges, and it is necessary to continuously explore effective drugs and targets to promote immune precision medicine. This study aims to investigate the immune-related regulatory mechanism of cordycepin in breast cancer. Methods Network pharmacology was employed to discovery the action of cordyceps on breast cancer targets, molecular docking was employed to analyze the interaction pattern between core components and targets, and biological information analysis was used to explore the target-related immune mechanism and verified in vitro experiments. Results The results of this study indicate that cordycepin can effectively inhibit breast cancer. The roles of cordycepin's active component and its target gene ALB were elucidated through the combined use of network pharmacology and molecular docking. Bioinformatics analysis revealed convincing associations between ALB and many immune pathway marker genes. ALB was inhibited in tumor expression, and cordycepin was found to enhance the expression of ALB in vitro to play an anti-tumor role. Conclusion Cordycepin regulates immune suppression of tumor, which is expected to open a new chapter of breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Weihao Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Rong Deng
- The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
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Zhang Y, Liu SJ. Cordyceps as potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:102-114. [PMID: 38494355 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite the challenges in managing atherosclerosis, researchers continue to investigate new treatments and complementary therapies. Cordyceps is a traditional Chinese medicine that has recently gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cordyceps in treating atherosclerosis through various pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, lowering cholesterol, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and modulating apoptosis or autophagy in vascular endothelial cells. Notably, the current misuse of the terms cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps sinensis has caused confusion among researchers, and complicated the current academic research on cordyceps. This review focuses on the chemical composition, pharmacological actions, and underlying mechanisms contributing to the anti-atherosclerotic effects of cordyceps and the mycelium of Ophiocordyceps spp. This review provides a resource for the research on the development of new drugs for atherosclerosis from cordyceps. Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, Liu SJ. Cordyceps as potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(2): 102-114.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Marxism, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si-Jing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases with Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China.
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6
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Zhao XY, Wang JQ, Neely GG, Shi YC, Wang QP. Natural compounds as obesity pharmacotherapies. Phytother Res 2024; 38:797-838. [PMID: 38083970 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious global public health problem, affecting over 988 million people worldwide. Nevertheless, current pharmacotherapies have proven inadequate. Natural compounds have garnered significant attention due to their potential antiobesity effects. Over the past three decades, ca. 50 natural compounds have been evaluated for the preventive and/or therapeutic effects on obesity in animals and humans. However, variations in the antiobesity efficacies among these natural compounds have been substantial, owing to differences in experimental designs, including variations in animal models, dosages, treatment durations, and administration methods. The feasibility of employing these natural compounds as pharmacotherapies for obesity remained uncertain. In this review, we systematically summarized the antiobesity efficacy and mechanisms of action of each natural compound in animal models. This comprehensive review furnishes valuable insights for the development of antiobesity medications based on natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ji-Qiu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - G Gregory Neely
- The Dr. John and Anne Chong Laboratory for Functional Genomics, Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiao-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Aging, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Medical Center for Comprehensive Weight Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Sharma H, Sharma N, An SSA. Unique Bioactives from Zombie Fungus ( Cordyceps) as Promising Multitargeted Neuroprotective Agents. Nutrients 2023; 16:102. [PMID: 38201932 PMCID: PMC10780653 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps, also known as "zombie fungus", is a non-poisonous mushroom that parasitizes insects for growth and development by manipulating the host system in a way that makes the victim behave like a "zombie". These species produce promising bioactive metabolites, like adenosine, β-glucans, cordycepin, and ergosterol. Cordyceps has been used in traditional medicine due to its immense health benefits, as it boosts stamina, appetite, immunity, longevity, libido, memory, and sleep. Neuronal loss is the typical feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) (Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) and neurotrauma. Both these conditions share common pathophysiological features, like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Cordyceps bioactives (adenosine, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3β-ol, active peptides, and polysaccharides) exert potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities and display beneficial effects in the management and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in vitro and in vivo. Although a considerable list of compounds is available from Cordyceps, only a few have been evaluated for their neuroprotective potential and still lack information for clinical trials. In this review, the neuroprotective mechanisms and safety profile of Cordyceps extracts/bioactives have been discussed, which might be helpful in the identification of novel potential therapeutic entities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niti Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
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Borde M, Singh SK. Enhanced production of cordycepin under solid-state fermentation of Cordyceps militaris by using combinations of grains/substrates. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2765-2772. [PMID: 37930616 PMCID: PMC10689326 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript deals with cordycepin, an interesting secondary compound produced from entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps. It has attracted commercial interest due to its immense pharmacological importance beneficial to human health. In this study, the contents of cordycepin and its derivatives, like adenine and adenosine, were evaluated through solid-state fermentation using combinations of various grains as substrate. Treatment with grain combination numbers 2, 7, 8, and 9 exhibited higher cordycepin content (1.621, 1.929, 1.895, and 1.996 mg/g cordycepin, respectively) than control (rice). The grain combination number 7 exhibited significantly higher adenine content (700 mg/g) than the control and all other combinations. Treatments with grain combination numbers 2, 5, and 7 exhibited higher adenosine content (2.719, 2.938, and 3.392 mg/g, respectively); however, no significant increase in adenosine content was noted in any treatments. The biomass including fresh mycelium and fruit body was found higher in grain combination numbers 7 and 9, leading to enhanced cordycepin content. Overall, the increase in the fresh biomass significantly enhanced cordycepin accumulation. The level of cordycepin was recorded as higher than that of its derivatives, adenosine and adenine. The grain combination of rice, wheat, jowar, bajra, and sugarcane bagasse added to basal medium exhibited the highest cordycepin content and was found suitable for solid-state fermentation of Cordyceps militaris. To our understanding, the present study is the first to use combinations of cereals for the production of cordycepin from C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Borde
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- National Fungal Culture Collection of India, Biodiversity and Palaeobiology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, 411004, India.
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Chen M, Luo J, Jiang W, Chen L, Miao L, Han C. Cordycepin: A review of strategies to improve the bioavailability and efficacy. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3839-3858. [PMID: 37329165 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cordycepin is a bioactive compound extracted from Cordyceps militaris. As a natural antibiotic, cordycepin has a wide variety of pharmacological effects. Unfortunately, this highly effective natural antibiotic is proved to undergo rapid deamination by adenosine deaminase (ADA) in vivo and, as a consequence, its half-life is shortened and bioavailability is decreased. Therefore, it is of critical importance to work out ways to slow down the deamination so as to increase its bioavailability and efficacy. This study reviews recent researches on a series of aspects of cordycepin such as the bioactive molecule's pharmacological action, metabolism and transformation as well as the underlying mechanism, pharmacokinetics and, particularly, the methods for reducing the degradation to improve the bioavailability and efficacy. It is drawn that there are three methods that can be applied to improve the bioavailability and efficacy: to co-administrate an ADA inhibitor and cordycepin, to develop more effective derivatives via structural modification, and to apply new drug delivery systems. The new knowledge can help optimize the application of the highly potent natural antibiotic-cordycepin and develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- School of Medicine, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Jiahao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lijing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Longxing Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Krishna KV, Ulhas RS, Malaviya A. Bioactive compounds from Cordyceps and their therapeutic potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37518188 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2231139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The Clavicipitaceae family's largest and most diverse genus is Cordyceps. They are most abundant and diverse in humid temperate and tropical forests and have a wide distribution in: Europe, North America, and East and Southeast Asian countries, particularly: Bhutan, China, Japan, Nepal, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Tibet, and the Himalayan region of India, and Sikkim. It is a well-known parasitic fungus that feeds on insects and other arthropods belonging to 10 different orders. Over 200 bioactive metabolites, that include: nucleotides and nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, sterols, and fatty acids, among others have been extracted from Cordyceps spp. demonstrating the phytochemical richness of this genus. These components have been associated with a variety of pharmacological effects, including: anti-microbial, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. In this paper, the bioactivity of various classes of metabolites produced by Cordyceps spp., and their therapeutic properties have been reviewed in an attempt to update the existing literature. Furthermore, one of its nucleoside and a key bioactive compound, cordycepin has been critically elaborated with regard to its biosynthesis pathway and the recently proposed protector-protégé mechanism as well as various biological and pharmacological effects, such as: suppression of purine and nucleic acid biosynthesis, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation with their mechanism of action. This review provides current knowledge on the bioactive potential of Cordyceps spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondapalli Vamsi Krishna
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Christ (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rutwick Surya Ulhas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Jena (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena), Jena, Germany
| | - Alok Malaviya
- Applied and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory, Christ (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Division of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
- QuaLife Biotech Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India
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Chai X, Pan M, Wang J, Feng M, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Sun Y. Cordycepin exhibits anti-fatigue effect via activating TIGAR/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 637:127-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Liu Y, Guo ZJ, Zhou XW. Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196576. [PMID: 36235111 PMCID: PMC9572669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the chemical characteristics of the main components and their pharmacological effects and mechanism on immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. The analysis revealed that Chinese Cordyceps promotes immune cells' antitumor function by via upregulating immune responses and downregulating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and resetting the immune cells' phenotype. Moreover, Chinese Cordyceps can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by death (including apoptosis and autophagy) induction, cell-cycle arrest, and angiogenesis inhibition. Recent evidence has revealed that the signal pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and serine/threonine kinase Akt were involved in the antitumor mechanisms. In conclusion, Chinese Cordyceps, one type of magic mushroom, can be potentially developed as immunomodulator and anticancer therapeutic agents.
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13
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Jin YT, Qi YQ, Jin M, Sun JF, Diao SB, Zhou W, Zhao LX, Li G. Synthesis, antitumor and antibacterial activities of cordycepin derivatives. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:849-859. [PMID: 34657548 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1982907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twelve novel cordycepin derivatives were designed and synthesized with modification at positions of 2', 5'-hydroxyl and N6 amino groups of cordycepin. The results showed that the inhibitory activities of 3, 4b, 6c and 6d on A549 were comparable to the positive control gefitinib, and the inhibitory activity of 6a on A549 was better than that of gefitinib. Also, the inhibitory activities of twelve cordycepin derivatives against E. coli 1924, S. aureus 4220 and S. mutans 3289 were studied. Among them, 4b showed certain inhibitory on S. mutans 3289, while 6b showed certain inhibition on S. aureus 4220.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Mei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jin-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Sheng-Bao Diao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Long-Xuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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14
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Chen J, Wang M, Zhang P, Li H, Qu K, Xu R, Guo N, Zhu H. Cordycepin alleviated metabolic inflammation in Western diet-fed mice by targeting intestinal barrier integrity and intestinal flora. Pharmacol Res 2022; 178:106191. [PMID: 35346845 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inflammation is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of obesity and promotes related complications. Accumulating evidence has indicated that regulating intestinal integrity and the gut microbiota may be new treatment strategies for metabolic inflammation and obesity. Cordycepin has been reported to improve obesity, but the mechanism is not yet clear. Here, we showed that cordycepin considerably alleviated systemic inflammation while reducing body weight gain and metabolic disorders in Western diet (WD)-fed mice. Further investigations showed that cordycepin significantly ameliorated WD-induced damage to the intestinal barrier and decreased the leakage of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the blood in mice by suppressing intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress damage, and decreasing intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and pyroptosis. In addition, by using metagenomic sequencing, we found that cordycepin can also regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora, including selectively increasing the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and reducing the production of fecal LPS. Besides, we demonstrated that the intestinal flora partially mediated the beneficial effects of cordycepin on improving intestinal barrier function, and obesity-related symptoms in WD-fed mice by a fecal microbiota transplantation experiment. Hence, our findings provided new insights into the role of cordycepin in improving metabolic inflammation and obesity from the perspective of regulating the intestinal barrier function and intestinal flora, and further provided data support for the utility of cordycepin in the treatment of obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mingchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kai Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruiming Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Na Guo
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nan Xiao Street 16, Dong Zhi Men Nei, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Haibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
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15
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Prospects of Cordycepin and Polysaccharides Produced by Cordyceps. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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SHARMA SHIVANI, MADAAN KASHISH, KAUR RAVNEET. Cordycepin: A hidden metabolite with pharmacological potential. Int J Med Mushrooms 2022; 24:1-20. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022044442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Jędrejko KJ, Lazur J, Muszyńska B. Cordyceps militaris: An Overview of Its Chemical Constituents in Relation to Biological Activity. Foods 2021; 10:2634. [PMID: 34828915 PMCID: PMC8622900 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps spp. mushrooms have a long tradition of use as a natural raw material in Asian ethnomedicine because of their adaptogenic, tonic effects and their ability to reduce fatigue and stimulate the immune system in humans. This review aims to present the chemical composition and medicinal properties of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies and mycelium, as well as mycelium from in vitro cultures. The analytical results of the composition of C. militaris grown in culture media show the bioactive components such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ergothioneine and others described in the review. To summarize, based on the presence of several bioactive compounds that contribute to biological activity, C. militaris mushrooms definitely deserve to be considered as functional foods and also have great potential for medicinal use. Recent scientific reports indicate the potential of cordycepin in antiviral activity, particularly against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30–688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.J.); (J.L.)
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18
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Radhi M, Ashraf S, Lawrence S, Tranholm AA, Wellham PAD, Hafeez A, Khamis AS, Thomas R, McWilliams D, de Moor CH. A Systematic Review of the Biological Effects of Cordycepin. Molecules 2021; 26:5886. [PMID: 34641429 PMCID: PMC8510467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effects of cordycepin on cell survival and proliferation, inflammation, signal transduction and animal models. A total of 1204 publications on cordycepin were found by the cut-off date of 1 February 2021. After application of the exclusion criteria, 791 papers remained. These were read and data on the chosen subjects were extracted. We found 192 papers on the effects of cordycepin on cell survival and proliferation and calculated a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 135 µM. Cordycepin consistently repressed cell migration (26 papers) and cellular inflammation (53 papers). Evaluation of 76 papers on signal transduction indicated consistently reduced PI3K/mTOR/AKT and ERK signalling and activation of AMPK. In contrast, the effects of cordycepin on the p38 and Jun kinases were variable, as were the effects on cell cycle arrest (53 papers), suggesting these are cell-specific responses. The examination of 150 animal studies indicated that purified cordycepin has many potential therapeutic effects, including the reduction of tumour growth (37 papers), repression of pain and inflammation (9 papers), protecting brain function (11 papers), improvement of respiratory and cardiac conditions (8 and 19 papers) and amelioration of metabolic disorders (8 papers). Nearly all these data are consistent with cordycepin mediating its therapeutic effects through activating AMPK, inhibiting PI3K/mTOR/AKT and repressing the inflammatory response. We conclude that cordycepin has excellent potential as a lead for drug development, especially for age-related diseases. In addition, we discuss the remaining issues around the mechanism of action, toxicity and biodistribution of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masar Radhi
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Sadaf Ashraf
- Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Steven Lawrence
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Asta Arendt Tranholm
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Peter Arthur David Wellham
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Ammar Sabah Khamis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Robert Thomas
- The Primrose Oncology Unit, Bedford Hospital NHS Trust, Bedford MK42 9DJ, UK;
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel McWilliams
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Cornelia Huiberdina de Moor
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (M.R.); (A.A.T.); (D.M.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (S.L.); (P.A.D.W.); (A.H.); (A.S.K.)
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19
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SRISUKSAI K, PARUNYAKUL K, PHAONAKROP N, ROYTAKUL S, FUNGFUANG W. The effect of cordycepin on brain oxidative stress and protein expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1425-1434. [PMID: 34334512 PMCID: PMC8498841 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by metabolic disorders and psychological deficits, including cognitive decline. Here, we investigated the effect of cordycepin on oxidative stress and protein expression in the brains of diabetic mice. Twenty-four mice were divided into four groups, one comprising untreated healthy mice (N); one comprising healthy mice treated with cordycepin (24 mg/kg body weight) (N+Cor); one comprising untreated DM mice; and one comprising DM mice treated with cordycepin (24 mg/kg body weight) (DM+Cor). After 14 days of treatment, cognitive behavior was assessed using the novel object recognition (NOR) test. The brain levels of oxidative stress markers (glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) were examined using the respective detection kits. Protein expression in brain tissues was assessed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); the functions of the identified proteins were annotated by PANTHER, while major protein-protein interactions were assessed using STITCH. We found that cordycepin treatment significantly decreased body weight and food and water intake in the DM+Cor group compared with that in the DM group; however, no differences in blood glucose levels were found between the two groups. Cordycepin treatment significantly reversed cognitive decline in diabetic mice in the NOR test and ameliorated antioxidant defenses. Additionally, we identified ULK1 isoform 2, a protein associated with cognitive function via the activated AMPK and autophagic pathways, as being uniquely expressed in the DM+Cor group. Our findings provide novel insights into the cellular mechanisms underlying how cordycepin improves cognitive decline in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittika SRISUKSAI
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kongphop PARUNYAKUL
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Narumon PHAONAKROP
- Functional Ingredient and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology
Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk ROYTAKUL
- Functional Ingredient and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology
Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wirasak FUNGFUANG
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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20
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Lan T, Yu Y, Zhang J, Li H, Weng Q, Jiang S, Tian S, Xu T, Hu S, Yang G, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang L, Zhu Q, Rong X, Guo J. Cordycepin Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Activation of the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Hepatology 2021; 74:686-703. [PMID: 33576035 PMCID: PMC8457150 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, especially nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has become a major cause of liver transplantation and liver-associated death. NASH is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and different degrees of fibrosis. However, there is no US Food and Drug Administration-approved medication to treat this devastating disease. Therapeutic activators of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) have been proposed as a potential treatment for metabolic diseases such as NASH. Cordycepin, a natural product isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps militaris, has recently emerged as a promising drug candidate for metabolic diseases. APPROACH AND RESULTS We evaluated the effects of cordycepin on lipid storage in hepatocytes, inflammation, and fibrosis development in mice with NASH. Cordycepin attenuated lipid accumulation, inflammation, and lipotoxicity in hepatocytes subjected to metabolic stress. In addition, cordycepin treatment significantly and dose-dependently decreased the elevated levels of serum aminotransferases in mice with diet-induced NASH. Furthermore, cordycepin treatment significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and hepatic fibrosis in mice. In vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies revealed that a key mechanism linking the protective effects of cordycepin were AMPK phosphorylation-dependent, as indicated by the finding that treatment with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C abrogated cordycepin-induced hepatoprotection in hepatocytes and mice with NASH. CONCLUSION Cordycepin exerts significant protective effects against hepatic steatosis, inflammation, liver injury, and fibrosis in mice under metabolic stress through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Cordycepin might be an AMPK activator that can be used for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lan
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yang Yu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haonan Li
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiqing Weng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shuo Jiang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Song Tian
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tonghao Xu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sha Hu
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guizhi Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of CardiologyRenmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Weixuan Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qing Zhu
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Institute of Chinese MedicineGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic DisorderMinistry of Education of ChinaGuangzhouChina.,Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic DiseasesGuangdong Pharmaceutical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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21
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Role of macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis: modulation by bioactive compounds. Biochem J 2021; 478:1359-1375. [PMID: 33861844 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with lipid metabolism disorder. Autophagy is a catabolic process and contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Substantial evidence suggests that defective autophagy is implicated in several diseases, including atherosclerosis, while increased autophagy mitigates atherosclerosis development. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of autophagy regulation and its association with atherosclerosis is vital to develop new therapies against atherosclerosis. Dietary bioactive compounds are non-nutrient natural compounds that include phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids. Importantly, these bioactive compounds possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties that may alleviate various chronic diseases. Recently, examining the effects of bioactive compounds on autophagy activity in atherogenesis has drawn considerable attention. The current review discusses the role of macrophage autophagy in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We also summarize our current knowledge of the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds on atherosclerosis and autophagy.
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22
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Abo Nouh FA, Gezaf SA, Abo Nahas HH, Abo Nahas YH, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Acosta RAS, Abdel-Azeem AM. Diversity of Cordyceps from Different Environmental Agroecosystems and Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Horng CT, Yang YL, Chen CC, Huang YS, Chen C, Chen FA. Intraocular pressure-lowering effect of Cordyceps cicadae mycelia extract in a glaucoma rat model. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1007-1014. [PMID: 33456358 PMCID: PMC7807192 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. This study evaluates the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) induced by C. cicadae mycelia extract in a steroid-induced rat model of glaucoma. Cordyceps cicadae mycelia is a well-known and valued traditional Chinese herbal medicine. C. cicadae mycelia were cultured using a liquid fermentation technique. The harvested C. cicadae mycelia were then lyophilized and extracted with two solvents, water and ethanol. The aqueous extract (CCM-DW) and ethanolic extract (CCM-EtOH) of the mycelia were obtained through lyophilization. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 in each group): a normal group, a control group, and experimental groups treated with CCM-DW, or CCM-EtOH (both at 50 mg/kg/body weight). Except for those in the normal group, all rats received a subconjunctival injection of betamethasone to induce high IOP. The rats in the experimental groups received a daily administration of CCM by oral gavage for four consecutive weeks. IOP reduction is the known treatment for glaucoma. The results revealed that steroid treatment caused a significant increase in the animals' IOP (control group). Elevated IOP decreased significantly after treatment with CCM-DW and CCM-EtOH (p < 0.01), and CCM-DW was more effective than CCM-EtOH. CCM-DW and CCM-EtOH were capable of causing significant decreases in high IOP-induced lesions in pathological studies in which it was shown that the efficacy of CCM-DW surpassed that of CCM-EtOH. After CCM-DW administration for 28 days, there were significant decreases in malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase levels and significant increases in catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels. In summary, C. cicadae mycelia may be beneficial for preventing or treating glaucoma due to its significant IOP-lowering and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ting Horng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fooyin University Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd, Zhong-Li Dist., Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
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24
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Russell FM, Hardie DG. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase: Do We Need Activators or Inhibitors to Treat or Prevent Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E186. [PMID: 33375416 PMCID: PMC7795930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular energy balance. In response to metabolic stress, it acts to redress energy imbalance through promotion of ATP-generating catabolic processes and inhibition of ATP-consuming processes, including cell growth and proliferation. While findings that AMPK was a downstream effector of the tumour suppressor LKB1 indicated that it might act to repress tumourigenesis, more recent evidence suggests that AMPK can either suppress or promote cancer, depending on the context. Prior to tumourigenesis AMPK may indeed restrain aberrant growth, but once a cancer has arisen, AMPK may instead support survival of the cancer cells by adjusting their rate of growth to match their energy supply, as well as promoting genome stability. The two isoforms of the AMPK catalytic subunit may have distinct functions in human cancers, with the AMPK-α1 gene often being amplified, while the AMPK-α2 gene is more often mutated. The prevalence of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes, has led to the development of a wide range of AMPK-activating drugs. While these might be useful as preventative therapeutics in individuals predisposed to cancer, it seems more likely that AMPK inhibitors, whose development has lagged behind that of activators, would be efficacious for the treatment of pre-existing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK;
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Effect of Spent Mushroom ( Cordyceps militaris) on Growth Performance, Immunity, and Intestinal Microflora in Weaning Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122360. [PMID: 33321775 PMCID: PMC7764026 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited published reports regarding the optimal dosage of spent mushroom. This study investigated the effect of various levels of spent mushroom derived from C. militaris as an alternative growth promoter to an in-feed antibiotic on the growth performance, blood profiles, immunoglobulin, inflammation, and microbial count of weaning pigs. A total of 120 pigs (6.63 ± 0.13 kg initial body weight) were blocked by weight and sex in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment had six replicates of four pigs each. The pigs were allotted into five treatments: (1) positive control (PC) with 150 mg/kg colistin; (2) negative control (NC) without antibiotic inclusion; and (3-5) negative control groups with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg of C. militariss pent mushroom (SM), respectively. Blood samples were collected at day 35 for determination of blood-related lipid metabolism and immunity. Fresh fecal samples were collected to examine microbial counts on day 35 postweaning. The results showed that SM at 1.5 g/kg improved the body weight, average daily weight gain, and average daily feed intake of weaning pigs in the overall period (p < 0.05). Moreover, the highest dosage of SM caused improvements in the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein, and immunoglobulin A, along with suppressions of total cholesterol, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and E. coli (p < 0.05). Therefore, the weaned pigs fed a 1.5 g/kg SM diet showed improved growth performance and displayed greater immunoglobulin secretion and lower inflammation, pathogenic population, and cholesterol concentration.
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Takahashi JA, Barbosa BVR, Martins BDA, P. Guirlanda C, A. F. Moura M. Use of the Versatility of Fungal Metabolism to Meet Modern Demands for Healthy Aging, Functional Foods, and Sustainability. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E223. [PMID: 33076336 PMCID: PMC7711925 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated, non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD) such as cancer, dyslipidemia, and neurodegenerative disorders have been challenged through several strategies including the consumption of healthy foods and the development of new drugs for existing diseases. Consumer health consciousness is guiding market trends toward the development of additives and nutraceutical products of natural origin. Fungi produce several metabolites with bioactivity against NTCD as well as pigments, dyes, antioxidants, polysaccharides, and enzymes that can be explored as substitutes for synthetic food additives. Research in this area has increased the yields of metabolites for industrial applications through improving fermentation conditions, application of metabolic engineering techniques, and fungal genetic manipulation. Several modern hyphenated techniques have impressively increased the rate of research in this area, enabling the analysis of a large number of species and fermentative conditions. This review thus focuses on summarizing the nutritional, pharmacological, and economic importance of fungi and their metabolites resulting from applications in the aforementioned areas, examples of modern techniques for optimizing the production of fungi and their metabolites, and methodologies for the identification and analysis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (B.V.R.B.); (B.d.A.M.)
| | - Bianca V. R. Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (B.V.R.B.); (B.d.A.M.)
| | - Bruna de A. Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (B.V.R.B.); (B.d.A.M.)
| | - Christiano P. Guirlanda
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (C.P.G.); (M.A.F.M.)
| | - Marília A. F. Moura
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (C.P.G.); (M.A.F.M.)
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Ahn HY, Cho HD, Cho YS. Anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of cordycepin-rich Cordyceps militaris in a Sprague–Dawley rat model of alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-020-00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHyperlipidemia is involved in serious cardiovascular disease, however, synthetic drugs to reduce lipid contents in blood stream have been found to induce serious side effects. In the current study, we compared anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Paecilomyces japonica (PJ), Cordyceps militaris (CM) and cordycepin-rich Cordyceps militaris (CMα) in rats induced alcoholic hyperlipidemia (AIH) and oxidative stress. The experimental groups were divided in N (water), C (30% alcohol), PJ (30% alcohol + 3% PJ powder), CM (30% alcohol + 3% CM powder), CMα (30% alcohol + 3% CMα powder) and SM [30% alcohol + 0.1% silymarin (SM)]. Compared to C group, supplementation of PJ, CM, CMα and SM slightly alleviated the increased weight ratio of liver and kidney in the alcohol-treated rats. In addition, a significant or slight reduction was identified in total lipid, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels in the rats receiving PJ, CM and CMα as compared with C group. Administration of PJ, CM and CMα also blocked alcohol-induced lipid peroxidation via a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA), and activated anti-oxidant enzyme, glutathione (GSH), in serum and various organ tissues. Overall, cordycepin-rich CMα showed highest anti-oxidant and anti-hyperlipidemia effect under chronic alcoholic damage. Our results indicate that CMα might be useful in inhibiting the oxidation and hyperlipidemia in alcohol-induced hepatic disease possibly because of potential anti-oxidative and anti-hyperlipidemic activities of cordycepin.
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Cordycepin for Health and Wellbeing: A Potent Bioactive Metabolite of an Entomopathogenic Cordyceps Medicinal Fungus and Its Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Potential. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122735. [PMID: 32545666 PMCID: PMC7356751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps is a rare naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus usually found at high altitudes on the Himalayan plateau and a well-known medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine. Cordyceps contains various bioactive components, out of which, cordycepin is considered most vital, due to its utmost therapeutic as well as nutraceutical potential. Moreover, the structure similarity of cordycepin with adenosine makes it an important bioactive component, with difference of only hydroxyl group, lacking in the 3′ position of its ribose moiety. Cordycepin is known for various nutraceutical and therapeutic potential, such as anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, anticancer, antiviral, hepato-protective, hypo-sexuality, cardiovascular diseases, antimalarial, anti-osteoporotic, anti-arthritic, cosmeceutical etc. which makes it a most valuable medicinal mushroom for helping in maintaining good health. In this review, effort has been made to bring altogether the possible wide range of cordycepin’s nutraceutical potential along with its pharmacological actions and possible mechanism. Additionally, it also summarizes the details of cordycepin based nutraceuticals predominantly available in the market with expected global value. Moreover, this review will attract the attention of food scientists, nutritionists, pharmaceutical and food industries to improve the use of bioactive molecule cordycepin for nutraceutical purposes with commercialization to aid and promote healthy lifestyle, wellness and wellbeing.
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Boontiam W, Wachirapakorn C, Wattanachai S. Growth performance and hematological changes in growing pigs treated with Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate. Vet World 2020; 13:768-773. [PMID: 32546924 PMCID: PMC7245730 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.768-773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of dietary Cordyceps militaris spent mushroom substrate (CMS) on growth performance, immunity, metabolic profiles, and antioxidant capacity in growing pigs. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two crossbred growing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 25.78±0.33 kg were allotted into two dietary treatments in six pens (six growing pigs each). Dietary treatments were (i) control and (ii) supplemented group with 2 g/kg CMS. Results: Growing pigs fed with 2 g/kg CMS showed improvements in final BW (p=0.034) and average daily weight gain (p=0.039). Moreover, there were positive changes in immunoglobulin A (p=0.013), immunoglobulin G (p=0.019), total antioxidant capacity (p=0.001), and glutathione peroxidase activity (p=0.003), whereas decreased leukocyte percentage (p=0.002), cholesterol (p=0.023), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (p=0.002) were noted in the CMS supplemented treatment. Average daily feed intake, gain-to-feed ratio, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were unaffected by the treatments. Conclusion: Supplementation of CMS at 2g/kg of diet increases growth performance, immunoglobulin secretion, and antioxidant capacity, whereas it lowers leukocyte percentage, cholesterol, and MDA concentrations in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waewaree Boontiam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chalong Wachirapakorn
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Suchat Wattanachai
- Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Hawley SA, Ross FA, Russell FM, Atrih A, Lamont DJ, Hardie DG. Mechanism of Activation of AMPK by Cordycepin. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:214-222.e4. [PMID: 31991096 PMCID: PMC7031697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) is a major bioactive agent in Cordyceps militaris, a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been proposed to have many beneficial metabolic effects by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but the mechanism of activation remained uncertain. We report that cordycepin enters cells via adenosine transporters and is converted by cellular metabolism into mono-, di-, and triphosphates, which at high cordycepin concentrations can almost replace cellular adenine nucleotides. AMPK activation by cordycepin in intact cells correlates with the content of cordycepin monophosphate and not other cordycepin or adenine nucleotides. Genetic knockout of AMPK sensitizes cells to the cytotoxic effects of cordycepin. In cell-free assays, cordycepin monophosphate mimics all three effects of AMP on AMPK, while activation in cells is blocked by a γ-subunit mutation that prevents activation by AMP. Thus, cordycepin is a pro-drug that activates AMPK by being converted by cellular metabolism into the AMP analog cordycepin monophosphate. Cordycepin (100 μM) activates AMPK in human cells; higher concentrations are toxic Cordycepin is taken up into cells and converted into mono-, di-, and triphosphates AMPK activation correlates with the cellular content of cordycepin monophosphate Cordycepin monophosphate mimics all three effects of AMP on AMPK in cell-free assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Hawley
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Fiona A Ross
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Fiona M Russell
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Abdelmadjid Atrih
- Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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Amelioration of diet-induced metabolic syndrome and fatty liver with sitagliptin via regulation of adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic Adiponectin/AMPK levels in mice. Biochimie 2020; 168:198-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bibi S, Wang YB, Tang DX, Kamal MA, Yu H. Prospects for Discovering the Secondary Metabolites of Cordyceps Sensu Lato by the Integrated Strategy. Med Chem 2019; 17:97-120. [PMID: 31880251 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666191227120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some species of Cordyceps sensu lato are famous Chinese herbs with significant biological activities, often used as edible food and traditional medicine in China. Cordyceps represents the largest entomopathogenic group of fungi, including 40 genera and 1339 species in three families and incertae sedis of Hypocreales. OBJECTIVE Most of the Cordyceps-derivatives have been approved clinically for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, cancers, inflammation, cardiovascular, renal and neurological disorders and are used worldwide as supplements and herbal drugs, but there is still need for highly efficient Cordyceps-derived drugs for fatal diseases with approval of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. METHODS Computer-aided drug design concepts could improve the discovery of putative Cordyceps- derived medicine within less time and low budget. The integration of computer-aided drug design methods with experimental validation has contributed to the successful discovery of novel drugs. RESULTS This review focused on modern taxonomy, active metabolites, and modern drug design techniques that could accelerate conventional drug design and discovery of Cordyceps s. l. Successful application of computer-aided drug design methods in Cordyceps research has been discussed. CONCLUSION It has been concluded that computer-aided drug design techniques could influence the multiple target-focused drug design, because each metabolite of Cordyceps has shown significant activities for the various diseases with very few or no side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan-Bing Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Xiang Tang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
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Yang TH, Chiu CY, Lu TJ, Liu SH, Chiang MT. The Anti-Obesity Effect of Polysaccharide-Rich Red Algae ( Gelidium amansii) Hot-Water Extracts in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Hamsters. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090532. [PMID: 31540318 PMCID: PMC6780553 DOI: 10.3390/md17090532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-obesity effect of a polysaccharide-rich red algae Gelidium amansii hot-water extract (GHE) in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese hamsters. GHE contained 68.54% water-soluble indigestible carbohydrate polymers. Hamsters were fed with a HF diet for 5 weeks to induce obesity, and then randomly divided into: HF group, HF with 3% guar gum diet group, HF with 3% GHE diet group, and HF with orlistat (200 mg/kg diet) group for 9 weeks. The increased weights of body, liver, and adipose in the HF group were significantly reversed by GHE supplementation. Lower plasma leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 levels were observed in the GHE+HF group compared to the HF group. GHE also increased the lipolysis rate and decreased the lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissues. GHE induced an increase in the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the protein expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and uncoupling protein (UCP)-2 in the livers. The decreased triglyceride and total cholesterol in the plasma and liver were also observed in obese hamsters fed a diet with GHE. These results suggest that GHE exerts a down-regulation effect on hepatic lipid metabolism through AMPK phosphorylation and up-regulation of PPARα and UCP-2 in HF-induced obese hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Yang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Industry Technology and Development Center, New Taipei City 24886, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Jang Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan.
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Li T, Wen L, Cheng B. Cordycepin alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation by inducing protective autophagy via PKA/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:632-638. [PMID: 31242974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As the major active ingredient of Cordyceps militaris, cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) has been well documented to possess lipid-lowering and anti-oxidative activities, making it a promising candidate for treatment of NAFLD. Autophagy was recently identified as a critical protective mechanism during NAFLD development. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the mechanism of cordycepin regulating autophagy and lipid metabolism. Here, we found that cordycepin decreased palmitate-induced lipid accumulation by Oil Red O staining, Nile Red staining assays, triglyceride and total cholesterol measurements. Based on Western blot assay and immunocytochemistry, we found that cordycepin induced autophagy in PA-induced steatotic HepG2 cells. Whereas pretreatment with CQ, an autophagy inhibitor, substantially deteriorated the mitigative effects of cordycepin on PA-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. These data taken together indicate that cordycepin protects against PA-induced hepatic lipid accumulation via autophagy induction. Further, cordycepin remarkably increased the expression of P-PKA and decreased P-mTOR, whereas pretreatment with H89, a PKA inhibitor, abolished the ability of cordycepin to activate autophagy via mTOR activation. These data suggested that cordycepin protects against PA-induced hepatic lipid accumulation through the promotion of autophagy. The underlying mechanism might be associated with the PKA/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, People's Republic of China; College of Food Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin Province, 132101, People's Republic of China
| | - Liankui Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bijun Cheng
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, Jilin Province, 132101, People's Republic of China.
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Therapeutic Potential and Biological Applications of Cordycepin and Metabolic Mechanisms in Cordycepin-Producing Fungi. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122231. [PMID: 31207985 PMCID: PMC6632035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), a cytotoxic nucleoside analogue found in Cordyceps militaris, has attracted much attention due to its therapeutic potential and biological value. Cordycepin interacts with multiple medicinal targets associated with cancer, tumor, inflammation, oxidant, polyadenylation of mRNA, etc. The investigation of the medicinal drug actions supports the discovery of novel targets and the development of new drugs to enhance the therapeutic potency and reduce toxicity. Cordycepin may be of great value owing to its medicinal potential as an external drug, such as in cosmeceutical, traumatic, antalgic and muscle strain applications. In addition, the biological application of cordycepin, for example, as a ligand, has been used to uncover molecular structures. Notably, studies that investigated the metabolic mechanisms of cordycepin-producing fungi have yielded significant information related to the biosynthesis of high levels of cordycepin. Here, we summarized the medicinal targets, biological applications, cytotoxicity, delivery carriers, stability, and pros/cons of cordycepin in clinical applications, as well as described the metabolic mechanisms of cordycepin in cordycepin-producing fungi. We posit that new approaches, including single-cell analysis, have the potential to enhance medicinal potency and unravel all facets of metabolic mechanisms of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris.
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Han HJ, Song X, Yadav D, Hwang MS, Lee JH, Lee CH, Kim TH, Lee JJ, Kwon J. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance modulates lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia via activation of AMPK pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217112. [PMID: 31120956 PMCID: PMC6532881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulmus macrocarpa Hance as an oriental medicinal plant has shown enormous potential for the treatment of several metabolic disorders in Korea. Hyperlipidemia, which is characterized by the excess accumulation of lipid contents in the bloodstream, may lead to several cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, in this study, anti-hyperlipidemic potential of U. macrocarpa water extract (UME) was examined in vitro and in vivo using HepG2 cells and experimental rats, respectively. The hyperlipidemia in experimental rats was induced by the high-cholesterol diet (HCD) followed by oral administration of various concentrations (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) of UME for 6 weeks. As a result, the UME significantly improved the biochemical parameters such as increased the level of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as reduced the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the HCD-fed rats. In addition, UME also prevented lipid accumulation through regulating AMPK activity and lipid metabolism proteins (ACC, SREBP1 and HMGCR) in the HCD-fed rats as compared to the controls. Moreover, similar pattern of gene expression levels was confirmed in oleic acid (OA)-treated HepG2 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that UME prevents hyperlipidemia via activating the AMPK pathway and regulates lipid metabolism. Thus, based on the above findings, it is estimated that UME could be a potential therapeutic agent for preventing the hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ju Han
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinjie Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sun Hwang
- Korea Nanotechnology Center and Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hee Lee
- Korea Nanotechnology Center and Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Korea Nanotechnology Center and Center for Anti-Aging Industry, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hee Kim
- Naturetech Co. Ltd., Chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Jun Lee
- Naturetech Co. Ltd., Chopyeong-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkee Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Wei C, Yao X, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Zhang D, Chen X, Fan X, Xie C, Cheng J, Fu J, Leung ELH. Cordycepin Inhibits Drug-resistance Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Progression by Activating AMPK Signaling Pathway. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:79-89. [PMID: 30974169 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and it is also the most leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although multiple generations of targeted therapeutic drugs such as gefitinib and afatinib specifically targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway are currently available for lung cancer treatment, none of them can escape their eventual drug-resistance. As a key component of Cordyceps Sinensis and widely used in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), cordycepin (CD) has attracted increasing attention to both scientists and clinicians. We aimed to explore the potential in developing cordycepin (CD) as an anti-lung cancer drug. A systematic analysis was conducted on a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines to identify the cells sensitive to CD. We found that CD can affect different aspects of lung cancer development including proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis. We then explored the underlying molecular mechanisms of CD-mediated NSCLC cell apoptosis by conducting a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. We found that in addition to affecting different stages of NSCLC development including tumor growth, migration, and invasion, the CD is capable of inhibiting NSCLC cell cycle progression and inducing cancer cell apoptosis without apparent adverse effect on normal lung cells. Furthermore, we found that the cells containing EGFR mutations are more sensitive to CD treatment than those without. Mechanistically, CD induces NSCLC cell apoptosis by interacting with and activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). More importantly, we found that the potency of CD's anticancer effect both in vitro and in vivo is comparable to afatinib and even better than gefitinib. Our findings suggest that CD either by itself or in combination with the currently available targeted therapeutic drugs might be additional therapeutic options for drug-resistance NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China; Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Zebo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Dianzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, PA, 19131, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China; Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Xingxing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Chun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China; Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute For Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China; Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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The Effects of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. Extracts on Adipogenesis and Lipase Activity In Vitro. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5370473. [PMID: 31057650 PMCID: PMC6463657 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5370473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Cordyceps sinensis extract (CSE) and Gymnema inodorum extract (GIE), used alone and combined, on antiadipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Oil Red O staining was used to examine the effects of these extracts on inhibition of intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and on lipid droplet morphology. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to examine biomolecular changes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The pancreatic lipase assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of CSE and GIE on pancreatic lipase activity. Taken together, the results indicated that CSE, GIE, and their combination suppressed lipid accumulation. The FTIR microspectroscopy results indicated that CSE, GIE, and their combination had inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation in the adipocytes. Compared with the untreated adipocytes, the signal intensity and integrated areas of glycogen and other carbohydrates, the acyl chain of phospholipids, and the lipid/protein ratios of the CSE, GIE, alone, and combined treated adipocytes were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Combination treatment resulted in a synergistic effect on lipid accumulation reduction in the adipocytes. Principal component analysis of the biomolecular changes revealed six distinct clusters in the FTIR spectra of the sample cells. The pancreatic lipase assay results indicated that CSE and GIE inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner (mean ± standard error of the mean IC50 values, 2312.44 ± 176.55 μg mL−1 and 982.24 ± 44.40 μg mL−1, resp.). Our findings indicated that FTIR microspectroscopy has potential application for evaluation of the effectiveness of medicinal plants and for the development of infrared biochemical obesity markers useful for treating patients with obesity. These results suggested that use of CSE and GIE alone and in combination may be efficacious as a complementary therapy for hyperlipidemia and obesity management. However, clinical trials in animals and humans must first be completed.
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Li IC, Lin S, Tsai YT, Hsu JH, Chen YL, Lin WH, Chen CC. Cordyceps cicadae mycelia and its active compound HEA exert beneficial effects on blood glucose in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:606-612. [PMID: 29952113 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first study to investigate the therapeutic effects of Cordyceps cicadae (C. cicadae) mycelia and its active compound N6 -(2-hydroxyethyl)adenosine (HEA) on blood glucose in genetically diabetic mice. RESULTS Forty mice, 9 weeks of age, were divided into normal control, diabetic control, and three C. cicadae mycelia treated diabetic groups. After 9 weeks of continuous supplementation, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance index showed significant glucose tolerance with C. cicadae mycelia. Furthermore, the effect of HEA is similar to that of C. cicadae mycelia in an OGTT, suggesting that HEA could be the major factor responsible for the functional properties of C. cicadae mycelia. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, it is suggested that the therapeutic effect of C. cicadae mycelia may be driven by one of its active components, HEA, which could alleviate many diabetes complications in genetically obese mice and may offer promise as a supplement for diabetes management. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chen Li
- Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shan Lin
- Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Ting Tsai
- Testing Center, Super Laboratory Inc., New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Wen-Hsin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shih Chien University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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Joshi R, Sharma A, Thakur K, Kumar D, Nadda G. Metabolite analysis and nucleoside determination using reproducible UHPLC-Q-ToF-IMS in Ophiocordyceps sinensis. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1541804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Aakriti Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Krishana Thakur
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Gireesh Nadda
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology of Medicinal, Aromatic and Commercially Important Plants Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
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Lee MR, Kim JE, Choi JY, Park JJ, Kim HR, Song BR, Choi YW, Kim KM, Song H, Hwang DY. Anti-obesity effect in high-fat-diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice: Study of a novel extract from mulberry ( Morus alba) leaves fermented with Cordyceps militaris. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2185-2193. [PMID: 30867704 PMCID: PMC6395968 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of mulberry (Morus alba) leaves on lipid metabolism, including lipogenesis, lipolysis and hyperlipidemia are widely known, although their fermented products are yet to be applied. To investigate the therapeutic effects of a novel extract of mulberry leaves fermented with Cordyceps militaris (EMfC) on lipid metabolism, the lipid profile of serum, lipid accumulation, lipolytic activity and lipogenesis regulation were measured in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6 mice treated with EMfC for 12 weeks. Briefly, the concentrations of low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, total cholesterol and glucose significantly decreased in the serum of the HFD+EMfC treated group when compared with the HFD+Vehicle treated group, while the levels of high-density lipoprotein increased in the HFD+EMfC group. The amount of abdominal fat and the size of adipocytes were significantly lower in the HFD+EMfC treated group when compared with the HFD+Vehicle treated group. The weight and number of lipid droplets of liver tissue exhibited a similar decrease. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ for adipogenesis as well as adipocyte protein 2 and Fas cell surface death receptor for lipogenesis reduced following EMfC treatment for 12 weeks. Phosphorylation of perilipin and hormone-sensitive lipase, and in the adipose triglyceride lipase expression showed a significant increase in the HFD+EMfC treated group. These results indicated that EMfC may prevent fat accumulation in the HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice through the inhibition of lipogenesis and by stimulating lipolysis. Thus, the results provide evidence for the potential use of EMfC as an anti-obesity complex in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Rim Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ju Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryeong Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd., Chungju, Chungcheong 28126, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkeun Song
- Biomedical Science Institute, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
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Effect of Cordyceps militaris Hot Water Extract on Immunomodulation-associated Gene Expression in Broilers, Gallus gallus. J Poult Sci 2019; 56:128-139. [PMID: 32055207 PMCID: PMC7005407 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0180067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a well-known Chinese medicinal fungus that has been used as a nutraceutical food in several Asian countries. Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), a secondary metabolite produced from Cordyceps militaris, has been demonstrated to exert a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-microbial and antitumor activities. However, the effect of cordycepin on immunomodulation in broilers is poorly investigated. In the current study, we investigated the effect of cordycepin (9.69, 19.38, and 38.76 mg) from Cordyceps militaris hot water extract (CMHW) on growth performance and immunocompetence in broilers. Results showed that CMHW significantly decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels in the bursa of Fabricius after 4 weeks of feeding (P<0.05). CMHW treatment reduced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA levels in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius after 4 weeks of feeding (P<0.05). Supplementation of CMHW for 3 days after vaccination reduced iNOS mRNA level in the spleen of 14 and 28 day-old broilers (P<0.05). Prior to vaccination, CMHW pretreatment significantly down-regulated COX-2 mRNA levels in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius of 14-day-old broilers (P<0.05). Furthermore, CMHW significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius (P<0.05). CMHW treatment attenuated LPS-induced IFN-γ expression in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius, whereas CMHW induced IL-4 expression in these organs in response to LPS challenge (P<0.05). Taken together, these observations demonstrate that CMHW exerts an immunomodulatory role in broilers. CMHW is a potential novel feed additive with applications in inflammation-related diseases and bacterial infection in broilers.
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Qi G, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Yu J, Li X, Cao X, Wu C, Guo P. Cordycepin promotes browning of white adipose tissue through an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:135-143. [PMID: 30766785 PMCID: PMC6361849 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic. Promoting browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) contributes to increased energy expenditure and hence counteracts obesity. Here we show that cordycepin (Cpn), a natural derivative of adenosine, increases energy expenditure, inhibits weight gain, improves metabolic profile and glucose tolerance, decreases WAT mass and adipocyte size, and enhances cold tolerance in normal and high-fat diet-fed mice. Cpn markedly increases the surface temperature around the inguinal WAT and turns the inguinal fat browner. Further investigations show that Cpn induces the development of brown-like adipocytes in inguinal and, to a less degree, epididymal WAT depots. Cpn also increases the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and other thermogenic genes in WAT and 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes, in which AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays an important role. Our results provide novel insights into the function of Cpn in regulating energy balance, and suggest a potential utility of Cpn in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Qi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hainan Medical University, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cao
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 10 57833235; fax: +86 10 57833018.
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 10 57833235; fax: +86 10 57833018.
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Chanjula P, Cherdthong A. Effects of spent mushroom Cordyceps militaris supplementation on apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolite parameters of goats. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1150-1158. [PMID: 29409013 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of dried spent mushroom Cordyceps militaris (SMCM) supplementation on digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood metabolite parameters in goats. When the mushroom production and harvesting was complete, SMCM was collected fresh from a mushroom farm. Four 18-mo-old male crossbred (Thai Native × Anglo Nubian) goats with initial BW of 26.0 ± 1.40 kg were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive four different levels of SMCM at 0, 100, 200, and 300 g/d. There were quadratic effects (P < 0.06) on apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF among treatment groups, and greater values for the goats fed SMCM at 100 g/d were observed. A quadratic effect in energy intake (ME, Mcal/kg DM) (P = 0.02), with greater values for the goats fed SMCM at 100 g/d, was also observed. Rumen temperature was similar among groups (P = 0.23), whereas feeding of SMCM linearly decreased (P = 0.001) ruminal pH with increasing SMCM supplementation. Supplementing SMCM linearly decreased plasma concentration of cholesterol (P = 0.01), and there was also a tendency of reduction in plasma concentration of triglyceride (P = 0.10), with greater values for the goats fed SMCM at 100 g/d. There were quadratic effects on plasma of total protein, HgB, and MCHC among treatment groups. However, there were quadratic effects on fecal N (P = 0.04) and nitrogen retention (P = 0.07) based on g/d/animal or percentage of nitrogen retained (P = 0.01) among treatment groups, and greater values for the goats fed SMCM at 100 g/d were observed. Based on this experiment, it could be concluded that supplementing goat diets with SMCM at 100 to 200 g/d results in improved apparent digestibility of nutrients and blood metabolites, suggesting that SMCM has positive functions as a feed additive to improve energy substance metabolism and contribute to glyconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Chanjula
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Zheng R, Zhu R, Li X, Li X, Shen L, Chen Y, Zhong Y, Deng Y. N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl) Adenosine From Cordyceps cicadae Ameliorates Renal Interstitial Fibrosis and Prevents Inflammation via TGF-β1/Smad and NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1229. [PMID: 30233405 PMCID: PMC6131671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis is characterized by inflammation and an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, which leads to end-stage renal failure. Our previous studies have shown that a natural product from Cordyceps cicadae can ameliorate chronic kidney diseases. N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA), a physiologically active compound in C. cicadae, has been identified as a Ca2+ antagonist and an anti-inflammatory agent in pharmacological tests. However, its role in renal interstitial fibrosis and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was used to induce renal interstitial fibrosis in male C57BL/6 mice. Different doses of HEA (2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg/kg) were given by intraperitoneal injection 24 h before UUO, and the treatment was continued for 14 days post-operatively. Histologic changes were examined by hematoxylin & eosin, Masson’s trichrome, and picrosirius red stain. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis were used to evaluate proteins levels. And the results showed that HEA significantly decreased UUO-induced renal tubular injury and fibrosis. In vivo, HEA apparently decreased UUO-induced inflammation and renal fibroblast activation by suppression of the NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. In vitro, HEA also obviously decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine level in RAW 264.7 cells and TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation in NRK-49F cells by modulating NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad signaling. In general, our findings indicate that HEA has a beneficial effect on UUO-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis by suppression of inflammatory and renal fibroblast activation, which may be a potential therapy in chronic conditions such as renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueling Li
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Chengjiaqiao Street Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianli Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyi Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shi F, Li J, Yang L, Hou G, Ye M. Hypolipidemic effect and protection ability of liver-kidney functions of melanin from Lachnum YM226 in high-fat diet fed mice. Food Funct 2018; 9:880-889. [PMID: 29299589 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01294b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the hypolipidemic properties of melanin from Lachnum YM226 (LM) in high-fat diet induced hyperlipidemic mice. After the hyperlipidemic model was established, mice were randomly divided into six groups, as follows: normal control group (NC), hyperlipidemic control group (HC), positive control group (7 mg kg-1 d-1 simvastatin) (PC) and LM groups (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 d-1 denoted as LM-50, LM-100 and LM-200, respectively). Subsequently, the body weight, organ indices, lipid metabolism, antioxidant properties and liver-kidney functions of the mice were examined. Moreover, the activities of lipoprotein metabolism enzymes in serum and liver tissue were examined to study the feasible mechanism. The results imply that LM could effectively reduce body weight, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherogenic index (AI), and increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Moreover, treatment with LM also increased the antioxidant enzymes activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content relative to the HC group. In addition, the liver and kidney damage indices such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and uric acid were lowered. LM administration also significantly corrected disturbances of liver-kidney functions with no fatty deposits in the liver, resulting in a protective effect against renal histological alteration. The hypolipidemic effect occurred partly due to the regulation of hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in serum and liver to markedly decrease TG. This confirms the important role of LM in the prevention of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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Uen WC, Shi YC, Choong CY, Tai CJ. Cordycepin suppressed lipid accumulation via regulating AMPK activity and mitochondrial fusion in hepatocytes. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Ching Uen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- School of Medicine; Fujen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | | | - Chen-Yen Choong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jeng Tai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine; Taipei Medical University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical, College of Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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Liu B, Yang T, Luo Y, Zeng L, Shi L, Wei C, Nie Y, Cheng Y, Lin Q, Luo F. Oat β-glucan inhibits adipogenesis and hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice via AMPK signaling. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Yong T, Chen S, Xie Y, Chen D, Su J, Shuai O, Jiao C, Zuo D. Cordycepin, a Characteristic Bioactive Constituent in Cordyceps militaris, Ameliorates Hyperuricemia through URAT1 in Hyperuricemic Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:58. [PMID: 29422889 PMCID: PMC5788910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we've reported the anti-hyperuricemic effects of Cordyceps militaris. As a characteristic compound of C. militaris, we hypothesized that cordycepin may play a role in preventing hyperurecimia. Remarkably, cordycepin produced important anti-hyperuricemic actions, decreasing SUA (serum uric acid) to 216, 210, and 203 μmol/L (P < 0.01) at 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg in comparison of hyperuricemic control (337 μmol/L), closing to normal control (202 μmol/L). Elisa, RT-PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that the actions may be attributed to its downregulation of uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1) in kidney. Serum creatinine levels and blood urine nitrogen and liver, kidney, and spleen coefficients demonstrated that cordycepin may not impact liver, renal, and spleen functions. In addition, we used computational molecular simulation to investigate the binding mechanism of cordycepin. Of which, van der Waals interaction dominated the binding. Residues TRP290, ARG17, ALA408, GLY411, and MET147 contributed mainly on nonpolar energy. This provided the theoretical guidance to rationally design and synthesis novel URAT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqiao Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co, Guangzhou, China
| | - Diling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiyan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application and Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zuo
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Li X, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Cao X, Wu C, Guo P. Cordycepin stimulates autophagy in macrophages and prevents atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE -/- mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94726-94737. [PMID: 29212261 PMCID: PMC5706907 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy in macrophages plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis and has become a potential therapeutic target. Here we show that cordycepin (Cpn), a natural derivative of adenosine, markedly reduced atherosclerotic plaque and ameliorated associated symptoms such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and inflammation in ApoE-/- mice. Supplementation of Cpn dose-dependently inhibited oxLDL-elicited foam cell formation and modulated intracellular cholesterol homeostasis by inhibiting cholesterol uptake and promoting cholesterol efflux in RAW264.7 macrophages. Notably, Cpn exhibited significant stimulating effect on macrophage autophagy, as estimated by western blotting, immunofluorescent staining and autophagic vacuoles observation by transmission electron microscopy. The inhibitive effects of Cpn on foam cell formation were dramatically deteriorated in the presence of various autophagy inhibitors, suggesting that autophagy participate, at least in part, in the atheroprotective role of Cpn. Further investigations using different autophagy inhibitors and specific siRNAs for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gamma1 subunit indicated that Cpn may stimulate macrophage autophagy through AMPK-mTOR pathway. Together, our results demonstrated Cpn as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, and the autophagic activity presents a novel mechanism for Cpn-mediated atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Cao
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Chongming Wu
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Peng Guo
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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