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Matsumoto A. Infection burden and ALDH2 rs671: East Asian genetic diversity. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024. [PMID: 38837888 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Takashima S, Tokiya M, Izui K, Miyamoto H, Matsumoto A. Asian flush is a potential protective factor against COVID-19: a web-based retrospective survey in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2024; 29:14. [PMID: 38462476 PMCID: PMC10937249 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.23-00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first reported in December 2019, spread worldwide in a short period, resulting in numerous cases and associated deaths; however, the toll was relatively low in East Asia. A genetic polymorphism unique to East Asians, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 rs671, has been reported to confer protection against infections. METHOD We retrospectively investigated the association between the surrogate marker of the rs671 variant, the skin flushing phenomenon after alcohol consumption, and the timing of COVID-19 incidence using a web-based survey tool to test any protective effects of rs671 against COVID-19. RESULTS A total of 807 valid responses were received from 362 non-flushers and 445 flushers. During the 42 months, from 12/1/2019 to 5/31/2023, 40.6% of non-flushers and 35.7% of flushers experienced COVID-19. Flushers tended to have a later onset (Spearman's partial rank correlation test, p = 0.057, adjusted for sex and age). Similarly, 2.5% of non-flushers and 0.5% of flushers were hospitalized because of COVID-19. Survival analysis estimated lower risks of COVID-19 and associated hospitalization among flushers (p = 0.03 and <0.01, respectively; generalized Wilcoxon test). With the Cox proportional hazards model covering 21 months till 8/31/2021, when approximately half of the Japanese population had received two doses of COVID-19 vaccine, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of COVID-19 incidence was estimated to be 0.21 (0.10-0.46) for flusher versus non-flusher, with adjustment for sex, age, steroid use, and area of residence. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests an association between the flushing phenomenon after drinking and a decreased risk of COVID-19 morbidity and hospitalization, suggesting that the rs671 variant is a protective factor. This study provides valuable information for infection control and helps understand the unique constitutional diversity of East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takashima
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
- Plant Products Safety Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-8950, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tokiya
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Katsura Izui
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Tokiya M, Kobayashi T, Kido MA, Matsumoto A. ALDH2 polymorphism rs671 and alcohol consumption: possible explanatory factors for race/ethnic differences in bone density. Osteoporos Int 2023; 34:2133-2135. [PMID: 37695337 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-023-06909-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Tokiya
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Takaomi Kobayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Mizuho A Kido
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
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Owaki Y, Yoshimoto H, Saito G, Goto T, Kushio S, Nakamura A, Togo Y, Mori K, Hokazono H. Study protocol of brief intervention using gene polymorphism information for excessive drinking among Japanese college students and adults aged 20-30 years: a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2022; 23:708. [PMID: 36028843 PMCID: PMC9412788 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The alcohol-metabolizing enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a carcinogenic acetaldehyde-degrading enzyme, and its low activity is a genetic constitution peculiar to East Asians. People with low alcohol dehydrogenase 1B activity (ADH1B*1/*1 genotype) have a high risk of developing head and neck cancer and alcoholism. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of brief interventions for excessive drinking among college students and adults in their 20s, including information on five constitutions that combine the ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes. Methods Participants comprised university students and staff aged 20–30 years who had consumed ≥40 g (males) or ≥20 g (females) of pure alcohol; they were classified into intervention and control groups using a simple randomization method. Participants anonymously filled out questionnaires linked to identification numbers and recorded the drinking days and amounts on the drinking calendar. The intervention group will then be tested for genotype testing using saliva (5 types of combinations of ALDH2 and ADH1B enzyme activities); the result report will arrive approximately 1 month later. We will conduct a 30-min face-to-face or online intervention. The control group will be merely given the conventional materials, and genetic testing will be performed voluntarily after 6 months (end of study). The intervention group will undergo questionnaire surveys 1 month after the intervention and 3 and 6 months after baseline. Questionnaire surveys will be conducted 1, 3, and 6 months after baseline for the control group. The average amount of drinking before and after the intervention, attribute/baseline data between the two groups, and time-series data were compared using various analysis tools. For interventions, we engaged in dialog based on intervention materials that added genotyping content to the existing materials, result reports, baseline data, and drinking calendar records. Participants’ ingenuity is respected to support their drinking behavior and goal setting. Discussion Individual information on the genetic makeup of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes provided during the intervention is more personal and objective than general health information, especially in Japan, where the ALDH2 low activity rate is high. This information may be useful for health care and precautionary measures. Trial registration R000050379, UMIN000044148, Registered on June 1, 2021. Scientific Title: Examination of simple intervention using genetic polymorphism information for excessive drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Owaki
- Department of Primary Care and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yoshimoto
- Department of Community General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. .,General Medicine and Primary Care, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Go Saito
- General Medicine and Primary Care, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Department of Disease Control Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yusuke Togo
- Sanwa Laboratory, Sanwa Shurui Company, Usa, Japan
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Matsumoto A, Hara M, Ashenagar MS, Tokiya M, Sawada T, Iwasaka C, Furukawa T, Kitagawa K, Miyake Y, Hirota Y. Variant Allele of ALDH2, rs671, Associates with Attenuated Post-Vaccination Response in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein IgG: A Prospective Study in the Japanese General Population. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071035. [PMID: 35891198 PMCID: PMC9320019 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the predictors of vaccine immunogenicity is essential for infection control. We have reported that the most prevalent polymorphism of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2), rs671, may be associated with an attenuated immune system. To test the inverse relationship between rs671 and antibody production after COVID-19 vaccination, the levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein S1 subunit (S1) IgG were repeatedly measured for four months before and after vaccination with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, in 88 Japanese workers and students (including 45 females, aged 21–56 years, with an rs671 variant allele frequency of 0.3). The mixed model including fixed effects of the vaccine type, weeks post vaccination (categorical variable), sex, age, height, smoking status, ethanol intake, exercise habit, perceived stress, steroid use, allergic diseases, and dyslipidemia, indicated an inverse association between log-transformed anti-S1 IgG levels and the number of rs671 variant alleles (partial regression coefficient = −0.15, p = 0.002). Our study indicated for the first time that the variant allele of ALDH2, rs671, is associated with the attenuated immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Our finding may provide a basis for personalized disease prevention based on a genetic polymorphism that is prevalent among East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (M.S.A.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-952-34-2289
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (M.H.); (C.I.); (T.F.)
| | - Mohammad Said Ashenagar
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (M.S.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Mikiko Tokiya
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (M.S.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Division of Histology and Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan;
| | - Chiharu Iwasaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (M.H.); (C.I.); (T.F.)
| | - Takuma Furukawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan; (M.H.); (C.I.); (T.F.)
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan;
| | - Yasunobu Miyake
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 840-8501, Japan;
| | - Yoshio Hirota
- SOUSEIKAI Medical Group, Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Medical Co., LTA, 3-6-1 Kashii-Teriha, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 813-0017, Japan;
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Matsumoto A, Nakashima C, Kimura S, Sueoka E, Aragane N. ALDH2 polymorphism rs671 is a predictor of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor efficacy against thoracic malignancies. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:584. [PMID: 34022841 PMCID: PMC8140463 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) plays an important role in the endogenous aldehyde detoxification of various types of cells. ALDH2*2, a variant allele of the ALDH2 polymorphism rs671, leads to decreased enzymatic activity. ALDH2*2 may enhance tumor antigen presentation due to aldehyde-induced DNA damage while suppressing peripheral blood T cell counts and T cell activation. Methods On the basis of our hypothesis that rs671 affects the sensitivity of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), we evaluated the effects of rs671 on patients with thoracic malignancies who started ICI therapy in 2016–2019. The cohort consisted of 105 cases, including 64 cases with adenocarcinoma and 30 cases with squamous cell carcinoma, 49 of whom were ALDH2*2 carriers. The first ICI was PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor (Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, or Atezolizumab) in all cases. Results The best response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy (partial response/stable disease/progressive disease) was 36%/50%/14% in the rs671(−) cases; however, the response was relatively poor in the rs671(+) cases (27%/29%/45%, respectively) (p = 0.002). The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of disease progression within the observation period of 6 months for the rs671(+) cases was estimated to be 5.0 (2.5–10) after the adjustment for covariates, including sex, Brinkman index, treatment line, tumor tissue programmed death-ligand 1 positivity rate, tumor tissue EGFR mutation. This association was also maintained in a stratified analysis, suggesting that ALDH2*2 is an independent negative predictive factor for the short-term prognosis of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Thus, the progression-free survival (PFS) ratio of the rs671(+) cases decreased rapidly after ICI initiation but was eventually higher than that of the rs671(−) cases (restricted mean survival time in 12 months from 2 to 3 years afterward was 1.3 times that of the rs671(−) cases). Moreover, the highest PFS ratio after 2 years among sub-groups was found in the first-line treatment sub-group of rs671(+) group (40%). Conclusions Our study suggests that rs671 may be an accurate and cost-effective predictor of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment, in which optimal case selection is an important issue. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08329-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Chiho Nakashima
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Eizaburo Sueoka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Naoko Aragane
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga, Japan
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Chen CH, Ferreira JCB, Joshi AU, Stevens MC, Li SJ, Hsu JHM, Maclean R, Ferreira ND, Cervantes PR, Martinez DD, Barrientos FL, Quintanares GHR, Mochly-Rosen D. Novel and prevalent non-East Asian ALDH2 variants; Implications for global susceptibility to aldehydes' toxicity. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102753. [PMID: 32403082 PMCID: PMC7218264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) catalyzes the detoxification of aliphatic aldehydes, including acetaldehyde. About 45% of Han Chinese (East Asians), accounting for 8% of humans, carry a single point mutation in ALDH2*2 (E504K) that leads to accumulation of toxic reactive aldehydes. METHODS Sequencing of a small Mexican cohort and a search in the ExAC genomic database for additional ALDH2 variants common in various ethnic groups was set to identify missense variants. These were evaluated in vitro, and in cultured cells expressing these new and common variants. FINDINGS In a cohort of Hispanic donors, we identified 2 novel mutations in ALDH2. Using the ExAC genomic database, we found these identified variants and at least three other ALDH2 variants with a single point mutation among Latino, African, South Asian, and Finnish ethnic groups, at a frequency of >5/1000. Although located in different parts of the ALDH2 molecule, these common ALDH2 mutants exhibited a significant reduction in activity compared with the wild type enzyme in vitro and in 3T3 cells overexpressing each of the variants, and a greater ethanol-induced toxicity. As Alda-1, previously identified activator, did not activate some of the new mutant ALDH2 enzymes, we continued the screen and identified Alda-64, which is effective in correcting the loss of activity in most of these new and common ALDH2 variants. INTERPRETATION Since ~80% of the world population consumes ethanol and since acetaldehyde accumulation contributes to a variety of diseases, the identification of additional inactivating variants of ALDH2 in different ethnic groups may help develop new 'precision medicine' for carriers of these inactive ALDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amit U Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Matthew C Stevens
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Sin-Jin Li
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jade H-M Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rory Maclean
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Nikolas D Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pilar R Cervantes
- Translational Medicine and Innovation Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Diana D Martinez
- Translational Medicine and Innovation Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Fernando L Barrientos
- Translational Medicine and Innovation Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Gibran H R Quintanares
- Translational Medicine and Innovation Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, México
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, USA.
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Matsumoto A, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Ichiba M, Vasiliou V, Akao C, Song BJ, Fujita M. Ethanol induces skin hyperpigmentation in mice with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:61-66. [PMID: 30721697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol induces various cutaneous changes, such as palmar erythema and jaundice. However, alcohol-induced skin hyperpigmentation due to melanin deposition has not been reported. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), one of 19 human ALDH isozymes, metabolizes endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to their respective carboxylic acids. Reduced ALDH2 greatly affects acetaldehyde metabolism, leading to its accumulation in the body after the consumption of alcohol and the consequent development of a wide range of phenotypes. In the present study, we report a novel phenotype manifesting in a mouse model with the altered expression of ALDH2. Aldh2 knockout (Aldh2+/- and Aldh2-/-) and wild-type (Aldh2+/+) mice were fed a standard solid rodent chow and a bottle of ethanol solution at concentrations of 0%, 3%, 10%, or 20% (v/v) for more than 10 weeks. The intensity of their skin pigmentation was evaluated by macroscopic observation. Ethanol-exposed Aldh2+/- and Aldh2-/- mice exhibited dose-dependent skin pigmentation in areas of hairless skin, including the soles of the paws and tail; no such changes were observed in wild-type mice. The intensity of skin pigmentation correlated with the number of Aldh2 alleles that were altered in the mice (i.e., 0, 1 and 2 for Aldh2+/+, Aldh2+/-, Aldh2-/-, respectively). Interestingly, the skin pigmentation changes reversed upon the discontinuation of ethanol. The histological examination of the pigmented skin demonstrated the presence of melanin-like deposits, mainly in the epidermis. In conclusion, we report a novel finding that the intake of ethanol induces skin hyperpigmentation in an ALDH2 activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ichiba
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Chiho Akao
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Matsumoto A. The Bidirectional Effect of Defective ALDH2 Polymorphism and Disease Prevention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1193:69-87. [PMID: 31368098 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6260-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in the detoxification of endogenous aldehydes, the defective polymorphism (rs671), which is highly prevalent among East Asians, does not show a serious phenotype, such as congenital abnormality. However, unfavorable and favorable impacts of the variant allele, ALDH2*2, on various disease risks have been reported. The underlying mechanisms are often complicated due to the compensatory aldehyde detoxification systems. As the phenotypes emerge due to overlapping environmental factors (e.g., alcohol intake and tobacco smoke) or individual vulnerabilities (e.g., aging and apolipoprotein E ε4 allele), polymorphism is therefore considered to be important in the field of preventative medicine. For example, it is important to recognize that ALDH2*2 carriers are at a high risk of alcohol drinking-related cancers; however, their drinking habit has less adverse effects on physiological indices, such as blood pressure, body mass index, levels of lipids, and hepatic deviation enzymes in the blood, than in non-ALDH2*2 carriers. Therefore, opportunities to reconsider their excessive drinking habit before adverse events occur can be missed. To perform effective disease prevention, the effects of ALDH2*2 on various diseases and the biological mechanisms should be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga, Japan.
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