1
|
Munthe-Kaas HM, Oxman AD, von Lieres B, Gloppen S, Ohren A. Public participation in decisions about measures to manage the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 9:e014404. [PMID: 38830748 PMCID: PMC11149118 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and health authorities faced tough decisions about infection prevention and control measures such as social distancing, face masks and travel. Judgements underlying those decisions require democratic input, as well as expert input. The aim of this review is to inform decisions about how best to achieve public participation in decisions about public health and social interventions in the context of a pandemic or other public health emergencies. OBJECTIVES To systematically review examples of public participation in decisions by governments and health authorities about how to control the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN We searched Participedia and relevant databases in August 2022. Two authors reviewed titles and abstracts and one author screened publications promoted to full text. One author extracted data from included reports using a standard data-extraction form. A second author checked 10% of the extraction forms. We conducted a structured synthesis using framework analysis. RESULTS We included 24 reports (18 from Participedia). Most took place in high-income countries (n=23), involved 'consulting' the public (n=17) and involved public meetings (usually online). Two initiatives reported explicit support for critical thinking. 11 initiatives were formally evaluated (only three reported impacts). Many initiatives did not contribute to a decision, and 17 initiatives did not include any explicit decision-making criteria. CONCLUSIONS Decisions about how to manage the COVID-19 pandemic affected nearly everyone. While public participation in those decisions had the potential to improve the quality of the judgements and decisions that were made, build trust, improve adherence and help ensure transparency and accountability, few examples of such initiatives have been reported and most of those have not been formally evaluated. Identified initiatives did point out potential good practices related to online engagement, crowdsourcing and addressing potential power imbalance. Future research should address improved reporting of initiatives, explicit decision-making criteria, support for critical thinking, engagement of marginalised groups and decision-makers and communication with the public. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER 358991.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bettina von Lieres
- Department of Global Development Studies, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siri Gloppen
- Centre on Law & Social Transformation, Department of Government, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Arild Ohren
- Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pivac I, Markić J, Poklepović Peričić T, Aranza D, Marušić A. Evaluating health claim assessment skills of parents with preschool children: A cross-sectional study using Informed Health Choices Claim Evaluation Tool. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04156. [PMID: 37917876 PMCID: PMC10622117 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health literacy is a global problem and is particularly relevant when making health care decisions about small children. We analysed how parents of preschool children assess health claims and explored the predictors of their assessment skill. Methods We conducted a survey with questions from the Claim Evaluation Tools (CET) database, part of the Informed Health Choices (IHC) project, in ten paediatric primary care practices of the Split-Dalmatia County Health Center, Split, Croatia, from 1 February to 31 March 2023. Eligible participants were parents accompanying preschool-aged children for check-ups. We also collected data on parents' and children's demographic and health characteristics (including the presence of any chronic illness in the child), visits to paediatric emergency service, hospitalisations, vaccination status, the presence of chronic illness of parents or relatives, and whether parents had to made treatment decisions for themselves and/or their family member. Results Overall, 402 parents of preschool children (median age 35 years (interquartile range (IQR) = 31.0-38.3)) had a median IHC CET test score of 10.0 (IQR = 8.0-11.0) out of 12 questions. The multiple regression analysis showed that female gender, higher level of education, being employed, and having a history of a visit to paediatric emergency service were significant predictors of the test score, explaining 21.9% of the variance. Conclusions Parents of preschool children have a very good ability for critical assessment of health-related statements in a complex health care system and an environment of generally unsatisfactory health literacy. Further studies should explore how parents understand health claims in different geographical, socio-economic and cultural setting, and explore educational interventions to increase critical thinking abilities and informed decision-making, especially among fathers, unemployed parents and those with lower levels of education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pivac
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Markić
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Split, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Diana Aranza
- University Department of Health Studies, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Marušić
- University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Center for Evidence-based Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Department for Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mugisha M, Nyirazinyoye L, Simbi CMC, Chesire F, Senyonga R, Oxman M, Nsangi A, Semakula D, Rose CJ, Moberg J, Dahlgren A, Kaseje M, Lewin S, Sewankambo NK, Rosenbaum S, Oxman AD. Effects of the Informed Health Choices secondary school intervention on the ability of students in Rwanda to think critically about health choices: A cluster-randomized trial. J Evid Based Med 2023; 16:264-274. [PMID: 37735809 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of the Informed Health Choices intervention on the ability of students in Rwandan to think critically and make Informed Health Choices. METHODS We conducted a two-arm cluster-randomized trial in 84 lower secondary schools from 10 districts representing five provinces of Rwanda. We used stratified randomization to allocate schools to the intervention or control. One class in each intervention school had ten 40-min lessons taught by a trained teacher in addition to the usual curriculum. Control schools followed the usual curriculum. The primary outcome was a passing score (≥ 9 out of 18 questions answered correctly) for students on the Critical Thinking about Health Test completed within 2 weeks after the intervention. We conducted an intention-to-treat analysis using generalized linear mixed models, accounting for the cluster design using random intercepts. RESULTS Between February 25 and March 29, 2022, we recruited 3,212 participants. We assigned 1,572 students and 42 teachers to the intervention arm and 1,556 students and 42 teachers to the control arm. The proportion of students who passed the test in the intervention arm was 915/1,572 (58.2%) compared to 302/1,556 (19.4%) in the control arm, adjusted odds ratio 10.6 (95% CI: 6.3-17.8), p < 0.0001, adjusted difference 37.2% (95% CI: 29.5%-45.0%). CONCLUSIONS The intervention is effective in helping students think critically about health choices. It was possible to improve students' ability to think critically about health in the context of a competence-based curriculum in Rwanda, despite challenging postpandemic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mugisha
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laetitia Nyirazinyoye
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Faith Chesire
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ronald Senyonga
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Matt Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Allen Nsangi
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Semakula
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher James Rose
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Moberg
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astrid Dahlgren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaret Kaseje
- Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Simon Lewin
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Ålesund, Norway
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelson K Sewankambo
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sarah Rosenbaum
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Intervention Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ssenyonga R, Oxman AD, Nakyejwe E, Chesire F, Mugisha M, Nsangi A, Semakula D, Oxman M, Rose CJ, Rosenbaum SE, Moberg J, Kaseje M, Nyirazinyoye L, Dahlgren A, Lewin S, Sewankambo NK. Use of the informed health choices educational intervention to improve secondary students' ability to think critically about health interventions in Uganda: A cluster-randomized trial. J Evid Based Med 2023; 16:285-293. [PMID: 37725488 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim was to evaluate the effect of the Informed Health Choices (IHC) educational intervention on secondary students' ability to assess health-related claims and make informed choices. METHODS In a cluster-randomized trial, we randomized 80 secondary schools (students aged 13-17 years) in Uganda to the intervention or control (usual curriculum). The intervention included a 2-day teacher training workshop, 10 lessons accessed online by teachers and delivered in one school term. The lesson plans were developed for classrooms equipped with a blackboard or a blackboard and projector. The lessons addressed nine prioritized concepts. We used two multiple-choice questions for each concept to evaluate the students' ability to assess claims and make informed choices. The primary outcome was the proportion of students with a passing score (≥9 of 18 questions answered correctly). RESULTS Eighty schools consented and were randomly allocated. A total of 2477 students in the 40 intervention schools and 2376 students in the 40 control schools participated in this trial. In the intervention schools, 1364 (55%) of students that completed the test had a passing score compared with 586 (25%) of students in the control schools (adjusted difference 33%, 95% CI 26%-39%). CONCLUSIONS The IHC secondary school intervention improved students' ability to think critically and make informed choices. Well-designed digital resources may improve access to educational material, even in schools without computers or other information and communication technology (ICT). This could facilitate scaling-up use of the resources and help to address inequities associated with limited ICT access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ssenyonga
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Esther Nakyejwe
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Faith Chesire
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development in Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Michael Mugisha
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Allen Nsangi
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Semakula
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Matt Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher James Rose
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Rosenbaum
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Moberg
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaret Kaseje
- Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development in Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Laetitia Nyirazinyoye
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Astrid Dahlgren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Lewin
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ålesund, Norway
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelson K Sewankambo
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chesire F, Mugisha M, Ssenyonga R, Rose CJ, Nsangi A, Kaseje M, Sewankambo NK, Oxman M, Rosenbaum SE, Moberg J, Dahlgren A, Lewin S, Oxman AD. Effects of the Informed Health Choices secondary school intervention: A prospective meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med 2023; 16:321-331. [PMID: 37735807 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this prospective meta-analysis was to synthesize the results of three cluster-randomized trials of an intervention designed to teach lower-secondary school students (age 14-16) to think critically about health choices. METHODS We conducted the trials in Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda. The intervention included a 2- to 3-day teacher training workshop, digital resources, and ten 40-min lessons. The lessons focused on nine key concepts. We did not intervene in control schools. The primary outcome was a passing score on a test (≥9 of 18 multiple-choice questions answered correctly). We performed random effects meta-analyses to estimate the overall adjusted odds ratios. Secondary outcomes included effects of the intervention on teachers. RESULTS Altogether, 244 schools (11,344 students) took part in the three trials. The overall adjusted odds ratio was 5.5 (95% CI: 3.0-10.2; p < 0.0001) in favor of the intervention (high certainty evidence). This corresponds to 33% (95% CI: 25-40%) more students in the intervention schools passing the test. Overall, 3397 (58%) of 5846 students in intervention schools had a passing score. The overall adjusted odds ratio for teachers was 13.7(95% CI: 4.6-40.4; p < 0.0001), corresponding to 32% (95% CI: 6%-57%) more teachers in the intervention schools passing the test (moderate certainty evidence). Overall, 118 (97%) of 122 teachers in intervention schools had a passing score. CONCLUSIONS The intervention led to a large improvement in the ability of students and teachers to think critically about health choices, but 42% of students in the intervention schools did not achieve a passing score.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith Chesire
- Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development, Kisumu, Kenya
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Mugisha
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ronald Ssenyonga
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher J Rose
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Allen Nsangi
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret Kaseje
- Tropical Institute of Community Health and Development, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Matt Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Rosenbaum
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Moberg
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astrid Dahlgren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simon Lewin
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences Ålesund, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Ålesund, Norway
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices: 1.4. Trust based on the source of a claim alone can be misleading. J R Soc Med 2022; 115:479-481. [PMID: 36349971 PMCID: PMC9747893 DOI: 10.1177/01410768221135537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - I Chalmers
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - A Dahlgren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices: 1.3. Seemingly logical assumptions about treatments can be misleading. J R Soc Med 2022; 115:448-450. [PMID: 36349961 PMCID: PMC9723814 DOI: 10.1177/01410768221135536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - I Chalmers
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - A Dahlgren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 1.2: Seemingly logical assumptions about research can be misleading. J R Soc Med 2022; 115:408-411. [PMID: 36342050 PMCID: PMC9720283 DOI: 10.1177/01410768221135497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - I Chalmers
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - A Dahlgren
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oxman AD, Chalmers I, Dahlgren A. Key concepts for informed health choices. 1.1: assumptions that treatments are safe or effective can be misleading. J R Soc Med 2022; 115:354-359. [PMID: 36321676 PMCID: PMC9634226 DOI: 10.1177/01410768221120491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A D Oxman
- Centre for Epidemic Interventions Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - I Chalmers
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - A Dahlgren
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| |
Collapse
|