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Maes M, Anderson G, Betancort Medina SR, Seo M, Ojala JO. Integrating Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathophysiology: Mitochondria, Vitamin A, CD38, Oxytocin, Serotonin and Melatonergic Alterations in the Placenta and Gut. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4405-4420. [PMID: 31682209 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191102165459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diverse array of data has been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), reflecting the complexity of its pathophysiology as well as its heterogeneity. Two important hubs have emerged, the placenta/prenatal period and the postnatal gut, with alterations in mitochondria functioning crucial in both. METHODS Factors acting to regulate mitochondria functioning in ASD across development are reviewed in this article. RESULTS Decreased vitamin A, and its retinoic acid metabolites, lead to a decrease in CD38 and associated changes that underpin a wide array of data on the biological underpinnings of ASD, including decreased oxytocin, with relevance both prenatally and in the gut. Decreased sirtuins, poly-ADP ribose polymerase-driven decreases in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), hyperserotonemia, decreased monoamine oxidase, alterations in 14-3-3 proteins, microRNA alterations, dysregulated aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity, suboptimal mitochondria functioning, and decreases in the melatonergic pathways are intimately linked to this. Many of the above processes may be modulating, or mediated by, alterations in mitochondria functioning. Other bodies of data associated with ASD may also be incorporated within these basic processes, including how ASD risk factors such as maternal obesity and preeclampsia, as well as more general prenatal stressors, modulate the likelihood of offspring ASD. CONCLUSION Such a mitochondria-focussed integrated model of the pathophysiology of ASD has important preventative and treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Moonsang Seo
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna O Ojala
- Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Patel AM, Wierda K, Thorrez L, van Putten M, De Smedt J, Ribeiro L, Tricot T, Gajjar M, Duelen R, Van Damme P, De Waele L, Goemans N, Tanganyika-de Winter C, Costamagna D, Aartsma-Rus A, van Duyvenvoorde H, Sampaolesi M, Buyse GM, Verfaillie CM. Dystrophin deficiency leads to dysfunctional glutamate clearance in iPSC derived astrocytes. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:200. [PMID: 31434868 PMCID: PMC6704264 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results, beside muscle degeneration in cognitive defects. As neuronal function is supported by astrocytes, which express dystrophin, we hypothesized that loss of dystrophin from DMD astrocytes might contribute to these cognitive defects. We generated cortical neuronal and astrocytic progeny from induced pluripotent stem cells (PSC) from six DMD subjects carrying different mutations and several unaffected PSC lines. DMD astrocytes displayed cytoskeletal abnormalities, defects in Ca+2 homeostasis and nitric oxide signaling. In addition, defects in glutamate clearance were identified in DMD PSC-derived astrocytes; these deficits were related to a decreased neurite outgrowth and hyperexcitability of neurons derived from healthy PSC. Read-through molecule restored dystrophin expression in DMD PSC-derived astrocytes harboring a premature stop codon mutation, corrected the defective astrocyte glutamate clearance and prevented associated neurotoxicity. We propose a role for dystrophin deficiency in defective astroglial glutamate homeostasis which initiates defects in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsamie M. Patel
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fStem Cell Institute Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe Wierda
- 0000000104788040grid.11486.3aCenter for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fKU Leuven Department of Development and Regeneration, Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Maaike van Putten
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan De Smedt
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fStem Cell Institute Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luis Ribeiro
- 0000000104788040grid.11486.3aCenter for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tine Tricot
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fStem Cell Institute Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Madhavsai Gajjar
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fStem Cell Institute Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Duelen
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fStem Cell Institute Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fTranslational Cardiomyology Lab, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- 0000000104788040grid.11486.3aCenter for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven, Belgium ,0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fLaboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,0000 0004 0626 3338grid.410569.fNeurology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth De Waele
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fKU Leuven Department of Development and Regeneration, Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium ,0000 0004 0626 3338grid.410569.fDepartment of Paediatric Child Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fVesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Goemans
- 0000 0004 0626 3338grid.410569.fDepartment of Paediatric Child Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christa Tanganyika-de Winter
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Domiziana Costamagna
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fStem Cell Institute Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fTranslational Cardiomyology Lab, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermine van Duyvenvoorde
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dLaboratory for Diagnostic Genome Analysis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fStem Cell Institute Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ,0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fTranslational Cardiomyology Lab, Stem Cell Biology and Embryology Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunnar M. Buyse
- 0000 0004 0626 3338grid.410569.fDepartment of Paediatric Child Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Catherine M. Verfaillie
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fStem Cell Institute Leuven, Dept. of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ayhan F, Konopka G. Regulatory genes and pathways disrupted in autism spectrum disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:57-64. [PMID: 30165121 PMCID: PMC6249101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent and complex genetic disorder. The complex genetic make-up of ASD has been extensively studied and both common and rare genetic variants in up to 1000 genes have been linked to increased ASD risk. While these studies highlight the genetic complexity and begin to provide a window for delineating pathways at risk in ASD, the pathogenicity and specific contribution of many mutations to the disorder are poorly understood. Defining the convergent pathways disrupted by this large number of ASD-associated genetic variants will help to understand disease pathogenesis and direct future therapeutic efforts for the groups of patients with distinct etiologies. Here, we review some of the common regulatory pathways including chromatin remodeling, transcription, and alternative splicing that have emerged as common features from genetic and transcriptomic profiling of ASD. For each category, we focus on one gene (CHD8, FOXP1, and RBFOX1) that is significantly linked to ASD and functionally characterized in recent years. Finally, we discuss genetic and transcriptomic overlap between ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ayhan
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9111, USA
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390-9111, USA.
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