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Kondrashina A, Mamone G, Giblin L, Lane JA. Infant Milk Formula Enriched in Dairy Cream Brings Its Digestibility Closer to Human Milk and Supports Intestinal Health in Pre-Clinical Studies. Nutrients 2024; 16:3065. [PMID: 39339664 PMCID: PMC11434767 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Human breast milk (HBM) is the "gold standard" for infant nutrition. When breast milk is insufficient or unavailable, infant milk formula (IMF) can provide a safe and nutritious alternative. However, IMFs differ considerably from HBM in composition and health function. We compared the digestibility and potential health functions of IMF containing low cream (LC-) or high cream (HC-) with pooled HBM. After simulated infant digestion of these samples, the bioavailability of key nutrients and immunomodulatory activities were determined via cell-based in vitro assays. A Caenorhabditis elegans leaky gut model was established to investigate cream effects on gut health. Distinct differences were observed in peptide diversity and sequences released from HC-IMF compared with LC-IMF during simulated digestion (p < 0.05). Higher levels of free fatty acids were absorbed through 21-day differentiated Caco-2/HT-29MTX monolayers from HC-IMF, compared with LC-IMF and HBM (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the immune-modulating properties of HC-IMF appeared to be more similar to HBM than LC-IMF, as observed by comparable secretion of cytokines IL-10 and IL-1β from THP-1 macrophages (p > 0.05). HC-IMF also supported intestinal recovery in C. elegans following distortion versus LC-IMF (p < 0.05). These observations suggest that cream as a lipid source in IMF may provide added nutritional and functional benefits more aligned with HBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kondrashina
- Health and Happiness (H&H) Group, H&H Research, Global Research and Technology Centre, Fermoy, P61 K202 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Gianfranco Mamone
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 P302 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Jonathan A Lane
- Health and Happiness (H&H) Group, H&H Research, Global Research and Technology Centre, Fermoy, P61 K202 Co. Cork, Ireland
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2
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Aprianto MA, Muhlisin, Kurniawati A, Hanim C, Ariyadi B, Anas MA. Effect supplementation of black soldier fly larvae oil (Hermetia illucens L.) calcium salt on performance, blood biochemical profile, carcass characteristic, meat quality, and gene expression in fat metabolism broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102984. [PMID: 37586189 PMCID: PMC10450975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect supplementation of black soldier fly larvae oil calcium salt (BSFLO-SCa) on performance, blood biochemical profile, carcass characteristic, meat quality, and gene expression in fat metabolism broiler chickens. A total of 280 male New Lohmann strain MB 202 broiler chicks (1-day-old) were randomly placed into 4 treatments, including a control group (T0) were fed basal diet and a basal diet supplemented with 1% (T1), 2% (T2), and 3% (T3) BSFLO-SCa. Each treatment consisted of 7 pens with 10 chickens each. Results showed that 1% BSFLO-SCa supplementation significantly reduced (P < 0.05) abdominal and meat fat, while gene expression on fat synthesis (FAS, ACC) was downregulated. Meat fatty acid profiles such as medium-chain fatty acid being dominant in lauric and myristic and monosaturated fatty acid significantly increased (P < 0.05). On the other hand, polyunsaturated fatty acid significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, the other parameters did not affect by supplementation of 1% BSFLO-SCa. The addition starting from 2% significantly reduced (P < 0.05) performance and carcass characteristics. Blood biochemical profiles (HDL, protein, albumin) and meat qualities (protein, cholesterol, water-holding capacity, cooking losses, a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values) were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while gene expression on fat oxidation (CPT-1) was upregulated. In conclusion, broiler chicken that received of 1% BSFL-SCa does not negatively affect growth performance and carcass characteristics but reduced fattening in broiler meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anang Aprianto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhlisin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Asih Kurniawati
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Chusnul Hanim
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Ariyadi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhsin Al Anas
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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3
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Wang Z, Wang Q, Tang C, Yuan J, Luo C, Li D, Xie T, Sun X, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Guo C, Cao Z, Li S, Wang W. Medium chain fatty acid supplementation improves animal metabolic and immune status during the transition period: A study on dairy cattle. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1018867. [PMID: 36776875 PMCID: PMC9911908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1018867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition period is the stage of the high incidence of metabolic and infectious diseases in dairy cows. Improving transition dairy cows' health is crucial for the industry. This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on immune function, metabolic status, performance of transition dairy cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows randomly assigned to two treatments at 35 d before calving. 1) CON (fed the basal 2) MCFA treatment (basal diet was supplemented at an additional 20 g MCFAs mixture every day) until 70 d after calving. The results showed that the serum amyloid A myeloperoxidase concentrations in the blood of cows in MCFA treatment significantly decreased during the early lactation (from 1 d to 28 d after calving) 0.03, 0.04, respectively) compared with the CON, while the tumor necrosis factor concentration was significantly decreased at 56 d after calving (P = 0.02). In addition, the concentration of insulin in the pre-calving (from 21 d before calving to calving) blood of cows in MCFA treatment was significantly decreased (P = 0.04), and concentration of triglyceride also showed a downward trend at 28 d after calving 0.07). Meanwhile, MCFAs supplementation significantly decreased the concentrations of lithocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, and hyocholic acid in the blood at 1 d calving (P = 0.02, < 0.01, < 0.01, respectively), and the level of hyocholic acid taurocholic acid concentrations (P < 0.01, = 0.01, respectively) decreased dramatically at 14 d after calving. However, compared with the CON, the pre-calving dry matter intake and the early lactation milk yield in MCFA treatment were significantly decreased (P = 0.05, 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, MCFAs supplementation transition diet could improve the immune function and metabolic status of dairy cows, and the health of transition cows might be beneficial from the endocrine status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanlan Tang
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhantao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Świątkiewicz M, Hanczakowska E, Okoń K, Kowalczyk P, Grela ER. Effect of Maternal Diet and Medium Chain Fatty Acids Supplementation for Piglets on Their Digestive Tract Development, Structure, and Chyme Acidity as Well as Performance and Health Status. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050834. [PMID: 32403448 PMCID: PMC7278414 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Weaning is the most critical period of piglet rearing. During this time, pigs have not yet fully developed their intestinal tract and immune system; therefore, they are an easy target for pathogenic microorganisms that cause gastrointestinal diseases. In the last decade, several nutritional factors were studied to prevent gastrointestinal disorders in piglets. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of oils for sows during late pregnancy and lactation on offspring performance. In addition, the study determined the effect of caprylic acid or medium-chain triglyceride oil in piglets’ feed on their intestinal structure development, fatty acids content of chyme, productive performance, and health status. Summarizing, the study showed that coconut oil fed to pregnant and lactating sows can markedly reduce the mortality of piglets during the weaning period and that caprylic acid and medium-chain fatty acid oil can be a good feed supplement in weaned piglet feed. The nutritional factors tested in the present study could be used in the diet of sows and piglets to improve the health of piglets and thus the efficiency of pig production. Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oils for sows during late pregnancy and lactation on offspring performance. In addition, the effect of caprylic acid (C8) or medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT) in piglets’ feed on their gut development, performance, and health status was determined. The experiment was conducted on 24 sows allocated to two treatments: diet with rapeseed oil or with coconut oil. Newborn piglets were randomly allocated to three treatments: feed with no supplement or supplemented with 0.3% MCT or with 0.3% C8. The results showed that both oils had no effect on sow reproductive rates; however, fatty acid patterns of milk differed significantly and the number of lost piglets was lower in sow fed with coconut oil. Both caprylic and MCT oil significantly improved piglet performance and villus height. These additives did not change triacylglycerol content in blood, but C8 lowered total cholesterol and MCT increased IgG content. It can be concluded that coconut oil fed to pregnant and lactating sows can markedly reduce the mortality of piglets and that caprylic acid and medium-chain fatty acid oil can be a good supplement in weaned piglet feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewa Hanczakowska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Piotr Kowalczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
- Auxilium Veterinary Clinic, Królewska 64, 20-950 Milanówek, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz R. Grela
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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You MM, Liu YC, Chen YF, Pan YM, Miao ZN, Shi YZ, Si JJ, Chen ML, Hu FL. Royal jelly attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting oxidative stress and regulating the expression of circadian genes in ovariectomized rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13138. [PMID: 31894585 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a high incidence in postmenopausal women and is accompanied by insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Royal jelly (RJ), a natural substance derived from hive, possesses numerous health-beneficial properties. Here, we evaluated the effects of RJ (150, 300, and 450 mg kg-1 day-1 , 8 weeks) on NAFLD in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Based on the results, RJ ameliorated the degree of anxiety, improved serum lipid profile, and attenuated the hepatic steatosis and liver injury in OVX rats. Furthermore, the protective effects of RJ could be attributed to its antioxidant properties, which enhance the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes. The qRT-PCR results also suggest that RJ improves the disturbances of circadian genes by downregulating their expression, including that of Per1 and Per 2, in the liver of OVX rats. Altogether, our findings suggest that RJ may be a promising agent for the treatment of NAFLD. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Postmenopausal women are at an increased risk of NAFLD. Currently, there are no licensed therapies for NAFLD. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is reported to inhibit the development of NAFLD, it causes unexpected adverse effects. As HRT is controversial, the use of natural supplements to counteract the detrimental effects of menopause has recently attracted more attention. RJ is a natural product secreted from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of worker bees. The present study illustrates the protective effect of the natural product, RJ, and its underlying mechanisms on NAFLD. This is the first study to assess the effect of RJ on NAFLD under estrogen deficiency. Such findings contribute to the further utilization of RJ, which might serve as a promising therapeutic option and natural food for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Chen Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Pan
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Ning Miao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan-Juan Si
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min-Li Chen
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Liang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Xu Q, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu L, Zhou B, Mo R, Li Y, Li H, Li F, Tao Y, Liu Y, Xue C. Medium-chain triglycerides improved cognition and lipid metabolomics in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease patients with APOE4 -/-: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:2092-2105. [PMID: 31694759 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous clinical and animal studies suggested that medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) might be an alternative energy substrate for the brain and might benefit patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the clinical evidence is not substantial or totally convincing. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of MCT on cognitive ability in patients with mild to moderate AD and explore the changes in peripheral blood metabolomics. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study was undertaken in 53 mild to moderate AD patients. Participants were randomized between two sequences (placebo followed by MCT or MCT followed by placebo) and took MCT jelly or placebo jelly (canola oil) by mouth three times daily (total daily fat dose: 17.3 g MCT, or 19.7 g canola oil) for 30 days per phase. The primary outcome was cognition as measured by the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale, Chinese version (ADAS-Cog-C). The secondary outcome was self-care as measured by the activities of daily living scale (ADL) and changes in plasma metabolites. RESULTS This study showed a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in ADAS-Cog-C scores between the MCT (2.62 points below baseline) and placebo interventions (2.57 points above baseline). Data from 46 (86.8%) APOE4-/- subjects who completed the entire study were analyzed. Changes in ADL scores were not significantly different between the MCT and placebo interventions (p > 0.05). The concentrations of TC, HDL-C, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were significantly higher in the MCT group than in the placebo group (p < 0.05). Lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 (LysoPC (16:0)), LysoPC (P-18:0), LysoPC (P-18:1(9Z)), LysoPC (20:2(11Z,14Z)), and LysoPC (22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)) were significantly increased after MCT intervention, and the concentrations of LysoPC (18:0), palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas no significant changes appeared after the placebo intervention. Androstenedione concentration increased after placebo intervention. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between changes in LysoPC (P-18:1(9Z)) and ADAS-Cog-C scores after MCT intervention (r = -0.1472, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS MCT had positive effects on cognitive ability in mild to moderate AD patients with APOE4-/-. These effects of MCT might be related to the metabolism of LysoPC, oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid, in addition to the ketogenic effect. STUDY ID NUMBER ChiCTR-IOR-16009737. REGISTRY WEBSITE WHO ICTRP Search Portal - http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Default.aspx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Nutrition, the First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, the First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, the First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Nutrition, the First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui Mo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Fan-Xing Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, PR China
| | - Huizi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Chinese People's Liberation Army Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Tao
- Department of Nutrition, the First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- Department of Nutrition, the First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Changyong Xue
- Department of Nutrition, the First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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Kumar A, Allison A, Henry M, Scales A, Fouladkhah AC. Development of Salmonellosis as Affected by Bioactive Food Compounds. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090364. [PMID: 31540475 PMCID: PMC6780870 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Salmonella serovars are the leading cause of foodborne hospitalizations and deaths in Americans, extensively prevalent worldwide, and pose a considerable financial burden on public health infrastructure and private manufacturing. While a comprehensive review is lacking for delineating the role of dietary components on prevention of Salmonellosis, evidence for the role of diet for preventing the infection and management of Salmonellosis symptoms is increasing. The current study is an evaluation of preclinical and clinical studies and their underlying mechanisms to elaborate the efficacy of bioactive dietary components for augmenting the prevention of Salmonella infection. Studies investigating dietary components such as fibers, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and probiotics exhibited efficacy of dietary compounds against Salmonellosis through manipulation of host bile acids, mucin, epithelial barrier, innate and adaptive immunity and gut microbiota as well as impacting the cellular signaling cascades of the pathogen. Pre-clinical studies investigating synergism and/or antagonistic activities of various bioactive compounds, additional randomized clinical trials, if not curtailed by lack of equipoise and ethical concerns, and well-planned epidemiological studies could augment the development of a validated and evidence-based guideline for mitigating the public health burden of human Salmonellosis through dietary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Abimbola Allison
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Monica Henry
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Anita Scales
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
- Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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Zhang X, Xue C, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Li H, Li F, Liu Y, Guo C. Caprylic acid suppresses inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB signaling and improves atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:40. [PMID: 31182969 PMCID: PMC6555760 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As reported previously by our group, medium-chain triglycerides can ameliorate atherosclerosis. Given that TLR4 is closely related to atherosclerosis, we hypothesized herein that caprylic acid (C8:0) would suppress inflammation via TLR4/NF-κB signaling and further promote the amelioration of atherosclerosis in apoE- deficient (apoE-/-) mice. Methods Fifty 6-week male apoE-/- mice were randomly allocated into five diet groups: a high-fat diet (HFD) without or with 2% caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), stearic acid (C18:0), or linolenic acid (C18:3). RAW246.7 cells were treated with caprylic acid (C8:0), docosahexenoic acid (DHA), palmitic acid (C16:0), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without TLR4 knock-down (TLR4-KD). The serum lipid profiles, inflammatory biomolecules, and mRNA and protein expression levels were measured. Atherosclerotic lesions that occurred in the aorta and aortic sinuses were evaluated and quantified. Results Our results indicated that C8:0 reduced body fat, improved the lipid profiles, suppressed inflammatory cytokine production, downregulated aortic TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, IKKα, and IKKβ mRNA expression, and alleviated atherosclerosis in the apoE-/- mice (P < 0.05). In RAW 264.7 cells, C8:0 diminished the inflammatory response and both mRNA and protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, and TNF-α compared to those in the LPS and C16:0 groups (P < 0.05). However, in the TLR4-KD RAW 264.7 cells, C8:0 significantly upregulated NF-κB mRNA and protein expression compared to those in the C16:0 and DHA groups. Conclusions These results suggest that C8:0 functions via TLR4/NF-κB signaling to improve the outcomes of apoE-/- mice through suppressing inflammation and ameliorating atherosclerosis. Thus, C8:0 may represent as a promising nutrient against chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050 China.,2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Changyong Xue
- 2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Qing Xu
- 2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- 2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Huizi Li
- 3Department of Nutrition, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Feng Li
- 4Department of Nutrition, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, 100142 China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- 2Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050 China
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9
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Sung MH, Liao FH, Chien YW. Medium-Chain Triglycerides Lower Blood Lipids and Body Weight in Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10080963. [PMID: 30049949 PMCID: PMC6115836 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are distinguished from other triglycerides in that each fat molecule consists of 6 to 12 carbons in length. MCTs and long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) are absorbed and utilized in different ways. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing soybean oil with MCT oil, in a low- or high-fat diet, on lipid metabolism in rats with streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There were, thirty-two T2DM Sprague-Dawley rats divided into low-fat-soybean oil (LS), low-fat-MCT oil (LM), high-fat-soybean oil (HS), and high-fat-MCT oil (HM) groups. After 8 weeks, blood sugar, serum lipids, liver lipids, and enzyme activities related to lipid metabolism were measured. Under a high-fat diet condition, replacement of soybean oil with MCT oil lowered serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-esterified fatty acids, and liver total cholesterol; whilst it increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the HDL-C/LDL-C ratio. A low-fat diet with MCT oil resulted in lower body weight and reproductive white adipose tissues compared to the HS groups, and higher hepatic acyl-CoA oxidase activities (the key enzyme in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation) compared to the LS group in T2DM rats. In conclusion, MCTs showed more protective effects on cardiovascular health in T2DM rats fed a high-fat diet, by improving serum lipid profiles and reducing hepatic total cholesterol.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/physiopathology
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diet therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Insulin/blood
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Soybean Oil/administration & dosage
- Streptozocin
- Triglycerides/administration & dosage
- Weight Loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Sung
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Fang-Hsuean Liao
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Wen Chien
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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10
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Li H, Liu Y, Zhang X, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Xue C, Guo C. Medium-chain fatty acids decrease serum cholesterol via reduction of intestinal bile acid reabsorption in C57BL/6J mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:37. [PMID: 29991957 PMCID: PMC5987598 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bile acids play a pivotal role in cholesterol metabolism via the enterohepatic circulation. This study investigated the effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)/medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) on the reduction of bile acid absorption in the small intestine and the mechanisms of action in vivo and partially verified in vitro. Methods Thirty-six C57BL/6 J mice with hypercholesterolaemia were randomly divided into 3 groups: fed a cholesterol-rich diet (CR group), fed a cholesterol-rich and medium-chain triglyceride diet (CR-MCT group) and fed a cholesterol-rich and long-chain triglyceride diet (CR-LCT group). Body weights and blood lipid profiles were measured in all groups after 16 weeks of treatment. The concentrations of bile acids in bile and faeces were analysed using HPLC-MS (high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). Gene transcription and the expression levels associated with bile acid absorption in the small intestines were determined using real-time PCR and Western blot. Ileal bile acid binding protein (I-BABP) was analysed using immunofluorescence. The effects of MCFAs on the permeability of bile acid (cholic acid, CA) in Caco-2 cell monolayers and I-BABP expression levels in Caco-2 cells treated with caprylic acid (C8:0), capric acid (C10:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) were determined. Results Mice in the CR-MCT group exhibited lower body weights and serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and a higher HDL-C/LDL-C ratio than the CR-LCT group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of primary bile acids (primarily CA) and secondary bile acids in faeces and secondary bile acids in bile in the CR-MCT group were significantly higher than in the CR-LCT group (P < 0.05). C8:0 and C10:0 decreased the permeability of CA in Caco-2 cell monolayers. MCT/MCFAs (C8:0 and C10:0) inhibited I-BABP gene expression in the small intestines and Caco-2 cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions MCT slowed the body weight increase and promoted the excretion of bile acids. MCT lowered serum cholesterol levels at least partially via reduction of bile acid absorption in the small intestine by inhibition of I-BABP expression. Our results provide the basis for clinical trials of MCT as a dietary supplement for lowering plasma cholesterol and reducing risk of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizi Li
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050 China.,2Department of Nutrition, PLA Rocket Force General Hospital, Beijing, 100088 China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- 3Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Xinsheng Zhang
- 3Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Qing Xu
- 3Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Yong Zhang
- 3Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Changyong Xue
- 3Department of Nutrition, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050 China
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11
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Mohamed RA, Salleh AB, Leow ATC, Yahaya NM, Abdul Rahman MB. Ability of T1 Lipase to Degrade Amorphous P(3HB): Structural and Functional Study. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 59:284-293. [PMID: 28580552 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme with broad substrate specificity would be an asset for industrial application. T1 lipase apparently has the same active site residues as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) depolymerase. Sequences of both enzymes were studied and compared, and a conserved lipase box pentapeptide region around the nucleophilic serine was detected. The alignment of 3-D structures for both enzymes showed their active site residues were well aligned with an RMSD value of 1.981 Å despite their sequence similarity of only 53.8%. Docking of T1 lipase with P(3HB) gave forth high binding energy of 5.4 kcal/mol, with the distance of 4.05 Å between serine hydroxyl (OH) group of TI lipase to the carbonyl carbon of the substrate, similar to the native PhaZ7 Pl . This suggests the possible ability of T1 lipase to bind P(3HB) in its active site. The ability of T1 lipase in degrading amorphous P(3HB) was investigated on 0.2% (w/v) P(3HB) plate. Halo zone was observed around the colony containing the enzyme which confirms that T1 lipase is indeed able to degrade amorphous P(3HB). Results obtained in this study highlight the fact that T1 lipase is a versatile hydrolase enzyme which does not only record triglyceride degradation activity but amorphous P(3HB) degradation activity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauda A Mohamed
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Adam Thean Chor Leow
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Normi M Yahaya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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12
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Ma N, Karam I, Liu XW, Kong XJ, Qin Z, Li SH, Jiao ZH, Dong PC, Yang YJ, Li JY. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based urine and plasma metabonomics study on the ameliorative effects of aspirin eugenol ester in hyperlipidemia rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 332:40-51. [PMID: 28733207 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effects of aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) in hyperlipidemic rat. After five-week oral administration of AEE in high fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic rats, the impact of AEE on plasma and urine metabonomics was investigated to explore the underlying mechanism by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Blood lipid levels and histopathological changes of liver, stomach and duodenum were also evaluated after AEE treatment. Without obvious gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, AEE significantly relieved fatty degeneration of liver and reduced triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol (TCH) (P<0.01). Clear separations of metabolic profiles were observed among control, model and AEE groups by using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA). 16 endogenous metabolites in plasma and 18 endogenous metabolites in urine involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid beta-oxidation, amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle, sphingolipid metabolism, gut microflora and pyrimidine metabolism were considered as potential biomarkers of hyperlipidemia and be regulated by AEE administration. It might be concluded that AEE was a promising drug candidate for hyperlipidemia treatment. These findings could contribute to the understanding of action mechanisms of AEE and provide evidence for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Isam Karam
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Kong
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Qin
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Hong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-Hua Jiao
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Cheng Dong
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China.
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Lab of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China.
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13
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xu Q, Yang X, Xue C. Medium-chain fatty acids reduce serum cholesterol by regulating the metabolism of bile acid in C57BL/6J mice. Food Funct 2017; 8:291-298. [PMID: 28009872 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01207h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the important risk factors of atherosclerosis (AS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Liu
- Department of Nutrition
- Chinese People Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition
- Chinese People Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xinsheng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition
- Chinese People Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Nutrition
- Chinese People Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xueyan Yang
- Department of Nutrition
- Chinese People Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital
- Beijing
- China
| | - Changyong Xue
- Department of Nutrition
- Chinese People Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital
- Beijing
- China
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14
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Eicosapentaenoic Acid-Enriched Phosphatidylcholine Attenuated Hepatic Steatosis Through Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism in Rats with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Lipids 2016; 52:119-127. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Lambrinoudaki I, Augoulea A, Rizos D, Politi M, Tsoltos N, Moros M, Chinou I, Graikou K, Kouskouni E, Kambani S, Panoulis K, Moutsatsou P. Greek-origin royal jelly improves the lipid profile of postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:835-839. [PMID: 27227757 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1188281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Menopause transition is associated with chronic conditions such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Concerns about the long-term safety of menopausal hormone therapy make alternative natural methods an appealing approach to management. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of royal jelly (RJ) on cardiovascular and bone turnover markers in clinically healthy postmenopausal women. METHODS A total of 36 postmenopausal healthy women were studied in a prospective follow-up study. Participants received 150 mg of RJ daily for three months. Circulating cardiovascular risk markers [lipid profile, antithrombin-III (ATIII), Protein C, Protein S, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)] and bone turnover parameters [Total calcium, phosphate (P), parathormone (PTH), total type-1 Procollagen N-terminal (P1NP), Osteocalcin and serum collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide (CTX)] were compared between the baseline and the three-month visit. RESULTS The RJ used in this study was particularly rich in medium chain fatty acids, compounds with hypolipidemic properties, which comprised 63% of the dry weight fatty content. RJ treatment resulted in a significant increase in high density lipoprotein - cholesterol (HDL-C 60.2 mg/dL ± 12.3 versus 64.7 mg/dL ± 13.9, 7.7% increase, p = 0.0003), as well as in a significant decrease in low density lipoprotein - cholesterol (LDL-C, 143.9 ± 37.5 versus 136.2 ± 32, 4.1% decrease, p = 0.011) and in total cholesterol (224.4 ± 38.6 to 216.1 ± 36.5, 3.09% decrease, p = 0.018). No statistical significant changes were found in the remaining cardiovascular or the bone turnover parameters. CONCLUSIONS The intake of RJ 150 mg for three months is associated with significant improvements of the lipid profile of postmenopausal women. RJ supplementation may offer an alternative method of controlling the menopause - associated dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lambrinoudaki
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Areti Augoulea
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Demetrios Rizos
- b Hormonal and Biochemical Laboratory, University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Marianna Politi
- c Department of Haematology , University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tsoltos
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Michail Moros
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Ioanna Chinou
- d Division of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products , Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou , Athens , Greece , and
| | - Konstantia Graikou
- d Division of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products , Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou , Athens , Greece , and
| | - Evangelia Kouskouni
- b Hormonal and Biochemical Laboratory, University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Susana Kambani
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Konstantinos Panoulis
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- e Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Medical School, University of Athens, Attiko Hospital , Athens , Greece
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16
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Medium-chain triglycerides promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport and improve atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2016; 36:964-973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Bhavsar N, St-Onge MP. The diverse nature of saturated fats and the case of medium-chain triglycerides: how one recommendation may not fit all. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2016; 19:81-7. [PMID: 26727347 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The adverse cardiovascular health effects of saturated fats have been debated recently since the publication of studies reporting no increase in cardiovascular risk with saturated fat intakes. We purport that this may be because of the varied nature of saturated fats, which range in length from 2 to over 20 carbon atoms, and review evidence surrounding the cardiovascular health effects of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). RECENT FINDINGS MCTs are saturated fats of shorter chain length than other, more readily consumed saturated fats. Studies have reported that consumption of MCT may lead to improvements in body composition without adversely affecting cardio-metabolic risk factors. There may also be synergistic actions between MCT and n-3 polyunsaturated fats that may lead to improvements in cardiovascular health. SUMMARY It is clinically relevant to distinguish between sources of saturated fats for cardiovascular health. Medium, and possibly shorter chain, saturated fats behave differently than long-chain saturated fats and should not be judged similarly when it comes to their cardio-metabolic health effects. Given their neutral, and potentially beneficial cardiovascular health effects, they should not be categorized together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilam Bhavsar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, USA
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18
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Abstract
The intestinal production of lipoproteins is one of the key processes by which the body prepares dietary lipid for dissemination to locations throughout the body where they are required. Paramount to this is the relationship between dietary lipid and the enterocytes that line the gut, along with the processes which prepare this lipid for efficient uptake by these cells. These include those which occur in the mouth and stomach along with those which occur within the intestinal lumen itself. Additionally, the interplay between digested lipid, dual avenues for lipid uptake by enterocytes (passive and lipid transporter proteins), a system of intercellular lipid resynthesis and transport, and a complex system of lipoprotein synthesis yield a system open to significant modulation. In this review, we will attempt to outline the processes of lipid digestion, lipoprotein synthesis and the exogenous and endogenous factors which exert their influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Hennessy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland,
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