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Tain YL, Chang-Chien GP, Lin S, Hou CY, Hsu CN. Renoprotective Effects of Solid-State Cultivated Antrodia cinnamomea in Juvenile Rats with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:4626. [PMID: 37960279 PMCID: PMC10650666 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC), a medicinal mushroom, has multiple beneficial actions, such as acting as a prebiotic. The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children has steadily increased year by year, and CKD is related to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Herein, we investigated the renoprotection of solid-state cultivated AC in adenine-induced CKD juvenile rats. CKD was induced in 3-week-old male rats by feeding with adenine (0.5%) for three weeks. Treated groups received oral administration of AC extracts at either a low (10 mg/kg/day) or high dose (100 mg/kg/day) for six weeks. At nine weeks of age, the rats were sacrificed. Renal outcomes, blood pressure, and gut microbiome composition were examined. Our results revealed that AC treatment, either low- or high-dose, improved kidney function, proteinuria, and hypertension in CKD rats. Low-dose AC treatment increased plasma concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, we observed that AC acts like a prebiotic by enriching beneficial bacteria in the gut, such as Akkermansia and Turicibacter. Moreover, the beneficial action of AC against CKD-related hypertension might also be linked to the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. This study brings new insights into the potential application of AC as a prebiotic dietary supplement in the prevention and treatment of pediatric CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 330, Taiwan
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Ping Chang-Chien
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (G.-P.C.-C.); (S.L.)
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Sufan Lin
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (G.-P.C.-C.); (S.L.)
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Edible Mushroom Extracts: Assessment of Fungal Resistance. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial efficacy of the water or methanolic extracts of three medicinal mushrooms Taiwanofungus camphoratus, Agaricus blazei Murrill, and Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst were investigated against yeast and filamentous fungal pathogens as well as against commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The methanolic extract of T. camphoratus (TcM) exhibited both potent antifungal and antibacterial activity, while the water extract of T. camphoratus (TcW) showed limited antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Neither the methanolic nor water extracts of A. blazei and G. lucidum exhibited antimicrobial activity. In the risk assessment testing monitoring the development of fungal tolerance to mushroom extracts in food matrices, two P. expansum mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mutants exhibited a tolerance to TcM. In a proof-of-concept bioassay using the natural benzoic salicylaldehyde (SA), P. expansum and A. fumigatus MAPK antioxidant mutants showed similar tolerance to SA, suggesting that natural ingredients in TcM such as benzoic derivatives could negatively affect the efficacy of TcM when antioxidant mutants are targeted. Conclusion: TcM could be developed as a food ingredient having antimicrobial potential. The antimicrobial activity of TcM operates via the intact MAPK antioxidant signaling system in microbes, however, mutants lacking genes in the MAPK system escape the toxicity triggered by TcM. Therefore, caution should be exercised in the use of TcM so as to not adversely affect food safety and quality by triggering the resistance of antioxidant mutants in contaminated food.
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3
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Chiang SS, Chen LS, Chu CY. Active food ingredients production from cold pressed processing residues of Camellia oleifera and Camellia sinensis seeds for regulation of blood pressure and vascular function. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 267:129267. [PMID: 33338714 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common illnesses worldwide. Accurate control of blood pressure can help reduce the incidence of complications. Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) is a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor that increases oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, activating the expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which thickens the vessel wall and ultimately contributes to hypertension. Studies have shown that seeds of Camellia oleifera Abel and Camellia sinensis (L). O. Kuntze (Oolong tea) possesses antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory functions. Therefore, this study aimed was to investigate the functional components in the seed pomace ethanol extracts of C. oleifera Abel (CPE) and Oolong tea (OPE) and to evaluate the ameliorative effects of CPE and OPE on oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular remodeling in l-NAME induced hypertensive C57BL/6J mice. After 8 weeks of treatment, all CPE and OPE dose groups significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, by over 30 mmHg and 15 mmHg, respectively. Additionally, CPE and OPE decreased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) expression in the thoracic aortic and thoracic aortic intima-media thickness. Moreover, CPE and OPE decreased the malondialdehyde concentration in the liver by over 33%, as well as levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 6, and interleukin-1β in the kidney and heart. Collectively, CPE and OPE can reduce oxidative stress and vascular remodeling, lowering blood pressure, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Shih Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Le-Shu Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yeon Chu
- Institute of Green Products, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taichung, Taiwan; Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, 40724, Taichung, Taiwan.
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4
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Kong ZL, Hsu YT, Johnson A, Tsai TH, Miao S, He JL, Tsou D. Protective effects of Antrodia camphorata extract against hypoxic cell injury and ischemic stroke brain damage. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1609-1620. [PMID: 33103286 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most prevalent stroke condition in the world resulted in either a transient ischemic attack or long-lasting neurological problems due to the interrupted or reduced blood flow to the brain. Antrodia camphorata is a well-known medicinal mushroom native to Taiwan and is familiar due to its medicinal effects. The current study investigated the protective effect of A. camphorata-alcohol extracts (AC-AE) against cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2 )-induced oxidative stress in vitro and ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury in vivo. The rats were pre-treated with AC-AE for 4 weeks. Our results showed that AC-AE reduced cell damage and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in C6 and PC12 cells under CoCl2 -induced hypoxic condition. AC-AE doses (385, 770, 1,540 mg/kg/day, 4 weeks) increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA expressions and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expressions in Sprague Dawley rat. Besides, it decreased stroke infarct size and increased the level of antioxidants in both brain and serum. Furthermore, it reduced the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Our results suggested that AC-AE exerted an effective reduction of ischemia stroke by regulating ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zwe-Ling Kong
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Hsu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Athira Johnson
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Han Tsai
- Chi Hsien Spine Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song Miao
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Jia-Ling He
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan.,Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - David Tsou
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, Taiwan
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5
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Long H, Hu CT, Weng CF. Antrodia Cinnamomea Prolongs Survival in a Patient with Small Cell Lung Cancer. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E640. [PMID: 31561410 PMCID: PMC6843373 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is an extremely rare medicinal fungus native to forested regions of Taiwan. It possesses numerous biological activities, especially anti-tumor effects shown in various in vitro cancer cells and in vivo animal models. However, there are few clinical reports about AC as a treatment for cancer patients. This report attempts to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of dish-cultured AC (DAC) on a small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patient taken orally for an extended duration. Patient concerns: An 88-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension visited the outpatient department with the symptoms of dyspnea and a cough for two weeks. After a diagnosis of SCLC, the patient declined both chemotherapy and radiotherapy because of the side effects and only accepted supportive care without additional therapy. Diagnosis: Limited-stage SCLC (T4N2M1a, stage IV) after the chest radiograph, computed tomography-guided biopsy, and pathological diagnosis. Interventions: The patient was prescribed DAC with an increasing dosage, from 5 g/d up to 10 g/d DAC, for six months, without radiation or chemotherapy treatment. Outcomes: DAC caused the tumor to shrink substantially. Surprisingly, the patient survived for 32 months without relapse after six months of DAC treatment. Laboratory examinations indicated that the patient's health had improved significantly, reverting to near normal levels. Notably, he had a good quality of life with a high Barthel index score. Unfortunately, this patient died of septic shock caused by acute cholangitis. Conclusion: DAC may exert an anti-cancer effect, which can lead to tumor regression. This is supposed to be achieved by the combined DAC's immunomodulatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic, anti-proliferative, and pro-apoptotic effects mediated through multiple signaling pathways. We propose that DAC can be used as a complementary medicine to prolong the life expectancy and improve the life quality of SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei Long
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Tan Hu
- Research Centre for Hepatology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Center for Transitional Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Food Science, National Kinmen University, Kinmen 89250, Taiwan.
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6
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Wang C, Zhang W, Wong JH, Ng T, Ye X. Diversity of potentially exploitable pharmacological activities of the highly prized edible medicinal fungus Antrodia camphorata. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7843-7867. [PMID: 31407039 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata, also known as A. cinnamomea, is a precious medicinal basidiomycete fungus endemic to Taiwan. This article summarizes the recent advances in research on the multifarious pharmacological effects of A. camphorata. The mushroom exhibits anticancer activity toward a large variety of cancers including breast, cervical, ovarian, prostate, bladder, colorectal, pancreatic, liver, and lung cancers; melanoma; leukemia; lymphoma; neuroblastoma; and glioblastoma. Other activities encompass antiinflammatory, antiatopic dermatitis, anticachexia, immunoregulatory, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, antiplatelet, antioxidative, antiphotodamaging, hepatoprotective, renoprotective, neuroprotective, testis protecting, antiasthmatic, osteogenic, osteoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, and wound healing activities. This review aims to provide a reference for further development and utilization of this highly prized mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzibun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiujuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China. .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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7
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Tong ZB, Cui XH, Wang J, Zhang CL, Zhang YY, Ren ZJ. Constituents from solid-cultured Antrodia camphorata. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2564-2567. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1320785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Bo Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Hong Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cun-Li Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Jun Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Chen CC, Li IC, Lin TW, Chang HL, Lin WH, Shen YC. Efficacy and safety of oral Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium in mildly hypertensive adults: A randomized controlled pilot clinical study. Eur J Integr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Osteoporosis Recovery by Antrodia camphorata Alcohol Extracts through Bone Regeneration in SAMP8 Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2617868. [PMID: 27143981 PMCID: PMC4842042 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2617868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata has previously demonstrated the efficacy in treating cancer and anti-inflammation. In this study, we are the first to evaluate Antrodia camphorata alcohol extract (ACAE) for osteoporosis recovery in vitro with preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) and in vivo with an osteoporosis mouse model established in our previous studies, ovariectomized senescence accelerated mice (OVX-SAMP8). Our results demonstrated that ACAE treatment was slightly cytotoxic to preosteoblast at 25 μg/mL, by which the osteogenic gene expression (RUNX2, OPN, and OCN) was significantly upregulated with an increased ratio of OPG to RANKL, indicating maintenance of the bone matrix through inhibition of osteoclastic pathway. Additionally, evaluation by Alizarin Red S staining showed increased mineralization in ACAE-treated preosteoblasts. For in vivo study, our results indicated that ACAE inhibits bone loss and significantly increases percentage bone volume, trabecular bone number, and bone mineral density in OVX-SAMP8 mice treated with ACAE. Collectively, in vitro and in vivo results showed that ACAE could promote osteogenesis and prevent bone loss and should be considered an evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine for osteoporosis therapy through the maintenance of bone health.
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10
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Chiu HW, Hua KF. Hepatoprotective Effect of Wheat-Based Solid-State Fermented Antrodia cinnamomea in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Rat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153087. [PMID: 27046059 PMCID: PMC4821531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (A. cinnamomea) is an indigenous medical fungus in Taiwan and has multiple biological functions, including hepatoprotective and immune-modulatory effects. Currently, the commercially available A. cinnamomea are mainly liquid- and solid-state fermented A. cinnamomea. However, the hepatoprotective effect of solid-state fermented A. cinnamomea has never been reported. Here we evaluate the ability of air-dried, ground and non-extracted wheat-based solid-state fermented A. cinnamomea (WFAC) to protect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic injury in vivo. The results showed that oral administration of WFAC dose dependently (180, 540 and 1080 mg/kg) ameliorated the increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels caused by chronic repeated CCl4 intoxication in rats. WFAC significantly reduced the CCl4-induced increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation levels and hydroxyproline contents, as well as reducing the spleen weight and water content of the liver. WFAC also restored the hepatic soluble protein synthesis and plasma albumin concentration in CCl4-intoxicated rats, but it did not affect the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase. In addition, a hepatic morphological analysis showed that the hepatic fibrosis and necrosis induced by CCl4 were significantly ameliorated by WFAC. Furthermore, the body weights of control rats and WFAC-administered rats were not significantly different, and no adverse effects were observed in WFAC-administered rats. These results indicate that WFAC is a nontoxic hepatoprotective agent against chronic CCl4-induced hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Wen Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Hypotensive and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Eisenia fetida Extract in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:349721. [PMID: 26798397 PMCID: PMC4700176 DOI: 10.1155/2015/349721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the antihypertensive effects of an Eisenia fetida extract (EFE) and its possible mechanisms in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR rats). Methods. Sixteen-week-old SHR rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY rats) were used in this study. Rats were, respectively, given EFE (EFE group), captopril (captopril group), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (normal control group and SHR group) for 4 weeks. ACE inhibitory activity of EFE in vitro was determined. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using a Rat Tail-Cuff Blood Pressure System. Levels of angiotensin II (Ang II), aldosterone (Ald), and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1α ) in plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay, and serum nitric oxide (NO) concentration was measured by Griess reagent systems. Results. EFE had marked ACE inhibitory activity in vitro (IC50 = 2.5 mg/mL). After the 4-week drug management, SHR rats in EFE group and in captopril group had lower SBP and DBP, lower levels of Ang II and Ald, and higher levels of 6-keto-PGF1α and NO than the SHR rats in SHR group. Conclusion. These results indicate that EFE has hypotensive effects in SHR rats and its effects might be associated with its ACE inhibitory activity.
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Wang GJ, Lin SY, Wu WC, Hou WC. DPPH Radical Scavenging and Semicarbazide-Sensitive Amine Oxidase Inhibitory and Cytotoxic Activities ofTaiwanofungus camphoratus(Chang-Chih). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1873-8. [PMID: 17690475 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wild, liquid state culture and solid state culture of Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Chang-chih) were sequentially extracted with cold water, methanol, and hot water to get cold water soluble, methanol soluble, and hot water soluble extracts respectively. The extracts from three Chang-chih were used to determine 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities against B16-F10 and HT-1080 cell lines. It was found that extracted fractions from three Chang-chih exhibited the different levels of biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guei-Jane Wang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen YR, Chang KT, Tsai MJ, Lee CH, Huang KJ, Cheng H, Ho YP, Chen JC, Yang HH, Weng CF. Antrodia cinnamomea profoundly exalted the reversion of activated hepatic stellate cells by the alteration of cellular proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:150-62. [PMID: 24751970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct modulation of Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) on the prominent role of liver fibrosis-hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in situ remains unclear. Firstly, the administration of A. cinnamomea mycelial extract (ACME) could improve liver morphology and histological changes including collagen formation and GPT activity in the liver of thioacetamide (TAA)-injured rats. The morphology and fatty acid restore of TAA-induced HSCs (THSCs) returned to the non-chemical induced HSCs (NHSCs) type as measured by immunofluorescence and Oil Red O staining. PPARγ was upregulated associated with the lowering of α-SMA protein in NHSC-ACME. ACME inhibited the MMP-2 activity in NHSCs by gelatin Zymography. After LC-MS/MS, the cytoskeleton (tubulin, lamin A) and heat shock protein 8 in NHSC-ACME, and guanylate kinase, brain-specific kinase, SG-II and p55 proteins were downregulated in THSC-ACME. Whereas MHC class II, SMC6 protein, and phospholipase D were upregulated in NHSC-ACME. Furthermore, PKG-1 was downregulated in NHSC-ACME and upregulated in THSC-ACME. SG-II and p55 proteins were downregulated in NHSC-ACME and THSC-ACME by Western blotting. Taken together, the beneficial effect of A. cinnamomea on the induction of HSC cellular proteins is potentially applied as an alternative and complementary medicine for the prevention and amelioration of a liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ren Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ting Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - May-Jywan Tsai
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Jean Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Henrich Cheng
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Peng Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Chyi Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University, Tainan 710, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Hui Yang
- Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, General Education Center, Tzu Chi College of Technology, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 974, Taiwan.
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Xia Y, Wang Y, Zhang B, Xu G, Ai L. Effect of cultural conditions on antrodin C production by basidiomycete Antrodia camphorata in solid-state fermentation. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:724-32. [PMID: 24548184 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata is a medicinal fungus and antrodin C is one of the main bioactive components of A. camphorata in the submerged fermentation (SmF). To optimize the culture conditions, the factors influencing the production of antrodin C by A. camphorata under solid-state fermentation (SSF) were investigated in this study. Different solid substrates and external nitrogen sources were tested for their efficiency in producing antrodin C. The response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the influence of several variables, namely, the concentrations of soybean meal, initial moisture content, and inoculum density on antrodin C production in solid-state fermentation. The experimental results show that the optimum fermentation medium for antrodin C production by A. camphorata was composed of 0.578 g soybean meal, 0.05 g Na2 HPO4 , 0.05 g MgSO4 for 100 g rice, with 51.83% initial moisture content, 22 day culture time, 28 °C culture temperature, and 35.54% inoculum density. At optimized conditions, 6,617.36 ± 92.71 mg kg(-1) yield of antrodin C was achieved. Solid-state fermentation is one good cultural method to improve the production of antrodin C by A. camphorata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xia
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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15
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Yeh YH, Hsieh YL, Lee YT. Effects of yam peel extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7387-7396. [PMID: 23841820 DOI: 10.1021/jf401864y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The phenolic acid and flavonoid profiles in yam peel extract were determined by HPLC. Quercetin, hesperidin, and apigenin were predominant components in yam peel extract. Male Wistar rats were orally treated with yam peel extract (100.02, 266.72, and 433.42 mg/kg) or silymarin (200 mg/kg) daily, with administration of CCl4 (1 mL/kg, 20% CCl4 in olive oil) twice a week. Yam peel extract for 8 weeks significantly reduced the impact of CCl4 toxicity on the serum markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The overall potential of the antioxidant system was significantly enhanced by the yam peel extract supplements as the plasma and hepatic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were lowered, whereas the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) protein level were elevated. Yam peel extract decreased the level of nitric oxide (NO) production, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in CCl4. These results point out that yam peel extract can inhibit lipid peroxidation, enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and decrease the TNF-α/NF-κB level, nitric oxide production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions. Therefore, it was speculated that yam peel extract protects rats from liver damage through its anti-inflammation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hung Yeh
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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16
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Taiwanofungus camphorata nitroreductase: cDNA cloning and biochemical characterisation. Food Chem 2012; 135:2708-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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Chung TY, Li FY, Chang CI, Jinn TR, Tzen JTC. Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase by Antcins, Unique Steroid-Like Compounds in Antrodia camphorate. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:953-65. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1250070x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of Na+/K+ -ATPase by versatile steroid-like compounds contributes to the putative therapeutic effects of many Chinese medicinal cardiac products via the same molecular mechanism triggered by cardiac glycosides. Five major steroid-like compounds, antcin A, B, C, H, and K were isolated from Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata), a unique Taiwan mushroom, and all inhibited Na+/K+ -ATPase. Antcin A exhibited significantly higher inhibitory potency than the other four antcins, though weaker than ginsenoside Rh2 . In contrast, cortisone (an analogous steroid with anti-inflammatory effects stronger than antcin A) showed no detectable inhibitory potency. Molecular modeling has shown that antcins bind to Na+/K+ -ATPase with the steroidal skeleton structurally upside-down in comparison with ginsenoside Rh2 . The inhibitory potency of antcin A is attributed to steroidal hydrophobic interaction within the binding pocket and the formation of three hydrogen bonds between its carboxyl group and two cationic residues around the cavity entrance of Na+/K+ -ATPase. The presence of an additional carbonyl or hydroxyl group at C7 of the other four antcins leads to severe repulsion in the hydrophobic pocket, and thus significantly reduces inhibitory potency. It is proposed that antcin A is a bi-functional compound that exerts anti-inflammatory effects and that enhances blood circulation via two different molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Yu Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yin Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chi-I Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Rong Jinn
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jason T. C. Tzen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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18
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Lin YS, Lu YL, Wang GJ, Chen LG, Wen CL, Hou WC. Ethanolic extracts and isolated compounds from small-leaf grape (Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana) with antihypertensive activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7435-7441. [PMID: 22762395 DOI: 10.1021/jf302445x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the antihypertensive effects of ethanolic extracts (EE) and compounds isolated from the small-leaf grape (Vitis thunbergii var. taiwaniana, VTT). The highest antiangiotensin-converting enzyme (anti-ACE) was found in stem-EE (IC50 was 69.5 μg/mL). In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), stem-EE effectively reduced blood pressure 24 h after administration of a single oral dose or when administered daily for 4 weeks. The isolated compounds, including (+)-vitisin A, ampelopsin C, and (+)-ε-viniferin, were shown to have anti-ACE and vasodilating effects against phenylephrine-induced tensions in an endothelium-intact aortic ring, with (+)-vitisin A being the most effective compound. Compared to control rats, SHRs showed significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures 24 h after a single oral dose of (+)-vitisin A (10 mg/kg) or captopril (2 mg/kg). These results suggest that the development of functional foods with VTT extracts may be beneficial for regulating blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Shiou Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Chen LY, Sheu MT, Liao CK, Tsai FC, Kao WY, Su CH. Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Syn Antrodia camphorata) extract and amphotericin B exert adjuvant effects via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Integr Cancer Ther 2012; 12:153-64. [PMID: 22791310 DOI: 10.1177/1534735412442379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of multiple drugs in cancer therapy increases the efficacy of the potential therapeutic effects. In this study, the authors investigated the adjuvant effects of an ethanol extract of solid-state cultivated Taiwanofungus camphoratus (TCEE) and amphotericin B (AmB) in the human cancer cell lines RPMI7951 and MG63. Taiwanofungus camphoratus is a well-known Chinese medicine in Taiwan, and AmB is a widely used antifungal agent. The authors demonstrated that TCEE pretreatment followed by AmB treatment effectively inhibited cell growth. The combination of sublethal doses of TCEE and AmB revealed a significant growth inhibitory effect in both cell lines. The combination of TCEE and AmB but not AmB alone induced phosphatidylserine externalization and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Cell cycle analyses revealed that combination of TCEE and AmB triggered G2/M arrest and significant apoptosis after 48 hours. These effects were greater than those achieved using TCEE or AmB alone. Furthermore, the authors demonstrated that the drugs increased the levels of p21(Cip1/Waf1) and pro-apoptotic protein Bax and reduced the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Taken together, the results showed that the combination treatment of TCEE and AmB displays strong adjuvant effects, which are indicated by the inhibition of cell proliferation in 2 human cancer cell lines, RPMI7951 and MG63. These findings suggest possible therapeutic applications and alternative medicines using this drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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20
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Huang GJ, Deng JS, Huang SS, Shao YY, Chen CC, Kuo YH. Protective effect of antrosterol from Antrodia camphorata submerged whole broth against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in mice. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Chen LY, Sheu MT, Liu DZ, Liao CK, Ho HO, Kao WY, Ho YS, Lee WS, Su CH. Pretreatment with an ethanolic extract of Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Antrodia camphorata) enhances the cytotoxic effects of amphotericin B. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11255-11263. [PMID: 21899275 DOI: 10.1021/jf2024215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Taiwanofungus camphoratus, a well-known Chinese medicine used in Taiwan, possesses several pharmacological functions, including anticancer effects. In the present study, we aimed to investigate a novel anticancer effect by pretreating cancer cells with an ethanolic extract of T. camphoratus (TCEE) followed by the administration of an antifungal agent amphotericin B (AmB). Both TCEE and AmB showed significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HT29 cells. Pretreatment with a nontoxic dose of TCEE enhanced the cytotoxicity of AmB. Furthermore, significant apoptotic cell death was found in cells treated with TCEE and AmB. A combination treatment with AmB plus TCEE resulted in a significant repression of tumor growth in HT29 xenografts. Collectively, our results indicated that combined treatment with AmB and TCEE effectively induced apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth. In the future, TCEE may serve as a potential complementary and alternative medicine to treat patients suffering from colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, Republic of China
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22
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Xia Y, Zhang B, Li W, Xu G. Changes in volatile compound composition of Antrodia camphorata during solid state fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:2463-2470. [PMID: 21823126 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the volatiles present in mushrooms and fungi have been investigated by many researchers, including Antrodia camphorata in submerged fermentation, there are few data available regarding changes in volatile compounds during fermentation. Our research has revealed that solid state fermentation of A. camphorata is highly odiferous compared with submerged cultures and the odor changed with increasing culture time. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the changes in volatile compound composition of A. camphorata during solid state fermentation. RESULTS Altogether, 124 major volatile compounds were identified. The volatile compounds produced by A. camphorata during growth in solid state fermentation were quite different. Oct-1-en-3-ol, octan-3-one and methyl 2-phenylacetate were predominant in exponential growth phase production, while the dominant volatiles produced in stationary phase were octan-3-one and methyl 2-phenylacetate. In stationary phase, lactone compounds in A. camphorata, such as 5-butyloxolan-2-one, 5-heptyloxolan-2-one, 6-heptyloxan-2-one, contributed greatly to peach and fruit-like flavor. Terpene and terpene alcohol compounds, such as 1-terpineol, L-linalool, T-cadinol, (E, E)-farnesol, β-elemene, cis-α-bisabolene and α-muurolene, made different contributions to herbal fresh aroma in A. camphorata. Nineteen volatile sesquiterpenes were detected from solid state fermentation of A. camphorata. The compounds 5-n-butyl-5H-furan-2-one, β-ionone, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, aromadendrene oxide, diepi-α-cedrene epoxide, β-elemene, α-selinene, α-muurolene, azulene, germacrene D, γ-cadinene and 2-methylpyrazine have not hitherto been reported in A. camphorata. CONCLUSION The preliminary results suggest that the aroma-active compounds produced by A camphorata in solid state fermentation might serve as an important source of natural aroma compounds for the food and cosmetic industries or antibiotic activity compounds. The sesquiterpenes could be identified as possible taxonomic markers for A. camphorata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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23
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Abdullah N, Ismail SM, Aminudin N, Shuib AS, Lau BF. Evaluation of Selected Culinary-Medicinal Mushrooms for Antioxidant and ACE Inhibitory Activities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2012:464238. [PMID: 21716693 PMCID: PMC3118607 DOI: 10.1155/2012/464238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of diet in prevention of oxidative stress-related diseases including hypertension, this study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities of selected culinary-medicinal mushrooms extracted by boiling in water for 30 min. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the following assays: DPPH free radical scavenging activity, β-carotene bleaching, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reducing power ability, and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Antioxidant potential of each mushroom species was calculated based on the average percentages relative to quercetin and summarized as Antioxidant Index (AI). Ganoderma lucidum (30.1%), Schizophyllum commune (27.6%), and Hericium erinaceus (17.7%) showed relatively high AI. Total phenolics in these mushrooms varied between 6.19 to 63.51 mg GAE/g extract. In the ACE inhibitory assay, G. lucidum was shown to be the most potent species (IC(50) = 50 μg/mL). Based on our findings, culinary-medicinal mushrooms can be considered as potential source of dietary antioxidant and ACE inhibitory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorlidah Abdullah
- Mushroom Research Centre, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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24
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Chiou JF, Wu ATH, Wang WT, Kuo TH, Gelovani JG, Lin IH, Wu CH, Chiu WT, Deng WP. A Preclinical Evaluation of Antrodia camphorata Alcohol Extracts in the Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Non-Invasive Molecular Imaging. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:914561. [PMID: 21785640 PMCID: PMC3137791 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to provide a platform for the pre-clinical evaluation of anti-cancer properties of a unique CAM (complementary and alternative medicine) agent, Antrodia camphorata alcohol extract (ACAE), in a mouse model with the advantageous non-invasive in vivo bioluminescence molecular imaging technology. In vitro analyses on the proliferation, migration/invasion, cell cycle and apoptosis were performed on ACAE-treated non-small cell lung cancer cells, H441GL and control CGL1 cells. In vivo, immune-deficient mice were inoculated subcutaneously with H441GL followed by oral gavages of ACAE. The effect of ACAE on tumor progression was monitored by non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. The proliferation and migration/invasion of H441GL cells were inhibited by ACAE in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ACAE induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis in H441GL cells as shown by flow cytometric analysis, Annexin-V immunoflourescence and DNA fragmentation. In vivo bioluminescence imaging revealed that tumorigenesis was significantly retarded by oral treatment of ACAE in a dose-dependent fashion. Based on our experimental data, ACAE contains anti-cancer properties and could be considered as a potential CAM agent in future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Feng Chiou
- Cancer Center and Department of Radiatioin Oncology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Chen TI, Chen CC, Lin TW, Tsai YT, Nam MK. A 90-day subchronic toxicological assessment of Antrodia cinnamomea in Sprague–Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:429-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Geethangili M, Tzeng YM. Review of Pharmacological Effects of Antrodia camphorata and Its Bioactive Compounds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:212641. [PMID: 19687189 PMCID: PMC3095428 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata is a unique mushroom of Taiwan, which has been used as a traditional medicine for protection of diverse health-related conditions. In an effort to translate this Eastern medicine into Western-accepted therapy, a great deal of work has been carried out on A. camphorata. This review discusses the biological activities of the crude extracts and the main bioactive compounds of A. camphorata. The list of bioactivities of crude extracts is huge, ranging from anti-cancer to vasorelaxation and others. Over 78 compounds consisting of terpenoids, benzenoids, lignans, benzoquinone derivatives, succinic and maleic derivatives, in addition to polysaccharides have been identified. Many of these compounds were evaluated for biological activity. Many activities of crude extracts and pure compounds of A. camphorata against some major diseases of our time, and thus, a current review is of great importance. It is concluded that A. camphorata can be considered as an efficient alternative phytotherapeutic agent or a synergizer in the treatment of cancer and other immune-related diseases. However, clinical trails of human on A. camphorata extracts are limited and those of pure compounds are absent. The next step is to produce some medicines from A. camphorata, however, the production may be hampered by problems related to mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madamanchi Geethangili
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences and Technology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, Taiwan
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27
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Anticancer Effects of Taiwanofungus camphoratus Extracts, Isolated Compounds and its Combinational use. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Huang CH, Chang CC, Lin CM, Wang ST, Wu MT, Li EIC, Chang HC, Lin CC. Promoting effect of Antrodia camphorata as an immunomodulating adjuvant on the antitumor efficacy of HER-2/neu DNA vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:1259-72. [PMID: 20390417 PMCID: PMC11030179 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that DNA vaccines induce protective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in several animal models. Antrodia camphorata (AC) is a unique basidiomycete fungus of the Polyporaceae family that only grows on the aromatic tree Cinnamomum kanehirai Hayata (Lauraceae) endemic to Taiwan. Importantly, AC has been shown to be highly beneficial in the treatment and prevention of cancer. The goal of this study was to investigate whether AC is able to augment the antitumor immune properties of a HER-2/neu DNA vaccine in a mouse model in which p185neu is overexpressed in MBT-2 tumor cells. Compared with the mice that received the HER-2/neu DNA vaccine alone, co-treatment with AC suppressed tumor growth and extended the survival rate. This increase in the antitumor efficacy was attributed to the enhancement of the Th1-like cellular immune response by the HER-2/neu DNA vaccine-AC combination. Evidence for this came from the marked increase in the IFN-gamma mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells in the draining inguinal lymph nodes, an increase in the number of functional HER-2/neu-specific CTLs, and the increased tumor infiltration of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, depletion of which abolishes the antitumor effect of the HER-2/neu DNA vaccine-AC therapy. Our results further indicate that the treatment of mice with AC enhanced DC activation and production of Th1-activating cytokines (e.g. IL-12, and IFN-alpha) in the draining lymph nodes, which were sufficient to directly stimulate T cell proliferation and higher IFN-gamma production in response to ErbB2. Overall, these results clearly demonstrate that AC represents a promising immunomodulatory adjuvant that could enhance the therapeutic potency of HER-2/neu DNA vaccines in cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antrodia
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma/drug therapy
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Cell Extracts/administration & dosage
- Cell Extracts/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Female
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/immunology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Vaccines, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Che Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiu-Mei Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sin-Ting Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Tze Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eric I. C. Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsien-Chang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung-Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Medical Technology, College of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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29
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Juan YS, Mannikarottu A, Chuang SM, Li S, Lin AD, Chang-Chou L, Schuler C, Leggett RE, Levin RM. Protective effect of Antrodia Camphorata on bladder ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Urol Nephrol 2009; 42:637-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-009-9642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Kim DW, Hwang IK, Lim SS, Yoo KY, Li H, Kim YS, Kwon DY, Moon WK, Kim DW, Won MH. Germinated Buckwheat extract decreases blood pressure and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in aortic endothelial cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Phytother Res 2009; 23:993-8. [PMID: 19140152 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thee present study analysed the quantification of rutin in raw buckwheat extract (RBE) and germinated buckwheat extract (GBE) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and examined changes in body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and nitrotyrosine (a marker for peroxynitrite formation) immunoreactivity in aortic endothelial cells in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats after treatment with RBE and GBE for 5 weeks. In the HPLC study, RBE and GBE contained a mean content of rutin of 1.52 +/- 0.21 and 2.92 +/- 0.88 mg/g, respectively. In the 600 mg/kg GBE-treated group, SBP was lower than that in the 600 mg/kg RBE-treated group. The treatment with RBE and/or GBE significantly reduced oxidative damage in aortic endothelial cells by lowering nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. These results suggest that GBE has an antihypertensive effect and may protect arterial endothelial cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Won Kim
- Central Research Institute, Natural F&P Co. Ltd, Chuncheon 200-163, South Korea.
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Majid E, Male KB, Tzeng Y, Omamogho JO, Glennon JD, Luong JHT. Cyclodextrin‐modified capillary electrophoresis for achiral and chiral separation of ergostane and lanostane compounds extracted from the fruiting body ofAntrodia camphorata. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1967-75. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ao ZH, Xu ZH, Lu ZM, Xu HY, Zhang XM, Dou WF. Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata) and its potential in treating liver diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 121:194-212. [PMID: 19061947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu, Ryvarden & T.T. Chang) is a basidiomycete endemic to Taiwan. It is well known as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and Taiwanese aborigines used this species to treat liver diseases and food and drug intoxication. The compounds identified in Niuchangchih are predominantly polysaccharides, triterpenoids, steroids, benzenoids and maleic/succinic acid derivatives. Recent research has revealed that Niuchangchih possesses extensive biological activity, such as hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, immuno-modulatory, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The fruiting bodies and fermented products of Niuchangchih have been reported to exhibit activity when treating liver diseases, such as preventing ethanol-, CCl(4)- and cytokine-induced liver injury, inhibiting the hepatitis B virus, ameliorating fatty liver and liver fibrosis, and inhibiting liver cancer cells. This review will address the protective effects of Niuchangchih on the pathological development of liver diseases, and the underlying mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Hua Ao
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Jiangnan University, No. 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, PR China
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Male KB, Rao YK, Tzeng YM, Montes J, Kamen A, Luong JHT. Probing Inhibitory Effects of Antrodia camphorata Isolates Using Insect Cell-Based Impedance Spectroscopy: Inhibition vs Chemical Structure. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:2127-33. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800202a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith B. Male
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2, Institute of Biotechnology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, 41349 Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yerra Koteswara Rao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2, Institute of Biotechnology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, 41349 Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yew-Min Tzeng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2, Institute of Biotechnology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, 41349 Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Johnny Montes
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2, Institute of Biotechnology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, 41349 Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amine Kamen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2, Institute of Biotechnology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, 41349 Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John H. T. Luong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4P 2R2, Institute of Biotechnology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng, 41349 Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Chen YS, Pan JH, Chiang BH, Lu FJ, Sheen LY. Ethanolic extracts of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia fermented at varied times and scales have differential effects on hepatoma cells and normal primary hepatocytes. J Food Sci 2008; 73:H179-85. [PMID: 18803715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycelia of Antrodia cinnamomea (AC), an edible fungus native to Taiwan, were produced by submerged fermentation with various fermentation times in 250 mL, 5 and 500 L fermentors and were evaluated for the effect of fermentation products on the viabilities of Hep3B and HepG2 hepatoma cells and normal primary rat hepatocytes. The results showed that the ethanolic extracts of AC mycelia (from 250 mL fermentation for 8 wk and 5 and 500 L fermentations for 4 wk) possessed high antihepatoma activity. The IC(50) of ethanolic extract of AC mycelia fermented for 8 wk in a 250 mL fermentor against Hep3B and HepG2 cells were 82.9 and 54.2 microg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the IC(50) for Hep3B and HepG2, treated with ethanolic extract of AC mycelia fermented for 4 wk in the 5 L fermentor were 48.7 and 3.8 microg/mL, respectively. Those treated with ethanolic extract of AC mycelia fermented for 4 wk in the 500 L fermentor were 36.9 and 3.1 microg/mL, respectively. No adverse effects of all samples on normal primary rat hepatocytes were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-S Chen
- Graduate Inst of Food Science and Technology, Natl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lu MC, Du YC, Chuu JJ, Hwang SL, Hsieh PC, Hung CS, Chang FR, Wu YC. Active extracts of wild fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata (EEAC) induce leukemia HL 60 cells apoptosis partially through histone hypoacetylation and synergistically promote anticancer effect of trichostatin A. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:121-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lin SY, Wang CC, Lu YL, Wu WC, Hou WC. Antioxidant, anti-semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, and anti-hypertensive activities of geraniin isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria. Food Chem Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.007 pmid: 18495318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lin SY, Wang CC, Lu YL, Wu WC, Hou WC. Antioxidant, anti-semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, and anti-hypertensive activities of geraniin isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2485-92. [PMID: 18495318 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The wrinkle-fruited leaf flower (Phyllanthus urinaria L.) (Euphorbiaceae) is widely used as a traditional folk medicine for inflammatory relief. Geraniin, the hydrolysable tannin, was purified by a series of chromatographic processes from the 70% aqueous acetone extracts of P. urinaria and identified by NMR [1H (500 MHz) and 13C NMR (126 MHz)] spectra and mass spectroscopy. The scavenging activities of geraniin against DPPH radicals (half-inhibition concentration, IC50, were 0.92 and 1.27 microM, respectively, for pH 4.5 and pH 7.9), hydroxyl radicals (IC50 was 0.11 microM by deoxyribose method and 1.44 microM by electron spin resonance method), and superoxide radicals (IC50 were 2.65 microM) were determined in comparison with positive controls. The inhibitory activities against xanthine oxidase (IC50 were 30.49 microM) were measured. Geraniin also showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities against semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO, IC50 were 6.58 microM) and against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, IC50 were 13.22microM). For kinetic property determinations, geraniin showed competitive inhibitions against SSAO (the apparent inhibition constant, Ki, was 0.70microM) and mixed noncompetitive inhibitions against ACE. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, 10-week age) were orally administered to once (5 mg geraniin/kg SHR), and changes of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured over 24 h and compared with the positive control of captopril (2 mg/kg SHR). The geraniin showed antihypertensive activity in lowering SBP and DBP and showed a significant difference from the blank (distilled water) at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h. Healthy food products could use geraniin for antioxidant protection and therapeutic effects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyr-Yi Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Miyazawa N, Okazaki M, Ohga S. Antihypertensive Effect of Pleurotus nebrodensis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Oleo Sci 2008; 57:675-81. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.57.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Liu DZ, Liang HJ, Chen CH, Su CH, Lee TH, Huang CT, Hou WC, Lin SY, Zhong WB, Lin PJ, Hung LF, Liang YC. Comparative anti-inflammatory characterization of wild fruiting body, liquid-state fermentation, and solid-state culture of Taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:45-53. [PMID: 17590297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Taiwanofungus camphoratus (syn. Antrodia camphorata), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, is reputed to provide several therapeutic benefits, but the wild fruiting body is very rare. In this study, we used Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts from wild fruiting bodies and two types of artificial cultivation (solid-state culture and liquid-state fermentation) to examine their anti-inflammatory effects in microglia cells and their possible roles in protection against neurodegenerative diseases. First, EOC13.31 microglia was treated with various kinds of Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to evaluate the iNOS expression. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that among the various kinds of extracts from wild fruiting bodies, methanol extracts were the most potent inhibitors of iNOS expression. Secondly, the potency of methanol extracts could be ranked as follows: extracts of wild fruiting body>solid-state culture>liquid-state fermentation. To clarify the mechanisms involved, methanol extracts from fruiting body were found to inhibit the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) induced by LPS/IFN-gamma. Methanol extracts from fruiting body also inhibited NF-kappaB activation through the prevention of inhibitor kappaB (IkappaB) degradation. Moreover, methanol extracts from wild fruiting body inhibited both the iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by beta-amyloid in microglia in a dose-dependent manner. In an animal model, we confirmed that methanol extracts from fruiting bodies were able to suppress ear edema, indicating that they have anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. These results suggest that Taiwanofungus camphoratus exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity that might contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Zen Liu
- Graduate Institutes of Biomedical Materials, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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