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Siebach KF, Perin J, Malik A, Atif N, Zaidi A, Rahman A, Surkan PJ. Results of a cognitive behavior therapy-based intervention for antenatal anxiety on birth outcomes in Pakistan: a randomized control trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13806. [PMID: 38877077 PMCID: PMC11178914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Antenatal anxiety is among the risk factors for adverse birth outcomes, which are common in Pakistan. Between 2019 and 2022, we conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of the Happy Mother-Healthy Baby program, designed to reduce anxiety during pregnancy through use of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, on birth outcomes with 796 women in Rwalpindi, Pakistan. We performed intent-to-treat analysis and per protocol analyses. Intention-to-treat analyses showed no difference in the odds of low birthweight (LBW) (Adj. OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.55-1.28 p = 0.37), preterm birth (PTB) (Adj. OR = 1.20 95% CI 0.83-1.71, p = 0.33) or small-for-gestational age (SGA) birth, (Adj. OR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.56-1.09, p = 0.16). Among completers who received ≥ 5 intervention sessions, the odds of LBW and SGA were 39% and 32% lower (Adj. OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.87, p < 0.01; Adj. OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.53-0.89, p < 0.01). The significant LBW and SGA results among the intervention completers suggest that the program may be effective when a sufficient dose is received. However, confirmation of these findings is needed due to the fact that randomization is not maintained in completer analyses.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03880032, 19/03/2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten F Siebach
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E5523, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jamie Perin
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E5523, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Abid Malik
- Health Services Academy, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Najia Atif
- Human Development Research Foundation, Rwalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Zaidi
- Human Development Research Foundation, Rwalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Atif Rahman
- Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pamela J Surkan
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E5523, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Khanal V, Bista S, Mishra SR. Synergistic associations of antenatal care visits and iron-folic acid supplementation with low birth weight: a pooled analysis of national surveys from six south Asian countries. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:835. [PMID: 38500109 PMCID: PMC10946146 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) has remained high (24.9%) in the South Asian region with a significant impact on newborn survival. This region bears nearly 40% of global burden of LBW. While antenatal care (ANC) and iron-folic acid supplementation independently have been considered effective for improving maternal and newborn outcomes, the evidence on the combined effect of these two supplements on LBW is lacking. This study aimed to examine the synergistic association of ANC and iron-folic acid supplementation on LBW in the South Asian region using pooled data from six South Asian countries. METHODS Nationally representative surveys from Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Maldives, and Afghanistan were included in the study. Birth weight and the prevalence of LBW for singleton last-born children were reported using descriptive statistics. The association between LBW and ANC visits and the interaction between iron-folic acid consumption and ANC were examined using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS The mean birth weight in the region was 2841.8 g with an LBW prevalence of 17.1%. Country-specific prevalence ranged from 11.4% in Nepal to 22.4% in Pakistan. Not attending ANC visits (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.34) and not consuming iron-folic acid (AOR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.21) were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of LBW. Furthermore, jointly, having < 4 ANC visits and < 180 days of iron-folic acid supplementation was associated with a higher likelihood (AOR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.36) of having LBW compared to those who had ≥ 4 ANC visits and ≥ 180 days of iron-folic acid consumption after controlling for key confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides important evidence on the synergy between ANC visits and iron-folic acid consumption during pregnancy to capitalize on the existing national maternal health programs in the South Asian region, including low-and middle-income countries for positive foetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Khanal
- Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Nepal.
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Alice Springs, Australia.
| | - Sangita Bista
- Independent Public Health Consultant, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Traore SS, Bo Y, Kou G, Lyu Q. Iron supplementation and deworming during pregnancy reduces the risk of anemia and stunting in infants less than 2 years of age: a study from Sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:63. [PMID: 36698082 PMCID: PMC9875517 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa, infant anemia, stunting and low birth weight remains major public health problems. It is unclear whether prenatal iron supplementation and/or deworming can reduce the risk of infant stunting, anemia and low birth weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between iron supplementation and/or deworming and stunting, anemia, and low birth weight in infants under two years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Our studies examined pooled data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in twenty-three African countries collected between 2014 and 2020. childhood anemia and stunting in infants under the age of two were the primary outcomes. Iron supplementation and deworming during prenatal visits were the main exposure variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to investigate these relationships. RESULTS The prevalence of stunting was 29.9%, severe stunting was 10.6%, childhood anemia was 74.3%, childhood severe anemia was 3.2%, and low birth weight was 16.4%, respectively. The use of prenatal iron supplementation alone was associated with a significant reduction of childhood anemia [aOR (95% CI) = 0.9 (0.8-1.0)]. Prenatal deworming alone was associated with a significantly reduced risk of stunting [aOR (95% CI) = 0.7 (0.8-1.0)], childhood anemia [aOR (95% CI) = 0.7 (0.8-0.9)], and low birth weight [aOR (95% CI) = 0.7 (0.8-1.0)]. Prenatal iron supplementation plus deworming or iron supplementation (with or without deworming) were not associated with childhood anemia, infant stunting and low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS In Sub-Saharan Africa, prenatal deworming alone has the potential to improve infants' outcomes. Childhood anemia was improved with prenatal iron supplementation alone. Our recent findings indicate the necessity for prospective studies on the association between prenatal iron supplementation plus deworming and childhood anemia, stunting and low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Seydou Traore
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Yacong Bo
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077 China
| | - Guangning Kou
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Centre of Sport Nutrition and Health, School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Quanjun Lyu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Nutrition, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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Abraham JM, Melendez-Torres GJ. A realist review of interventions targeting maternal health in low- and middle-income countries. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 19:17455057231205687. [PMID: 37899651 PMCID: PMC10617292 DOI: 10.1177/17455057231205687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Maternal mortality is disproportionately higher in low- and middle-income countries compared to other parts of the world. International research efforts are reflective of the urgency to improve global maternal outcomes. The existing literature of maternal health interventions in low- and middle-income countries targets a variety of populations and intervention types. However, there is a notable lack of systemic reviews that examine the wider contextual and mechanistic factors that have contributed to the outcomes produced by interventions. This article aims to use realist synthesis design to identify and examine the relationships between the contexts, mechanisms and outcomes of maternal health interventions conducted in low- and middle-income countries. This will inform evidence-based practice for future maternal health interventions. In May 2022, we searched four electronic databases for systematic reviews of maternal health interventions in low- and middle-income countries published in the last 5 years. We used open and axial coding of contexts, mechanisms and outcomes to develop an explanatory framework for intervention effectiveness. After eligibility screening and full-text analysis, 44 papers were included. The majority of effective interventions reported good healthcare system contexts, especially the importance of infrastructural capacity to implement and sustain the intervention. Most intervention designs used increasing knowledge and awareness at an individual and healthcare-provider level to produce intended outcomes. The majority of outcomes reported related to uptake of healthcare services by women. All mechanism themes had a relationship with this outcome. Health system infrastructure must be considered in interventions to ensure effective implementation and sustainability. Healthcare-seeking behaviours are embedded within social and cultural norms, environmental conditions, family influences and provider attitudes. Therefore, effective engagement with communities and families is important to create new norms surrounding pregnancy and delivery. Future research should explore community mobilization and involvement to enable tailored interventions with optimal contextual fit.
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Raj E, Calvo-Urbano B, Heffernan C, Halder J, Webster JP. Systematic review to evaluate a potential association between helminth infection and physical stunting in children. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:135. [PMID: 35443698 PMCID: PMC9022337 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite considerable public health efforts over the past 20 years, childhood stunting (physical and/or cognitive) levels globally remain unacceptably high—at 22% amongst children under 5 years old in 2020. The aetiology of stunting is complex and still largely unknown. Helminths can cause significant mortality and morbidity and have often been cited as major causative agents for stunting, although their actual role in childhood stunting remains unclear. Our aim was to systematically review the current evidence to help support or refute the hypothesis that helminths cause physical stunting in children. Methods Inclusion criteria were as follows: infected with (and/or exposed to) helminths (soil-transmitted helminths, schistosomes or food-borne trematodes), children, pregnant or breastfeeding women as study participants (children included infants 0–1 year old, preschool-age children 1–5 years and school-age children > 5 years old), anthelmintic treatment intervention, stunting-related variables reported (e.g. height, height-for-age z-score, birth weight), helminth infection reported in relation to stunting, any geographic location, any date, peer-reviewed literature only. Exclusion criteria were: non-primary research, study protocols, studies with no new data, non-English language papers and animal (non-human) helminth studies. Seven databases were searched on 28 May 2021. Risk of bias was assessed for included studies and GRADE was used for studies included in RCT subgroup meta-analyses (in preschool-age children and pregnant women). This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021256201). Results Eighty studies were included in the analyses. No significant overall evidence was found in support of the hypothesis that helminths cause physical stunting in children, although there was some association with wasting. Conclusions Whilst analyses of the available literature to date failed to support a direct association between helminth infection and childhood stunting, there was significant heterogeneity between studies, and many had follow-up periods which may have been too short to detect impacts on growth. Most apparent was a lack of available data from key demographic groups wherein one may predict the greatest association of helminth infection with stunting—notably that of infants, preschool-age children, and pregnant or nursing women. Thus this review highlights the urgent need for further targeted empirical research amongst these potentially most vulnerable demographic groups. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05235-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Raj
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - B Calvo-Urbano
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - C Heffernan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.,London International Development Centre, London, WC1A 2NS, UK
| | - J Halder
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - J P Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK. .,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, W2 1PG, London, UK.
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