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Brazel AJ, Graciet E. Complexity of Abiotic Stress Stimuli: Mimicking Hypoxic Conditions Experimentally on the Basis of Naturally Occurring Environments. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2642:23-48. [PMID: 36944871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3044-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants require oxygen to respire and produce energy. Plant cells are exposed to low oxygen levels (hypoxia) in different contexts and have evolved conserved molecular responses to hypoxia. Both environmental and developmental factors can influence intracellular oxygen concentrations. In nature, plants can experience hypoxic conditions when the soil becomes saturated with water following heavy precipitation (i.e., waterlogging). Hypoxia can also arise in specific tissues that have poor gas exchange with atmospheric oxygen. In this case, hypoxic niches that are physiologically and developmentally relevant may form. To dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of hypoxia response in plants, a wide range of hypoxia-inducing methods have been used in the laboratory setting. Yet, the different characteristics, pros and cons of each of these hypoxia treatments are seldom compared between methods, and with natural forms of hypoxia. In this chapter, we present both environmental and developmental forms of hypoxia that plants encounter in the wild, as well as the different experimental hypoxia treatments used to mimic them in the laboratory setting, with the aim of informing on what experimental approaches might be most appropriate to the questions addressed, including stress signaling and regulation.
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Ambros S, Kotewitsch M, Wittig PR, Bammer B, Mustroph A. Transcriptional Response of Two Brassica napus Cultivars to Short-Term Hypoxia in the Root Zone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:897673. [PMID: 35574097 PMCID: PMC9100894 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.897673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging is one major stress for crops and causes multiple problems for plants, for example low gas diffusion, changes in redox potential and accumulation of toxic metabolites. Brassica napus is an important oil crop with high waterlogging sensitivity, which may cause severe yield losses. Its reactions to the stress are not fully understood. In this work the transcriptional response of rapeseed to one aspect of waterlogging, hypoxia in the root zone, was analyzed by RNAseq, including two rapeseed cultivars from different origin, Avatar from Europe and Zhongshuang 9 from Asia. Both cultivars showed a high number of differentially expressed genes in roots after 4 and 24 h of hypoxia. The response included many well-known hypoxia-induced genes such as genes coding for glycolytic and fermentative enzymes, and strongly resembled the hypoxia response of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. The carbohydrate status of roots, however, was minimally affected by root hypoxia, with a tendency of carbohydrate accumulation rather than a carbon starvation. Leaves did not respond to the root stress after a 24-h treatment. In agreement with the gene expression data, subsequent experiments with soil waterlogging for up to 14 days revealed no differences in response or tolerance to waterlogging between the two genotypes used in this study. Interestingly, using a 0.1% starch solution for waterlogging, which caused a lowered soil redox potential, resulted in much stronger effects of the stress treatment than using pure water suggesting a new screening method for rapeseed cultivars in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Angelika Mustroph
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Miricescu A, Byrne T, Doorly CM, Ng CKY, Barth S, Graciet E. Experimental comparison of two methods to study barley responses to partial submergence. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:40. [PMID: 33849604 PMCID: PMC8045378 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crop yield is dependent on climate conditions, which are becoming both more variable and extreme in some areas of the world as a consequence of global climate change. Increased precipitation and flooding events are the cause of important yield losses due to waterlogging or (partial) submergence of crops in the field. Our ability to screen efficiently and quickly for varieties that have increased tolerance to waterlogging or (partial) submergence is important. Barley, a staple crop worldwide, is particularly sensitive to waterlogging. Screening for waterlogging tolerant barley varieties has been ongoing for many years, but methods used to screen vary greatly, from the type of soil used to the time at which the treatment is applied. This variation makes it difficult to cross-compare results. RESULTS Here, we have devised a scoring system to assess barley tolerance to waterlogging and compare two different methods when partial submergence is applied with either water or a starch solution at an early developmental stage, which is particularly sensitive to waterlogging or partial submergence. The use of a starch solution has been previously shown to result in more reducing soil conditions and has been used to screen for waterlogging tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the two methods provide similar results to qualitatively rank varieties as tolerant or sensitive, while also affecting plants differently, in that application of a starch solution results in stronger and earlier symptoms than applying partial submergence with water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomás Byrne
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Crops, Environment and Land Use Program, Oak Park, Carlow, R93XE12, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Doorly
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Carl K Y Ng
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Centre for Plant Science, UCD Earth Institute, O'Brien Centre for Science West, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 N2E5, Ireland.
| | - Susanne Barth
- Crop Science Department, Teagasc Crops, Environment and Land Use Program, Oak Park, Carlow, R93XE12, Ireland.
| | - Emmanuelle Graciet
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland.
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland.
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Gong F, Takahashi H, Omori F, Wang W, Mano Y, Nakazono M. QTLs for constitutive aerenchyma from Zea nicaraguensis improve tolerance of maize to root-zone oxygen deficiency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6475-6487. [PMID: 31587072 PMCID: PMC6859735 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Zea nicaraguensis is a wild relative of Zea mays subsp. mays (maize) that has high waterlogging tolerance. One of its traits is constitutive aerenchyma formation (CAF) in roots and this may be one of the reasons for the tolerance, but it has not yet been proven by comparing plants that differ only in CAF in the same genetic background. We therefore produced an introgression line AE24-50-44-91 (IL-AE91) possessing four quantitative trait loci for CAF from Z. nicaraguensis in the background of maize (inbred line Mi29). The degree of root CAF in IL-AE91 was intermediate between that of Mi29 and Z. nicaraguensis. Seedlings of IL-AE91 grown aerobically were more tolerant to transfer to oxygen-deficient conditions than were Mi29 seedlings. On day 2 of oxygen deficiency, the root extension rate and viability of root-tip cells in IL-AE91 were ~2.7 and ~1.3 times greater, respectively, than they were in Mi29. On day 4, the area of aerenchyma at 80 mm from the root tips was ~1.5 times greater in IL-AE91 and radial oxygen loss from the apical parts of roots was ~3.4 times higher than in Mi29. These results demonstrate that CAF reduces the stress from low external oxygen levels caused by soil waterlogging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumie Omori
- Forage Crop Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Wei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yoshiro Mano
- Forage Crop Research Division, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA, Australia
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Abstract
A major problem of climate change is the increasing duration and frequency of heavy rainfall events. This leads to soil flooding that negatively affects plant growth, eventually leading to death of plants if the flooding persists for several days. Most crop plants are very sensitive to flooding, and dramatic yield losses occur due to flooding each year. This review summarizes recent progress and approaches to enhance crop resistance to flooding. Most experiments have been done on maize, barley, and soybean. Work on other crops such as wheat and rape has only started. The most promising traits that might enhance crop flooding tolerance are anatomical adaptations such as aerenchyma formation, the formation of a barrier against radial oxygen loss, and the growth of adventitious roots. Metabolic adaptations might be able to improve waterlogging tolerance as well, but more studies are needed in this direction. Reasonable approaches for future studies are quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses or genome-wide association (GWA) studies in combination with specific tolerance traits that can be easily assessed. The usage of flooding-tolerant relatives or ancestral cultivars of the crop of interest in these experiments might enhance the chances of finding useful tolerance traits to be used in breeding.
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Zhang X, Zhou G, Shabala S, Koutoulis A, Shabala L, Johnson P, Li C, Zhou M. Identification of aerenchyma formation-related QTL in barley that can be effective in breeding for waterlogging tolerance. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1167-77. [PMID: 26908252 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Aerenchyma formation after 7 days of waterlogging in commercial potting mixture can be a reliable, fast, and widely utilized approach for the selection of waterlogging tolerant barley genotypes. One major QTL for aerenchyma formation after 7 days of waterlogging treatment was identified and the newly developed markers explained 44 % of the phenotypic variance. This QTL can now be effectively used in barley breeding programs. Waterlogging is one of the important limiting conditions for crop yield and productivity. The main feature of waterlogged soils is oxygen deprivation, due to slow gas diffusion in water. Decreased oxygen content in waterlogged soils leads to the oxygen deficiency in plant tissues, resulting in reduced energy availability for plants. Rapidly induced aerenchyma formation is critical to maintaining adequate oxygen supply and overall waterlogging tolerance in barley. In this study, we have proved that quantifying aerenchyma formation after 7 days of waterlogging in commercial potting mixture can be a reliable, fast, and widely utilised approach for the selection of waterlogging tolerant barley genotypes, which is supported by measurements of redox potential (an indicator of anaerobic conditions). This protocol was also used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) in a doubled haploid population of barley from the cross between Yerong (tolerant) and Franklin (sensitive) genotypes. The QTL for aerenchyma formation and root porosity were at the same location as the waterlogging tolerance QTL. Seven new markers were developed and added onto this region on chromosome 4H. One major QTL for aerenchyma formation after 7 days waterlogging treatment explained 44.0 % of the phenotypic variance. This successful QTL for aerenchyma formation can be effectively used in the marker assisted selection to improve waterlogging tolerance in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Zhang
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia
| | - Gaofeng Zhou
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia
| | - Anthony Koutoulis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Lana Shabala
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia
| | - Peter Johnson
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS, 7249, Australia.
- School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 434025, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Mendiondo GM, Gibbs DJ, Szurman-Zubrzycka M, Korn A, Marquez J, Szarejko I, Maluszynski M, King J, Axcell B, Smart K, Corbineau F, Holdsworth MJ. Enhanced waterlogging tolerance in barley by manipulation of expression of the N-end rule pathway E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS6. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:40-50. [PMID: 25657015 PMCID: PMC5098238 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Increased tolerance of crops to low oxygen (hypoxia) during flooding is a key target for food security. In Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., the N-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis controls plant responses to hypoxia by regulating the stability of group VII ethylene response factor (ERFVII) transcription factors, controlled by the oxidation status of amino terminal (Nt)-cysteine (Cys). Here, we show that the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ERFVII BERF1 is a substrate of the N-end rule pathway in vitro. Furthermore, we show that Nt-Cys acts as a sensor for hypoxia in vivo, as the stability of the oxygen-sensor reporter protein MCGGAIL-GUS increased in waterlogged transgenic plants. Transgenic RNAi barley plants, with reduced expression of the N-end rule pathway N-recognin E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS6 (HvPRT6), showed increased expression of hypoxia-associated genes and altered seed germination phenotypes. In addition, in response to waterlogging, transgenic plants showed sustained biomass, enhanced yield, retention of chlorophyll, and enhanced induction of hypoxia-related genes. HvPRT6 RNAi plants also showed reduced chlorophyll degradation in response to continued darkness, often associated with waterlogged conditions. Barley Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) lines, containing mutant alleles of HvPRT6, also showed increased expression of hypoxia-related genes and phenotypes similar to RNAi lines. We conclude that the N-end rule pathway represents an important target for plant breeding to enhance tolerance to waterlogging in barley and other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina M Mendiondo
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Miriam Szurman-Zubrzycka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arnd Korn
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julietta Marquez
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Maluszynski
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - John King
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Francoise Corbineau
- Seed Biology Laboratory, UMR 7622 CNRS-UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Michael J Holdsworth
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
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Yamauchi T, Watanabe K, Fukazawa A, Mori H, Abe F, Kawaguchi K, Oyanagi A, Nakazono M. Ethylene and reactive oxygen species are involved in root aerenchyma formation and adaptation of wheat seedlings to oxygen-deficient conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:261-73. [PMID: 24253196 PMCID: PMC3883296 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposing plants to hypoxic conditions greatly improves their anoxic stress tolerance by enhancing the activities of glycolysis and fermentation in roots. Ethylene may also be involved in these adaptive responses because its synthesis is increased in roots under hypoxic conditions. Here it is reported that pre-treatment of wheat seedlings with an ethylene precursor, 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC), enhanced accumulation of ethylene in the roots of wheat seedlings, and enhanced their tolerance of oxygen-deficient conditions through increasing the expression of genes encoding ethanol fermentation enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase, in the roots. Lysigenous aerenchyma formation in root was induced by ACC pre-treatment and was further induced by growth under oxygen-deficient conditions. ACC pre-treatment increased the expression of three genes encoding respiratory burst oxidase homologue (a plant homologue of gp91(phox) in NADPH oxidase), which has a role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in roots of seedlings. Co-treatment with ACC and an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium, partly suppressed the ACC-induced responses. These results suggest that ethylene and ROS are involved in adaptation of wheat seedlings to oxygen-deficient conditions through controlling lysigenous aerenchyma formation and the expression of genes encoding ethanol fermentation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Aya Fukazawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mori
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Abe
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, 2-1-18, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawaguchi
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, 2-1-18, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oyanagi
- NARO Institute of Crop Science, 2-1-18, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
| | - Mikio Nakazono
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Mano Y, Omori F. Flooding tolerance in interspecific introgression lines containing chromosome segments from teosinte (Zea nicaraguensis) in maize (Zea mays subsp. mays). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1125-39. [PMID: 23877074 PMCID: PMC3783227 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nicaraguan teosinte (Zea nicaraguensis), a species found in frequently flooded areas, provides useful germplasm for breeding flooding-tolerant maize (Z. mays subsp. mays). The objective of this study was to select flooding-tolerant lines using a library of introgression lines (ILs), each containing a chromosome segment from Z. nicaraguensis in the maize inbred line Mi29. METHODS To produce the ILs, a single F1 plant derived from a cross between maize Mi29 and Z. nicaraguensis was backcrossed to Mi29 three times, self-pollinated four times and genotyped using simple sequence repeat markers. Flooding tolerance was evaluated at the seedling stage under reducing soil conditions. KEY RESULTS By backcrossing and selfing, a series of 45 ILs were developed covering nearly the entire maize genome. Five flooding-tolerant lines were identified from among the ILs by evaluating leaf injury. Among these, line IL#18, containing a Z. nicaraguensis chromosome segment on the long arm of chromosome 4, showed the greatest tolerance to flooding, suggesting the presence of a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) in that region. The presence of the QTL was verified by examining flooding tolerance in a population segregating for the candidate region of chromosome 4. There was no significant relationship between the capacity to form constitutive aerenchyma and flooding tolerance in the ILs, indicating the presence of other factors related to flooding tolerance under reducing soil conditions. CONCLUSIONS A flooding-tolerant genotype, IL#18, was identified; this genotype should be useful for maize breeding. In addition, because the chromosome segments of Z. nicaraguensis in the ILs cover nearly the entire genome and Z. nicaraguensis possesses several unique traits related to flooding tolerance, the ILs should be valuable material for additional QTL detection and the development of flooding-tolerant maize lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Mano
- Forage Crop Research Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793, Japan
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