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Feitelson MA, Arzumanyan A, Medhat A, Spector I. Short-chain fatty acids in cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:677-698. [PMID: 37432606 PMCID: PMC10584782 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10117-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multi-step process that can be viewed as a cellular and immunological shift away from homeostasis in response to selected infectious agents, mutations, diet, and environmental carcinogens. Homeostasis, which contributes importantly to the definition of "health," is maintained, in part by the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are metabolites of specific gut bacteria. Alteration in the composition of gut bacteria, or dysbiosis, is often a major risk factor for some two dozen tumor types. Dysbiosis is often characterized by diminished levels of SCFAs in the stool, and the presence of a "leaky gut," permitting the penetration of microbes and microbial derived molecules (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) through the gut wall, thereby triggering chronic inflammation. SCFAs attenuate inflammation by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa B, by decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, by stimulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta, and by promoting the differentiation of naïve T cells into T regulatory cells, which down-regulate immune responses by immunomodulation. SCFA function epigenetically by inhibiting selected histone acetyltransferases that alter the expression of multiple genes and the activity of many signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, Hedgehog, Hippo, and Notch) that contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. SCFAs block cancer stem cell proliferation, thereby potentially delaying or inhibiting cancer development or relapse by targeting genes and pathways that are mutated in tumors (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor, and MET) and by promoting the expression of tumor suppressors (e.g., by up-regulating PTEN and p53). When administered properly, SCFAs have many advantages compared to probiotic bacteria and fecal transplants. In carcinogenesis, SCFAs are toxic against tumor cells but not to surrounding tissue due to differences in their metabolic fate. Multiple hallmarks of cancer are also targets of SCFAs. These data suggest that SCFAs may re-establish homeostasis without overt toxicity and either delay or prevent the development of various tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Feitelson
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Alla Arzumanyan
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Arvin Medhat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Islamic Azad University Tehran North Branch, Tehran, 1975933411, Iran
| | - Ira Spector
- SFA Therapeutics, Jenkintown, PA, 19046, USA
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Mechanism of Targeting the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway against Chemotherapeutic Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1399697. [PMID: 35813864 PMCID: PMC9259296 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1399697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the Hedgehog signaling pathway and drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Methods The human myeloma cell line RPMI 8266 was taken as the research object. An azithromycin (AZM)-resistant cell line RPMI 8226/R was constructed, and GENT61 was used to block the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cells were rolled into RPMI 8226/S (S group), RPMI 8226/R (R group), GENT61+RPMI 8226/S (GENT61+S group), and GENT61+RPMI 8226/R (GENT61+R group). The proliferation of cells in each group was assessed, and the expression of patched homolog 1 (PTCH1), zinc finger-containing transcription factors 1 (GLI1), GLI2, hair-division associated enhancer 1 (Hes1), and sonic hedgehog factor (SHH) in each group was detected. Interleukin (IL)-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured. Results Compared with the S group, the expression levels of PTCH1, GLI2, Hes1, and SHH and the contents of IL-6 and VEGF in the R group were greatly increased, while the expression level of GLI1 was notably decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the R group, the GENT61+R group greatly increased cell proliferation inhibition. However, the expression levels of PTCH1, GLI2, Hes1, and SHH, and the contents of IL-6 and VEGF were notably decreased, while GLI1 expression levels were greatly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion AZM-resistant multiple myeloma was closely associated with the Hedgehog signaling pathway activation, and blocking the Hedgehog signaling pathway can be used as a therapeutic target to improve drug resistance in multiple myeloma.
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Anti-proliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Valproic Acid on HeLa Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm-120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Valproic acid (VPA), a branched short-chain fatty acid and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, has diverse biological activities in human cells, including anti-cancer properties. Objectives: In the present study, we tested the cytotoxicity of VPA on the proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of the human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa. Methods: HeLa cell line was cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) and the cytotoxicity effect of VPA (at 0 - 100 mM) on the HeLa cell was evaluated, using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for 3 incubation times (24, 48, and 72 h). The effects of VPA on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were evaluated, using flow cytometry. In addition, the alterations in the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, p53, and p21 were assessed with real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Valproic acid reduced the viability of HeLa cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the IC50 values at 24, 48, and 72 h were 32.06, 21.29, and 14.51 mM, respectively. Further, VPA treatment remarkably increased the apoptosis of HeLa cells and arrested cells at the sub-G1 phase with a significant reduction in G2-M phase populations. The real-time PCR results demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, including Bax, p53, and p21, as well as a reduction in the levels of the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2. Conclusions: Valproic acid inhibits the proliferation of the HeLa cell line through the induction of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in a p35-dependent manner.
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Lyu X, Zhang X, Sun L, Wang J, Wang D. Inhibitory Effect of Ursolic Acid on Proliferation and Migration of Renal Carcinoma Cells and Its Mechanism. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:1529132. [PMID: 35571705 PMCID: PMC9095352 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1529132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Renal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in the urinary system. Autophagy can be both activated and inhibited in renal carcinoma, and it plays a double-edged role in the development of renal carcinoma. In the early stage of cancer, autophagy can suppress tumors. In the late stage, autophagy contributes to the survival of tumor cells in an unfavorable environment, and some autophagy-related proteins P62, LC3B, and beclin-1 have become indicators of the prognosis of patients with renal carcinoma. Aim To demonstrate that ursolic acid activates autophagy in renal carcinoma 786-O cells by inhibiting the hedgehog signaling pathway. Methods The effect of ursolic acid on the viability of 786-O cells was determined by the MTT method; the effect of ursolic acid on the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells was examined by crystalline violet staining and scratch assay, respectively. For the study of autophagy, we firstly screened the time points. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression level of autophagic protein P62 at different time points of ursolic acid on 786-O. Then, the Cell MeterTM Autophagy Assay Kit was used to detect the effect of different doses of ursolic acid on the autophagic fluorescence intensity of 786-O cells; the Western blot method was used to detect the effect of different doses of ursolic acid on the expression levels of LC3II and P62 proteins in 786-O cells. Further, AdPlus-mCherry-GFP-LC3B adenovirus transfection was used to detect the effect of ursolic acid on the autophagic flow of 786-O cells; ursolic acid was combined with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) to detect the expression level of autophagy protein LC3II by Western blot. In terms of mechanism, the effect of ursolic acid on hedgehog signaling pathway-related proteins in 786-O cells was detected by Western blot. Results Ursolic acid inhibited the activity, proliferation, and migration of 786-O cells, enhanced the fluorescence intensity of autophagosomes in 786-O cells, increased the expression level of autophagy marker protein LC3II, and inhibited the expression level of P62 in a time and dose-dependent manner; ursolic acid activated the autophagic flow in 786-O cells, which showed that ursolic acid caused the accumulation of autophagic fluorescent spots and enhanced the fluorescence intensity of autophagosomes. Ursolic acid activated the autophagic flow in 786-O cells, as evidenced by the accumulation of autophagic fluorescent spots and enhanced fluorescence intensity of autophagosomes, and the combined use of the autophagy inhibitor CQ increased the expression level of LC3II compared to ursolic acid alone; ursolic acid decreased the expression levels of PTCH1, GLI1, SMO, SHH, and c-Myc and increased the expression level of Sufu in the hedgehog signaling pathway. Conclusion Ursolic acid activates autophagy in renal carcinoma 786-O cells, probably by inhibiting hedgehog signaling pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lyu
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Libin Sun
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongwen Wang
- First College of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518100, Guangdong, China
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Chen S, Zhou X, Yang X, Li W, Li S, Hu Z, Ling C, Shi R, Liu J, Chen G, Song N, Jiang X, Sui X, Gao Y. Dual Blockade of Lactate/GPR81 and PD-1/PD-L1 Pathways Enhances the Anti-Tumor Effects of Metformin. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1373. [PMID: 34572586 PMCID: PMC8466555 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug for cancer prevention and treatment. However, the overproduction of lactic acid and its inefficiency in cancer therapy limit its application. Here, we demonstrate the synergistic effects of the lactate/GPR81 blockade (3-hydroxy-butyrate, 3-OBA) and metformin on inhibiting cancer cells growth in vitro. Simultaneously, this combination could inhibit glycolysis and OXPHOS metabolism, as well as inhibiting tumor growth and reducing serum lactate levels in tumor-bearing mice. Interestingly, we observed that this combination could enhance the functions of Jurkat cells in vitro and CD8+ T cells in vivo. In addition, considering that 3-OBA could recover the inhibitory effects of metformin on PD-1 expression, we further determined the dual blockade effects of PD-1/PD-L1 and lactate/GPR81 on the antitumor activity of metformin. Our results suggested that this dual blockade strategy could remarkably enhance the anti-tumor effects of metformin, or even lead to tumor regression. In conclusion, our study has proposed a novel and robust strategy for a future application of metformin in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Xiuman Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Wanqiong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Shuzhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Zheng Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Chen Ling
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Ranran Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Nazi Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 511400, China; (N.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xianxing Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 511400, China; (N.S.); (X.J.)
| | - Xinghua Sui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (S.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Y.); (W.L.); (S.L.); (Z.H.); (C.L.); (J.L.); (G.C.)
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Chai JY, Sugumar V, Alshawsh MA, Wong WF, Arya A, Chong PP, Looi CY. The Role of Smoothened-Dependent and -Independent Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Tumorigenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1188. [PMID: 34572373 PMCID: PMC8466551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh)-glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) signaling pathway is highly conserved among mammals, with crucial roles in regulating embryonic development as well as in cancer initiation and progression. The GLI transcription factors (GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3) are effectors of the Hh pathway and are regulated via Smoothened (SMO)-dependent and SMO-independent mechanisms. The SMO-dependent route involves the common Hh-PTCH-SMO axis, and mutations or transcriptional and epigenetic dysregulation at these levels lead to the constitutive activation of GLI transcription factors. Conversely, the SMO-independent route involves the SMO bypass regulation of GLI transcription factors by external signaling pathways and their interacting proteins or by epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of GLI transcription factors expression. Both routes of GLI activation, when dysregulated, have been heavily implicated in tumorigenesis of many known cancers, making them important targets for cancer treatment. Hence, this review describes the various SMO-dependent and SMO-independent routes of GLI regulation in the tumorigenesis of multiple cancers in order to provide a holistic view of the paradigms of hedgehog signaling networks involving GLI regulation. An in-depth understanding of the complex interplay between GLI and various signaling elements could help inspire new therapeutic breakthroughs for the treatment of Hh-GLI-dependent cancers in the future. Lastly, we have presented an up-to-date summary of the latest findings concerning the use of Hh inhibitors in clinical developmental studies and discussed the challenges, perspectives, and possible directions regarding the use of SMO/GLI inhibitors in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yi Chai
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
| | - Vaisnevee Sugumar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | | | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Aditya Arya
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Building 184, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (J.Y.C.); (P.P.C.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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