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Lyngholm E, Stokkevåg CH, Lühr A, Tian L, Meric I, Tjelta J, Henjum H, Handeland AH, Ytre-Hauge KS. An updated variable RBE model for proton therapy. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:125025. [PMID: 38527373 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective.While a constant relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.1 forms the basis for clinical proton therapy, variable RBE models are increasingly being used in plan evaluation. However, there is substantial variation across RBE models, and several newin vitrodatasets have not yet been included in the existing models. In this study, an updatedin vitroproton RBE database was collected and used to examine current RBE model assumptions, and to propose an up-to-date RBE model as a tool for evaluating RBE effects in clinical settings.Approach.A proton database (471 data points) was collected from the literature, almost twice the size of the previously largest model database. Each data point included linear-quadratic model parameters and linear energy transfer (LET). Statistical analyses were performed to test the validity of commonly applied assumptions of phenomenological RBE models, and new model functions were proposed forRBEmaxandRBEmin(RBE at the lower and upper dose limits). Previously published models were refitted to the database and compared to the new model in terms of model performance and RBE estimates.Main results.The statistical analysis indicated that the intercept of theRBEmaxfunction should be a free fitting parameter and RBE estimates were clearly higher for models with free intercept.RBEminincreased with increasing LET, while a dependency ofRBEminon the reference radiation fractionation sensitivity (α/βx) did not significantly improve model performance. Evaluating the models, the new model gave overall lowest RMSE and highest R2 score. RBE estimates in the distal part of a spread-out-Bragg-peak in water (α/βx= 2.1 Gy) were 1.24-1.51 for original models, 1.25-1.49 for refits and 1.42 for the new model.Significance.An updated RBE model based on the currently largest database among published phenomenological models was proposed. Overall, the new model showed better performance compared to refitted published RBE models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Lyngholm
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Camilla Hanquist Stokkevåg
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Armin Lühr
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Liheng Tian
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ilker Meric
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Johannes Tjelta
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Helge Henjum
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Havsgård Handeland
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Oncology and Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Herr L, Friedrich T, Durante M, Scholz M. Investigation of the Impact of Temporal Dose Delivery Patterns of Ion Irradiation with the Local Effect Model. Radiat Res 2024; 201:275-286. [PMID: 38453644 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00074.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
We present an extension of the Local Effect Model (LEM) to include time-dose relationships for predicting effects of protracted and split-dose ion irradiation at arbitrary LET. With this kinetic extension, the spatial and temporal induction and processing of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in cellular nuclei can be simulated for a wide range of ion radiation qualities, doses and dose rates. The key concept of the extension is based on the joint spatial and temporal coexistence of initial DSB, leading to the formation of clustered DNA damage on the µm scale (as defined e.g., by the size scale of Mbp chromatin loops), which is considered to have an increased cellular lethality as compared to isolated, single DSB. By simulating the time dependent induction and repair of DSB and scoring of isolated and clustered DSB upon irradiation, the impact of dose rate and split dose on the cell survival probability can be computed. In a first part of this work, we systematically analyze the predicted impact of protraction in dependence of factors like dose, LET, ion species and radiosensitivity as characterized by the photon LQ-parameters. We establish links to common concepts that describe dose rate effects for low LET radiation. We also compare the model predictions to experimental data and find agreement with the general trends observed in the experiments. The relevant concepts of our approach are compared to other models suitable for predicting time effects. We investigate an apparent analogy between spatial and temporal concentration of radiation delivery, both leading to increased effectiveness, and discuss similarities and differences between the general dependencies of these clustering effects on their impacting factors. Finally, we conclude that the findings give additional support for the general concept of the LEM, i.e. the characterization of high LET radiation effects based on the distinction of just two classes of DSB (isolated DSB and clustered DSB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Herr
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Physik kondensierter Materie, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Friedrich
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marco Durante
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Physik kondensierter Materie, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Scholz
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Department of Biophysics, Darmstadt, Germany
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Sakata D, Suzuki M, Hirayama R, Abe Y, Muramatsu M, Sato S, Belov O, Kyriakou I, Emfietzoglou D, Guatelli S, Incerti S, Inaniwa T. Performance Evaluation for Repair of HSGc-C5 Carcinoma Cell Using Geant4-DNA. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6046. [PMID: 34885155 PMCID: PMC8656964 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Track-structure Monte Carlo simulations are useful tools to evaluate initial DNA damage induced by irradiation. In the previous study, we have developed a Gean4-DNA-based application to estimate the cell surviving fraction of V79 cells after irradiation, bridging the gap between the initial DNA damage and the DNA rejoining kinetics by means of the two-lesion kinetics (TLK) model. However, since the DNA repair performance depends on cell line, the same model parameters cannot be used for different cell lines. Thus, we extended the Geant4-DNA application with a TLK model for the evaluation of DNA damage repair performance in HSGc-C5 carcinoma cells which are typically used for evaluating proton/carbon radiation treatment effects. For this evaluation, we also performed experimental measurements for cell surviving fractions and DNA rejoining kinetics of the HSGc-C5 cells irradiated by 70 MeV protons at the cyclotron facility at the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST). Concerning fast- and slow-DNA rejoining, the TLK model parameters were adequately optimized with the simulated initial DNA damage. The optimized DNA rejoining speeds were reasonably agreed with the experimental DNA rejoining speeds. Using the optimized TLK model, the Geant4-DNA simulation is now able to predict cell survival and DNA-rejoining kinetics for HSGc-C5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dousatsu Sakata
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (Y.A.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Masao Suzuki
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (M.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Department of Charged Particle Therapy Research, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (M.S.); (R.H.)
| | - Yasushi Abe
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (Y.A.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Masayuki Muramatsu
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (Y.A.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Shinji Sato
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (Y.A.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Oleg Belov
- Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia;
- Institute of System Analysis and Management, Dubna State University, 141980 Dubna, Russia
| | - Ioanna Kyriakou
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.K.); (D.E.)
| | - Dimitris Emfietzoglou
- Medical Physics Laboratory, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (I.K.); (D.E.)
| | - Susanna Guatelli
- Centre For Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia;
| | - Sebastien Incerti
- Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR5797, Université de Bordeaux, F-33170 Gradignan, France;
| | - Taku Inaniwa
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, QST, Chiba 263-8555, Japan; (Y.A.); (M.M.); (S.S.); (T.I.)
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Almhagen E, Traneus E, Ahnesjö A. Handling of beam spectra in training and application of proton RBE models. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34464939 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac226a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Published data from cell survival experiments are frequently used as training data for models of proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE). The publications rarely provide full information about the primary particle spectrum of the used beam, or its content of heavy secondary particles. The purpose of this paper is to assess to what extent heavy secondary particles may have been present in published cell survival experiments, and to investigate the impact of non-primary protons for RBE calculations in treatment planning. We used the Monte Carlo code Geant4 to calculate the occurrence of non-primary protons and heavier secondary particles for clinical protons beams in water for four incident energies in the [100, 250] MeV interval. We used the resulting spectra together with a conservative RBE parameterization and an RBE model to map both the rise of RBE at the beam entry surface due to heavy secondary particle buildup, and the difference in estimated RBE if non-primary protons are included or not in the beam quality metric. If included, non-primary protons cause a difference of 2% of the RBE in the plateau region of an spread out Bragg peak and 1% in the Bragg peak. Including non-primary protons specifically for RBE calculations will consequently have a negligible impact and can be ignored. A buildup distance in water of one millimeter was sufficient to reach an equilibrium state of RBE for the four incident energies selected. For the investigated experimental data, 83 out of the 86 data points were found to have been determined with at least that amount of buildup material. Hence, RBE model training data should be interpreted to include the contribution of heavy secondaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Almhagen
- Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden.,The Skandion Clinic, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Ahnesjö
- Medical Radiation Sciences, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden
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Nomura K, Iwata H, Toshito T, Omachi C, Nagayoshi J, Nakajima K, Ogino H, Shibamoto Y. Biological effects of passive scattering and spot scanning proton beams at the distal end of the spread-out Bragg peak in single cells and multicell spheroids. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:695-703. [PMID: 33617430 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1889704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the biological effects of spot scanning and passive scattering proton therapies at the distal end region of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) using single cell and multicell spheroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation was used to calculate linear energy transfer (LET) values in passive scattering and spot scanning beams. The biological doses of the two beam options at various points of the distal end region of SOBP were investigated using EMT6 single cells and 0.6-mm V79 spheroids irradiated with 6 and 15 Gy, respectively, by inserting the fractions surviving these doses onto dose-survival curves and reading the corresponding dose. RESULTS LET values in the entrance region of SOBP were similar between the two beam options and increased at the distal end region of SOBP, where the LET value of spot scanning beams was higher than that of passive scattering beams. Increases in biological effects at the distal end region were similarly observed in single cells and spheroids; biological doses at 2-10 mm behind the distal end were 4.5-57% and 5.7-86% higher than physical doses in passive scattering and spot scanning beams, respectively, with the biological doses of spot scanning beams being higher than those of passive scattering beams (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS In single cells and spheroids, the effects of proton irradiation were stronger than expected from measured physical doses at the distal end of SOBP and were correlated with LET increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Nomura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junpei Nagayoshi
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nakajima
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Howard ME, Denbeigh JM, Debrot EK, Remmes NB, Herman MG, Beltran CJ. A High-Precision Method for In Vitro Proton Irradiation. Int J Part Ther 2020; 7:62-69. [PMID: 33274258 PMCID: PMC7707323 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-20-00007.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although proton therapy has become a well-established radiation modality, continued efforts are needed to improve our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms occurring during treatment. Such studies are challenging, requiring many resources. The purpose of this study was to create a phantom that would allow multiple in vitro experiments to be irradiated simultaneously with a spot-scanning proton beam. Materials and Methods The setup included a modified patient-couch top coupled with a high-precision robotic arm for positioning. An acrylic phantom was created to hold 4 6-well cell-culture plates at 2 different positions along the Bragg curve in a reproducible manner. The proton treatment plan consisted of 1 large field encompassing all 4 plates with a monoenergetic 76.8-MeV posterior beam. For robust delivery, a mini pyramid filter was used to broaden the Bragg peak (BP) in the depth direction. Both a Markus ionization chamber and EBT3 radiochromic film measurements were used to verify absolute dose. Results A treatment plan for the simultaneous irradiation of 2 plates irradiated with high linear energy transfer protons (BP, 7 keV/μm) and 2 plates irradiated with low linear energy transfer protons (entrance, 2.2 keV/μm) was created. Dose uncertainty was larger across the setup for cell plates positioned at the BP because of beam divergence and, subsequently, variable proton-path lengths. Markus chamber measurements resulted in uncertainty values of ±1.8% from the mean dose. Negligible differences were seen in the entrance region (<0.3%). Conclusion The proposed proton irradiation setup allows 4 plates to be simultaneously irradiated with 2 different portions (entrance and BP) of a 76.8-MeV beam. Dosimetric uncertainties across the setup are within ±1.8% of the mean dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet M Denbeigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Michael G Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kawahara D, Nakano H, Saito A, Ozawa S, Nagata Y. Dose compensation based on biological effectiveness due to interruption time for photon radiation therapy. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200125. [PMID: 32356450 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the biological effectiveness of dose associated with interruption time; and propose the dose compensation method based on biological effectiveness when an interruption occurs during photon radiation therapy. METHODS The lineal energy distribution for human salivary gland tumor was calculated by Monte Carlo simulation using a photon beam. The biological dose (Dbio) was estimated using the microdosimetric kinetic model. The dose compensating factor with the physical dose for the difference of the Dbio with and without interruption (Δ) was derived. The interruption time (τ) was varied to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, and 120 min. The dose per fraction and dose rate varied from 2 to 8 Gy and 0.1 to 24 Gy/min, respectively. RESULTS The maximum Δ with 1 Gy/min occurred when the interruption occurred at half the dose. The Δ with 1 Gy/min at half of the dose was over 3% for τ >= 20 min for 2 Gy, τ = 10 min for 5 Gy, and τ = 10 min for 8 Gy. The maximum difference of the Δ due to the dose rate was within 3% for 2 and 5 Gy, and achieving values of 4.0% for 8 Gy. The dose compensating factor was larger with a high dose per fraction and high-dose rate beams. CONCLUSION A loss of biological effectiveness occurs due to interruption. Our proposal method could correct for the unexpected decrease of the biological effectiveness caused by interruption time. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE For photon radiotherapy, the interruption causes the sublethal damage repair. The current study proposed the dose compensation method for the decrease of the biological effect by the interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kawahara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hisashi Nakano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8122, Japan
| | - Akito Saito
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ozawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Hiroshima High-Precision Radiotherapy Cancer Center, Hiroshima, 732-0057, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nagata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 755-0046, Japan
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Beltran C, Schultz HL, Anand A, Merrell K. Radiation biology considerations of proton therapy for gastrointestinal cancers. J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 11:225-230. [PMID: 32175125 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2019.06.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical enthusiasm for proton therapy (PT) is high, with an exponential increase in the number of centers offering treatment. Attraction for this charged particle therapy modality stems from the favorable proton dose distribution, with low radiation dose absorption on entry and maximum radiation deposition at the Bragg peak. The current clinical convention is to use a fixed relative biological effectiveness (RBE) value of 1.1 in order to correct the physical dose relative to photon therapy (i.e., proton radiation is 10% more biologically effective then photon radiation). In recent years, concerns about the potential side effects of PT have emerged. Various studies and review articles have sought to better quantify the RBE of PT and shine some light on the complexity of this problem. Reduction in biologic hot spots of non-target tissue is paramount in proton radiation therapy (RT) planning as the primary benefit of proton RT is a reduction in organ at risk (OAR) irradiation. New and emerging clinical data is in support of variable proton biological effectiveness and demonstrate late toxicity, presumably associated with high biological dose, to OAR. Overall, PT has promise to treat many cancer sites with similar efficacy as conventional RT but with fewer acute and late toxicities. However, further knowledge of biologic effective dose and its impact on both cancer and adjacent OAR is paramount for effective and safe treatment of patients with PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Beltran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Aman Anand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth Merrell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Clausen M, Khachonkham S, Gruber S, Kuess P, Seemann R, Knäusl B, Mara E, Palmans H, Dörr W, Georg D. Phantom design and dosimetric characterization for multiple simultaneous cell irradiations with active pencil beam scanning. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2019; 58:563-573. [PMID: 31541343 PMCID: PMC6768893 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-019-00813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A new phantom was designed for in vitro studies on cell lines in horizontal particle beams. The phantom enables simultaneous irradiation at multiple positions along the beam path. The main purpose of this study was the detailed dosimetric characterization of the phantom which consists of various heterogeneous structures. The dosimetric measurements described here were performed under non-reference conditions. The experiment involved a CT scan of the phantom, dose calculations performed with the treatment planning system (TPS) RayStation employing both the Pencil Beam (PB) and Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms, and proton beam delivery. Two treatment plans reflecting the typical target location for head and neck cancer and prostate cancer treatment were created. Absorbed dose to water and dose homogeneity were experimentally assessed within the phantom along the Bragg curve with ionization chambers (ICs) and EBT3 films. LETd distributions were obtained from the TPS. Measured depth dose distributions were in good agreement with the Monte Carlo-based TPS data. Absorbed dose calculated with the PB algorithm was 4% higher than the absorbed dose measured with ICs at the deepest measurement point along the spread-out Bragg peak. Results of experiments using melanoma (SKMel) cell line are also presented. The study suggested a pronounced correlation between the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and LETd, where higher LETd leads to elevated cell death and cell inactivation. Obtained RBE values ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 at the survival level of 10% (RBE10). It is concluded that dosimetric characterization of a phantom before its use for RBE experiments is essential, since a high dosimetric accuracy contributes to reliable RBE data and allows for a clearer differentiation between physical and biological uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Clausen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Suphalak Khachonkham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Radiation Therapy, Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sylvia Gruber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Kuess
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Knäusl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Mara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University of Applied Science, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Hugo Palmans
- EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - Wolfgang Dörr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Georg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- EBG MedAustron GmbH, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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Qi Tan H, Yang Calvin Koh W, Kuan Rui Tan L, Hao Phua J, Wei Ang K, Yong Park S, Siang Lew W, Cheow Lei Lee J. Dependence of LET on material and its impact on current RBE model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:135022. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab1c90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Hojo H, Dohmae T, Hotta K, Kageyama SI, Baba H, Kohno R, Motegi A, Tsuchihara K, Akimoto T. Effect of 5-fluorouracil on cellular response to proton beam in esophageal cancer cell lines according to the position of spread-out Bragg peak. Acta Oncol 2019; 58:475-482. [PMID: 30632869 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2018.1555373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate enhancement by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) of the sensitivity of cancer cells to proton beam irradiation and clarify the differences in the responses of the 5-FU-treated cells to proton beam irradiation according to the position of the cells on the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). METHODS OE21 human esophageal squamous cells were irradiated with a 235-MeV proton beam at four different positions on the SOBP. The effects of the irradiation plus 5-FU treatment on the cell survival were assessed by clonogenic assays and determination of the sensitizer enhancement ratio (SER). In addition, DNA double-strand breaks were estimated by measuring phospho-histone H2AX (γH2AX) foci formation in the cells at 0.5 and 24 h after irradiation. RESULTS The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of proton beam irradiation against vehicle-control cells tended to increase with an increase in the depth of the cells on the SOBP. On the other hand, the degree of enhancement of the cellular sensitivity to proton beam irradiation by 5-FU was similar across all the positions on the SOBP. Furthermore, a marked increase in the number of residual γH2AX foci at 24 h post-irradiation was observed in the cells at the distal end of the SOBP. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that the degree of enhancement by 5-FU of the sensitivity of OE21 cells to 235-MeV proton beam irradiation did not differ significantly depending on the position of the cells on the SOBP. Furthermore, the degree of increase in the number of γH2AX foci at 24 h after proton beam irradiation with or without 5-FU exposure did not differ significantly according to the position on the SOBP. The effect of 5-FU in enhancing the effect of proton beam irradiation on cancer cells may be constant for all positions on the SOBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Hojo
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Dohmae
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hotta
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Kageyama
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Baba
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kohno
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Atsushi Motegi
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Research, EPOC, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Akimoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Paganetti H, Blakely E, Carabe-Fernandez A, Carlson DJ, Das IJ, Dong L, Grosshans D, Held KD, Mohan R, Moiseenko V, Niemierko A, Stewart RD, Willers H. Report of the AAPM TG-256 on the relative biological effectiveness of proton beams in radiation therapy. Med Phys 2019; 46:e53-e78. [PMID: 30661238 DOI: 10.1002/mp.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological effectiveness of proton beams relative to photon beams in radiation therapy has been taken to be 1.1 throughout the history of proton therapy. While potentially appropriate as an average value, actual relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values may differ. This Task Group report outlines the basic concepts of RBE as well as the biophysical interpretation and mathematical concepts. The current knowledge on RBE variations is reviewed and discussed in the context of the current clinical use of RBE and the clinical relevance of RBE variations (with respect to physical as well as biological parameters). The following task group aims were designed to guide the current clinical practice: Assess whether the current clinical practice of using a constant RBE for protons should be revised or maintained. Identifying sites and treatment strategies where variable RBE might be utilized for a clinical benefit. Assess the potential clinical consequences of delivering biologically weighted proton doses based on variable RBE and/or LET models implemented in treatment planning systems. Recommend experiments needed to improve our current understanding of the relationships among in vitro, in vivo, and clinical RBE, and the research required to develop models. Develop recommendations to minimize the effects of uncertainties associated with proton RBE for well-defined tumor types and critical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleanor Blakely
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - David J Carlson
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Indra J Das
- New York University Langone Medical Center & Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathryn D Held
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Radhe Mohan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vitali Moiseenko
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrzej Niemierko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert D Stewart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Howard ME, Beltran C, Anderson S, Tseung WC, Sarkaria JN, Herman MG. Investigating Dependencies of Relative Biological Effectiveness for Proton Therapy in Cancer Cells. Int J Part Ther 2018; 4:12-22. [PMID: 30159358 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-17-00031.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) accounts for the differences in biological effect from different radiation types. The RBE for proton therapy remains uncertain, as it has been shown to vary from the clinically used value of 1.1. In this work we investigated the RBE of protons and correlated the biological differences with the underlying physical quantities. Materials and Methods Three cell lines were irradiated (CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; A549, human lung adenocarcinoma; and T98, human glioma) and assessed for cell survival by using clonogenic assay. Cells were irradiated with 71- and 160-MeV protons at depths along the Bragg curve and 6-MV photons to various doses. The dose-averaged lineal energy ( y‒D ) was measured under similar conditions as the cells by using a microdosimeter. Dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LETd) was also calculated by using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Survival data were fit by using the linear quadratic model. The RBE values were calculated by comparing the physical dose (D6MV/Dp) that results in 50% (RBE0.5) and 10% (RBE0.1) cell survival, and survival after 2 Gy (RBE2Gy). Results Proton RBE values ranged from 0.89 to 2.40. The RBE for all 3 cell lines increased with decreasing proton energy and was higher at 50% survival than at 10% survival. Additionally, both A549 and T98 cells generally had higher RBE values relative to the CHO cells, indicating a greater biological response to protons. An increase in RBE corresponded with an increase in y‒D and LETd. Conclusion Proton RBE was found to depend on mean proton energy, survival end point, and cell type. Changes in both y‒D and LETd were also found to impact proton RBE values, but consideration of the energy spectrum may provide additional information. The RBE values in this study vary greatly, indicating the clinical value of 1.1 may not be suitable in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Beltran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Anderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wan Chan Tseung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael G Herman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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14
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Hirano Y, Onozawa M, Hojo H, Motegi A, Zenda S, Hotta K, Moriya S, Tachibana H, Nakamura N, Kojima T, Akimoto T. Dosimetric comparison between proton beam therapy and photon radiation therapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Radiat Oncol 2018; 13:23. [PMID: 29426342 PMCID: PMC5807768 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-018-0966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to perform a dosimetric comparison between proton beam therapy (PBT) and photon radiation therapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who were treated with PBT in our institution. In addition, we evaluated the correlation between toxicities and dosimetric parameters, especially the doses to normal lung or heart tissue, to clarify the clinical advantage of PBT over photon radiation therapy. Methods A total of 37 consecutive patients with Stage III thoracic ESCC who had received PBT with or without concurrent chemotherapy between October 2012 and December 2015 were evaluated in this study. The dose distributions of PBT were compared with those of dummy 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), focusing especially on the doses to organs at risk, such as normal lung and heart tissue. Results Of the 37 patients, the data from 27 patients were analyzed. Among these 27 patients, four patients (15%) developed grade 2 pericardial effusion as a late toxicity. None of the patients developed grade 3 or worse acute or late pulmonary and cardiac toxicities. When the dosimetric parameters between PBT and planned 3DCRT were compared, all the PBT domestic variables for the lung dose except for lung V10 GyE and V15 GyE were significantly lower than those for the dummy 3DCRT plans, and the PBT domestic variables for the heart dose were also significantly lower than those for the dummy 3DCRT plans. When the PBT and IMRT plans were compared, all the PBT domestic variables for the doses to the lung and heart were significantly lower than those for the dummy IMRT plans. Regarding the correlation between the grades of toxicities and the dosimetric parameters, no significant correlation was seen between the occurrence of grade 2 pericardial effusion and the dose to the heart. Conclusions When the dosimetric parameters of the dose distributions for the treatment of patients with locally advanced stage III ESCC were compared between PBT and 3DCRT or IMRT, PBT enabled a significant reduction in the dose to the lung and heart, compared with 3DCRT or IMRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Hirano
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Onozawa
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Hojo
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Motegi
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Sadatomo Zenda
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Hotta
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Moriya
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Tachibana
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakamura
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Kojima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Akimoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
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15
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A model for relative biological effectiveness of therapeutic proton beams based on a global fit of cell survival data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8340. [PMID: 28827691 PMCID: PMC5567137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce an approach for global fitting of the recently published high-throughput and high accuracy clonogenic cell-survival data for therapeutic scanned proton beams. Our fitting procedure accounts for the correlation between the cell-survival, the absorbed (physical) dose and the proton linear energy transfer (LET). The fitting polynomials and constraints have been constructed upon generalization of the microdosimetric kinetic model (gMKM) adapted to account for the low energy and high lineal-energy spectrum of the beam where the current radiobiological models may underestimate the reported relative biological effectiveness (RBE). The parameters (α, β) of the linear-quadratic (LQ) model calculated by the presented method reveal a smooth transition from low to high LETs which is an advantage of the current method over methods previously employed to fit the same clonogenic data. Finally, the presented approach provides insight into underlying microscopic mechanisms which, with future study, may help to elucidate radiobiological responses along the Bragg curve and resolve discrepancies between experimental data and current RBE models.
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16
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Relative biological effectiveness in a proton spread-out Bragg peak formed by pencil beam scanning mode. AUSTRALASIAN PHYSICAL & ENGINEERING SCIENCES IN MEDICINE 2017; 40:359-368. [PMID: 28321635 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-017-0540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there is an increased interest in using scanning modes in proton therapy, due to the more conformal dose distributions, thanks to the spot-weighted dose delivery. The dose rate in each spot is however much higher than the dose rate when using passive irradiation modes, which could affect the cell response. The purpose of this work was to investigate how the relative biological effectiveness changes along the spread-out Bragg peak created by protons delivered by the pencil beam scanning mode. Cell survival and micronuclei formation were investigated in four positions along the spread-out Bragg peak for various doses. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the dose-averaged linear energy transfer values in the irradiation positions. The cell survival was found to decrease the deeper the sample was placed in the spread-out Bragg peak, which corresponds to the higher linear energy transfer values found using Monte Carlo simulations. The micronuclei frequencies indicate more complex cell injuries at that distal position compared to the proximal part of the spread-out Bragg peak. The relative biological effectiveness determined in this study varies significantly and systematically from 1.1, which is recommended value by the International Commission on Radiation Units, in all the studied positions. In the distal position of spread-out Bragg peak the relative biological effectiveness values were found to be 2.05 ± 0.44, 1.85 ± 0.42, 1.53 ± 0.38 for survival levels 90, 50 and 10%, respectively.
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17
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Grün R, Friedrich T, Krämer M, Scholz M. Systematics of relative biological effectiveness measurements for proton radiation along the spread out Bragg peak: experimental validation of the local effect model. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:890-908. [PMID: 28072575 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/62/3/890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the predictions of the local effect model (LEM) in an extensive analysis to proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE) experiments found in the literature, and demonstrate the capabilities of the model as well as to discuss potential limitations. 19 publications with in vitro experiments and 10 publications with in vivo experiments focusing on proton RBE along the spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) were considered. In total the RBE values of over 100 depth positions were compared to LEM predictions. The treatment planning software TRiP98 was used to reconstruct the proton depth dose profile, and, together with the physical dose distribution, the RBE prediction was conducted based on the LEM. Only parameters from photon dose response curves are used as input for the LEM, and no free parameters are introduced, thus allowing us to demonstrate the predictive power of the LEM for protons. The LEM describes the RBE adequately well within the SOBP region with a relative deviation of typically less than 10% up to 10 keV µm-1. In accordance with previous publications a clear dependence of RBE on the dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LETD) was observed. The RBE in the experiments tends to increase above 1.1 for LETD values above 2 keV µm-1 and above 1.5 for LETD values higher than 10 keV µm-1 (distal part of the SOBP). The dose dependence is most pronounced for doses lower than 3 Gy (RBE). However, both the LEM predictions and experimental data show only a weak dependence of RBE on the tissue type, as characterized by the α/β ratio, which is considered insignificant with regard to the general uncertainties of RBE. The RBE predicted by the LEM shows overall very good agreement with the experimental data within the SOBP region and is in better agreement with the experimental data than the constant RBE of 1.1 that is currently applied in the clinics. All RBE trends deduced from the experiments were also reflected by the LEM predictions, which are purely based on input parameters derived from low-LET photon radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Grün
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
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18
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A Nucleoside Anticancer Drug, 1-(3-C-Ethynyl-β-D-Ribo-Pentofuranosyl)Cytosine, Induces Depth-Dependent Enhancement of Tumor Cell Death in Spread-Out Bragg Peak (SOBP) of Proton Beam. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166848. [PMID: 27875573 PMCID: PMC5119790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of 1-(3-C-ethynyl-β-D-ribo-pentofuranosyl)cytosine (ECyd) on proton-induced cell death was evaluated in human lung carcinoma cell line A549 and Chinese hamster fibroblast cell line V79 to enhance relative biological effectiveness (RBE) within the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) of proton beams. Treatment with ECyd significantly enhanced the proton-induced loss of clonogenicity and increased senescence at the center, but not at the distal edge of SOBP. The p53-binding protein 1 foci formation assay showed that ECyd decelerated the rate of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair at the center, but not the distal region of SOBP, suggesting that the ECyd-induced enhancement of proton-induced cell death is partially associated with the inhibition of DSB repair. This study demonstrated that ECyd enhances proton-induced cell killing at all positions of SOBP, except for the distal region and minimizes the site-dependent differences in RBE within SOBP. Thus, ECyd is a unique radiosensitizer for proton therapy that may be useful because it levels the biological dose within SOBP, which improves tumor control and reduces the risk of adverse effects at the distal edge of SOBP.
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Hatayama Y, Nakamura T, Suzuki M, Azami Y, Ono T, Yabuuchi T, Hayashi Y, Kimura K, Hirose K, Wada H, Hareyama M, Kikuchi Y, Takai Y. Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of High-Dose Proton Beam Therapy for Peripheral Stage I Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2016; 17:427-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Wu CT, Motegi A, Motegi K, Hotta K, Kohno R, Tachibana H, Kumagai M, Nakamura N, Hojo H, Niho S, Goto K, Akimoto T. Dosimetric comparison between proton beam therapy and photon radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2016; 46:1008-1014. [PMID: 27511988 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyw108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of proton beam therapy for the patients with locally advanced non-small lung cancer. METHODS The dosimetry was analyzed retrospectively to calculate the doses to organs at risk, such as the lung, heart, esophagus and spinal cord. A dosimetric comparison between proton beam therapy and dummy photon radiotherapy (three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy) plans was performed. Dummy intensity-modulated radiotherapy plans were also generated for the patients for whom curative three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy plans could not be generated. RESULTS Overall, 33 patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer were treated with proton beam therapy between December 2011 and August 2014. The median age of the eligible patients was 67 years (range: 44-87 years). All the patients were treated with chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin/vinorelbine or carboplatin. The median prescribed dose was 60 GyE (range: 60-66 GyE). The mean normal lung V20 GyE was 23.6% (range: 14.9-32%), and the mean normal lung dose was 11.9 GyE (range: 6.0-19 GyE). The mean esophageal V50 GyE was 25.5% (range: 0.01-63.6%), the mean heart V40 GyE was 13.4% (range: 1.4-29.3%) and the mean maximum spinal cord dose was 40.7 GyE (range: 22.9-48 GyE). Based on dummy three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy planning, 12 patients were regarded as not being suitable for radical thoracic three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. All the dose parameters of proton beam therapy, except for the esophageal dose, were lower than those for the dummy three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy plans. In comparison to the intensity-modulated radiotherapy plan, proton beam therapy also achieved dose reduction in the normal lung. None of the patients experienced grade 4 or worse non-hematological toxicities. CONCLUSIONS Proton beam therapy for patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer was feasible and was superior to three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for several dosimetric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ta Wu
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Buddhist Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Motegi
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kana Motegi
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hotta
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kohno
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Tachibana
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motoki Kumagai
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakamura
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Hojo
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Niho
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Akimoto
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East , Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Iwata H, Ogino H, Hashimoto S, Yamada M, Shibata H, Yasui K, Toshito T, Omachi C, Tatekawa K, Manabe Y, Mizoe JE, Shibamoto Y. Spot Scanning and Passive Scattering Proton Therapy: Relative Biological Effectiveness and Oxygen Enhancement Ratio in Cultured Cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 95:95-102. [PMID: 27084632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE), oxygen enhancement ratio (OER), and contribution of the indirect effect of spot scanning proton beams, passive scattering proton beams, or both in cultured cells in comparison with clinically used photons. METHODS AND MATERIALS The RBE of passive scattering proton beams at the center of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) was determined from dose-survival curves in 4 cell lines using 6-MV X rays as controls. Survival of 2 cell lines after spot scanning and passive scattering proton irradiation was then compared. Biological effects at the distal end region of the SOBP were also investigated. The OER of passive scattering proton beams and 6 MX X rays were investigated in 2 cell lines. The RBE and OER values were estimated at a 10% cell survival level. The maximum degree of protection of radiation effects by dimethyl sulfoxide was determined to estimate the contribution of the indirect effect against DNA damage. All experiments comparing protons and X rays were made under the same biological conditions. RESULTS The RBE values of passive scattering proton beams in the 4 cell lines examined were 1.01 to 1.22 (average, 1.14) and were almost identical to those of spot scanning beams. Biological effects increased at the distal end of the SOBP. In the 2 cell lines examined, the OER was 2.74 (95% confidence interval, 2.56-2.80) and 3.08 (2.84-3.11), respectively, for X rays, and 2.39 (2.38-2.43) and 2.72 (2.69-2.75), respectively, for protons (P<.05 for both cells between X rays and protons). The maximum degree of protection was significantly higher for X rays than for proton beams (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The RBE values of spot scanning and passive scattering proton beams were almost identical. The OER was lower for protons than for X rays. The lower contribution of the indirect effect may partly account for the lower OER of protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromitsu Iwata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ogino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maho Yamada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Department of Proton Therapy Technology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yasui
- Department of Proton Therapy Technology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Toshito
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chihiro Omachi
- Department of Proton Therapy Physics, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kotoha Tatekawa
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Manabe
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-Etsu Mizoe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nagoya Proton Therapy Center, Nagoya City West Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuta Shibamoto
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Nakamura T, Azami Y, Ono T, Yamaguchi H, Hayashi Y, Suzuki M, Hatayama Y, Tsukiyama I, Hareyama M, Kikuchi Y, Takayama K, Fuwa N. Preliminary results of proton beam therapy combined with weekly cisplatin intra-arterial infusion via a superficial temporal artery for treatment of maxillary sinus carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 46:46-50. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyv160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Hatayama Y, Nakamura T, Suzuki M, Azami Y, Ono T, Yamaguchi H, Hayashi Y, Tsukiyama I, Hareyama M, Kikuchi Y, Takai Y. Preliminary results of proton-beam therapy for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Curr Oncol 2015; 22:e370-5. [PMID: 26628878 PMCID: PMC4608411 DOI: 10.3747/co.22.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a preliminary retrospective evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of proton-beam therapy (pbt) for stage iii non-small-cell lung cancer. METHODS Between January 2009 and August 2013, 27 patients (26 men, 1 woman) with stage iii non-small-cell lung cancer underwent pbt. The relative biologic effectiveness value of the proton beam was defined as 1.1. The beam energy and spread-out Bragg peak were fine-tuned such that the 90% isodose volume of the prescribed dose encompassed the planning target volume. Of the 27 patients, 11 underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cumulative survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Treatment toxicities were evaluated using version 4 of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. RESULTS Median age of the patients was 72 years (range: 57-91 years), and median follow-up was 15.4 months (range: 7.8-36.9 months). Clinical stage was iiia in 14 patients (52%) and iiib in 13 (48%). The median dose of pbt was 77 GyE (range: 66-86.4 GyE). The overall survival rate in the cohort was 92.3% at 1 year and 51.1% at 2 years. Locoregional failure occurred in 7 patients, and distant metastasis, in 10. In 2 patients, initial failure was both locoregional and distant. The 1-year and 2-year rates of local control were 68.1% and 36.4% respectively. The 1-year and 2-year rates of progression-free survival were 39.9% and 21.4% respectively. Two patients experienced grade 3 pneumonitis. CONCLUSIONS For patients with stage iii non-small-cell lung cancer, pbt can be an effective and safe treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Hatayama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - T. Nakamura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - M. Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Y. Azami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - T. Ono
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - H. Yamaguchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Y. Hayashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - I. Tsukiyama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - M. Hareyama
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Y. Kikuchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Southern Tohoku Proton Therapy Center, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Y. Takai
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Qutub MAZ, Klein SB, Buchsbaum JC. Rapid RBE-Weighted Proton Radiation Dosimetry Risk Assessment. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2015; 15:NP1-7. [PMID: 26283051 DOI: 10.1177/1533034615599313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton therapy dose is affected by relative biological effectiveness differently than X-ray therapies. The current clinically accepted weighting factor is 1.1 at all positions along the depth-dose profile. However, the relative biological effectiveness correlates with the linear energy transfer, cell or tissue type, and the dose per fraction causing variation of relative biological effectiveness along the depth-dose profile. In this article, we present a simple relative biological effectiveness-weighted treatment planning risk assessment algorithm in 2-dimensions and compare the results with those derived using the standard relative biological effectiveness of 1.1. The isodose distribution profiles for beams were accomplished using matrices that represent coplanar intersecting beams. These matrices were combined and contoured using MATLAB to achieve the distribution of dose. There are some important differences in dose distribution between the dose profiles resulting from the use of relative biological effectiveness = 1.1 and the empirically derived depth-dependent values of relative biological effectiveness. Significant hot spots of up to twice the intended dose are indicated in some beam configurations. This simple and rapid risk analysis could quickly evaluate the safety of various dose delivery schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Z Qutub
- Department of Physics, Indiana University School of Arts and Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan B Klein
- Department of Physics, Indiana University School of Arts and Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Buchsbaum
- Department of Physics, Indiana University School of Arts and Sciences, Indianapolis, IN, USA Departments of Radiation Oncology, Pediatrics, and Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Słonina D, Biesaga B, Swakoń J, Kabat D, Grzanka L, Ptaszkiewicz M, Sowa U. Relative biological effectiveness of the 60-MeV therapeutic proton beam at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ PAN) in Kraków, Poland. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2014; 53:745-754. [PMID: 25037857 PMCID: PMC4220900 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-014-0559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of a 60-MeV proton radiotherapy beam at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) in Kraków, the first one to operate in Poland. RBE was assessed at the surviving fractions (SFs) of 0.01, 0.1, and 0.37, for normal human fibroblasts from three cancer patients. The cells were irradiated near the Bragg peak of the pristine beam and at three depths within a 28.4-mm spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP). Reference radiation was provided by 6-MV X-rays. The mean RBE value at SF = 0.01 for fibroblasts irradiated near the Bragg peak of pristine beam ranged between 1.06 and 1.15. The mean RBE values at SF = 0.01 for these cells exposed at depths of 2, 15, and 27 mm of the SOBP ranged between 0.95-1.00, 0.97-1.02, and 1.05-1.11, respectively. A trend was observed for RBE values to increase with survival level and with depth in the SOBP: at SF = 0.37 and at the depth of 27 mm, RBE values attained their maximum (1.19-1.24). The RBE values estimated at SF = 0.01 using normal human fibroblasts for the 60-MeV proton radiotherapy beam at the IFJ PAN in Kraków are close to values of 1.0 and 1.1, used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Słonina
- Department of Applied Radiobiology, Centre of Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Garncarska 11, 31-115, Kraków, Poland,
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Paganetti H. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values for proton beam therapy. Variations as a function of biological endpoint, dose, and linear energy transfer. Phys Med Biol 2014; 59:R419-72. [PMID: 25361443 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/22/r419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proton therapy treatments are based on a proton RBE (relative biological effectiveness) relative to high-energy photons of 1.1. The use of this generic, spatially invariant RBE within tumors and normal tissues disregards the evidence that proton RBE varies with linear energy transfer (LET), physiological and biological factors, and clinical endpoint. Based on the available experimental data from published literature, this review analyzes relationships of RBE with dose, biological endpoint and physical properties of proton beams. The review distinguishes between endpoints relevant for tumor control probability and those potentially relevant for normal tissue complication. Numerous endpoints and experiments on sub-cellular damage and repair effects are discussed. Despite the large amount of data, considerable uncertainties in proton RBE values remain. As an average RBE for cell survival in the center of a typical spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP), the data support a value of ~1.15 at 2 Gy/fraction. The proton RBE increases with increasing LETd and thus with depth in an SOBP from ~1.1 in the entrance region, to ~1.15 in the center, ~1.35 at the distal edge and ~1.7 in the distal fall-off (when averaged over all cell lines, which may not be clinically representative). For small modulation widths the values could be increased. Furthermore, there is a trend of an increase in RBE as (α/β)x decreases. In most cases the RBE also increases with decreasing dose, specifically for systems with low (α/β)x. Data on RBE for endpoints other than clonogenic cell survival are too diverse to allow general statements other than that the RBE is, on average, in line with a value of ~1.1. This review can serve as a source for defining input parameters for applying or refining biophysical models and to identify endpoints where additional radiobiological data are needed in order to reduce the uncertainties to clinically acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Paganetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 30 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Matsumoto Y, Matsuura T, Wada M, Egashira Y, Nishio T, Furusawa Y. Enhanced radiobiological effects at the distal end of a clinical proton beam: in vitro study. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:816-22. [PMID: 24824674 PMCID: PMC4099988 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the clinic, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) value of 1.1 has usually been used in relation to the whole depth of the spread-out Bragg-peak (SOBP) of proton beams. The aim of this study was to confirm the actual biological effect in the SOBP at the very distal end of clinical proton beams using an in vitro cell system. A human salivary gland tumor cell line, HSG, was irradiated with clinical proton beams (accelerated by 190 MeV/u) and examined at different depths in the distal part and the center of the SOBP. Surviving fractions were analyzed with the colony formation assay. Cell survival curves and the survival parameters were obtained by fitting with the linear-quadratic (LQ) model. The RBE at each depth of the proton SOBP compared with that for X-rays was calculated by the biological equivalent dose, and the biological dose distribution was calculated from the RBE and the absorbed dose at each position. Although the physical dose distribution was flat in the SOBP, the RBE values calculated by the equivalent dose were significantly higher (up to 1.56 times) at the distal end than at the center of the SOBP. Additionally, the range of the isoeffective dose was extended beyond the range of the SOBP (up to 4.1 mm). From a clinical point of view, this may cause unexpected side effects to normal tissues at the distal position of the beam. It is important that the beam design and treatment planning take into consideration the biological dose distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Taeko Matsuura
- Advanced Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, 15-7 Kita, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Mami Wada
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Egashira
- Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Teiji Nishio
- Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Aoki-Nakano M, Furusawa Y, Uzawa A, Matsumoto Y, Hirayama R, Tsuruoka C, Ogino T, Nishio T, Kagawa K, Murakami M, Kagiya G, Kume K, Hatashita M, Fukuda S, Yamamoto K, Fuji H, Murayama S, Hata M, Sakae T, Matsumoto H. Relative biological effectiveness of therapeutic proton beams for HSG cells at Japanese proton therapy facilities. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:812-815. [PMID: 24699001 PMCID: PMC4099996 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of therapeutic proton beams at six proton facilities in Japan with respect to cell lethality of HSG cells. The RBE of treatments could be determined from experimental data. For this purpose, we used a cell survival assay to compare the cell-killing efficiency of proton beams. Among the five linear accelerator (LINAC) X-ray machines at 4 or 6 MeV that were used as reference beams, there was only a small variation (coefficient of variation CV = 3.1% at D10) in biological effectiveness. The averaged value of D10 for the proton beams at the middle position of the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) was 4.98. These values showed good agreement, with a CV of 4.3% among the facilities. Thus, the average RBE10 (RBE at the D10 level) at the middle position of the SOBP beam for six facilities in Japan was 1.05 with a CV of 2.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Aoki-Nakano
- Research Center for Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Research Center for Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Uzawa
- Research Center for Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Research Center for Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Research Center for Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- Research Center for Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogino
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Teiji Nishio
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kagawa
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, 1-2-1 Koto, Shingu-cho, Tatsuno-shi, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Masao Murakami
- Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, 1-2-1 Koto, Shingu-cho, Tatsuno-shi, Hyogo 679-5165, Japan
| | - Go Kagiya
- Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, 64-52-1 Nagatani, Tsuruga, Fukui 914-0192, Japan
| | - Kyo Kume
- Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, 64-52-1 Nagatani, Tsuruga, Fukui 914-0192, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatashita
- Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, 64-52-1 Nagatani, Tsuruga, Fukui 914-0192, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Fukuda
- Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, 64-52-1 Nagatani, Tsuruga, Fukui 914-0192, JapanResearch Center for Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yamamoto
- Wakasa Wan Energy Research Center, 64-52-1 Nagatani, Tsuruga, Fukui 914-0192, Japan Proton Therapy Center, Fukui Prefectural Hospital, 2-8-1, Yotsui, Fukui 910-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fuji
- Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Murayama
- Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8777, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hata
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 365-8576, Japan
| | - Takeji Sakae
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 365-8576, Japan
| | - Hideki Matsumoto
- University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Ogino T. Surgical organ displacement: what is the best "materials and methods" for proton radiotherapy? Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 25:267-8. [PMID: 23825900 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ogino
- Medipolis Proton Therapy and Research Center, Ibusuki, Kagoshima, Japan
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Fujisawa H, Genik PC, Kitamura H, Fujimori A, Uesaka M, Kato TA. Comparison of human chordoma cell-kill for 290 MeV/n carbon ions versus 70 MeV protons in vitro. Radiat Oncol 2013; 8:91. [PMID: 23587329 PMCID: PMC3643831 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-8-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the pace of commissioning of new charged particle radiation therapy facilities is accelerating worldwide, biological data pertaining to chordomas, theoretically and clinically optimally suited targets for particle radiotherapy, are still lacking. In spite of the numerous clinical reports of successful treatment of these malignancies with this modality, the characterization of this malignancy remains hampered by its characteristic slow cell growth, particularly in vitro. METHODS Cellular lethality of U-CH1-N cells in response to different qualities of radiation was compared with immediate plating after radiation or as previously reported using the multilayered OptiCell™ system. The OptiCell™ system was used to evaluate cellular lethality over a broad dose-depth deposition range of particle radiation to anatomically mimic the clinical setting. Cells were irradiated with either 290 MeV/n accelerated carbon ions or 70 MeV accelerated protons and photons and evaluated through colony formation assays at a single position or at each depth, depending on the system. RESULTS There was a cell killing of approximately 20-40% for all radiation qualities in the OptiCell™ system in which chordoma cells are herein described as more radiation sensitive than regular colony formation assay. The relative biological effectiveness values were, however, similar in both in vitro systems for any given radiation quality. Relative biological effectiveness values of proton was 0.89, of 13-20 keV/μm carbon ions was 0.85, of 20-30 keV/μm carbon ions was 1.27, and >30 keV/μm carbon ions was 1.69. Carbon-ions killed cells depending on both the dose and the LET, while protons depended on the dose alone in the condition of our study. This is the first report and characterization of a direct comparison between the effects of charged particle carbon ions versus protons for a chordoma cell line in vitro. Our results support a potentially superior therapeutic value of carbon particle irradiation in chordoma patients. CONCLUSION Carbon ion therapy may have an advantage for chordoma radiotherapy because of higher cell-killing effect with high LET doses from biological observation in this study.
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Okano S, Tahara M, Zenda S, Fuse N, Yoshino T, Doi T, Kawashima M, Ogino T, Hayashi R, Ohtsu A. Induction chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 followed by proton beam therapy concurrent with cisplatin in patients with T4b nasal and sinonasal malignancies. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012; 42:691-6. [PMID: 22761254 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For the treatment of patients with T4b nasal and sinonasal malignancies, definitive chemoradiotherapy was contraindicated due to the risk of brain damage and blindness. However, combination chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 is well tolerated and effective. We conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of induction chemotherapy using docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 followed by proton beam therapy concurrent with cisplatin. METHODS Thirteen patients treated with docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 were analyzed. Docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 consisted of 60-70 mg/m(2)/day docetaxel on day 1, 70 mg/m(2)/day cisplatin on day 1 and 60-80 mg/m(2)/day S-1 on days 1-14. Treatment was repeated every 3-4 weeks with a maximum number of three treatment cycles. According to the response to docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1, patients received either proton beam therapy concurrent with 20 mg/m(2)/day cisplatin on days 1-4 every 3 weeks or proton beam therapy alone. RESULTS Neutropenia represented the most common Grade 3/4 hematological toxicity (76.9%), while the most frequently observed non-hematological toxicity was nausea (23.0%). After the completion of docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1, the overall response rate was 38.4% (5 of 13), with 1 patient achieving complete response and 4 patients achieving partial response. Subsequently, 10 patients received proton beam therapy concurrent with cisplatin, 2 received proton beam therapy alone and 1 received palliative radiation. No severe toxicity was observed during proton beam therapy. After the completion of proton beam therapy, 11 patients (84.6%) achieved complete response and no brain damage or blindness occurred. CONCLUSIONS Induction chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin and S-1 followed by proton beam therapy concurrent with cisplatin is well tolerated and displays promising antitumor activity that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Okano
- Division of Digestive Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, Japan
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Yu Z, Vanstalle M, La Tessa C, Jiang GL, Durante M. Biophysical characterization of a relativistic proton beam for image-guided radiosurgery. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2012; 53:620-627. [PMID: 22843629 PMCID: PMC3393345 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrs007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We measured the physical and radiobiological characteristics of 1 GeV protons for possible applications in stereotactic radiosurgery (image-guided plateau-proton radiosurgery). A proton beam was accelerated at 1 GeV at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY) and a target in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used. Clonogenic survival was measured after exposures to 1-10 Gy in three mammalian cell lines. Measurements and simulations demonstrate that the lateral scattering of the beam is very small. The lateral dose profile was measured with or without the 20-cm plastic target, showing no significant differences up to 2 cm from the axis A large number of secondary swift protons are produced in the target and this leads to an increase of approximately 40% in the measured dose on the beam axis at 20 cm depth. The relative biological effectiveness at 10% survival level ranged between 1.0 and 1.2 on the beam axis, and was slightly higher off-axis. The very low lateral scattering of relativistic protons and the possibility of using online proton radiography during the treatment make them attractive for image-guided plateau (non-Bragg peak) stereotactic radiosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yu
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ions Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Marie Vanstalle
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ions Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chiara La Tessa
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ions Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Guo-Liang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Marco Durante
- Biophysics Department, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ions Research, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Hochshulstraße 3, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Chen Y, Ahmad S. Empirical model estimation of relative biological effectiveness for proton beam therapy. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2012; 149:116-123. [PMID: 21593038 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple model for proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is proposed. It describes the RBE as a function of proton depth, the dose and the linear energy transfer (LET) when proton passes through tissue-like materials. Radiobiological parameters were first obtained by fitting the published experimental cell survival data. The dose-averaged LET values were calculated for 250-MeV proton beam in a water phantom by using GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation code and were then used as input values to calculate the values of RBE as function of depths. The model was also applied to proton spread-out Bragg peak, where the increasing RBE with depth causes an extended RBE-weighted dose in the distal fall-off region. This model was found to be able to reproduce the measured RBE values as a function of LET, depth and dose for a specific cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Abstract
Proton beam therapy (PBT) makes it possible to deliver a high concentration of radiation to a tumor using its Bragg peak, and it is simple to utilize as its radiobiological characteristics are identical to those of photon beams. PBT has now been used for half a century, and more than 60,000 patients worldwide are reported to have been treated with proton beams. The most significant change to PBT occurred in the 1990s, when the Loma Linda University Medical Center became the first hospital in the world to operate a medically dedicated proton therapy facility. Following its success, similar medically dedicated facilities have been constructed. Internationally, results have demonstrated the therapeutic superiority of PBT over alternative treatment options for several disease sites. Further advances in PBT are expected from both clinical and technological perspectives.
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Zenda S, Kohno R, Kawashima M, Arahira S, Nishio T, Tahara M, Hayashi R, Kishimoto S, Ogino T. Proton Beam Therapy for Unresectable Malignancies of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81:1473-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Proton Beam Therapy as a Nonsurgical Approach to Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck: A Pilot Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81:135-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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37
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Okamoto H, Kohno T, Kanai T, Kase Y, Matsumoto Y, Furusawa Y, Fujita Y, Saitoh H, Itami J. Microdosimetric study on influence of low energy photons on relative biological effectiveness under therapeutic conditions using 6 MV linac. Med Phys 2011; 38:4714-22. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3613152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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38
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Okamoto H, Kanai T, Kase Y, Matsumoto Y, Furusawa Y, Fujita Y, Saitoh H, Itami J, Kohno T. Relation between lineal energy distribution and relative biological effectiveness for photon beams according to the microdosimetric kinetic model. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:75-81. [PMID: 21160135 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Our cell survival data showed the obvious dependence of RBE on photon energy: The RBE value for 200 kV X-rays was approximately 10% greater than those for mega-voltage photon beams. In radiation therapy using mega-voltage photon beams, the photon energy distribution outside the field is different with that in the radiation field because of a large number of low energy scattering photons. Hence, the RBE values outside the field become greater. To evaluate the increase in RBE, the method of deriving the RBE using the Microdosimetric Kinetic model (MK model) was proposed in this study. The MK model has two kinds of the parameters, tissue-specific parameters and the dose-mean lineal energy derived from the lineal energy distributions measured with a Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC). The lineal energy distributions with the same geometries of the cell irradiations for 200 kV X-rays, (60)Co γ-rays, and 6 MV X-rays were obtained with the TEPC and Monte Carlo code GEANT4. The measured lineal energy distribution for 200 kV X-rays was quite different from those for mega-voltage photon beams. The dose-mean lineal energy of 200 kV X-rays showed the greatest value, 4.51 keV/µm, comparing with 2.34 and 2.36 keV/µm for (60)Co γ-rays and 6 MV X-rays, respectively. By using the results of the TEPC and cell irradiations, the tissue-specific parameters in the MK model were determined. As a result, the RBE of the photon beams (y(D): 2~5 keV/µm) in arbitrary conditions can be derived by the measurements only or the calculations only of the dose-mean lineal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Okamoto
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan.
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39
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Matsuura T, Egashira Y, Nishio T, Matsumoto Y, Wada M, Koike S, Furusawa Y, Kohno R, Nishioka S, Kameoka S, Tsuchihara K, Kawashima M, Ogino T. Apparent absence of a proton beam dose rate effect and possible differences in RBE between Bragg peak and plateau. Med Phys 2010; 37:5376-81. [PMID: 21089773 DOI: 10.1118/1.3490086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Respiration-gated irradiation for a moving target requires a longer time to deliver single fraction in proton radiotherapy (PRT). Ultrahigh dose rate (UDR) proton beam, which is 10-100 times higher than that is used in current clinical practice, has been investigated to deliver daily dose in single breath hold duration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the survival curve and relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of such an ultrahigh dose rate proton beam and their linear energy transfer (LET) dependence. METHODS HSG cells were irradiated by a spatially and temporally uniform proton beam at two different dose rates: 8 Gy/min (CDR, clinical dose rate) and 325 Gy/min (UDR, ultrahigh dose rate) at the Bragg peak and 1.75 (CDR) and 114 Gy/min (UDR) at the plateau. To study LET dependence, the cells were positioned at the Bragg peak, where the absorbed dose-averaged LET was 3.19 keV/microm, and at the plateau, where it was 0.56 keV/microm. After the cell exposure and colony assay, the measured data were fitted by the linear quadratic (LQ) model and the survival curves and RBE at 10% survival were compared. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in the survival curves between the two proton dose rates. The ratio of the RBE for CDR/UDR was 0.98 +/- 0.04 at the Bragg peak and 0.96 +/- 0.06 at the plateau. On the other hand, Bragg peak/plateau RBE ratio was 1.15 +/- 0.05 for UDR and 1.18 +/- 0.07 for CDR. CONCLUSIONS Present RBE can be consistently used in treatment planning of PRT using ultrahigh dose rate radiation. Because a significant increase in RBE toward the Bragg peak was observed for both UDR and CDR, further evaluation of RBE enhancement toward the Bragg peak and beyond is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Matsuura
- National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.
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40
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Gerelchuluun A, Hong Z, Sun L, Suzuki K, Terunuma T, Yasuoka K, Sakae T, Moritake T, Tsuboi K. Induction of in situ DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis by 200 MeV protons and 10 MV X-rays in human tumour cell lines. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 87:57-70. [PMID: 20954835 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.518201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the properties of clinical high-energy protons by comparing with clinical high-energy X-rays. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human tumor cell lines, ONS76 and MOLT4, were irradiated with 200 MeV protons or 10 MV X-rays. In situ DNA double-strand breaks (DDSB) induction was evaluated by immunocytochemical staining of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). Apoptosis was measured by flow-cytometry after staining with Annexin V. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) was obtained by clonogenic survival assay. RESULTS DDSB induction was significantly higher for protons than X-rays with average ratios of 1.28 (ONS76) and 1.59 (MOLT4) at 30 min after irradiation. However the differences became insignificant at 6 h. Also, apoptosis induction in MOLT4 cells was significantly higher for protons than X-rays with an average ratio of 2.13 at 12 h. However, the difference became insignificant at 20 h. RBE values of protons to X-rays at 10% survival were 1.06 ± 0.04 and 1.02 ± 0.15 for ONS76 and MOLT4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Cell inactivation may differ according to different timings and/or endpoints. Proton beams demonstrated higher cell inactivation than X-rays in the early phases. These data may facilitate the understanding of the biological properties of clinical proton beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariungerel Gerelchuluun
- Proton Medical Research Center, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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41
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Kawashima M, Kohno R, Nakachi K, Nishio T, Mitsunaga S, Ikeda M, Konishi M, Takahashi S, Gotohda N, Arahira S, Zenda S, Ogino T, Kinoshita T. Dose-volume histogram analysis of the safety of proton beam therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 79:1479-86. [PMID: 20605350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of radiotherapy using proton beam (PRT) for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS Sixty consecutive patients who underwent PRT between May 1999 and July 2007 were analyzed. There were 42 males and 18 females, with a median age of 70 years (48-92 years). All but 1 patient had a single lesion with a median diameter of 45 mm (20-100 mm). Total PRT dose/fractionation was 76-cobalt Gray equivalent (CGE)/20 fractions in 46 patients, 65 CGE/26 fractions in 11 patients, and 60 CGE/10 fractions in 3 patients. The risk of developing proton-induced hepatic insufficiency (PHI) was estimated using dose-volume histograms and an indocyanine-green retention rate at 15 minutes (ICG R15). RESULTS None of the 20 patients with ICG R15 of less than 20% developed PHI, whereas 6 of 8 patients with ICG R15 values of 50% or higher developed PHI. Among 32 patients whose ICG R15 ranged from 20% to 49.9%, PHI was observed only in patients who had received 30 CGE (V30) to more than 25% of the noncancerous parts of the liver (n = 5) Local progression-free and overall survival rates at 3 years were 90% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80-99%) and 56% (95% CI, 43-69%), respectively. A gastrointestinal toxicity of Grade ≥2 was observed in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS ICG R15 and V30 are recommended as useful predictors for the risk of developing PHI, which should be incorporated into multidisciplinary treatment plans for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Kawashima
- Division of Particle Therapy and Radiation Oncology, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
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42
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Wambi CO, Sanzari JK, Sayers CM, Nuth M, Zhou Z, Davis J, Finnberg N, Lewis-Wambi JS, Ware JH, El-Deiry WS, Kennedy AR. Protective effects of dietary antioxidants on proton total-body irradiation-mediated hematopoietic cell and animal survival. Radiat Res 2009; 172:175-86. [PMID: 19630522 DOI: 10.1667/rr1708.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Dietary antioxidants have radioprotective effects after gamma-radiation exposure that limit hematopoietic cell depletion and improve animal survival. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a dietary supplement consisting of l-selenomethionine, vitamin C, vitamin E succinate, alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine could improve survival of mice after proton total-body irradiation (TBI). Antioxidants significantly increased 30-day survival of mice only when given after irradiation at a dose less than the calculated LD(50/30); for these data, the dose-modifying factor (DMF) was 1.6. Pretreatment of animals with antioxidants resulted in significantly higher serum total white blood cell, polymorphonuclear cell and lymphocyte cell counts at 4 h after 1 Gy but not 7.2 Gy proton TBI. Antioxidants significantly modulated plasma levels of the hematopoietic cytokines Flt-3L and TGFbeta1 and increased bone marrow cell counts and spleen mass after TBI. Maintenance of the antioxidant diet resulted in improved recovery of peripheral leukocytes and platelets after sublethal and potentially lethal TBI. Taken together, oral supplementation with antioxidants appears to be an effective approach for radioprotection of hematopoietic cells and improvement of animal survival after proton TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris O Wambi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Uzawa A, Ando K, Koike S, Furusawa Y, Matsumoto Y, Takai N, Hirayama R, Watanabe M, Scholz M, Elsässer T, Peschke P. Comparison of biological effectiveness of carbon-ion beams in Japan and Germany. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 73:1545-51. [PMID: 19306751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the biological effectiveness of 290 MeV/amu carbon-ion beams in Chiba, Japan and in Darmstadt, Germany, given that different methods for beam delivery are used for each. METHODS AND MATERIALS Murine small intestine and human salivary gland tumor (HSG) cells exponentially growing in vitro were irradiated with 6-cm width of spread-out Bragg peaks (SOBPs) adjusted to achieve nearly identical beam depth-dose profiles at the Heavy-Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba, and the SchwerIonen Synchrotron in Darmstadt. Cell kill efficiencies of carbon ions were measured by colony formation for HSG cells and jejunum crypts survival in mice. Cobalt-60 gamma rays were used as the reference radiation. Isoeffective doses at given survivals were used for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) calculations and interinstitutional comparisons. RESULTS Isoeffective D(10) doses (mean +/- standard deviation) of HSG cells ranged from 2.37 +/- 0.14 Gy to 3.47 +/- 0.19 Gy for Chiba and from 2.31 +/- 0.11 Gy to 3.66 +/- 0.17 Gy for Darmstadt. Isoeffective D(10) doses of gut crypts after single doses ranged from 8.25 +/- 0.17 Gy to 10.32 +/- 0.14 Gy for Chiba and from 8.27 +/- 0.10 Gy to 10.27 +/- 0.27 Gy for Darmstadt, whereas isoeffective D(30) doses after three fractionated doses were 9.89 +/- 0.17 Gy through 13.70 +/- 0.54 Gy and 10.14 +/- 0.20 Gy through 13.30 +/- 0.41 Gy for Chiba and Darmstadt, respectively. Overall difference of RBE between the two facilities was 0-5% or 3-7% for gut crypt survival or HSG cell kill, respectively. CONCLUSION The carbon-ion beams at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Chiba, Japan and the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany are biologically identical after single and daily fractionated irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uzawa
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, Research Center of Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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Baek HJ, Kim TH, Shin D, Kwak JW, Choo DW, Lee SB, Furusawa Y, Ando K, Kim SS, Cho KH. Radiobiological characterization of proton beam at the National Cancer Center in Korea. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2008; 49:509-515. [PMID: 18567940 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the proton beam at the National Cancer Center Proton Therapy Center in Korea (NCCPTC) is required clinically for the treatment of cancer. The proton beam was fixed at 190 MeV with 6 cm a spread out Bragg peaks (SOBP) for which corresponds to most frequent clinical condition. The RBE was estimated from the survival of human salivary gland (HSG) cells using the traditional colonogenic and MTT assays. The HSG cells were also irradiated in a cell-stack chamber and monitored for survival to identify whether the characteristic depth-dependent survival pattern was observed. The RBE of the NCCPTC was estimated to be 1.024 +/- 0.007 and 1.049 +/- 0.028 at the middle of SOBP using colonogenic and MTT assays, respectively. Further analysis of the biological response of proton exposure revealed no difference compared to conventional X-ray treatment in western blot, and FACS analysis. The proton beam of the NCCPTC also exhibited the characteristic depth-dependent survival pattern. The estimated RBE value of NCCPTC was slightly smaller than generic RBE value of 1.1 for protons of the majority of centers. Due to the recommendation of a generic RBE of 1.1 for protons, a representative RBE value of 1.1 was assigned for clinical application for proton beams at the NCCPTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Baek
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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45
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Tsuboi K, Moritake T, Tsuchida Y, Tokuuye K, Matsumura A, Ando K. Cell cycle checkpoint and apoptosis induction in glioblastoma cells and fibroblasts irradiated with carbon beam. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2007; 48:317-25. [PMID: 17548940 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.06081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of high linear-energy-transfer (LET) ionizing radiation (IR) on glioblastoma cells and fibroblasts using different modes of cell inactivation assays. Two human glioblastoma cell lines with or without p53-mutation, and fibroblasts were used as materials. Gamma rays and 290 MeV/u carbon beams with LET values of 20, 40, 80 keV/mum were used. To evaluate cell inactivation, we used colony formation assay, morphological detection of apoptosis, and flow-cytometry. Serial expressions of p53 and p21 were analyzed by immunoblotting. High-LET IR reduced the reproductive potency of these cells to identical levels in spite of differences in gamma-sensitivity, and yield of cell death correlated to LET values. A p53-wild-type glioblastoma cell line demonstrated a higher yield of apoptosis than other cell lines, whereas fibroblasts hardly displayed any cell death indicating senescence-like growth arrest even after high LET IR. A p53-mutant tumor cell line demonstrated very low yield of cell death with prominent G2/M arrest. Results of radiosensitivity differ according to what mode of cell inactivation is selected. While fibroblasts depend on G1 block after IR, G2/M blocks may play crucial roles in the radioresistance of p53-mutant glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tsuboi
- Proton Medical Research Center, Doctoral Program in Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba.
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46
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Kim MJ, Pal S, Tak YK, Lee KH, Yang TK, Lee SJ, Song JM. Determination of the dose-depth distribution of proton beam using resazurin assay in vitro and diode laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 593:214-23. [PMID: 17543610 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study the dose-depth distribution pattern of proton beams was investigated by inactivation of human cells exposed to high-LET (linear energy transfer) protons. The proton beams accelerated up to 45 MeV were horizontally extracted from the cyclotron, and were delivered to the cells acutely through a home made prototype over a range of physical depths (in the form of a variable water column). The biological systems used here were two in vitro cell lines, including human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293), and human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7). Cells were exposed to unmodulated proton beam radiation at a dose of 50 Gy similar to that used in therapy. Resazurin metabolism assay was investigated for measurement of cell response to irradiation as a simple and non-destructive assay. In the resazurin reduction test the non-fluorescent probe dye is reduced to pink and highly fluorescent resorufin. The dose-depth distribution of proton beam obtained based on the highly sensitive laser-induced fluorometric determination of resorufin was found to coincide well with the data collected using conventional film based dosimetry. The resazurin method yielded data comparable with the optical micrographs of the irradiated cells, showing the least cell survival at the measured Bragg-peak position of 10 mm. In addition, fused silica capillary was used as a sample container to increase the probability for irradiated laser beam to probe and excite resorufin in small sample volume of the capillary. The developed method has the potential to serve as a non-destructive, sample-thrifty, and time saving tool to realize more realistic, practical dose-depth distribution of proton beam compared to conventional in vitro cell viability assessment techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Nishimura H, Ogino T, Kawashima M, Nihei K, Arahira S, Onozawa M, Katsuta S, Nishio T. Proton-beam therapy for olfactory neuroblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:758-62. [PMID: 17398027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the feasibility and efficacy of proton-beam therapy (PBT) for olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) as a definitive treatment, by reviewing our preliminary experience. Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare disease, and a standard treatment strategy has not been established. Radiation therapy for ONB is challenging because of the proximity of ONBs to critical organs. Proton-beam therapy can provide better dose distribution compared with X-ray irradiation because of its physical characteristics, and is deemed to be a feasible treatment modality. METHODS AND MATERIALS A retrospective review was performed on 14 patients who underwent PBT for ONB as definitive treatment at the National Cancer Center Hospital East (Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan) from November 1999 to February 2005. A total dose of PBT was 65 cobalt Gray equivalents (Gy(E)), with 2.5-Gy(E) once-daily fractionations. RESULTS The median follow-up period for surviving patients was 40 months. One patient died from disseminated disease. There were two persistent diseases, one of which was successfully salvaged with surgery. The 5-year overall survival rate was 93%, the 5-year local progression-free survival rate was 84%, and the 5-year relapse-free survival rate was 71%. Liquorrhea was observed in one patient with Kadish's stage C disease (widely destroying the skull base). Most patients experienced Grade 1 to 2 dermatitis in the acute phase. No other adverse events of Grade 3 or greater were observed according to the RTOG/EORTC acute and late morbidity scoring system. CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results of PBT for ONB achieved excellent local control and survival outcomes without serious adverse effects. Proton-beam therapy is considered a safe and effective modality that warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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48
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Uzawa A, Ando K, Furusawa Y, Kagiya G, Fuji H, Hata M, Sakae T, Terunuma T, Scholz M, Ritter S, Peschke P. Biological intercomparison using gut crypt survivals for proton and carbon-ion beams. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2007; 48 Suppl A:A75-80. [PMID: 17513902 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.48.a75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Charged particle therapy depends on biological information for the dose prescription. Relative biological effectiveness or RBE for this requirement could basically be provided by experimental data. As RBE values of protons and carbon ions depend on several factors such as cell/tissue type, biological endpoint, dose and fractionation schedule, a single RBE value could not deal with all different radiosensitivities. However, any biological model with accurate reproducibility is useful for comparing biological effectiveness between different facilities. We used mouse gut crypt survivals as endpoint, and compared the cell killing efficiency of proton beams at three Japanese facilities. Three Linac X-ray machines with 4 and 6 MeV were used as reference beams, and there was only a small variation (coefficient of variance < 2%) in biological effectiveness among them. The RBE values of protons relative to Linac X-rays ranged from 1.0 to 1.11 at the middle of a 6-cm SOBP (spread-out Bragg peak) and from 0.96 to 1.01 at the entrance plateau. The coefficient of variance for protons ranged between 4.0 and 5.1%. The biological comparison of carbon ions showed fairly good agreement in that the difference in biological effectiveness between NIRS/HIMAC and GSI/SIS was 1% for three positions within the 6-cm SOBP. The coefficient of variance was < 1.7, < 0.6 and < 1.6% for proximal, middle and distal SOBP, respectively. We conclude that the inter-institutional variation of biological effectiveness is smaller for carbon ions than protons, and that beam-spreading methods of carbon ions do not critically influence gut crypt survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Uzawa
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
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49
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Nihei K, Ogino T, Ishikura S, Nishimura H. High-dose proton beam therapy for Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65:107-11. [PMID: 16458447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate retrospectively the safety and efficacy of high-dose proton beam therapy (PBT) for Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS AND MATERIALS Between 1999 and 2003, 37 patients were treated in our institution. The indications for PBT were pathologically proven NSCLC, clinical Stage I, tumor size < or =5 cm, medically inoperable or refusal of surgery, and written informed consent. A total dose of 70-94 Gy(E) was delivered in 20 fractions (3.5-4.9 Gy(E) per fraction). RESULTS Patient characteristics (number of patients) were as follows: Stage IA/IB, 17 of 20; medically inoperable/refusal of surgery, 23/14; total dose 70/80/88/94 Gy(E), 3/17/16/1. With a median follow-up period of 24 months, the 2-year local progression-free and overall survival rates were 80% and 84%, respectively. The 2-year locoregional relapse-free survival rates in Stage IA and Stage IB were 79% and 60%, respectively. No serious acute toxicity was observed. Late Grades 2 and 3 pulmonary toxicities were observed in 3 patients each. Of these 6 patients, 5 had Stage IB disease. CONCLUSIONS Proton beam therapy is a promising treatment modality for Stage I NSCLC, though locoregional relapse and late pulmonary toxicities in Stage IB patients were substantial. Further investigation of PBT for Stage I NSCLC is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nihei
- Radiation Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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50
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Nihei K, Ogino T, Ishikura S, Kawashima M, Nishimura H, Arahira S, Onozawa M. Phase II Feasibility Study of High-Dose Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer Using Proton Boost Therapy: First Clinical Trial of Proton Beam Therapy for Prostate Cancer in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2005; 35:745-52. [PMID: 16314345 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyi193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of high-dose radiotherapy for prostate cancer using proton boost therapy following photon radiotherapy. METHODS The primary endpoint was acute grade 3 or greater genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities. The study included patients with clinical stage T1-3N0M0 prostate cancer. Radiotherapy consisted of 50 Gy/25 fx photon irradiation to the prostate and the bilateral seminal vesicles followed by proton boost of 26 Gy(E)/13 fx to the prostate alone. Hormonal therapy was allowed before and during the radiation therapy. RESULTS Between January 2001 and January 2003, 30 patients were enrolled in this study. Acute grade 1/2 GU and GI toxicities were observed in 20/4 and 17/0 patients, respectively. With the median follow-up period of 30 months (range 20-45), late grade 1/2 GU and GI toxicities occurred in 2/3 and 8/3 patients, respectively. No grade 3 or greater acute or late toxicities were observed. All patients were alive, but six patients relapsed biochemically after 7-24 months. CONCLUSIONS Proton boost therapy following photon radiotherapy for prostate cancer is feasible. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of proton beam therapy, a multi-institutional phase II trial is in progress in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Nihei
- Radiation Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.
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