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Gandhi NN, Inzana TJ, Rajagopalan P. Bovine Airway Models: Approaches for Investigating Bovine Respiratory Disease. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1168-1179. [PMID: 37257116 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial condition where different genera of bacteria, such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Pasteurella multocida, and Mycoplasma bovis, and viruses, like bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine herpes virus-1, infect the lower respiratory tract of cattle. These pathogens can co-infect cells in the respiratory system, thereby making specific treatment very difficult. Currently, the most common models for studying BRD include a submerged tissue culture (STC), where monolayers of epithelial cells are typically covered either in cellular or spent biofilm culture medium. Another model is an air-liquid interface (ALI), where epithelial cells are exposed on their apical side and allowed to differentiate. However, limited work has been reported on the study of three-dimensional (3D) bovine models that incorporate multiple cell types to represent the architecture of the respiratory tract. The roles of different defense mechanisms in an infected bovine respiratory system, such as mucin production, tight junction barriers, and the production of antimicrobial peptides in in vitro cultures require further investigation in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease pathogenesis. In this report, we describe the different aspects of BRD, including the most implicated pathogens and the respiratory tract, which are important to incorporate in disease models assembled in vitro. Although current advancements of bovine respiratory cultures have led to knowledge of the disease, 3D multicellular organoids that better recapitulate the in vivo environment exhibit potential for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti N Gandhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Thomas J Inzana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, New York 11548, United States
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Lee DF, Thompson CL, Baynes RE, Enomoto H, Smith GW, Chambers MA. Development and evaluation of a bovine lung-on-chip (bLOC) to study bovine respiratory diseases. IN VITRO MODELS 2022; 1:333-346. [PMID: 36660607 PMCID: PMC9383688 DOI: 10.1007/s44164-022-00030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Current air-liquid interface (ALI) models of bovine proximal airways have their limitations. They do not simulate blood flow necessary to mimic systemic drug administration, and repeated sampling requires multiple, independent cultures. A bovine lung-on-chip (bLOC) would overcome these limitations, providing a convenient and cost-effective model for pharmacokinetic or pathogenicity studies. Methods Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells seeded into the endothelial channel of an Emulate Lung-Chip were interfaced with bovine bronchial epithelial cells in the epithelial channel. Cells were cultured at ALI for up to 21 days. Differentiation was assessed by mucin quantification, phase-contrast light microscopy and immunofluorescence of cell-specific markers in fixed cultures. Barrier integrity was determined by FITC-labelled dextran 3-5 kDa permeability. To evaluate the model, endothelial-epithelial transport of the antibiotic drug, danofloxacin, was followed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, with the aim of replicating data previously determined in vivo. Results bLOC cultures secreted quantifiable mucins, whilst cilia formation was evident in the epithelial channel. Barrier integrity of the model was demonstrated by resistance to FITC-Dextran 3-5 kDa permeation. Bronchial epithelial and endothelial cell-specific markers were observed. Close to plasma, representative PK data for danofloxacin was observed in the endothelial channel; however, danofloxacin in the epithelial channel was mostly below the limit of quantification. Conclusion A co-culture model of the bovine proximal airway was successfully generated, with potential to replace in vivo experimentation. With further optimisation and characterisation, the bLOC may be suitable to perform drug pharmacokinetic studies for bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane F. Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Now at Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
| | - Clare L. Thompson
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ronald E. Baynes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Hiroko Enomoto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | | | - Mark A. Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Archer F, Bobet-Erny A, Gomes M. State of the art on lung organoids in mammals. Vet Res 2021; 52:77. [PMID: 34078444 PMCID: PMC8170649 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number and severity of diseases affecting lung development and adult respiratory function have stimulated great interest in developing new in vitro models to study lung in different species. Recent breakthroughs in 3-dimensional (3D) organoid cultures have led to new physiological in vitro models that better mimic the lung than conventional 2D cultures. Lung organoids simulate multiple aspects of the real organ, making them promising and useful models for studying organ development, function and disease (infection, cancer, genetic disease). Due to their dynamics in culture, they can serve as a sustainable source of functional cells (biobanking) and be manipulated genetically. Given the differences between species regarding developmental kinetics, the maturation of the lung at birth, the distribution of the different cell populations along the respiratory tract and species barriers for infectious diseases, there is a need for species-specific lung models capable of mimicking mammal lungs as they are of great interest for animal health and production, following the One Health approach. This paper reviews the latest developments in the growing field of lung organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Archer
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Alexandra Bobet-Erny
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Maryline Gomes
- UMR754, IVPC, INRAE, EPHE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007, Lyon, France
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Bhattarai S, Wang D, Kaushik RS, Li F. Isolation and development of bovine primary respiratory cells as model to study influenza D virus infection. Virology 2021; 559:89-99. [PMID: 33862336 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel type of influenza virus that infects and causes respiratory illness in bovines. Lack of host-specific in vitro model that can recapitulate morphology and physiology of in vivo airway epithelial cells has impeded the study of IDV infection. Here, we established and characterized bovine primary respiratory epithelial cells from nasal turbinate, soft palate, and trachea of the same calf. All three cell types showed characteristics peculiar of epithelial cells, polarized into apical-basolateral membrane, and formed tight junctions. Furthermore, these cells expressed both α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acids with α-2,3 linkage being more abundant. IDV strains replicated to high titers in these cells, while influenza A and B viruses exhibited moderate to low titers, with influenza C virus replication not detected. These findings suggest that bovine primary airway epithelial cells can be utilized to model infection biology and pathophysiology of IDV and other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Shaurav Bhattarai
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Adipose and Muscle Cell Co-Culture System: A Novel In Vitro Tool to Mimic the In Vivo Cellular Environment. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:biology10010006. [PMID: 33374127 PMCID: PMC7823969 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A co-culture system allows researchers to investigate the complex interactions between two cell types under various environments, such as those that promote differentiation and growth as well as those that mimic healthy and diseased states, in vitro. In this paper, we review the most common co-culture systems for myocytes and adipocytes. The in vitro techniques mimic the in vivo environment and are used to investigate the causal relationships between different cell lines. Here, we briefly discuss mono-culture and co-culture cell systems and their applicability to the study of communication between two or more cell types, including adipocytes and myocytes. Also, we provide details about the different types of co-culture systems and their applicability to the study of metabolic disease, drug development, and the role of secretory factors in cell signaling cascades. Therefore, this review provides details about the co-culture systems used to study the complex interactions between adipose and muscle cells in various environments, such as those that promote cell differentiation and growth and those used for drug development.
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Lee DF, Stewart GR, Chambers MA. Modelling early events in Mycobacterium bovis infection using a co-culture model of the bovine alveolus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18495. [PMID: 33116165 PMCID: PMC7595104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a zoonosis mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis has severe socio-economic consequences and impact on animal health. Host-pathogen interactions during M. bovis infection are poorly understood, especially early events which are difficult to follow in vivo. This study describes the utilisation of an in vitro co-culture model, comprising immortalised bovine alveolar type II (BATII) epithelial cells and bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAECs). When cultured at air-liquid interface, it was possible to follow the migration of live M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and to observe interactions with each cell type, alongside cytokine release. Infection with BCG was shown to exert a detrimental effect primarily upon epithelial cells, with corresponding increases in IL8, TNFα, IL22 and IL17a cytokine release, quantified by ELISA. BCG infection increased expression of CD54, MHC Class I and II molecules in endothelial but not epithelial cells, which exhibited constitutive expression. The effect of peripheral blood mononuclear cell conditioned medium from vaccinated cattle upon apical-basolateral migration of BCG was examined by quantifying recovered BCG from the apical, membrane and basolateral fractions over time. The numbers of recovered BCG in each fraction were unaffected by the presence of PBMC conditioned medium, with no observable differences between vaccinated and naïve animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Frances Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
| | | | - Mark Andrew Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Abstract
The epithelial lining of the lung is often the first point of interaction between the host and inhaled pathogens, allergens and medications. Epithelial cells are therefore the main focus of studies which aim to shed light on host-pathogen interactions, to dissect the mechanisms of local host immunity and study toxicology. If these studies are not to be conducted exclusively
in vivo, it is imperative that
in vitro models are developed with a high
in vitro-
in vivo correlation. We describe here a co-culture model of the bovine alveolus, designed to overcome some of the limitations encountered with mono-culture and live animal models. Our system includes bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAECs) seeded onto a permeable membrane in 24 well Transwell format. The BPAECs are overlaid with immortalised bovine alveolar type II epithelial cells and cultured at air-liquid interface for 14 days before use; in our case to study host-mycobacterial interactions. Characterisation of novel cell lines and the co-culture model have provided compelling evidence that immortalised bovine alveolar type II cells are an authentic substitute for primary alveolar type II cells and their co-culture with BPAECs provides a physiologically relevant
in vitro model of the bovine alveolus. The co-culture model may be used to study dynamic intracellular and extracellular host-pathogen interactions, using proteomics, genomics, live cell imaging, in-cell ELISA and confocal microscopy. The model presented in this article enables other researchers to establish an
in vitro model of the bovine alveolus that is easy to set up, malleable and serves as a comparable alternative to
in vivo models, whilst allowing study of early host-pathogen interactions, currently not feasible
in vivo. The model therefore achieves one of the 3Rs objectives in that it replaces the use of animals in research of bovine respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Mark Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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