Relationship Between Hyperuricemia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Chinese Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Benefits of uric acid-lowering medication after bariatric surgery in patients with gout

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Patients with gout are at risk for increased serum uric acid (SUA) levels and gout attacks in the short term after undergoing bariatric surgery, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of short-term treatment with uric acid-lowering medication after bariatric surgery for the control of gout attacks and SUA levels in patients with gout.

METHODS

71 patients who underwent SG from January 2020 to December 2022 were prospectively included. These patients were diagnosed with hyperuricemia before surgery and had a history of gout attacks. Patients were classified into a drug-treatment group (DTG, n = 32) and a non-drug-treatment group (NDTG, n = 39) according to whether they took uric acid-lowering medication after surgery. Changes in the number of gout attacks, body mass index (BMI), and SUA levels at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after bariatric surgery were measured in both groups.

RESULTS

In the DTG, 22 patients (68.8%) experienced an increase in SUA within 1 week, 3 patients (9.4%) had an acute attack of gout within the first month, and no patients had a gout attack thereafter. In the NDTG, 35 patients (89.7%) experienced an increase in SUA within 1 week, 7 patients (17.9%) had an acute gout attack within the first month, and 4 patients (10.3%) experienced gout attacks between month 1 and month 3 postoperatively. Both groups were free of gout attacks between the 3rd and 6th postoperative month and showed a significant decrease in SUA and BMI by the sixth month.

CONCLUSION

In patients with gout, continued use of uric acid-lowering medication after bariatric surgery is beneficial in reducing the number of gout attacks and the risk of rising SUA.

Effects of uric acid on ischemic diseases, stratified by lipid levels: a drug-target, nonlinear Mendelian randomization study

Although uric acid-lowering agents such as xanthine oxidase inhibitors have potential cardioprotective effects, studies on their use in preventing cardiovascular diseases are lacking. We investigated the genetically proxied effects of reducing uric acid on ischemic cardiovascular diseases in a lipid-level-stratified population. We performed drug-target Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using UK Biobank data to select genetic instruments within a uric acid-lowering gene, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), and construct genetic scores. For nonlinear MR analyses, individuals were stratified by lipid level. Outcomes included acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, transient cerebral ischemic attack, overall ischemic disease, and gout. We included 474,983 non-gout individuals with XDH-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The XDH-variant-induced uric acid reduction was associated with reduced risk of gout (odds ratio [OR], 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.93; P < 0.001), cerebral infarction (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98; P = 0.023), AMI (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.94; P = 0.010) in individuals with triglycerides ≥ 188.00 mg/dL, and cerebral infarction in individuals with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≤ 112.30 mg/dL (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96; P = 0.020) or LDL-C of 136.90-157.40 mg/dL (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.49-0.92; P = 0.012). XDH-variant-induced uric acid reduction lowers the risk of gout, AMI for individuals with high triglycerides, and cerebral infarction except for individuals with high LDL-C, highlighting the potential heterogeneity in the protective effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors for treating AMI and cerebral infarction depending on the lipid profiles.

Chalcone derivatives as xanthine oxidase inhibitors: synthesis, binding mode investigation, biological evaluation, and ADMET prediction

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a crucial target for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. A series of derivatives based on natural 3,4-dihydroxychalcone, obtained from Carthamus tinctorious and Licorice, were designed and synthesized. Nine derivatives (9a-e, 10b,c, and 15a,b) exhibited apparent XO inhibitory activity in vitro (IC₅₀ values varied from 0.121 to 7.086 μM), 15b presented the most potent inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 0.121 µM), which was 27.47-fold higher than that of allopurinol (IC₅₀ = 3.324 µM). The SAR analysis indicated that introducing hydroxyl groups at 3'/4'/5'-position on ring A was more beneficial to the inhibition of XO than at 2'/6'-position; the removal of 3‑hydroxyl group on ring B could weaken the inhibitory potency of hydroxychalcones on XO, but it was beneficial to the XO inhibitory potency of methoxychalcones. Molecule modeling studies afforded insights into the binding mode of 15b with XO and supported the findings of SAR analysis. Additionally, kinetics studies demonstrated that 15b presented a reversible and competitive XO inhibitor, which spontaneously combined with XO through hydrophobic force, and finally changed the secondary conformation of XO. Furthermore, the acute hyperuricemia model was employed to investigate the hypouricemic effect of 15b, which could effectively reduce the serum uric acid levels of rats at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg. ADMET prediction suggested that compound 15b possessed good pharmacokinetic properties. Briefly, compound 15b emerges as an interesting XO inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout with beneficial effects on serum uric acid levels regulating. Meanwhile, the XO inhibitors with chalcone skeleton will deserve further attention and discussion.

Analysis of the effect of glutamyltransferase on hyperlipidemia based on decision tree

Objectives

This study is designed to analyze the potential influencing factors of hyperlipidemia, and to explore the relationship between liver function indicators such as gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and hyperlipidemia.

Methods

Data were derived from 7599 outpatients who visited the Department of Endocrinology of the First Hospital of Jilin University (2017-2019). A multinomial regression model is used to identify related factors of hyperlipidemia and the decision tree method is used to explore the general rules in hyperlipidemia patients and non-hyperlipidemia patients on these factors.

Results

The average of age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), GGT and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the hyperlipidemia group are higher than those in the non-hyperlipidemia group. In multiple regression analysis, SBP, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, ALT, GGT are associated with triglyceride. For people with HbA1c less than 6.0%, controlling GGT within 30 IU/L reduces the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia by 4%, and for people with metabolic syndrome with impaired glucose tolerance controlling GGT within 20 IU/L reduces the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia by 11%.

Conclusions

Even when GGT is in the normal range, the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia increases with its gradual increase. Controlling GGT in people with normoglycemia and impaired glucose tolerance can reduce the risk of hyperlipidemia.

[Screening, domestication and identification of intestinal uric acid degrading bacteria in low uric acid population]

As the largest ecosystem of human body, intestinal microorganisms participate in the synthesis and metabolism of uric acid. Developing and utilizing intestinal bacteria to degrade uric acid might provide new ideas for the treatment of hyperuricemia. The fecal samples of people with low uric acid were inoculated into uric acid selective medium with the concentration of 1.5 mmol/L for preliminary screening, and the initially screened strains that may have degradation ability were domesticated by concentration gradient method, and the strains with high uric acid degradation rate were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing method. A strain of high-efficiency uric acid degrading bacteria was screened and domesticated from the feces of people with low uric acid. The degradation rate of uric acid could reach 50.2%. It was identified as Escherichia coli. The isolation and domestication of high efficient uric acid degrading strains can not only provide scientific basis for the study of the mechanism of intestinal microbial degradation of uric acid, but also reserve biological strains for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout in the future.

The dose-response relationship of serum uric acid with Dyslipidaemia and its components: a cross-sectional study of a Chinese multi-ethnic cohort

Background

The association between serum uric acid (SUA) and the components of dyslipidaemia and their dose-response relationships have not been thoroughly explored. This study assessed the relationship between SUA and each dyslipidaemia component in Dong, Miao, and Bouyei populations in Guizhou by sex and ethnicities and investigated the dose-response relationship.

Methods

In total, 16,092 participants aged 30–79 years from The China Multi-Ethnic Cohort (CMEC) Study were examined. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to explore the relationship between SUA and each dyslipidaemia component by sex and three ethnicities. The dose-response associations between SUA and various dyslipidaemias were investigated using restricted cubic spline regression.

Results

After controlling for confounding factors, the SUA level in total participants positively correlated with each dyslipidaemia component, and women had higher odds ratios (ORs) for each dyslipidaemia component than men (P for trend < 0.001). At the SUA level > 6.37 mg/dL, ORs (95% CI) for dyslipidaemia in the Dong, Miao and Bouyei were 2.89 (2.00–4.19), 2.43 (1.70–3.48), and 3.26 (2.23–4.78), respectively. When the SUA concentration increased by 1 mg/dL, the ORs (95% CI) for total dyslipidaemia was 1.31 (1.24–1.37). A positive dose-response but nonlinear association was found between SUA and total dyslipidaemia, high total cholesterol, and low HDL, whereas an inverse U-shaped association was found between SUA and high LDL-C ( P-nonlinear< 0.0001).

Conclusion

The SUA level was positively correlated with each dyslipidaemia component in Dong, Miao, and Bouyei adults, and sex and ethnic differences were also found. A nonlinear dose-response relationship was found between SUA levels and dyslipidaemia and its components. Further research is warranted to investigate the causal link between SUA levels and dyslipidaemia incidence.

Prevalence and Clinical Predictors of Hyperuricemia in Chinese Bariatric Surgery Patients

BACKGROUND

Despite a known significant association between hyperuricemia and obesity, this correlation in bariatric surgery patients remains unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the prevalence and predictors of pre- and postoperative hyperuricemia in Chinese bariatric surgery patients.

METHODS

A retrospective study was performed in 333 bariatric surgery patients from our hospital. The clinical data was collected before surgery and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Univariable and multivariate analyses were used for investigating the independent predictors of hyperuricemia and serum uric acid (SUA) change.

RESULTS

Altogether, 62.9% of patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for hyperuricemia. The prevalence of hyperuricemia among males was 81.8% and 62.3% in the women. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that age (OR = 0.951, 95%CI:0.926-0.976, P = 0.000), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (OR = 0.217, 95%CI:0.074-0.637, P = 0.005), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) (OR = 1.016, 95%CI:1.004-1.027, P = 0.006), and creatinine (Cr) (OR = 1.042, 95%CI: 1.017-1.067, P = 0.001) were independent predictors of hyperuricemia. SUA levels significantly declined in all patients from 443.1 ± 118.2 μmol/L before surgery to 370.1 + 113.4 μmol/L at 12 months after surgery. The prevalence of hyperuricemia also declined from 69.4% before surgery to 25.5% at 12 months. Multiple linear regression analyses confirmed that changes in Cr and body mass index (BMI) were independent predictors of a decrease in SUA levels, 12 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS

Hyperuricemia in Chinese bariatric surgery candidates are common, especially in males. Age, HDL-c, γ-GT and Cr were determined to be independent predictors of hyperuricemia. Bariatric surgery may effectively reduce the prevalence of hyperuricemia in this population, through postoperative weight loss and changes in creatinine following the procedure.

The role of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic factors in gout: A Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND

Several epidemiological studies have reported a possible correlation between risk of gout and metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. However, it is unclear if this association is causal.

METHODS

We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate the causal relation between metabolic conditions and gout or serum urate concentration by inverse-variance-weighted (conventional) and weighted median methods. Furthermore, MR-Egger regression and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (PRESSO) method were used to explore pleiotropy. Genetic instruments for metabolic disorders and outcome (gout and serum urate) were obtained from several genome-wide association studies on individuals of mainly European ancestry.

RESULTS

Conventional MR analysis showed a robust causal association of increasing obesity measured by body mass index (BMI), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) with risk of gout. A causal relationship between fasting insulin, BMI, HDL, triglycerides (TG), SBP, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum urate was also observed. These results were consistent in weighted median method and MR-PRESSO after removing outliers identified. Our analysis also indicated that HDL and serum urate as well as gout have a bidirectional causal effect on each other.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggested causal effects between glycemic traits, obesity, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, liver function, and serum urate as well as gout, which implies that metabolic factors contribute to the development of gout via serum urate, as well as potential benefit of sound management of increased serum urate in patients with obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and liver dysfunction.

Gout in China, 1990-2017: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to estimate the gout burden and risk factors in China from 1990 to 2017.

STUDY DESIGN

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study uses various analytical tools and a diverse set of data sources to generate comparable estimates of deaths and mortality rates broken down by age, sex, cause, year, and geography.

METHODS

We used the results from the GBD Study 2017 to compare disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of gout in China. The median of the percentage change and 95% uncertainty intervals were determined for the period between 1990 and 2017.

RESULTS

The age-standardized DALY rate, prevalence, and incidence increased 6.92%, 6.88%, and 6.16%, respectively, in China from 1990 to 2017. Although the rates of gout both globally and in China were increasing, the range of change for males in China was larger than that of the global level. All risk factors combined accounted for 30.04% of gout DALYs in 2017. The leading risk factors for gout DALYs were high body mass index and impaired kidney function, and the proportion of high body mass index increased significantly from 10.67% to 24.31%, whereas the proportion of impaired kidney function remained basically unchanged.

CONCLUSIONS

The age-standardized DALY rate, prevalence, and incidence in China have increased progressively since 1990. Increasing attention on body weight management should be prioritized for controlling the rising prevalence of gout in the young and middle-aged population.

Harnessing hyperuricemia to atherosclerosis and understanding its mechanistic dependence

Atherosclerosis is regarded as the disease of the arterial vasculature. The main characteristics of atherosclerosis are the abnormal accumulation of lipids, increased inflammatory cells, matrix deposits, and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hyperlipidemia are the most studied risk factors of atherosclerosis. One least studied risk factor is the uric acid (UA), a high UA in circulation is interlinked with many pathological processes. Several epidemiological studies suggest elevated UA levels as an essential biomarker in the forecast of several cardiovascular diseases. Available evidence claims that UA upholds the atherosclerosis process via disturbing lipid metabolism, reducing the nitric oxide synthesis in endothelial cells, promoting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and overwhelms inflammation. In endothelial dysfunction and coronary artery lesions, UA is considered as an independent predictor. The updated studies on the involvement of hyperuricemia in atherosclerosis prove that treatment with xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors not just benefits the treatment of hyperuricemia but also reduces the burden of atherosclerosis to a greater extent. In this review, we highlight how the hyperuricemia affects vascular integrity, causes atherosclerosis, and the mechanism of action of XO inhibitors on atherosclerosis.

Uric acid level changes after bariatric surgery in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background

The purpose of the study was to investigate the incidence of hyperuricemia (HU) in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) before and after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), to describe the impact of this therapy in reducing uric acid levels, and its possible mechanism. This study was performed by cooperation with the First affiliated hospital of Soochow University and the Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, department of general surgery.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed. From February 2015 to December 2017, we evaluated 147 obese patients with T2DM. Blood samples and other clinical data were drawn before and postoperative (1, 3, 6, 12 months after RYGB). All obese patients with T2DM underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (LRYGB). Different gender with HU were compared before and after surgery.

Results

A total of 147 patients received LRYGB (75 were female, 72 were male), and 48 patients with HU (22 were female, 26 were male). Four women and 2 men were lost to follow-up, they were excepted from this study. No patients with HU lost to follow-up. There's an intuitive downward trend about uric acid levels both in men and women, with men from 497.9 µmol/L before surgery to 371.5 µmol/L 1 year after surgery, P=0.000; women from 432.3 to 354.1 µmol/L, P=0.002. The proportion of HU changed with men from 37.1% (26/70) before surgery to 12.9% (9/70) one year after surgery, women from 31.0% (22/71) to 14.1% (10/71). The results of binary logistic regression analysis confirmed that triglycerides were clinical predictors for HU remission (P=0.004). No major late surgical complications were reported.

Conclusions

Our data showed that, bariatric surgery was effective to decrease the levels of serum uric acid (SUA) in obese patients with T2DM. Compared with traditional drug treatment, this shows a possible treatment of HU by RYGB. The remission of HU was associated with the decreased triglyceride levels in obese patients with T2DM, independent of BMI. The potential role of triglycerides in the remission of HU merits further study.

Hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia: a retrospective study of urban residents

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the association between hypertriglyceridemia and hyperuricemia (HUA).

Methods

The study was conducted in 3884 subjects who had not received medication enrolled as a baseline. Each participant received at least three annual health check-ups between 2011 and 2017. The risk of hyperuricemia was assessed in four Quartiles (Q1 to Q4) according to TG levels using multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models.

Results

The total incidence rate of HUA was 62.3/1000 person-years. In the univariate analysis, the risk of hyperuricemia in people with hypertriglyceridemia was 2.353 times that of normal triglycerides, with a 95% confidence interval of (2.011, 2.754), and the risk of hyperuricemia in men was 1.86 times of female, and the 95% confidence interval is (1.634, 2.177). After adjusting the potential confounders, the relative risk RR of TG at Q2 Q3 Q4 was 1.445 (95%CI:1.114, 1.901), 2.075 (1.611, 2.674), 2.972 (2.322, 3.804).

Conclusions

TG is an independent risk factor for hyperuricemia. As the level of TG increases, the risk of HUA increases.

Serum uric acid and resistance to antihypertensive treatment: data from the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis

AIM

Whether increased serum uric acid (SUA) favours resistance to antihypertensive drugs is not clear.

METHODS

The European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis (ELSA) was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing the effects of a 4-year treatment with either lacidipine or atenolol on progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with moderate hypertension. SUA was assessed at randomization and at the study end, office blood pressure (BP) was measured at each titration visit and every 6 months thereafter, ambulatory BP was measured at randomization and every year thereafter.

RESULTS

No difference was found in office and ambulatory BP reduction achieved after 1 and 4 years of treatment in baseline SUA tertiles. This was the case for both treatments. The percentage of patients with controlled office BP (<140/90 mmHg) after 1 year (36.5, 34.2 and 33.8%, P = 0.56) and 4 years (39.9, 39.4 and 38%, P = 0.82) was not different in SUA tertiles. Similar results were obtained basing the analysis on the control of ambulatory BP (<130/80 mmHg) or when data were analyzed taking into account SUA extreme values (≥7 and <3.5 mg/dl). The average and percentage changes of SUA (baseline-study end) were not different between patients who achieved or did not achieve office BP control (5.31 ± 1.26 vs. 5.4 ± 1.29 mg/dl, P = 0.22 e 0.13 ± 0.33 vs. 0.13 ± 0.68, P = 0.87, respectively). This was the case also for control of ambulatory BP.

CONCLUSION

In the ELSA study, SUA levels do not affect the responsiveness to antihypertensive treatment.

White blood cell count and the incidence of hyperuricemia: insights from a community-based study

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The relationship between HUA and white blood cell (WBC) count remains unknown. A sampling survey for CKD was conducted in Sanlin community in 2012 and 2014. CKD was defined as proteinuria in at least the microalbuminuric stage or an estimated GFR of 60 mL/(min∙1.73 m²). HUA was defined as serum uric acid > 420 μmol/L in men and > 360 μmol/L in women. This study included 1024 participants. The prevalence of HUA was 17.77%. Patients with HUA were more likely to have higher levels of WBC count, which was positively associated with HUA prevalence. This association was also observed in participants without CKD, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, or obesity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that WBC count was independently associated with the risk for HUA in male and female participants. Compared with participants without HUA, inflammatory factors such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 6 increased in participants with HUA. Hence, WBC count is positively associated with HUA, and this association is independent of conventional risk factors for CKD.

An association of smoking with serum urate and gout: A health paradox

BACKGROUND

The potential effect of cigarette smoking on levels of serum urate and risk of gout has been considered by a large number of studies, either as the primary variable of interest or as a covariate.

METHODS

Here we systematically review the published evidence relating to the relationship of smoking with serum urate, hyperuricaemia, and gout.

RESULTS

Many studies have reported that smoking reduces serum urate, however, the evidence has not been conclusive with other studies pointing to the opposite or no effect. It has also been suggested that smoking reduces the risk of gout, although there is some evidence to contradict this finding.

CONCLUSION

A consensus has yet to be reached as to the effect of smoking on serum urate levels and the risk of gout.

Prevalence of hyperuricemia and its related risk factors among preschool children from China

To estimate the prevalence of hyperuricemia and its major risk factors among Chinese preschool children. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in six central urban districts of Tianjin from March to June 2015. A cluster sampling was employed to obtain a random sample of preschool children. A total of 4073 children aged from 3 to 6 years participated in this survey. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The overall mean serum uric acid concentrations was 243.0 ± 53.2 μmol/L, corresponding to a mean concentrations of 247.3 ± 53.7 μmol/L among boys and 238.3 ± 52.4 μmol/L among girls. The overall prevalence of serum uric acid ≥ 310 μmol/L among children was 10.1%. Boys, obesity, diastolic blood pressure, and serum triglyceride concentrations were associated with the increased risk of hyperuricemia in univariable models, although the statistically significant association between diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride concentrations and hyperuricemia disappeared in multivariable models. The prevalence of hyperuricemia among children aged from 3 to 6 years was relatively high. Several metabolic syndrome components were associated with the risk of hyperuricemia.

Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome in a Community-Based Cohort of Korean Adults

Background

The relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains controversial. This study investigated the relationship between alcohol consumption and MetS components and prevalence.

Material/Methods

We analyzed 10 037 subjects (3076 MetS and 6961 non-MetS) in a community-based cohort.

MetS was defined according to the ATP III Guidelines. Subjects were divided according to amount of alcohol consumption; non-drinker, very light (0.1–5.0 g/day), light (5.1–15.0 g/day), moderate (15.1–30.0 g/day), and heavy drinker (>30 g/day). Multiple logistic regression models were performed to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). The analyses were performed in men and women separately. SPSS statistical software was used for analyses.

Results

The prevalence of MetS in both males and females was associated with alcohol drinking status (p<0.0001). Amount of alcohol consumption (0.1–5.0 g/day) was significantly associated with lower prevalence of MetS in both genders compared to non-drinkers. Amount of alcohol consumption (>30.0 g/day) did not show a significant association with prevalence of MetS. However, alcohol consumption (>30.0 g/day) showed an association with glucose and HDL cholesterol among the components of MetS.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that alcohol drinking (0.1–5.0 g/day) contributed to decrease prevalence of MetS and components, including triglyceride and HDL cholesterol.

An observational study on the relationship between serum uric acid and hypertension in a Northern Chinese population aged 45 to 59 years

Little is known about the relationship serum uric acid (SUA) and hypertension in Chinese population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between SUA and hypertension in a northern Chinese population. The participants were a group of 1730 Chinese adults aged 45 to 59 years in Shandong Province, who were recruited from the Linyi Nutrition and Health Survey (2015-2016). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Hyperuricemia was defined as SUA >420 μmol/L (7.0 mg/dL) for men and >360 μmol/L (6.0 mg/dL) for women. All anthropometric measurements and biochemical data were collected following standard protocols. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between SUA and hypertension with adjustment of confounding variables. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, SUA, and the prevalence of hypertension and hyperuricemia were significantly higher in males than in females (P < .001). The females had significantly higher levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Besides, after adjustment for confounding variables, hyperuricemia was associated with an increased risk of hypertension in both male and female patients, with odds ratios of 2.152 (95% confidence interval 1.324-3.498) and 2.133(95% confidence interval 1.409-3.229), respectively.Hyperuricemia was significantly associated with the risk of hypertension. Further longitudinal studies and trails are needed to confirm our findings.

Gypenosides Inhibits Xanthine Oxidoreductase and Ameliorates Urate Excretion in Hyperuricemic Rats Induced by High Cholesterol and High Fat Food (Lipid Emulsion)

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to study the effects of gypenosides (GPS) on lowering uric acid (UA) levels in hyperuricemic rats induced by lipid emulsion (LE) and the related mechanisms. GPS are natural saponins extracted from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal, model, two positive controls, and two GPS treated groups (two different doses of GPS). The normal group rats were fed a basic diet, and the other rats were orally pretreated with LE. Urine and blood were collected at regular intervals. Full automatic biochemical analyzer was used to detect the concentration levels of serum UA (SUA), serum creatinine (SCr), BUN, and urine UA (UUA), and urine creatinine (UCr) and fractional excretion of UA (FEUA). ELISA kits were used to detect enzymes activities: xanthine oxidase (XOD), adenosime deaminase (ADA), guanine deaminase (GDA), and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). Immunohistochemistry was used to observe kidney changes and protein (URAT1, GLUT9, and OAT1) expression levels. RT-PCR was used to detect the relevant mRNA expression levels. RESULTS Treatment with GPS significantly reduced the SUA, prevented abnormal weight loss caused by LE, and improved kidney pathomorphology. Treatment with GPS also decreased the levels of XOD, ADA, and XDH expression, increased the kidney index and FEUA, downregulated URAT1 and GLUT9 expression and upregulated OAT1 expression in the kidney. CONCLUSIONS GPS may be an effective treatment for hyperuricemia via a decrease in xanthine oxidoreductase through the XOD/XDH system; and via an increase in urate excretion through regulating URAT1, GLUT9, and OAT1 transporters.

The Association Between Hyperuricemia and Hematological Indicators in a Chinese Adult Population

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between hyperuricemia and hematological indicators. Five hundred twenty-two male and 255 female subjects (18-90 years old) were recruited in the study. The level of serum uric acid (SUA), total white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count was measured, computed, and analyzed. Pearson correlation coefficients, Student t-tests, multivariate linear regression models, and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to analyze the results.For men, WBC count (r = 0.13, P < 0.01), RBC count (r = 0.15, P < 0.001), and hemoglobin (r = 0.11, P < 0.05) were significantly correlated with SUA. For women, WBC count (r = 0.24, P < 0.001), RBC count (r = 0.31, P < 0.001), hemoglobin (r = 0.31, P < 0.001), and hematocrit (r = 0.29, P < 0.001) were significantly correlated with SUA. For men, WBC (P < 0.01) and RBC (P < 0.05) counts were significantly higher in patients with hyperuricemia than in normal subjects. For men, after adjustment for confounding factors, those in the fourth quartiles of WBC counts had 1.66-fold increased odds of hyperuricemia as compared with those in the reference group. For women, after adjustment, those in the second to fourth quartiles of WBC count, RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit had increased the odds of hyperuricemia as compared with those in the reference groups. Our study showed significant relations between the level of SUA and WBC count, RBC count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, which could be important biological markers of hyperuricemia.

Chemometrics strategy coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry for analyzing and interpreting comprehensive metabolomic characterization of hyperlipemia

Hyperlipidemia (HLP) is a metabolic disorder which is characterized by a disturbance in lipid metabolism and is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.