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Iranzadasl M, Karimi Y, Moadeli F, Pasalar M. Persian medicine recommendations for the prevention of pandemics related to the respiratory system: a narrative literature review. Integr Med Res 2021; 10:100483. [PMID: 32802742 PMCID: PMC7381935 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pandemics of infectious diseases have long been regarded as societal challenges. This study aimed to summarize the theories of Persian medicine for controlling respiratory disease-related pandemics and to compare these theories with the findings of modern medicine. METHODS We searched the classic medical reference books of the 9th to 19th centuries for the terms 'polluted air' and 'pandemic', and we searched 4 databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus) with the keywords 'COVID-19', 'pandemic', 'history', and 'prevention programs'. The results were collected and subjected to content analysis. RESULTS From the point of view of traditional Iranian physicians, disease prevention is primarily possible by avoiding pathogenic factors. As a secondary solution, reducing one's susceptibility to the disease is crucial; this can be achieved through cleansing the body and strengthening the mood, reducing food intake, decreasing the internal humidity, disinfecting the house with herbal fumigation, and making use of pleasant aromas. Some of these recommendations are reaffirmed by modern research. CONCLUSION Persian medicine techniques may be preventive during respiratory, influenza-like disease pandemics. However, rigorous studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Iranzadasl
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasin Karimi
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadeli
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Pasalar
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Shen CF, Ho TS, Wang SM, Liao YT, Hu YS, Tsai HP, Chen SH. The cellular immunophenotype expression of influenza A virus and influenza B virus infection in children. Clin Immunol 2020; 219:108548. [PMID: 32735869 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune response is the primary defense against influenza virus infection. METHODS This is a prospective study carried out in children <18 years of age who were diagnosed with influenza A or influenza B infection. Demographic and clinical data, laboratory findings and cell immunophenotypes on first presentation were compared. RESULTS With respect to immunophenotype, influenza A infection resulted in a higher fraction of CD14+ and CD4+IL-17A+cells compared to children infected with influenza B. By contrast, influenza B infection resulted in a comparatively higher percentage of double-negative CD4-CD8- lymphocyte subsets. Influenza A infection was associated with comparatively higher percentages of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ and CD4+CD25lowFoxp3+ cells. By contrast, the percentage of CD8+CD25high and CD8+CD25low cells was similar among patients with influenza A infection and influenza B infection. CONCLUSIONS An improved understanding of the fraction of regulatory T cells with influenza virus infections may provide further understandings on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shiann Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiang Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Pin Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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Denney L, Ho LP. The role of respiratory epithelium in host defence against influenza virus infection. Biomed J 2018; 41:218-233. [PMID: 30348265 PMCID: PMC6197993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is the major interface between the environment and the host. Sophisticated barrier, sensing, anti-microbial and immune regulatory mechanisms have evolved to help maintain homeostasis and to defend the lung against foreign substances and pathogens. During influenza virus infection, these specialised structural cells and populations of resident immune cells come together to mount the first response to the virus, one which would play a significant role in the immediate and long term outcome of the infection. In this review, we focus on the immune defence machinery of the respiratory epithelium and briefly explore how it repairs and regenerates after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Denney
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Contribution of innate immune cells to pathogenesis of severe influenza virus infection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:269-283. [PMID: 28108632 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause respiratory illness of varying severity based on the virus strains, host predisposition and pre-existing immunity. Ultimately, outcome and recovery from infection rely on an effective immune response comprising both innate and adaptive components. The innate immune response provides the first line of defence and is crucial to the outcome of infection. Airway epithelial cells are the first cell type to encounter the virus in the lungs, providing antiviral and chemotactic molecules that shape the ensuing immune response by rapidly recruiting innate effector cells such as NK cells, monocytes and neutrophils. Each cell type has unique mechanisms to combat virus-infected cells and limit viral replication, however their actions may also lead to pathology. This review focuses how innate cells contribute to protection and pathology, and provides evidence for their involvement in immune pathology in IAV infections.
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Hayward AC, Wang L, Goonetilleke N, Fragaszy EB, Bermingham A, Copas A, Dukes O, Millett ERC, Nazareth I, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Watson JM, Zambon M, Johnson AM, McMichael AJ. Natural T Cell-mediated Protection against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza. Results of the Flu Watch Cohort Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191:1422-31. [PMID: 25844934 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201411-1988oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A high proportion of influenza infections are asymptomatic. Animal and human challenge studies and observational studies suggest T cells protect against disease among those infected, but the impact of T-cell immunity at the population level is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether naturally preexisting T-cell responses targeting highly conserved internal influenza proteins could provide cross-protective immunity against pandemic and seasonal influenza. METHODS We quantified influenza A(H3N2) virus-specific T cells in a population cohort during seasonal and pandemic periods between 2006 and 2010. Follow-up included paired serology, symptom reporting, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) investigation of symptomatic cases. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 1,414 unvaccinated individuals had baseline T-cell measurements (1,703 participant observation sets). T-cell responses to A(H3N2) virus nucleoprotein (NP) dominated and strongly cross-reacted with A(H1N1)pdm09 NP (P < 0.001) in participants lacking antibody to A(H1N1)pdm09. Comparison of paired preseason and post-season sera (1,431 sets) showed 205 (14%) had evidence of infection based on fourfold influenza antibody titer rises. The presence of NP-specific T cells before exposure to virus correlated with less symptomatic, PCR-positive influenza A (overall adjusted odds ratio, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.68; P = 0.005, during pandemic [P = 0.047] and seasonal [P = 0.049] periods). Protection was independent of baseline antibodies. Influenza-specific T-cell responses were detected in 43%, indicating a substantial population impact. CONCLUSIONS Naturally occurring cross-protective T-cell immunity protects against symptomatic PCR-confirmed disease in those with evidence of infection and helps to explain why many infections do not cause symptoms. Vaccines stimulating T cells may provide important cross-protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Hayward
- 1 Department of Infectious Disease Informatics, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research
| | - Lili Wang
- 2 Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nilu Goonetilleke
- 2 Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ellen B Fragaszy
- 1 Department of Infectious Disease Informatics, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research.,4 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Bermingham
- 5 Respiratory Virus Unit, Centre for Infections, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Copas
- 6 Research Department of Infection and Population Health, and
| | - Oliver Dukes
- 1 Department of Infectious Disease Informatics, Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research
| | - Elizabeth R C Millett
- 6 Research Department of Infection and Population Health, and.,4 Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irwin Nazareth
- 7 Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan S Nguyen-Van-Tam
- 8 Health Protection and Influenza Research Group, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Maria Zambon
- 5 Respiratory Virus Unit, Centre for Infections, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne M Johnson
- 6 Research Department of Infection and Population Health, and
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- 2 Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Seretis C, Lagoudianakis E, Salemis N, Pappas A, Gemenetzis G, Seretis F, Gourgiotis S. Liver Biochemistry During the Course of Influenza A/H1N1 Infection. Gastroenterology Res 2013; 6:103-105. [PMID: 27785237 PMCID: PMC5051153 DOI: 10.4021/gr551w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the multi-systemic effects of influenza A/H1N1 virus, the occurrence of hepatic injury during the natural course of the infection remains a matter of debate. We performed a review of the published clinical studies which assess the above mentioned relationship, reviewing the studies published in PubMed database (English literature), using the key words “H1N1”, “influenza A” and “liver”. We excluded case reports and clinical studies that referred to pediatric and transplanted patients, pregnants and patients with known history of chronic liver diseases. From a total of 96 results, a total of 78 papers met one or more of the exclusion criteria set. Evaluating the remaining 18 published papers, 14 more were excluded as they did not provide any sufficient data, relevant to the subject of our review. Although the analysis of the remaining studies revealed the existence of conflicting results concerning the exact degree and the potential mechanisms of liver injury in H1N1 positive patients, it can be assumed that influenza A/H1N1 virus is -or at least could be- a hepatotropic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Seretis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; Second Department of General Surgery, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Lagoudianakis
- Second Department of General Surgery, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Salemis
- Second Department of General Surgery, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Gemenetzis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; Second Department of General Surgery, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotios Seretis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; Second Department of General Surgery, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Gourgiotis
- Second Department of General Surgery, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece; Intensive Care Unit, 401 General Army Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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