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Zheng Q, Mu X, Pan S, Luan R, Zhao P. Ephedrae herba: A comprehensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116153. [PMID: 36641108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ephedrae herba (called Mahuang in China) is the dried herbaceous stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey., and Ephedra equisetina Bge. Ephedrae herba has a long history of use as an herb, and it was originally recorded in Sheng Nong's herbal classic. Ephedrae herba has also been widely used as both medicine and food. In the clinic, Ephedrae herba is commonly used for treating colds, bronchial asthma, nasal congestion, and other diseases. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to provide a systematic summary on the traditional use, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, clinical applications, quality control, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of Ephedrae herba to provide a theoretical basis for further reasonable development of Ephedrae herba in clinical practice and creation of new drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on Ephedrae herba was gathered from various sources, including the scientific databases including CNKI, PubMed, SciFinder and ScienceDirect, classical books on traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations; Baidu Scholar; and from different professional websites. RESULTS Ephedrae herba is distributed in regions of China and other areas. Ephedra and its compound preparations can be used for colds, bronchial asthma, nasal congestion and other diseases. Approximately 281 chemical constituents have been isolated from Ephedrae herba, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, volatile oils, organic acids, and other compounds. Among these constituents, alkaloids and volatile oils are the most abundant and represent the major bioactive constituents. Ephedrae herba possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including diuretic effect, anti-allergic effect, blood pressure regulatory, anti-inflammatory effect, anti-oxidation effect and anti-viral effects. Ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride are generally selected as indicators for the quantitative determination of Ephedrae herba. The maximum dosage of Ephedrae herba should not exceed 10 g. If overused, adverse reactions such as palpitations, sweating, irritability and insomnia will occur. CONCLUSIONS Ephedrae herba is an ancient herbal medicine with a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities that has been used for thousands of years in China. It is one of the most commonly used herbal components of the TCM formulas. Hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine are the major bioactive constituents. However, there is a need to further understand the mechanisms of active components of Ephedrae herba. Future studies should perform an in-depth analyses of the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of toxicity of Ephedrae herba. Quality standards should be developed to correspond to the various application methods to ensure the efficacy of drugs in actual treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingge Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiangyu Mu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Shaobin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ruqiao Luan
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Pan Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Wang Y, Jin X, Fan Q, Li C, Zhang M, Wang Y, Wu Q, Li J, Liu X, Wang S, Wang Y, Li L, Ling J, Li C, Wang Q, Liu Y. Deciphering the Active Compounds and Mechanisms of HSBDF for Treating ALI via Integrating Chemical Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879268. [PMID: 35721141 PMCID: PMC9201258 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Huashi Baidu Formula (HSBDF), a key Chinese medical drug, has a remarkable clinical efficacy in treating acute lung injury (ALI), and it has been officially approved by the National Medical Products Administration of China for drug clinical trials. Nevertheless, the regulated mechanisms of HSBDF and its active compounds in plasma against ALI were rarely studied. Based on these considerations, the key anti-inflammatory compounds of HSBDF were screened by molecular docking and binding free energy. The key compounds were further identified in plasma by LC/MS. Network pharmacology was employed to identify the potential regulatory mechanism of the key compounds in plasma. Next, the network pharmacological prediction was validated by a series of experimental assays, including CCK-8, EdU staining, test of TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and T-SOD, and flow cytometry, to identify active compounds. Molecular dynamic simulation and binding interaction patterns were used to evaluate the stability and affinity between active compounds and target. Finally, the active compounds were subjected to predict pharmacokinetic properties. Molecular docking revealed that HSBDF had potential effects of inhibiting inflammation by acting on IL-6R and TNF-α. Piceatannol, emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, physcion, luteolin, and quercetin were key compounds that may ameliorate ALI, and among which, there were five compounds (emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, luteolin, and quercetin) in plasma. Network pharmacology results suggested that five key compounds in plasma likely inhibited ALI by regulating inflammation and oxidative damage. Test performed in vitro suggested that HSBDF (0.03125 mg/ml), quercetin (1.5625 μM), emodin (3.125 μM), and rhein (1.5625 μM) have anti-inflammatory function against oxidative damage and decrease apoptosis in an inflammatory environment by LPS-stimulation. In addition, active compounds (quercetin, emodin, and rhein) had good development prospects, fine affinity, and stable conformations with the target protein. In summary, this study suggested that HSBDF and its key active components in plasma (quercetin, emodin, and rhein) can decrease levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α), decrease expression of MDA, increase expression of T-SOD, and decrease cell apoptosis in an inflammatory environment. These data suggest that HSBDF has significant effect on anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress and also can decrease cell apoptosis in treating ALI. These findings provided an important strategy for developing new agents and facilitated clinical use of HSBDF against ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Jin
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhu Liu
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jia Ling
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chaoxin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Chronic Disease Research Center, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Gansu University Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Major Diseases, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medical and Transformation, Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, Lanzhou, China
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Sharma T, Sharma P, Chandel P, Singh S, Sharma N, Naved T, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S, Behl T. Circumstantial Insights into the Potential of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants as a Therapeutic Approach in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:2140-2149. [PMID: 35331092 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220324124720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The advanced era has invited a plethora of chronic and autoimmune infirmities unmistakably dominated by rheumatoid arthritis, occurring because of the equivocal causes, including ecological factors, genetic variations, etc. Unfortunately, it is winning pretty much in every stratum of the society in undefined age group of the population. Engineered drugs are accessible for the treatment; however, they do experience adverse effects as the treatment requires a prolonged duration worsened by noncompliance. To overwhelm it, certain pharmacological and molecular pathways are explored in the wake of Chinese herbs that prompted the prevention of this deteriorating autoimmune disease. The alcoholic extracts and decoctions are procured from Chinese herbs, such as Paeonia lactiflora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Tripterygium wilfordii, etc., which have been proved to manifest constructive pharmacological actions. The activities that were exhibited by extracts are significantly innocuous, non- toxic and potent to fix the affliction in contrast with the chemosynthetic drugs. Therefore, these Chinese herbs bring forth the potent anti-inflammatory, immune suppressing, anti-nociceptive, anti-neovascularizing, free radical scavenging activities and various other benefits to withstand several pathological events that usually endure the infirmity. It can be abridged that Chinese herbs possess assorted and selective therapeutic properties with profound safety and viability to treat this rheumatic disorder. Thus, this review aims to shed a light naturally originated treatment that is pertinent to provide invulnerable therapy exonerating from adverse effects, by restraining the occurrences of joint deformities, production of auto-antibodies, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Parth Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Parteek Chandel
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tanveer Naved
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Liu T, Su B. Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott Flower Extract Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Factors in the Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rat Model. J Pain Res 2021; 14:2907-2919. [PMID: 34552351 PMCID: PMC8451224 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s325988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This research was to evaluate the beneficial effects of Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott flower extract (SJF) on the adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model. Methods Arthritis was evoked by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the hind paw. SJF (150 or 300 mg/kg/day) or Celecoxib (5 mg/kg/day) were administered intragastrically from the 0th day to the 28th day. The arthritis symptoms (paw edema, arthritic scores, mechanical hyperalgesia, and thermal hyperalgesia), inflammation biomarkers (RT and CRP), related enzymes (MMP1 and MMP13), oxidative stress markers (CAT, SOD, GPx, and MDA), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β) of SJF-treated CFA rats were evaluated. Results CFA rats exhibited severe arthritis symptoms, increased oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, SJF treatment relieving arthritis symptoms and restored body weight gain compared with those in the CFA group. SJF treatment decreased the levels of CRP, RF, MMP1, and MMP13 in the CFA group. Besides, SJF treatment increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreased the MDA content and inflammatory cytokines compared with those in the CFA group. Moreover, SJF could increase the mRNA expression of GPx-1 and CAT and inhibit the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the ankle tissue of CFA rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Research, Characteristic Medical Center of PAP, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China
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Yu S, Chen Y, Xiang Y, Lin H, Wang M, Ye W, Zhang P, Chen H, Lin G, Zhu Y, Chen L, Zhang J. Pseudoephedrine and its derivatives antagonize wild and mutated severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 viruses through blocking virus invasion and antiinflammatory effect. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5847-5860. [PMID: 34472141 PMCID: PMC8661580 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 has infected over 150 million people worldwide and led to over 3 million deaths. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)‐CoV‐2 lineages B.1.1.7, B.1.617, B.1.351, and P.1 were reported to have higher infection rates than that of wild one. These mutations were noticed to happen in the receptor‐binding domain of spike protein (S‐RBD), especially mutations N501Y, E484Q, E484K, K417N, K417T, and L452R. Currently, there is still no specific medicine against the virus; moreover, cytokine storm is also a dangerous factor for severe infected patients. In this study, potential S‐RBD‐targeted active monomers from traditional Chinese medicine Ephedra sinica Stapf (ephedra) were discovered by virtual screening. NanoBiT assay was performed to confirm blocking activities of the screened compounds against the interaction between SARS‐CoV‐2 S‐RBD and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We further analyzed the blocking effect of the active compounds on the interactions of mutated S‐RBD and ACE2 by computational studies. Moreover, antiinflammatory activities were evaluated using qRT‐PCR, enzyme‐linked immune sorbent assay, and Western blot analysis. As a result, pseudoephedrine (MHJ‐17) and its derivative (MHJ‐11) were found as efficient inhibitors disrupting the interactions between ACE2 and both wild and mutated S‐RBDs. In addition, they also have antiinflammatory activities, which can be potential drug candidates or lead compounds for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Yu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusen Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He Lin
- The Third Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Ye
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Zhu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiange Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (IRI), Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Guenaou I, Hmimid F, Lahlou FA, Errami A, Irahal IN, Fahde S, Ouafik 'L, Bourhim N. Cytoprotective effect of ethyl acetate fraction from Ephedra fragilis on H 2O 2-induced oxidative damage in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108899. [PMID: 32991999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the ability of ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) from Ephedra fragilis to function as a protective agent against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in Tetrahymena pyriformis. The cells were preincubated with EAF (50-200 μg/mL) or ascorbic acid (50 μg/mL) for 24 h, followed by incubation with 50% H2O2 inhibitory concentration for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using trypan exclusion method. Cell morphology and mobility, antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR)), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels, DNA fragmentation and metabolic enzymes activities (succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (NCCR)) were investigated. Our results indicate that, pretreatment of T. pyriformis cells with EAF improved the cell viability, restored normal cell mobility and morphology, decreased the levels of both MDA and PCO level, prevent DNA fragmentation and enhanced the activity of antioxidant (CAT, SOD and GR) and metabolic (SDH and NCCR) enzymes in H2O2 damaged cells. In conclusion, these results suggest for the first time that E. fragilis is a promising source of natural antioxidants, that could offer protection against oxidative stress and should be further exploited for its use in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Guenaou
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Hmimid
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco; Biotechnologie, Environnement Et Santé, Faculté Des Sciences El Jadida, Université Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Fatima Azzahra Lahlou
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco; Laboratoire National De Référence, Université Mohammed VI Des Sciences De La Santé Faculté De Médecine, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Errami
- National Institute of Forensic Science of the Police, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Imane Nait Irahal
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sirine Fahde
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - 'L'houcine Ouafik
- Université Aix Marseille, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France; Université Aix Marseille, APHM, CHU Nord, Service De Transfert d'Oncologie Biologique, Marseille, France
| | - Noureddine Bourhim
- Laboratoire Santé Et Environnement, Faculté Des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco.
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A Review of the Ephedra genus: Distribution, Ecology, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143283. [PMID: 32698308 PMCID: PMC7397145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ephedra is one of the largest genera of the Ephedraceae family, which is distributed in arid and semiarid regions of the world. In the traditional medicine from several countries some species from the genus are commonly used to treat asthma, cold, flu, chills, fever, headache, nasal congestion, and cough. The chemical constituents of Ephedra species have been of research interest for decades due to their contents of ephedrine-type alkaloids and its pharmacological properties. Other chemical constituents such as phenolic and amino acid derivatives also have resulted attractive and have provided evidence-based supporting of the ethnomedical uses of the Ephedra species. In recent years, research has been expanded to explore the endophytic fungal diversity associated to Ephedra species, as well as, the chemical constituents derived from these fungi and their pharmacological bioprospecting. Two additional aspects that illustrate the chemical diversity of Ephedra genus are the chemotaxonomy approaches and the use of ephedrine-type alkaloids as building blocks in organic synthesis. American Ephedra species, especially those that exist in Mexico, are considered to lack ephedrine type alkaloids. In this sense, the phytochemical study of Mexican Ephedra species is a promising area of research to corroborate their ephedrine-type alkaloids content and, in turn, discover new chemical compounds with potential biological activity. Therefore, the present review represents a key compilation of all the relevant information for the Ephedra genus, in particular the American species, the species distribution, their ecological interactions, its ethnobotany, its phytochemistry and their pharmacological activities and toxicities, in order to promote clear directions for future research.
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Huang XF, Cheng WB, Jiang Y, Liu Q, Liu XH, Xu WF, Huang HT. A network pharmacology-based strategy for predicting anti-inflammatory targets of ephedra in treating asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106423. [PMID: 32279042 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Asthma, the most common chronic respiratory disease in the world, is involved in a sustained inflammatory response caused by a variety of immune cells. Ephedra with multi-target, multi-pathway functions is an effective treatment for asthma. However, the ingredients and anti-inflammatory targets of ephedra in treating asthma are unclear. Therefore, there is a need for further research. Ephedra-related and anti-inflammatory targets were found and then combined to get intersection, which represented potential anti-inflammatory targets of ephedra. Moreover, compound-anti-inflammatory target and asthma-target protein-protein interaction network were merged to get the protein-protein interaction network intersection and core genes in asthma-target protein-protein interaction network. For the anti-inflammatory targets of ephedra in treating asthma, Gene Ontology and pathway analysis were executed to confirm gene functions of ephedra in antagonizing inflammation of asthma. Finally, molecular docking, qRT-PCR, WB and ELISA were performed to assess the binding activities between the compounds and anti-inflammatory targets of ephedra in treating asthma. Critical compounds and anti-inflammatory targets of ephedra in treating asthma were identified, including quercetin, luteolin, kempferol, naringenin, beta-sitosterol, SELE, IL-2 and CXCL10. The biological processes of anti-inflammatory targets of ephedra in treating asthma were involved in immune response, inflammatory response, cell-cell signaling and response to lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, 22 pathways were obtained and we proved that critical compounds inhabited the expression of SELE, IL-2 and CXCL10 at mRNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Wen-Bin Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Wei-Fang Xu
- Shenzhen shi Futian Qu Chinese Hospital, China.
| | - Hui-Ting Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China.
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R. A, K. M, V. V, N. M, M. M, S. P. Anti-arthritic effect of leafs of Cardiospermum halicacabum juice in patients with rheumatoid arthritis – a case report. PHARMANUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2019.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Park SY, Yi EH, Kim Y, Park G. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of Ephedra sinica Stapf extract-capped gold nanoparticles in microglia. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:2861-2877. [PMID: 31118612 PMCID: PMC6497913 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s195218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Combination therapy remains a promising strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases, although green synthesis of gold nanoparticles for treating chronic neuroinflammation and studying their efficacy in treating neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases is not well assessed. Results: Here, Ephedra sinica Stapf (ES) extract was used as the reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent for gold nanoparticle synthesis. We developed ES extract-capped gold nanoparticles (ES-GNs) and investigated their anti-neuroinflammatory properties in microglia. ES-GNs displayed maximum absorption at 538 nm in ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering assessment revealed that ES-GN diameter was 57.6±3.07 nm, with zeta potential value of −24.6±0.84 mV. High resolution–transmission electron microscopy confirmed the spherical shape and average diameter (35.04±4.02 nm) of ES-GNs. Crystalline structure of ES-GNs in optimal conditions was determined by X-ray powder diffraction, and elemental gold presence was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy confirmed gold nanoparticle synthesis using ES. Anti-neuroinflammatory properties of ES-GNs on production of pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and reactive oxygen species) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia were investigated by ELISA and flow cytometry. ES-GNs significantly attenuated LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, which was related to suppressed transcription and translation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, determined by RT-PCR and western blotting. ES-GNs downregulated upstream signaling pathways (IκB kinase-α/β, nuclear factor-κB, Janus-activated kinase /signal transducers and activators of transcription, mitogen-activated protein kinase , and phospholipase D) of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in LPS-stimulated microglia. Anti-neuroinflammatory properties of ES-GNs were mediated by ES-GNs-induced AMP-activated protein kinase)-mediated nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 /antioxidant response element signaling. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings provide a new insight on the role of ES-GNs in treating chronic neuroinflammation-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Yi
- HYUNDAI ENTEC Research Institute, HYUNDAI ENTEC, Busan, 46048, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kim
- HYUNDAI ENTEC Research Institute, HYUNDAI ENTEC, Busan, 46048, Republic of Korea
| | - Geuntae Park
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, Graduate School, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The genus Ephedra of the Ephedraceae family contains more than 60 species of nonflowering seed plants distributed throughout Asia, America, Europe, and North Africa. These Ephedra species have medicinal, ecological, and economic value. This review aims to summarize the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of the Ephedra species to unveil opportunities for future research. Comprehensive information on the Ephedra species was collected by electronic search (e.g., GoogleScholar, Pubmed, SciFinder, and Web of Science) and phytochemical books. The chemical compounds isolated from the Ephedra species include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, and others. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies on the crude extracts, fractions and few isolated compounds of Ephedra species showed anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-obesity, antiviral, and diuretic activities. After chemical and pharmacological profiling, current research is focused on the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the phenolic acid compounds, the immunosuppressive activity of the polysaccharides, and the antitumor activity of flavonoids.
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Mateen S, Shahzad S, Ahmad S, Naeem SS, Khalid S, Akhtar K, Rizvi W, Moin S. Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol attenuates collagen induced arthritis via reduction of free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 53:70-78. [PMID: 30668414 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease which leads to bone and cartilage erosion. Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines plays crucial role in the pathophysiology of RA. Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol have a long history of medical use in various inflammatory disorders. PURPOSE The drugs available for the treatment of RA are associated with various side effects. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-arthritic effects of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol in rat model of arthritis. METHODS Type II collagen was intradermally injected to rats for the induction of arthritis. Cinnamaldehyde (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) and eugenol (10 and 20 mg/kg/day) were given orally for 15 days, starting from day 21 to 35. Dexamethasone treated rats served as positive control. Histological, radiological and scanning electron microscopic analysis were done to monitor the effect of compounds on collagen induced arthritis (CIA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, nitric oxide and antioxidant status were also determined. The markers of biomolecular oxidation (protein, lipid and DNA) and activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase) were also evaluated in the joint homogenate and plasma of rats. For detecting inflammation, levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were monitored by ELISA. RESULTS Our results showed anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol in arthritic rats. Scanning electron microscopy, histopathological and radiological findings also confirmed the anti-arthritic effects of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Both the compounds were effective in bringing significant decrease in the levels of ROS, nitric oxide, markers of biomolecular oxidation and increase in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were also ameliorated by cinnamaldehyde and eugenol treatment. Between the two phytochemicals used, eugenol was found to be more effective than cinnamaldehyde in reducing the severity of arthritis. CONCLUSION Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol were effective in ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation in arthritic rats. These findings indicate that cinnamaldehdye and eugenol have a great potential to be used as an adjunct in the management of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaiya Mateen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sumayya Shahzad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shafeeque Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry, AL-Falah School of Medical Science and Research Centre, Al-Falah University, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Syed Shariq Naeem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saifullah Khalid
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kafil Akhtar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Waseem Rizvi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shagufta Moin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Mee Park K, Pill Cho D, Hwan Cho T. Placenta Therapy: Its Biological Role of Anti-Inflammation and Regeneration. Placenta 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.79718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Evaluation of anti-arthritic potential of Trigonella foenum graecum L. (Fenugreek) mucilage against rheumatoid arthritis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 138:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Preventive effect of Ephedra sinica extract on UVB-induced COX-2 and MMP-1 expression. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:1157-1163. [PMID: 30263846 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 are representative markers for skin inflammation and photoaging, respectively. To evaluate compounds that may counteract the effects of UVB-induced skin damage, we developed an immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line with an MMP-1 reporter construct. Among the 30 botanical extracts screened, we selected Ephedra sinica extract (ESE) as a promising candidate and confirmed that ESE significantly suppresses UVB-induced COX-2 and MMP-1 expression in HaCaT cells. Treatment with ESE also potently suppressed UVB-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, as well as UVB-induced MEK1/2 and Raf phosphorylation in HaCaT cells. These findings suggest that our MMP-1 reporter system can be used to evaluate compounds with anti-inflammatory and anti-photoaging effects. We also report that ESE has potent suppressive effects against COX-2 and MMP-1 expression, which occurs via downregulation of Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
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Perumal SS, Ekambaram SP, Dhanam T. In vivo antiarthritic activity of the ethanol extracts of stem bark and seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum in Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1330-1336. [PMID: 27593261 PMCID: PMC6130685 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1226346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. (Clusiaceae) (CI) is traditionally used to treat pain, inflammation, eye disorders and rheumatism. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluates the antiarthritic activity of the ethanol extract of the stem bark (ESBCI) and seeds (ESCI) of Calophyllum inophyllum in Freund's adjuvant induced arthritic Wistar albino rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS ESBCI and ESCI were screened for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by proteinase inhibition and membrane stabilization assays. Acute oral toxicity studies were conducted according to OECD-425 guidelines. Antiarthritic activity of ESBCI and ESCI at the dose of 250 mg/kg/p.o. was evaluated by Freund's adjuvant induced arthritic rat model. RESULTS ESBCI and ESCI have shown maximum inhibition at 250 μg/mL in proteinase inhibition and haemolysis assays. The LD50 of ESBCI and ESCI was found to be greater than 5000 and 2000 mg/kg/p.o., respectively. In Freund's adjuvant induced arthritic rat model ESBCI, ESCI and Diclofenac treatment have shown 28.57, 36.36, and 43.51% as maximum reduction in rat paw oedema volume respectively when compared with the arthritic control rats. ESBCI and ESCI treatment at the dose level of 250 mg/kg/p.o. normalized the altered haematological and biochemical parameters of arthritic control rats. Histological and radiological evaluation confirmed the antiarthritic effect of ESBCI and ESCI. DISCUSSION ESBCI and ESCI were found to show significant antiarthritic activity evidenced with clinical, biochemical, histological and radiological evaluations. CONCLUSION The present study indicates the antiarthritic activity of ESBCI and ESCI, however its mechanism of action has to be studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthamil Selvan Perumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology (BIT campus), Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanmuga Priya Ekambaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology (BIT campus), Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T. Dhanam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology (BIT campus), Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ananthi S, Gayathri V, Malarvizhi R, Bhardwaj M, Vasanthi HR. Anti-arthritic potential of marine macroalgae Turbinaria ornata in Complete Freund's Adjuvant induced rats. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2017; 69:672-680. [PMID: 28684087 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
T. ornata a macroalgae rich in bioactive molecules possess various biological activities. Herein, the aim of the study is to evaluate the aqueous extract and the sulphated polysaccharide isolated from T. ornata for its anti-arthritic potential in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis in rats. Anti-arthritic potential of aqueous T. ornata (ATO) and T. ornata sulphated polysaccharide (TSP) was evidenced by the significant reduction in paw volume and arthritic score. Inflammatory and antioxidant markers were found to be restored in the drug treated groups which was found to be in line with dexamethasone a standard anti-inflammatory drug. The histopathological and radiological examination adds on the support to the above findings confirming the anti-arthritic potential of ATO and TSP. It is interesting to note that the sulphated polysaccharide inhibits inflammation and bone damage at very low dose itself. Hence, TSP could be considered as a better candidate in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ananthi
- Herbal and Indian Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, India
| | - V Gayathri
- Herbal and Indian Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, India
| | - R Malarvizhi
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Meenakshi Bhardwaj
- Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Hannah R Vasanthi
- Herbal and Indian Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai 600 116, India; Natural Products Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
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Park KM, Cho TH. Therapeutic effect of acupuncture point injection with placental extract in knee osteoarthritis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2017; 15:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(17)60316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kobayashi Y. Analgesic Effects and Side Effects of Ephedra Herb Extract and Ephedrine Alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb Extract. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:187-194. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nakamori S, Takahashi J, Hyuga S, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Jinno H, Hyuga M, Hakamatsuka T, Odaguchi H, Goda Y, Hanawa T, Kobayashi Y. Ephedra Herb extract activates/desensitizes transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and reduces capsaicin-induced pain. J Nat Med 2017; 71:105-113. [PMID: 27631428 PMCID: PMC5897484 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kampo medicines containing Ephedra Herb (EH) such as eppikajutsubuto and makyoyokukanto are used to treat myalgia, arthralgia, and rheumatism. The analgesic effects of these Kampo medicines are attributed to the anti-inflammatory action of EH. However, the molecular mechanism of the analgesic effect of EH remains to be clarified. In this study, the effects of EH extract (EHE) on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nonselective ligand-gated cation channel, which plays an essential role in nociception on sensory neurons, were investigated using mTRPV1/Flp-In293 cells (stable mouse TRPV1-expressing transfectants). Administration of EHE increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in these cells, which was inhibited by the TRPV1 antagonist, N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,2-dihydro-4-(3-chloropyridine-2-yl) tetrahydropyrazine-1-carboxamide (BCTC), indicating that EHE activated TRPV1. Examination of EHE-induced nociceptive pain in vivo revealed that an intradermal (i.d.) injection of EHE into the hind paw of mice induced paw licking, a pain-related behavior, and that the extract increased paw licking times in a dose-dependent manner. The EHE-induced paw licking was also inhibited by BCTC. An i.d. injection of EHE 30 min before administration of capsaicin decreased capsaicin-induced paw licking times. Similarly, oral administration of the extract also suppressed capsaicin-induced paw licking, without affecting the physical performance of the mice. These results suggest that EHE suppresses capsaicin-induced paw licking by regulating TRPV1 activity. Thus, the antinociceptive effects of EHE seem to be produced by its direct action on sensory neurons through TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nakamori
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Sumiko Hyuga
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.
| | - Toshiko Tanaka-Kagawa
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hideto Jinno
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Masashi Hyuga
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Hakamatsuka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Odaguchi
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hanawa
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
- Oriental Medicine Research Center, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
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Palit P, Mandal SC, Bhunia B. Total steroid and terpenoid enriched fraction from Euphorbia neriifolia Linn offers protection against nociceptive-pain, inflammation, and in vitro arthritis model: An insight of mechanistic study. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 41:106-115. [PMID: 27838586 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The plant Euphorbia neriifolia Linn has been successfully used for the management of acute inflammatory, arthritic, nociceptive pain and relieves the asthmatic symptom as a tribal folk medicine in India. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-arthritic activity from total steroid and terpenoid rich fractions derived from hydro-alcoholic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia stem (STF-HAENS). STF-HAENS fraction demonstrated 68.58±2.5% and 75.25±5.1% protection against acetic acid-induced pain and central neuropathic pain at 80mg/kg. It also showed 98.47% protection against acute inflammation at 100mg/kg with 1.7 fold higher protective activity than the standard drug. The fraction exhibited this efficacy via inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-6 by 74%, 81.26%, 92.10% and 93.4% respectively at 100μg/ml. It also showed dual inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipooxygenase (LOX) activity in a dose-dependent manner that elicited the desired pharmacological action. The fraction downregulated nitric-oxide production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated PBMC derived macrophages. The spectrophotometric analysis reveals the STF-HAENS induced ameliorative effect against heat-induced denaturation of BSA protein and exhibited significant antiproteinase activity. Our findings suggest that STF-HAENS could be used as an effective safe therapeutic agent for treatment of nociceptive pain, acute inflammation and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Palit
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and A.H.S., Durgapur 71320, India; Assam University, Silchar (A Central University), Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Silchar -788011, Assam, India.
| | - Subhash C Mandal
- Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Research Laboratory, Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Department of Bioengineering, Agartala, India
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Ananth DA, Rameshkumar A, Jeyadevi R, Aseervatham GSB, Sripriya J, Bose PC, Sivasudha T. Amelioratory effect of flavonoids rich Pergularia daemia extract against CFA induced arthritic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:244-252. [PMID: 27133063 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pergularia daemia Forsk. (Asclepiadaceae) is a traditionally reported medicinal herb used to treat joint pain and arthritis. However, there are no scientific reports about anti-arthritic activity of P. daemia methanolic extract on rats as animal model. This study identifies bioactive compounds present in the P. daemia methanolic extract and evaluates its anti-arthritic potential in CFA induced arthritic rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Phytoconstituents of P. daemia extract were examined using LC-ESI/MS method. Anti-arthritic activity of P. daemia extract was determined by various biochemical experiments (RF, ESR and CRP), ultrasonography and histological analysis. LC-ESI/MS analysis resulted in the identification of major flavonoids compounds such as formononetin, qurecetin, chrysoeriol, taxifolin and naringenin. Serum biomarker analysis, after the treatment with PDME (500mg/kg b.w.) revealed that the hemoglobin (11.84±0.42g/dL) and RBC (8.38±0.67million/mm(3)) levels were significantly increased whereas WBC (8.91±0.38thousands/mm(3)), RF (17.94±0.45IU/mL), ESR (7.91±0.12mm/h) and CRP (22.56±0.26mg/L) levels were decreased when compared with the CFA induced arthritic control group. Histology results revealed that treatment with PDME has resulted in significant prevention against bony destruction by decreasing soft tissue swelling and narrowing of joint spaces (250 and 500mg/kg b.w.). CONCLUSION Anti-arthritic effect of P. daemia might be due to the presence of these bioactive flavonoids. These findings lend pharmacological support to the reported folkloric use of P. daemia in the treatment and management of painful, arthritic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanesan Arul Ananth
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Angappan Rameshkumar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; TUV-SUD, South Asia Laboratory, Bangalore, 560 058, India
| | - Ramachandran Jeyadevi
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Smilin Bell Aseervatham
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaganathan Sripriya
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Thilagar Sivasudha
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sharma S, Arif M, Nirala RK, Gupta R, Thakur SC. Cumulative therapeutic effects of phytochemicals in Arnica montana flower extract alleviated collagen-induced arthritis: inhibition of both pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1500-1510. [PMID: 25966322 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant Arnica montana is used in folk medicine to alleviate pain, inflammation and swelling of muscles and joints associated with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of action of A. montana flower methanol extract (AMME) against both inflammation and oxidative stress in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model. RESULTS Oral administration of AMME was found to reduce clinical signs and improve the histological and radiological status of the hind limb joints. AMME-treated rats had lower expression levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-12) and titer of anti-type II collagen antibody compared with untreated CIA rats. Furthermore, by inhibiting these mediators, AMME also contributed towards the reversal of disturbed antioxidant levels and peroxidative damage. CONCLUSION The alleviation of arthritis in rats was very likely due to the combined action of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, the major constituents identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The study also shed some light on mechanisms involved in diminution of inflammatory mediators and free radical-generating toxicants and enhancement of the antioxidant armory, thereby preventing further tissue damage, injury and synovial hyperproliferation in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Arif
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar Nirala
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Lab Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sonu Chand Thakur
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
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Hashizume N, Yagi M, Egami H, Asagiri K, Fukahori S, Ishii S, Saikusa N, Yoshida M, Masui D, Tanaka Y. Clinical Efficacy of Herbal Medicine for Pediatric Lymphatic Malformations: A Pilot Study. Pediatr Dermatol 2016; 33:191-5. [PMID: 26777254 PMCID: PMC5066663 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system that commonly affect the head and neck region and cause marked cosmetic and functional complications. In this pilot study, we present eight children with LMs treated using an herbal medicine for this indication. METHODS Between January 2009 and May 2014, eight children (four boys, four girls) with LMs were treated using oral administration of an herbal medicine, Eppikajyutsuto (TJ-28; Tsumura, Tokyo, Japan), as monotherapy. RESULTS Four of the cases were macrocystic and four were mixed micro- and macrocystic. The mean treatment duration was 7.2 ± 2.9 months (range 5-12 mos). The mean LM volume shrinkage on magnetic resonance imaging was 54.5 ± 38.3% (macrocystic 73.6 ± 27.0%; mixed micro- and macrocystic 35.4 ± 41.5%). One of four macrocystic lesions had a marked reduction, two had a moderate reduction, and one had no response. A marked reduction was observed in three of the four mixed micro- and macrocystic cases; the other mixed cystic case had no response. The treatment was well tolerated, without severe adverse events. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study demonstrates the beneficial effects of TJ-28. Further evaluations of this therapeutic modality are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hashizume
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Minoru Yagi
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
- Department of Innovative Kampo MedicineKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Hideaki Egami
- Department of Innovative Kampo MedicineKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Kimio Asagiri
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Suguru Fukahori
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Shinji Ishii
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Nobuyuki Saikusa
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Motomu Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Daisuke Masui
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
- Division of Medical Safety ManagementKurume University School of MedicineKurumeFukuokaJapan
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Choudhary M, Kumar V, Malhotra H, Singh S. Medicinal plants with potential anti-arthritic activity. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015; 4:147-79. [PMID: 26401403 PMCID: PMC4566784 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20150313021918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNO PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional medicinal plants are practiced worldwide for treatment of arthritis especially in developing countries where resources are meager. This review presents the plants profiles inhabiting throughout the world regarding their traditional usage by various tribes/ethnic groups for treatment of arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing classical text books and peer reviewed papers, consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases from the last six decades. Plants/their parts/extracts/polyherbal formulations, toxicity studies for arthritis have been included in the review article. The profiles presented also include information about the scientific name, family, dose, methodology along with mechanism of action and toxicity profile. Research status of 20 potential plant species has been discussed. Further, geographical distribution of research, plants distribution according to families has been given in graphical form. RESULTS 485 plant species belonging to 100 families, traditionally used in arthritis are used. Among 100 plant families, malvaceae constitute 16, leguminasae 7, fabaceae 13, euphorbiaceae 7, compositae 20, araceae 7, solanaceae 12, liliaceae 9, apocynaceae, lauraceae, and rubiaceae 10, and remaining in lesser proportion. It was observed in our study that majority of researches are carried mainly in developing countries like India, China, Korea and Nigeria. CONCLUSION This review clearly indicates that list of medicinal plants presented in this review might be useful to researchers as well as practioners. This review can be useful for preliminary screening of potential anti-arthritis plants. Further toxicity profile given in the review can be useful for the researchers for finding the safe dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Science and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hitesh Malhotra
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Surender Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Effects of simvastatin, ezetimibe, and their combination on histopathologic alterations caused by adjuvant-induced arthritis. Inflammation 2015; 37:1035-43. [PMID: 24493323 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of monotherapy with simvastatin or ezetimibe compared with those of an ezetimibe + simvastatin combination on the histopathologic aspects of arthritis induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant in rats. The characteristics of diarthrosis were analyzed 7 and 28 days after arthritis induction with regard to the regularity and integrity of articular cartilage, the presence of leukocytes in blood vessels at the inflammation site, and the cytokine levels in articular tissue. Monotherapy with simvastatin or ezetimibe and the ezetimibe + simvastatin combination effectively reduced the cytokine levels (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor) and articular lesions that are characteristic of this experimental disease. Although the results did not reveal significant differences between the monotherapy and the combined therapy, they suggest that these drugs have considerable antiinflammatory properties, as reflected by an attenuation of articular cartilage lesions mediated by a reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Kshirsagar AD, Panchal PV, Harle UN, Nanda RK, Shaikh HM. Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of anthraquinone derivatives in rodents. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:690596. [PMID: 25610704 PMCID: PMC4290027 DOI: 10.1155/2014/690596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloe emodin is isolated compound of aloe vera which is used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory agent. In vitro pharmacokinetic data suggest that glucuronosyl or sulfated forms of aloe emodin may provide some limitations in its absorption capacity. Aloe emodin was reported to have in vitro anti-inflammatory activity due to inhibition of inducible nitric oxide (iNO) and prostaglandin E2, via its action on murine macrophages. However, present work evidenced that molecular docking of aloe emodin modulates the anti-inflammatory activity, as well as expression of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) in rodent. The AEC (4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2 carboxylic acid) was synthesized using aloe emodin as starting material. The study was planned for evaluation of possible anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity in carrageenan rat induced paw oedema and complete Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. The AE (aloe emodin) and AEC significantly (P < 0.001) reduced carrageenan induced paw edema at 50 and 75 mg/kg. Complete Freund's adjuvant induced arthritis model showed significant (P < 0.001) decrease in injected and noninjected paw volume, arthritic score. AE and AEC showed significant effect on various biochemical, antioxidant, and hematological parameters. Diclofenac sodium 10 mg/kg showed significant (P < 0.001) inhibition in inflammation and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay D. Kshirsagar
- School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Vishnupuri, Nanded, Maharashtra 431606, India
| | - Prashant V. Panchal
- Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Uday N. Harle
- Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Rabindra K. Nanda
- Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Haidarali M. Shaikh
- Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
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Tyagi P, Khan HA. Amelioration of oxidative stress in the joint tissue may be the basis for the antiarthritic activity of Terminalia arjuna bark extract. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 21:2079-2088. [PMID: 25294686 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study we have evaluated the antioxidant and antiarthritic activity of Terminalia arjuna bark extract (TABE) in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. METHODS Arthritis was induced in rats by intradermal injection of the collagen-complete Freund's adjuvant emulsion. Right hind paw thickness was measured as a primary marker for severity of arthritis. Biochemical parameters such as tissue levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), nitrites and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured to determine the effect of treatment on antioxidant defenses. Articular elastase (ELA) level in the arthritic tissue was measured as a marker for neutrophil infiltration. RESULT Terminalia arjuna bark extract administration significantly inhibited the increase in paw thickness induced by immunization with collagen as compared to CIA-control animals. Further, it attenuated the fall in tissue SOD and GSH levels and mitigated the increase in tissue nitrites and TBARS levels as compared to CIA-control animals. Tissue ELA levels, which were significantly increased in the CIA-control animals as compared to normal animals were also significantly reduced by TABE administration. CONCLUSION Results of our study demonstrate the antioxidant and antiarthritic activity of TABE in CIA in rats. We believe that TABE could find clinical application in the management of rheumatoid arthritis and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Tyagi
- Clinical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Haider A Khan
- Clinical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
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Ghasemi M, Azarnia M, Jamali M, Mirabolghasemi G, Nazarian S, Naghizadeh MM, Rajabi M, Tahamtani Y. Protective effects of Ephedra pachyclada extract on mouse models of carbon tetrachloride- induced chronic and acute liver failure. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sarithakumari CH, Kurup GM. Alginic acid isolated from Sargassum wightii exhibits anti-inflammatory potential on type II collagen induced arthritis in experimental animals. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1108-15. [PMID: 24444809 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of alginic acid isolated from the brown algae Sargassum wightii in type II collagen induced arthritic rats, a well established arthritic model that resembles more closely to human rheumatoid arthritis in its clinical, pathological, immunological and histological aspects. Type II collagen induced arthritic rats showed increased activities of inflammatory marker enzymes like cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (5-LOX), xanthine oxidase (XO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) along with increased concentration of rheumatoid factor (RF), ceruloplasmin and C-reactive protein (CRP). Treatment with alginic acid significantly reduced the activities of COX-2 and 5-LOX along with reduction in MPO, XO, RF and CRP. Alginic acid treatment reverted to the altered levels of hematological parameters like RBC count, WBC count and ESR in arthritic rats. Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 β, TNF α and IL-6 were significantly higher in arthritic rats which were reduced on treatment with alginic acid. Increased activities of lysosomal enzymes that manifest the systemic damage during arthritis were significantly reduced by the treatment with alginic acid which indicates the reduction in the rupture and degradation of connective tissue. Histopathology of knee joint tissues showed that extensive bone degradation and synovial hyperplasia along with infiltrating cells and treatment with alginic acid reversed the histopathological changes which indicate the protective potential of alginic acid in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Sarithakumari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala 695881, India
| | - G Muraleedhara Kurup
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala 695881, India.
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Prakash Babu N, Saravanan S, Pandikumar P, Bala Krishna K, Karunai Raj M, Ignacimuthu S. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of 3-hydroxy, 2-methoxy sodium butanoate from the leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:127-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Amdekar S, Singh V, Kumar A, Sharma P, Singh R. Lactobacillus caseiandLactobacillus acidophilusRegulate Inflammatory Pathway and Improve Antioxidant Status in Collagen-Induced Arthritic Rats. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:1-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Amdekar
- Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Avnish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rambir Singh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Al-Okbi SY. Nutraceuticals of anti-inflammatory activity as complementary therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 30:738-49. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712462468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by elevated oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. The severe side effects of drug used during such disease necessitate the search for new and safe approaches. Food is a rich source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory bioactive constituents including phenolic compounds, polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, toccopherols, and carotenoids. We have a series of publications dealing with the anti-inflammatory activity of different food extracts (as nutraceuticals) in experimental animals (acute and chronic inflammation model) and in clinical study (RA patients). Fish oil, primrose oil, extracts of black cumin, fenugreek, liquorice, coriander, tomato, carrot, sweet potato, broccoli, green tea, rosemary, hazelnut, walnut, wheat germ, and date in addition to the probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum were the nutraceuticals studied. During these studies, changes in inflammatory biomarkers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), seromucoids, fibrinogen, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2), oxidative stress (malondialdehyde), antioxidant status (total antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, vitamin E, retinol, β-carotene), the level of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) and colonic microflora in response to the administration of nutraceuticals have been assessed. Results of these studies showed that the majority of nutraceuticals studied possess beneficial effect toward chronic inflammatory diseases, which might be due to the presence of one or more of the above-mentioned phytochemicals. Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutraceuticals may serve as complementary medicine for the management of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Y Al-Okbi
- Food Sciences and Nutrition Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Jeyadevi R, Sivasudha T, Rameshkumar A, Dinesh Kumar L. Anti-arthritic activity of the Indian leafy vegetable Cardiospermum halicacabum in Wistar rats and UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS identification of the putative active phenolic components. Inflamm Res 2012; 62:115-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0558-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Suresh P, Kavitha CN, Babu SM, Reddy VP, Latha AK. Effect of Ethanol Extract of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) Seeds on Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Albino Rats. Inflammation 2012; 35:1314-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Amelioration of collagen-induced arthritis by Salix nigra bark extract via suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3395-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Therapeutic effect of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde on lysosomal enzymes and collagen metabolism in adjuvant induced arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2011; 19:317-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-011-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lactobacillus casei reduces the Inflammatory Joint Damage Associated with Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) by Reducing the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. J Clin Immunol 2010; 31:147-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Effect of Phellinus linteus extract supplementation on cortisol and related cytokines in young male adults. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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41
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Kim BY, Cao LH, Park H, Jeong S. Reciprocal regulation of gene expression by Ephedra herba
in mouse brain. Phytother Res 2010; 24:531-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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A comparative study of the antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity and total content of phenolic compounds of cell cultures and wild plants of three endemic species of Ephedra. Molecules 2010; 15:1668-78. [PMID: 20336006 PMCID: PMC6257367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations were carried out to determine antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and total phenol content of three wild species of Ephedra compared with their respective callus cultures. Callus induction was performed in a standard Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with the following hormonal ranges (mg/L) for every species NAA:1.5, Kin:1 for Ephedra strobiliacea, NAA:2, Kin:1 for Ephedra procera and NAA:2, Kin:0.5 for Ephedra pachyclada. These ranges of PGPR (Plant Growth Promote Regulators) were chosen based on callus induction rates, RGR (Relative Growth Rate) and their fresh weights. An antimicrobial test against five gram negative and two gram positive bacteria and two fungi was performed using the disc diffusion method. All methanolic extracts showed antimicrobial activity, but the antimicrobial activity of the callus cultures was lower than those of the wild plants. E. strobilacea showed the highest antimicrobial activity, and all methanolic extracts of the wild plants and callus cultures unexpectedly showed the highest antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) test was conducted to evaluate extracts for antioxidant activity. E. strobilacea with 1.61 +/- 0.08 mmol eq quercetin/g extract and 0.278 +/- 0.02 mmol eq quercetin/g extract for the wild plant and callus, respectively, showed the highest results.The total phenol content of extracts was measured by a Folin Ciocalteau test. All the chosen species displayed phenol contents but E. strobilacea had the highest amount (504.9 +/- 41.51 micromol eq catechin/g extracts and 114.61 +/- 15.13 micromol eq catechin/g extracts for the wild plants and callus, respectively).
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Meera S, Kumar N, Guptatyam V. Screening of Anti-Arthritic, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of a Polyherbal Formulation. INT J PHARMACOL 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2008.398.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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44
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Yin HQ, Wang B, Zhang JD, Lin HQ, Qiao Y, Wang R, Liu FY. Effect of traditional Chinese medicine Shu-Mai-Tang on attenuating TNFalpha-induced myocardial fibrosis in myocardial ischemia rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:133-139. [PMID: 18486373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Shu-Mai-Tang (SMT) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of ischemic heart disease. The effect of SMT on inflammation-induced myocardial fibrosis, left ventricular (LV) remodeling, and the potential mechanism in myocardial ischemia (MI) rats were investigated. Rats with ligated left anterior descending coronary artery (MI model) were randomly divided into three groups (SMTL, SMTH, and MIR). A group undergoing Sham operation (Sham; n=16) was also included. SMT (342 or 1710 mg/kg for SMTL or SMTH groups, respectively) was orally administered daily for 1 and 6 weeks. Cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) concentration, the cardiac expressions of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TNFalpha were examined by echocardiography, histological staining, radioimmunoassay, western blot, respectively. In the present study, significant reduced myocardial fibrosis, as well as decreased phospho-p38 MAPK, TIMP-1, and TNFalpha proteins, and serum TNFalpha level, accompanied by improved cardiac function in the SMT-treated rats in a dose-dependent manner as compared with the MIR. These results suggested that SMT could anti-inflammation-induced myocardial fibrosis and reverse LV remodeling in MI rats, and the mechanism may be related to the effect of SMT on inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qiu Yin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Wu LC, Fan NC, Lin MH, Chu IR, Huang SJ, Hu CY, Han SY. Anti-inflammatory effect of spilanthol from Spilanthes acmella on murine macrophage by down-regulating LPS-induced inflammatory mediators. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:2341-2349. [PMID: 18321049 DOI: 10.1021/jf073057e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spilanthes acmella (Paracress), a common spice, has been administered as a traditional folk medicine for years to cure toothaches, stammering, and stomatitis. Previous studies have demonstrated its diuretic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the active compounds contributing to the anti-inflammatory effect have seldom been addressed. This study isolates the active compound, spilanthol, by a bioactivity-guided approach and indicates significant anti-inflammatory activity on lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophage model, RAW 264.7. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of paracress is also investigated. Extracts of S. acmella are obtained by extraction with 85% ethanol, followed by liquid partition against hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. The ethyl acetate extract exhibits a stronger free radical scavenging capacity than other fractions do, as determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. The chloroform extract significantly inhibits nitric oxide production ( p < 0.01) and is selected for further fractionation to yield the active compound, spilanthol. The diminished levels of LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression support the postulation that spilanthol inhibits proinflammatory mediator production at the transcriptional and translational levels. Additionally, the LPS-stimulated IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha productions are dose-dependently reduced by spilanthol. The LPS-induced phosphorylation of cytoplasmic inhibitor-kappaB and the nuclear NF-kappaB DNA binding activity are both restrained by spilanthol. Results of this study suggest that spilanthol, isolated from S. acmella, attenuates the LPS-induced inflammatory responses in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages partly due to the inactivation of NF-kappaB, which negatively regulates the production of proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chen Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Puli, Nantou, Taiwan.
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Salubrious effect of Kalpaamruthaa, a modified indigenous preparation in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats--a biochemical approach. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 173:148-58. [PMID: 18396268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the phytochemicals and drugs and their combinations are capable of providing longer remissions and perhaps a complete cure for many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition to articular manifestations in RA, extra-articular signs involving reticuloendothelial and hepatic systems are an indication of more severe disease and thus, have prognostic value. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to illustrate the beneficial outcome of the drug Kalpaamruthaa (constituting Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract, fresh dried powder of Emblica officinalis fruit and honey) in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model with respect to the changes in extra-articular manifestation involving hematological and cellular constituents. MATERIAL AND METHODS Levels of hematological parameters, cellular constituents, activities of marker enzymes and the level of DNA damage were assessed in control, arthritis-induced, SA, KA and drug control treated rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Significant decrease (p<0.005) in the levels of Hb, RBC, PCV, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, plasma uric acid, urinary urea, uric acid, creatinine, FFA, HDL and significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of WBC, platelet count, ESR, globulin, plasma creatinine, blood glucose, urea, AST, ALT, ALP, TC, FC, TG, PL, LDL and VLDL were observed in arthritic rats. No other significant change was observed in tissue DNA and RNA levels of control and experimental animals. On the contrary an increase in DNA damage was observed in arthritic rats when compared to control animals. The above said derangements were brought back to near normal levels upon SA and KA treatments and KA revealed a profound beneficial effect than SA. The enhanced effect of KA might be attributed to the combined effects of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannins and other compounds such as vitamin C present in KA. Thus KA via this preliminary protective effect might contribute to the amelioration of the disease process.
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Mao (Ephedra sinica Stapf) protects against D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic failure. Cytokine 2008; 41:293-301. [PMID: 18218321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 11/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mao is one component of various traditional herbal medicines. We examined the effects of Mao on an acute liver failure model treated with d-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The lethality of mice administrated Mao with GalN/LPS was significantly decreased compared with that in mice without Mao. Hepatic apoptosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were slight in Mao-treated mice. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (T.Bil) activity, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and caspase 8, 9, and 3 activity in the liver were significantly lower in mice administrated Mao. But, Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 levels and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity in the liver were significantly higher in mice administrated Mao. To investigate the effect of STAT3, we used AG490, which selectively inhibits the activation of Janus kinase (JAK) family tyrosine kinase and inhibits the constitutive activation of STAT3. There was significant aggravation in hepatic apoptosis treated with Mao and AG490 compared with Mao alone. In conclusions, Mao significantly suppressed hepatic apoptosis by inhibition of TNF-alpha production and caspase activity. Furthermore, it is also suggested that Mao, which activates STAT3 induced by IL-6, may be a useful therapeutic tool for fulminant hepatic failure.
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Kim Y, So HS, Kim JK, Park C, Lee JH, Woo WH, Cho KH, Moon BS, Park R. Anti-inflammatory effect of oyaksungisan in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cerebral infarction patients. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:1037-41. [PMID: 17541150 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oyaksungisan, the herbal prescription composed of eleven herbs, has been widely used in treatment of cerebral infarct in Oriental Medicine. However, the mechanisms by which the herbal formula affects on the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cerebral infarction patients remain unknown yet. The secretory levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly increased in both LPS and PHA-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cerebral infarction patients. However, pretreatment with oyaksungisan significantly inhibited the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory in PBMCs. Also, oyaksungisan induced a significant increase of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in PBMCs. Thus, these data indicate that oyaksungisan may be beneficial in the cessation of inflammatory processes of cerebral infarct through suppression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 and induction of TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Jeonbuk, Korea (South)
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Langevin HM, Hammerschlag R, Lao L, Napadow V, Schnyer RN, Sherman KJ. Controversies in acupuncture research: selection of controls and outcome measures in acupuncture clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 12:943-53. [PMID: 17212566 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2006.12.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène M Langevin
- Departments of Neurology, Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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50
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Nagate T, Tamura T, Sato F, Kuroda J, Nakayama J, Shibata N. Tranilast Suppresses the Disease Development of the Adjuvant- and Streptococcal Cell Wall-Induced Arthritis in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105:48-56. [PMID: 17827869 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the effects of the anti-allergic and anti-fibrotic agent tranilast on adjuvant- and streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis in rats, animal models of rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Tranilast (150 or 300 mg/kg, twice daily) or vehicle only was administered orally to the two arthritis models, from 17 days before sensitization. As a comparative control, methotrexate (0.1 mg/kg, once daily) was given to another group. Tranilast suppressed the increase in foot volumes, paw thicknesses, clinical scores, and histopathological scores of the ankle joints in both models dose-dependently. In addition, the fibrosis indices of the ankles were dramatically decreased by tranilast in both of the models. Compared to the effects of methotrexate, tranilast seemed to work more effectively in the streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis model than in the adjuvant-induced arthritis model. From these observations, it can be concluded that tranilast suppresses the development of arthritis in multiple models and is potentially a novel therapeutic agent for human rheumatoid arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Ankle Joint/drug effects
- Ankle Joint/pathology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antirheumatic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Calcaneus/drug effects
- Calcaneus/pathology
- Cell Wall/chemistry
- Cell Wall/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Male
- Methotrexate/administration & dosage
- Methotrexate/pharmacology
- Methotrexate/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Rhamnose/immunology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Streptococcus/chemistry
- Streptococcus/immunology
- Time Factors
- ortho-Aminobenzoates/administration & dosage
- ortho-Aminobenzoates/pharmacology
- ortho-Aminobenzoates/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nagate
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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