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Han Y, Pan J, Ma Y, Zhou D, Xu W. Protein-based biomaterials for combating viral infections: current status and future prospects for development. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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2
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Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Efficacy of Silk Cocoon, Silkworm Pupa and Non-Sericin Extracts. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121553. [PMID: 34943765 PMCID: PMC8698825 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are prevalent worldwide and are the cause of life- threatening diseases. Standard treatment with antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, could prevent serious complications; however, resistance has been reported specifically among immunocompromised patients. Therefore, the development of an alternative approach is needed. The silk cocoon derived from silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been recognized for its broad-spectrum biological activity, including antiviral activity; however, its effects against HSV infection are unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of silk extracts derived from the cocoon shell, silk cocoon, silkworm pupa and non-sericin extract, on blocking HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding to host cells, resulting in the inhibition of the virus infection in Vero cells. Non-sericin extract demonstrated the greatest effectiveness on inhibiting HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding activity. Moreover, the virucidal effect to inactivate HSV-1 and HSV-2 was determined and revealed that non-sericin extract also exerted the highest potential activity. Using the treatment of non-sericin extract in HSV-2-infected HeLa cells could significantly lower the HSV-induced cell death and prevent inflammation via lowering the inflammatory cytokine gene expression. The non-sericin extract was analyzed for its bioactive compounds in which gallic acid, flavonoid and xanthophyll were identified, and might have partially contributed to its antiviral activity. The finding in our study suggested the potential of silk extract as an alternative therapeutic treatment for HSV infection.
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Park JE, Jeong YJ, Kim HY, Yoo YH, Lee KS, Yang WT, Kim DH, Kim JM. Hepatic Steatosis Alleviated in Diabetic Mice upon Dietary Exposure to Fibroin via Transgenic Rice: Potential STAMP2 Involvement in Hepatocytes. Dev Reprod 2020; 24:231-239. [PMID: 33110955 PMCID: PMC7576964 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2020.24.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many benefits of silk protein fibroin (SPF) have been suggested in biomedical
applications; and notably, significant SPF effects have been observed for
metabolic syndromes that are directly linked to insulin resistance, such as type
2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Based on our previous findings, we believe that SPF
from spiders exhibits outstanding glucose-lowering effects in diabetic
BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb mice. In order to evaluate the
dietary effects of SPF in diabetic animals, we generated several lines of
transgenic rice (TR) that expresses SPF, and the feeding of TR-SPF to diabetic
animals decreased blood glucose levels, but did not change insulin levels.
Western blot analyses of hepatic proteins showed that AMP-activated protein
kinase (AMPK) expression and phosphorylation both decreased in TR-SPF-fed
groups, compared with controls. This finding suggests that the glucose-lowering
effects in this diabetic animal model might be AMPK-independent. In contrast,
six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) was upregulated after TR-SPF
exposure. Together with STAMP2, the Akt protein phosphorylation increased after
TR-SPF exposure, which indicates that STAMP2 leads to Akt phosphorylation and
thus increases insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes. Importantly, the hepatic
steatosis that was seen in the liver of diabetic mice was remarkably alleviated
in TR-SPF-fed mice. Hepatocytes that were immunopositive for STAMP2 were
overwhelmingly observed in hepatic tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice compared to the
control. Taken together, these results suggest that feeding diabetic mice with
TR-SPF upregulates STAMP2 expression and increases Akt phosphorylation in
hepatic tissues and thus potentially alleviates insulin resistance and hepatic
steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Park
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Jeong
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Won Tae Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Doh Hoon Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
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Spider Silk Fibroin Protein Heterologously Produced in Rice Seeds Reduce Diabetes and Hypercholesterolemia in Mice. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101282. [PMID: 32998453 PMCID: PMC7650732 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin proteins are biomaterials with diverse applications. These spider and silkworm proteins have specific biological effects when consumed by mammals; in addition to reducing blood pressure and blood glucose and cholesterol levels, they have anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. In the present study, rice (Oryza sativa) was engineered to produce the C-terminus of the major ampullate spidroin protein from the spider Araneus ventricosus under the control of a Prolamin promoter. Homozygous transgenic rice lines were identified, and the therapeutic effect of this spider silk fibroin protein on the lipid and glucose metabolism was analyzed in a mouse model. Feeding fat-fed mice, the transgenic rice seeds for four weeks reduced serum concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and lowered blood glucose levels. This is the first study to investigate the effects of consumption of rice seeds heterologously expressing spider silk fibroin protein in a mammalian model. Our findings suggest that functional foods containing spider silk fibroin protein might be useful as potential pharmaceutical materials for preventing and treating diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypercholesterolemia.
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Dietary Silk Peptide Inhibits LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Modulating Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Signaling. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050771. [PMID: 32429220 PMCID: PMC7277379 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-hydrolyzed silk peptide (SP) is a valuable material that has been used traditionally to treat various diseases, however, the mechanism by which it affects inflammatory responses is unknown. To examine the effects of SP on inflammatory responses, we used macrophages as a vehicle for examining signaling via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which plays an important role in innate immune responses to pathogenic infections and pathogen-derived molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We then confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of SP by examining lymph node, spleen, and serum samples from C57BL/6 mice injected with LPS. We also used LPS-induced bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cells (a murine macrophage cell line) to identify the mechanism by which SP modulates immune responses via the TLR4 signaling pathway. In addition, we showed that SP prevents LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. In summary, SP inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses by modulating the TLR4 signaling pathway.
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Jang SH, Oh MS, Baek HI, Ha KC, Lee JY, Jang YS. Silk peptide treatment potentiates natural killer cell activity in vitro and induces natural killer cell maturation and activation in mouse splenocytes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:369-379. [PMID: 31156004 PMCID: PMC6567191 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1617749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Context: Silk peptide from cocoons of silkworm (Bombyx mori L., Bombycidae) has been employed as a biomedical material and exhibits various bioactivities, including immune-modulating activity. Objective: We analyzed whether silk peptide exerts direct modulating effects on NK cells using an NK cell line in vitro and ex vivo splenocytes. We also attempted to delineate the mechanism underlying the modulation. Material and methods: In vitro activity of silk peptide on NK cells was determined by measurement of cytolytic activity against K562 cells at an effector-to-target ratio of 5:1 after incubation of NK-92MI cells with silk peptide (0-2000 μg/mL) for 48 and 72 h. Ex vivo activity of silk peptide on mouse splenic NK cells was determined similarly by using YAC-1 cells. Results: Treatment of NK-92MI NK cells with silk peptide (500-2000 μg/mL) significantly increased cytolytic activity on target cells by 2- to 4-fold. The same concentrations (500-2000 μg/mL) of silk peptide treatment also significantly enhanced the cytolytic activity of splenic NK cells against YAC-1 cells. Silk peptide treatment of IL-2-stimulated splenocytes induced enhanced expression of Th1, 2 and 17 cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-17. Finally, ex vivo treatment with silk peptide on mouse splenocytes significantly enhanced the degree of NK cell maturation in a dose-dependent manner from 3.49 to 23.79%. Discussion and conclusions: These findings suggest that silk peptide stimulates NK cells, thereby influencing systemic immune functions and improving natural immunity. Thus, silk peptide could be useful as a complementary therapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | | | - Ki-Chan Ha
- Healthcare Claims and Management Inc, Jeonju, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- CONTACT Yong-Suk Jang Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Dukjin-gu, Jeonju54896, Korea
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7
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Park JE, Jeong YJ, Park JB, Kim HY, Yoo YH, Lee KS, Yang WT, Kim DH, Kim JM. Dietary Exposure to Transgenic Rice Expressing the Spider Silk Protein Fibroin Reduces Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Mice: The Potential Role of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Phosphorylation in Adipocytes. Dev Reprod 2019; 23:223-229. [PMID: 31660449 PMCID: PMC6812974 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). T2DM is correlated with obesity and most T2DM medications have been developed for enhancing insulin sensitivity. Silk protein fibroin (SPF) from spiders has been suggested as an attractive biomaterial for medical purposes. We generated transgenic rice (TR) expressing SPF and fed it to diabetic BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb mice to monitor the changes in blood glucose levels and adipose tissue proteins associated with energy metabolism and insulin signaling. In the present study, the adipocyte size in abdominal fat in TR-SPF-fed mice was remarkably smaller than that of the control. Whereas the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-activated protein kinase and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) protein levels were increased in abdominal adipose tissues after TR-SPF feeding, levels of six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) proteins decreased. Phosphorylation of AMPK at threonine 172 and IRS1 at serine 307 and tyrosine 632 were both increased in adipose tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice. Increased expression and phosphorylation of IRS1 at both serine 307 and tyrosine 632 in adipose tissues indicated that adipocytes obtained from abdominal fat in TR-SPF-fed mice were more susceptible to insulin signaling than that of the control. STAMP2 protein levels decreased in adipose tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice, indicating that STAMP2 proteins were reducing adipocytes that were undergoing lipolysis. Taken together, this study showed that TR-SPF was effective in reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and that concurrent lipolysis in abdominal adipocytes was associated with alterations of AMPK, IRS1, and STAMP2. Increased IRS1 expression and its phosphorylation by TR-SFP were considered to be particularly important in the induction of lipolysis in adipocytes, as well as in reducing blood glucose levels in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Park
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Yeon Jae Jeong
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Joon Beom Park
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Yoo
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
| | - Kwang Sik Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Won Tae Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Doh Hoon Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 49201, Korea
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Arif S, Umar M, Kim S. Interacting Metal-Insulator-Metal Resonator by Nanoporous Silver and Silk Protein Nanomembranes and Its Water-Sensing Application. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9010-9016. [PMID: 31459989 PMCID: PMC6648433 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Planar and lithography-free metal-insulator-metal (MIM) resonators based on the Fabry-Pérot etalon are attractive for biochemical sensing applications because of their acceptable optical performance and cost-effectiveness. However, injecting analytes into the insulating layer where the optical field is localized (high light-matter interaction) is difficult. Here, planar and lithography-free MIM resonators interacting with their environment are reported. In the MIM, molecules of a liquid can infiltrate the inherent nanopores in the deposited silver nanomembrane and be absorbed into the silk protein hydrogel membrane. The silk layer is swollen when water molecules are absorbed, inducing a large shift in the resonance wavelength. Thus, in this study, the proposed MIM resonator was applied as a highly sensitive water sensor, and a water content as low as 0.008% in organic solvents could be determined by reading the shift in the transmission peak. This limit can be lowered further by using a high-resolution spectrometer and a thicker silk layer. In addition, the area of interaction can be artificially selected by applying an elastomer stamp and a patterned photoresist window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Arif
- Department
of Energy Systems Research and Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic
of Korea
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Department
of Energy Systems Research and Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department
of Energy Systems Research and Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic
of Korea
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9
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Jang SH, Oh MS, Baek HI, Ha KC, Lee JY, Jang YS. Oral Administration of Silk Peptide Enhances the Maturation and Cytolytic Activity of Natural Killer Cells. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e37. [PMID: 30402332 PMCID: PMC6215900 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk peptide, the hydrolysate of silk protein derived from cocoons, has been employed as a biomedical material and is believed to be safe for human use. Silk peptide display various bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, and anti-bacterial. Although earlier investigations demonstrated that silk peptide stimulates macrophages and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, its effect on natural killer (NK) cell function has not yet been explored. In this study, we initially confirmed that silk peptide enhances NK cell activity in vitro and ex vivo. To assess the modulatory activity of silk peptide on NK cells, mice were fed various amounts of a silk peptide-supplemented diet for 2 months and the effects on immune stimulation, including NK cell activation, were evaluated. Oral administration of silk peptide significantly enhanced the proliferation of mitogen- or IL-2-stimulated splenocytes. In addition, oral silk peptide treatment enhanced the frequency and degree of maturation of NK cells in splenocytes. The same treatment also significantly enhanced the target cell cytolytic activity of NK cells, which was determined by cell surface CD107a expression and intracellular interferon-γ expression. Finally, oral administration of silk peptide stimulated T helper 1-type cytokine expression from splenic lymphocytes. Collectively, our results suggest that silk peptide potentiates NK cell activity in vivo and could be used as a compound for immune-modulating anti-tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Oh
- Worldway Co., Ltd., Sejong 30003, Korea
| | - Hyang-Im Baek
- Healthcare Claims & Management Inc., Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | - Ki-Chan Ha
- Healthcare Claims & Management Inc., Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | | | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Fang Y, Wang S, Wu J, Zhang L, Wang Z, Gan L, He J, Shi H, Hou J. The kinetics and mechanism of α-glucosidase inhibition by F5-SP, a novel compound derived from sericin peptides. Food Funct 2018; 8:323-332. [PMID: 28045172 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of α-glucosidase decreases postprandial blood glucose and therefore plays an important role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study investigated and characterized a peptide fraction of sericin hydrolysate, the kinetics of peptide-induced inhibition of α-glucosidase, and the interaction mechanism between the peptides and α-glucosidase. The fraction that eluted with 0.4 M NaCl (F5-SPs) on a DEAE-cellulose column exhibited significant inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 41 ± 1.94 μg mL-1. A kinetics analysis revealed that the F5-SP-induced inhibition was a reversible and parabolic mixed-type inhibition with a Ki value of 86.63 ± 0.014 μg mL-1. F5-SPs can bind to α-glucosidase at multiple sites to alter the conformation of α-glucosidase. F5-SPs were found to be rich in Gly, Ser, Glu, Tyr, Arg, and Pro, and had a sericin-conserved sequence SEDSSEVDIDLGNLG, as analyzed by Nano LC-MS/MS. Fluorescence spectra analysis showed that F5-SPs quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of α-glucosidase by a static quenching mechanism, and circular dichroism analysis suggested that the binding of F5-SPs to α-glucosidase resulted in the alteration of the secondary structure of an enzyme. The results of this study support the dietary recommendation of F5-SPs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Fang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhengwu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Li Gan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jiajun He
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Haiming Shi
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jingli Hou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Food Safety and Engineering Research Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Naserzadeh P, Mortazavi SA, Ashtari K, Salimi A, Farokhi M, Pourahmad J. Evaluation of the toxicity effects of silk fibroin on human lymphocytes and monocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22056. [PMID: 29719092 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFNPs) as a natural polymer have been utilized in biomedical applications such as suture, tissue engineering-based scaffolds, and drug delivery carriers. Since there is little data regarding the toxicity effects on different cells and tissues, we aimed to determine the toxicity mechanisms of SFNPs on human lymphocytes and monocytes based on reliable methods. Our results showed that SFNPs (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL) induced oxidative stress via increasing reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψ) collapse, which was correlated to cytochrome c release and Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/Adenosine tri phosphate (ATP) ratio increase as well as lysosomal as another toxicity mechanism, which led to cytosolic release of lysosomal digestive proteases, phosphor lipases, and apoptosis signaling. Taken together, these data suggested that SFNPs toxicity was associated with mutual mitochondrial/lysosomal cross-talk and oxidative stress on human lymphocytes and monocytes with activated apoptosis signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Naserzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mortazavi
- Department of Pharmaceutics School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Ashtari
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Salimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farokhi
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Han BK, Lee HJ, Lee HS, Suh HJ, Park Y. Hypoglycaemic effects of functional tri-peptides from silk in differentiated adipocytes and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:116-121. [PMID: 25557385 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the tri-peptides Gly-Glu-Tyr (GEY) and Gly-Tyr-Gly (GYG), identified previously as active compounds from the silk peptide E5K6, significantly stimulated basal and insulin-mediated glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. RESULTS Synthetic GEY and GYG peptides at a concentration of 500 µmol L(-1) significantly increased glucose transporter type 4 expression by 157% and 239%, respectively. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes leads to accumulation of intracellular fat droplets, and GEY and GYG at a concentration of 250 µmol L(-1) suppressed this effect by 72% and 75%, respectively. GYG improved glucose tolerance in steptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These results suggest that GYG isolated from E5K6 has anti-diabetic potential and silk waste products containing bioactive peptides could be used to the developments of treatments to lower blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Food Quality & Safety Department, Agency for Korea National Food Cluster, Gwacheon, 427-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooheon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
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Otaka A, Takahashi K, Isshiki K, Kambe Y, Kojima K, Tamada Y, Tomita N. How do chondrocytes aggregate on fibroin substrate. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2013:405-8. [PMID: 24109709 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6609522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of substrate material on the spatio-temporal behavior of cells is an important issue. Although cell aggregation has been observed on various fibroin substrates, the mechanisms of this aggregation have yet to be fully clarified. In this study, cell aggregation behavior on fibroin substrates were evaluated, focusing on the distance between each cell and the direction of individual cell migration. Our results showed that on fibroin substrates cells did not attract each other. However cells stayed close to adjacent cells over 24 hours of cultivation.
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14
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Amelioration of the Progression of an Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesion by Silk Peptide and Identification of Functional Peptides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:473-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Heo HS, Choi JH, Oh JJ, Lee WJ, Kim SS, Lee DH, Lee HK, Song SW, Kim KH, Choi YK, Ryu KS, Kang BH. Evaluation of general toxicity and genotoxicity of the silkworm extract powder. Toxicol Res 2013; 29:263-78. [PMID: 24578797 PMCID: PMC3936179 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2013.29.4.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm extract powder contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent α-glycosidase inhibitor, has therapeutic potency against diabetes mellitus. Therefore, natural products containing DNJ from mulberry leaves and silkworm are consumed as health functional food. The present study was performed to evaluate the safety of the silkworm extract powder, a health food which containing the DNJ. The repeated toxicity studies and gentic toxicity studies of the silkworm extract powder were performed to obtain the data for new functional food approval in MFDS. The safety was evaluated by a single-dose oral toxicity study and a 90 day repeated-dose oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. The silkworm extract powder was also evaluated for its mutagenic potential in a battery of genetic toxicity test: in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. The results of the genetic toxicology assays were negative in all of the assays. The approximate lethal dose in single oral dose toxicity study was considered to be higher than 5000 mg/kg in rats. In the 90 day study, the dose levels were wet at 0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day, and 10 animals/sex/dose were treated with oral gavage. The parameters that were monitored were clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumptions, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathological examination. No adverse effects were observed after the 90 day administration of the silkworm extract powder. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of silkworm extract powder in the 90 day study was 2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes, and no target organ was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Suk Heo
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea ; College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Choi
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Jung-Ja Oh
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Woo-Joo Lee
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | | | - Do-Hoon Lee
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kul Lee
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Kap-Ho Kim
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kang-Sun Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Boo-Hyon Kang
- Nonclinical Research Center, Chemon Inc., Yongin, Korea
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Joseph B, Raj SJ. Therapeutic applications and properties of silk proteins fromBombyx mori. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2012.760491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Silk constructs for delivery of musculoskeletal therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1111-22. [PMID: 22522139 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) is a biopolymer with distinguishing features from many other bio- as well as synthetic polymers. From a biomechanical and drug delivery perspective, SF combines remarkable versatility for scaffolding (solid implants, hydrogels, threads, solutions), with advanced mechanical properties and good stabilization and controlled delivery of entrapped protein and small molecule drugs, respectively. It is this combination of mechanical and pharmaceutical features which renders SF so exciting for biomedical applications. This pattern along with the versatility of this biopolymer has been translated into progress for musculoskeletal applications. We review the use and potential of silk fibroin for systemic and localized delivery of therapeutics in diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system. We also present future directions for this biopolymer as well as the necessary research and development steps for their achievement.
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Hashimoto T, Kojima K, Otaka A, Takeda YS, Tomita N, Tamada Y. Quantitative Evaluation of Fibroblast Migration on a Silk Fibroin Surface and TGFBI Gene Expression. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 24:158-69. [DOI: 10.1163/156856212x629025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hashimoto
- a Silk Materials Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences , 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba , Ibaraki , 305-8634 , Japan
| | - Katsura Kojima
- a Silk Materials Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences , 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba , Ibaraki , 305-8634 , Japan
| | - Akihisa Otaka
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Yuji S. Takeda
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Naohide Tomita
- b Department of Mechanical Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku , Kyoto , 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamada
- a Silk Materials Research Unit, Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences , 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba , Ibaraki , 305-8634 , Japan
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Lee HJ, Lee HS, Choi JW, Ra KS, Kim JM, Suh HJ. Novel tripeptides with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity isolated from silk cocoon hydrolysate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11522-11525. [PMID: 21895007 DOI: 10.1021/jf202686m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Active compounds with antidiabetic potential were isolated from silk peptide E5K6 by consecutive ultrafiltration and gel filtration using Biogel P-2 and RS-HPLC using a YMC-Pack Pro C18 column. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of silk peptide E5K6 resulted from fractions with MW <1 kDa. The activities of gel-filtered fractions from silk peptide E5K6 of <1 kDa were assayed in vitro, demonstrating that the fourth peak (F4) had the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 37.1 mg/mL). F4 of silk peptide E5K6 was separated by HPLC into two peaks. Moreover, the purified compounds were identified as Gly-Glu-Tyr (GEY, MW = 367 Da) and Gly-Tyr-Gly (GYG, MW = 295 Da) according to amino acid sequences, and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC(50)) were 2.7 and 1.5 mg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Han ZZ, Koo KH, Kim KH, Bae JS, Shin SH, Kim HS, Kim JH, Heo HS, Gil KH, Lee JY, Kim KH, Kang BH, Lee HK, Choi HY, Li YC, Yeon SH, Lee JY, Song SW. Acute and 90-day subchronic toxicity studies of Silk peptide E5K6, in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2408-14. [PMID: 21729733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute and 90-day subchronic oral toxicity studies of Silk peptide E5K6 were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity study, Silk peptide E5K6 was administered orally to male and female rats at a single dose of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. Mortality, clinical signs and body weight changes were monitored for 14 days. There were no treatment-related changes in these parameters. Therefore, the Approximate Lethal Dose (ALD) of Silk peptide E5K6 in male and female rats is higher than 5000 mg/kg. In the subchronic toxicity study, Silk peptide E5K6 was administered orally to male and female rats for 90 days at a single dose of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg. There were no toxicologically significant changes in clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumptions, ophthalmoscopic examination, urinalysis, hematological and serum biochemical examinations, necropsy findings, organ weights and histopathological examination of all of the animals treated with Silk peptide E5K6. These results suggest that the oral No Observed Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of Silk peptide E5K6 is greater than 2000 mg/kg/day in both sexes and the target organs were not established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ze Han
- Preclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., 334 Jeil-ri, Yangji-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-826, Republic of Korea
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Seo CW, Um IC, Rico CW, Kang MY. Antihyperlipidemic and body fat-lowering effects of silk proteins with different fibroin/sericin compositions in mice fed with high fat diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4192-4197. [PMID: 21384872 DOI: 10.1021/jf104812g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of silk protein with different fibroin/sericin compositions on body weight and lipid metabolism in high fat-fed mice was investigated. The animals were given experimental diets for 6 weeks: normal control (NC), high fat (HF) and high fat diet supplemented with F100 (pure fibroin, HF-F100), F81 (81:19 fibroin/sericin, w/w, HF-F81) or F50 (50:50 fibroin/sericin, w/w, HF-F50). The silk protein-fed mice showed markedly reduced body weight and enhanced lipid profile relative to the HF group. In general, the amount of body fat, triglyceride and total plasma cholesterol levels, atherogenic index and free fatty acid level tended to decrease, while the HDL-cholesterol level increased, with increased amount of sericin in the diet. This hypolipidemic effect was partly due to increased fecal lipid excretion, inhibition of lipogenesis and regulation of adipokine production. These findings illustrate that silk protein, particularly sericin, may be beneficial in the prevention of high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Won Seo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Jung EY, Lee HS, Lee HJ, Kim JM, Lee KW, Suh HJ. Feeding silk protein hydrolysates to C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice improves blood glucose and lipid profiles. Nutr Res 2011; 30:783-90. [PMID: 21130298 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis for the research is that hydrolyzed silk protein has an antidiabetic effect by reducing plasma glucose levels. To investigate this potential antidiabetic activity of hydrolyzed silk protein by protease-N (silk protein hydrolysate E5K6) in vivo, male C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were separated into 3 groups: control group, db/db mice treated with vehicle (distilled water); SP-1 group, db/db mice treated with silk protein hydrolysate E5K6 at 0.1 g/kg body weight; and SP-2 group, db/db mice treated with silk protein hydrolysate E5K6 at 0.2 g/kg body weight. After 4 weeks of treatment, plasma glucose levels were lower in the SP-1 (177.3 ± 20.8 mg/dL) and SP-2 (151.8 ± 9.2 mg/dL) groups as compared to those in the control group (236.0 ± 31.2 mg/dL). Furthermore, blood glycated hemoglobin was significantly reduced in the SP-2 (6.6% ± 0.1%) compared to that in the control mice (7.7% ± 0.1%). The SP-2 group also had significant reductions in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the atherogenic index by 11%, 27%, and 26%, respectively, compared to the control group. Insulin levels on plasma concentrations were significantly increased in the silk protein hydrolysate E5K6 groups (SP-1, 4.2 ± 1.1 ng/mL; SP-2, 4.8 ± 0.4 ng/mL) compared to those in the control group (2.9 ± 0.9 ng/mL). The silk protein hydrolysate E5K6-treated db/db mice (SP-1, 62.8 ± 1.6 arbitrary units [AU]; SP-2, 63.0 ± 4.0 AU) displayed pancreatic islets with significantly enhanced (P < .05) insulin staining as compared to the intensity of staining of those from the control group (55.8 ± 2.5 AU). The results suggest that silk protein hydrolysate E5K6 has insulin-releasing activity through the induction of β-cell activity in the pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jung
- Department of Food and Nutrition & Institute of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Huang G, Li G, Chen H, He Y, Yao Q, Chen K. Proteomic analysis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes having a higher cell proliferation rate after treatment with low-molecular-weight silk fibroin peptides. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:515-27. [PMID: 20887557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2010.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have reported that fibroin peptides can be used in a new strategy for development of anti-diabetic peptide drugs. In this study, we separated silk fibroin hydrolysates (SFH) containing silk fibroin peptides into four components according to their molecular weight and tested the effects of these together with three synthetic silk fibroin hexapeptides GAGAGS, GAGAGY, GAGAGA on cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate protein expression profiles of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and those treated with SFH component Fraction I and the synthetic silk fibroin hexapeptide GAGAGS to be able to elucidate difference in protein expression between the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and those treated with fibroin peptides Fraction I and GAGAGS. MATERIALS AND METHODS SFH was separated by dialysis. MTT assays were performed to test effects of SFH components and synthetic silk fibroin hexapeptides on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation. We generated proteome maps using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analysed them by peptide mass fingerprinting. RESULTS GAGAGS and peptide mixtures, Fraction I and Fraction II, had significant effect in promoting 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation. In the proteomic analysis, 73 protein spots were successfully identified, including 15 which were differentially expressed. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that some silk fibroin peptides of low molecular weight SFH and hexapeptide GAGAGS affected 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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25
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Byun EB, Sung NY, Kim JH, Choi JI, Matsui T, Byun MW, Lee JW. Enhancement of anti-tumor activity of gamma-irradiated silk fibroin via immunomodulatory effects. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 186:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shin S, Yeon S, Park D, Oh J, Kang H, Kim S, Joo SS, Lim WT, Lee JY, Choi KC, Kim KY, Kim SU, Kim JC, Kim YB. Silk Amino Acids Improve Physical Stamina and Male Reproductive Function of Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:273-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | | | - Dongsun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Hyomin Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Seong Soo Joo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | | | | | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
| | - Ki Yon Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital
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Kim ED, Bayaraa T, Shin EJ, Hyun CK. Fibroin-derived peptides stimulate glucose transport in normal and insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:427-33. [PMID: 19252290 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroin, the protein of silk, and hydrolyzed fibroin have recently been described to enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Here, we report that a series of synthetic peptides derived from the fibroin sequence have enhancing effects on glucose transport in normal and insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 cells. We observed that, among several enzymatic hydrolysates of fibroin, the chymotryptic and peptic hydrolysates were significantly more effective than others in augmenting insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in both cells. We synthesized several peptides of repetitive sequences in fibroin. Treatment with synthesized hexapeptides enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake more than tri-, tetra- or pentapeptides. Among those, the effect of Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-Tyr (GAGAGY) was most robust, and especially its activity of blocking off the chronic-insulin-induced loss of insulin-stimulated uptake was remarkable. Data reveal that the residues of tyrosine situated at the ends of the peptides play a critical role for exerting their activities. We demonstrate that the insulin-sensitizing effect of GAGAGY is due to enhancement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K) signaling pathway. The GAGAGY-induced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was sensitive to inhibition of PI 3-K by wortmannin. Phosphorylation of Akt was also elevated in GAGAGY-treated cells. Furthermore, GAGAGY significantly increased insulin-induced glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation without affecting the synthesis of GLUT4. Our findings suggest that fibroin-derived peptides such as GAGAGY could be considered as novel insulin-sensitizing agents with an activity of blocking the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Do Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Kyungbuk, Korea
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Murphy AR, Kaplan DL. Biomedical applications of chemically-modified silk fibroin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 19:6443-6450. [PMID: 20161439 DOI: 10.1039/b905802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Silk proteins belong to a class of unique, high molecular weight, block copolymer-like proteins that have found widespread use in biomaterials and regenerative medicine. The useful features of these proteins, including self-assembly, robust mechanical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability can be enhanced through a variety of chemical modifications. These modifications provide chemical handles for the attachment of growth factors, cell binding domains and other polymers to silk, expanding the range of cell and tissue engineering applications attainable. This review focuses on the chemical reactions that have been used to modify the amino acids in silk proteins, and describes their utility in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Colby Street, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155.
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Monti P, Freddi G, Arosio C, Tsukada M, Arai T, Taddei P. Vibrational spectroscopic study of sulphated silk proteins. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Taddei P, Arosio C, Monti P, Tsukada M, Arai T, Freddi G. Chemical and physical properties of sulfated silk fabrics. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:1200-8. [PMID: 17338562 DOI: 10.1021/bm061017y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silk fabrics were treated with chlorosulphonic acid in pyridine for different times. The amount of sulfur bound to silk increased during the first 2 h of reaction and then reached a plateau. The amino acidic pattern of sulfated silk remained essentially unchanged for short reaction times (< or =2 h). Longer reaction times resulted in drastic changes in the concentration of Asp, Glu, and Tyr. Surface morphology and texture of silk fabrics changed upon sulfation. Warp and weft yarns became progressively thinner, and deposits of foreign material appeared on the fiber surface. Changes were more evident at longer reaction times (> or =2 h). Spectroscopic analyses performed by FT-IR and FT-Raman showed the appearance of new bands attributable to various vibrations of sulfated groups. The IR bands at 1049 and 1014 cm-1, due to organic sulfate salts, were particularly intense. Bands assigned to alkyl sulfates and sulfonamides appeared in the 1300-1180 cm-1 range. Organic covalent sulfates displayed a weak but distinct IR band at 1385 cm-1. Both IR and Raman spectra revealed that silk fibroin mainly bound sulfates through the hydroxyl groups of Ser and Tyr, while involvement of amines could not be proved. Changes observed in the amide I and II range indicated an increase of the degree of molecular disorder of sulfated silk. Accordingly, the I850/I830 intensity ratio between the two Tyr bands at 850-830 cm-1 increased from 1.41 to 1.52, indicating a more exposed state of Tyr residues in sulfated silk. TGA, DSC, and TG analyses showed that sulfated silk attained a higher thermal stability. A thermal transition attributable to sulfated silk fibroin fractions appeared at about 260 degrees C in the DSC thermograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Taddei
- Centro di Studio sulla Spettroscopia Raman, Dipartimento di Biochimica G. Moruzzi, Università di Bologna, via Belmeloro 8/2, Bologna 40126, Italy
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Hyun CK, Kim IY, Frost SC. Soluble fibroin enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Nutr 2004; 134:3257-63. [PMID: 15570022 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.12.3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, features of insulin resistance. In vivo treatment of ob/ob mice with hydrolyzed fibroin reverses these pathological attributes. To explore the mechanism underlying this effect, we used the murine, 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line, which has been used extensively to model adipocyte function. Chronic exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to insulin leads to a 50% loss of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Chronic exposure to different preparations of fibroin partially blocked the response to insulin but also increased the sensitivity of control cells to the acute action of insulin. The latter effect was most robust at physiologic concentrations of insulin. Fibroin did not prevent the insulin-induced downregulation of the insulin receptor or the tyrosine kinase activity associated with the receptor. Further, fibroin had no effect on the activity of the insulin-sensitive downstream kinase, Akt. Interestingly, fibroin accelerated glucose metabolism and glycogen turnover independent of insulin action. In addition, fibroin upregulated glucose transporter (GLUT)1, which increased its expression at the cell surface and enhanced GLUT4 translocation. Together, these phenomena may underlie the improvement in diabetic hyperglycemia noted in vivo in response to fibroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kee Hyun
- School of Bioscience and Food Technology, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea
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Teramoto H, Nakajima KI, Takabayashi C. Chemical Modification of Silk Sericin in Lithium Chloride/Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent with 4-Cyanophenyl Isocyanate. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:1392-8. [PMID: 15244456 DOI: 10.1021/bm034537r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports chemical modification of silk sericin in LiCl/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent with 4-cyanophenyl isocyanate. Sericin is a highly hydrophilic protein secreted by Bombyx mori, serving as a protein glue in a cocoon. LiCl/DMSO was found to be a good solvent of sericin and useful for homogeneous modification of its abundant hydroxyl groups under nonaqueous condition. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the modified sericins revealed that 4-cyanophenyl groups were incorporated into sericin molecules mainly through urethane linkages. Several characteristics of the modified sericins such as solubility characteristic, hygroscopic property, and thermal stability were investigated. Secondary structure analysis using FTIR spectra suggested that formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds was inhibited by the modification that is probably attributable to the incorporation of bulky 4-cyanophenyl groups. These results demonstrate that chemical modification of sericin using LiCl/DMSO solvent markedly alters its characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Teramoto
- New Silk Materials Laboratory, Insect Biotechnology and Sericology Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-4-8 Gohda, Okaya, Nagano 394-0021, Japan.
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