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Yi Y, Jin X, Chen M, Coldea TE, Zhao H. Surfactant-mediated bio-manufacture: A unique strategy for promoting microbial biochemicals production. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108373. [PMID: 38704106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Biochemicals are widely used in the medicine and food industries and are more efficient and safer than synthetic chemicals. The amphipathic surfactants can interact with the microorganisms and embed the extracellular metabolites, which induce microbial metabolites secretion and biosynthesis, performing an attractive prospect of promoting the biochemical production. However, the commonness and differences of surfactant-mediated bio-manufacture in various fields are largely unexplored. Accordingly, this review comprehensively summarized the properties of surfactants, different application scenarios of surfactant-meditated bio-manufacture, and the mechanism of surfactants increasing metabolites production. Various biochemical productions such as pigments, amino acids, and alcohols could be enhanced using the cloud point and the micelles of surfactants. Besides, the amphiphilicity of surfactants also promoted the utilization of fermentation substrates, especially lignocellulose and waste sludge, by microorganisms, indirectly increasing the metabolites production. The increase in target metabolites production was attributed to the surfactants changing the permeability and composition of the cell membrane, hence improving the secretion ability of microorganisms. Moreover, surfactants could regulate the energy metabolism, the redox state and metabolic flow in microorganisms, which induced target metabolites synthesis. This review aimed to broaden the application fields of surfactants and provide novel insights into the production of microbial biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Yi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaofan Jin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Teodora Emilia Coldea
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca 400372, Romania
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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2
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Rocchi R, Zwinkels J, Kooijman M, Garre A, Smid EJ. Development of novel natto using legumes produced in Europe. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26849. [PMID: 38463896 PMCID: PMC10923668 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Natto is a traditional Japanese fermented product consisting of cooked soybeans fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. We assessed three different B. subtilis strains and investigated their impact on product quality aspects, such as microbial quality, textural quality (poly-γ-glutamate strand formation), free amino acids (FAA), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but also the vitamin K1, K2 and B1 content, and presence of nattokinase. Using Bayesian contrast analysis, we conclude that the quality attributes were influenced by both the substrate and strain used, without significant differences in bacterial growth between strain or substrate. Overall, all the tested European legumes, except for brown beans, are adequate substrates to produce natto, with comparable or higher qualities compared to the traditional soy. Out of all the tested legumes, red lentils were the most optimal fermentation substrate. They were fermented most consistently, with high concentrations of vitamin K2, VOCs, FAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rocchi
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Zwinkels
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Merit Kooijman
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Garre
- Department of Agricultural Engineering & Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Eddy J. Smid
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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3
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Maftei NM, Raileanu CR, Balta AA, Ambrose L, Boev M, Marin DB, Lisa EL. The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties. Microorganisms 2024; 12:234. [PMID: 38399637 PMCID: PMC10891645 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, known to be live microorganisms, have been shown to improve or restore the gut microbiota, which in turn has been linked to improved health. It is believed that probiotics are the modern equivalent of a panacea, with claims that they may treat or prevent different diseases both in children and adults (e.g., from colic in babies to cardiovascular disease, respiratory infection, and cancer in adults). Ever since the early 2000s, probiotic-based fermented foods have had a resurgence in popularity, mostly due to claims made regarding their health benefits. Fermented foods have been associated with the prevention of irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, gastroenteritis, and obesity, but also other conditions such as chronic diarrhea, allergies, dermatitis, and bacterial and viral infections, all of which are closely related to an unhealthy lifestyle. Recent and ongoing developments in microbiome/microbiota science have given us new research directions for probiotics. The new types, mechanisms, and applications studied so far, and those currently under study, have a great potential to change scientific understanding of probiotics' nutritional applications and human health care. The expansion of fields related to the study of the microbiome and the involvement of probiotics in its improvement foreshadow an era of significant changes. An expanding range of candidate probiotic species is emerging that can address newly elucidated data-driven microbial niches and host targets. In the probiotic field, new variants of microbiome-modulating interventions are being developed, including prebiotics, symbiotics, postbiotics, microbial consortia, live biotherapeutic products, and genetically modified organisms, with renewed interest in polyphenols, fibers, and fermented foods to ensure human health. This manuscript aims to analyze recent, emerging, and anticipated trends in probiotics (sources, doses, mechanism of action, diseases for which probiotics are administered, side effects, and risks) and create a vision for the development of related areas of influence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta-Maricica Maftei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (N.-M.M.); (E.L.L.)
- Clinic Laboratory Department, Clinical Hospital of Children Hospital “Sf. Ioan”, 800487 Galati, Romania
- Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Cosmin Raducu Raileanu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (C.R.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Alexia Anastasia Balta
- Medical Department Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 800010 Galati, Romania;
| | - Lenuta Ambrose
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (C.R.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Monica Boev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (N.-M.M.); (E.L.L.)
- Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Denisa Batîr Marin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (N.-M.M.); (E.L.L.)
- Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Elena Lacramioara Lisa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Pharmacy, “Dunărea de Jos” University, 800010 Galati, Romania; (N.-M.M.); (E.L.L.)
- Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, 800010 Galati, Romania
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Liu Y, Wang J, Huang JB, Li XF, Chen Y, Liu K, Zhao M, Huang XL, Gao XL, Luo YN, Tao W, Wu J, Xue ZL. Advances in regulating vitamin K 2 production through metabolic engineering strategies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:8. [PMID: 37938463 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone, VK2, MK) is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays critical roles in inhibiting cell ferroptosis, improving blood clotting, and preventing osteoporosis. The increased global demand for VK2 has inspired interest in novel production strategies. In this review, various novel metabolic regulation strategies, including static and dynamic metabolic regulation, are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of both strategies are analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing microbial VK2 production on an industrial scale. Finally, advanced metabolic engineering biotechnology for future microbial VK2 production will also be discussed. In summary, this review provides in-depth information and offers an outlook on metabolic engineering strategies for VK2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jun-Bao Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Kun Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Xi-Lin Huang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Xu-Li Gao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Ya-Ni Luo
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Tao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Breeding, 241000, Wuhu, China
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Yi Y, Jin X, Chen M, Coldea TE, Yang H, Zhao H. Brij-58 supplementation enhances menaquinone-7 biosynthesis and secretion in Bacillus natto. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12640-y. [PMID: 37358810 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 is a form of vitamin K2 that has been shown to have numerous healthy benefits. In this study, several surfactants were investigated to enhance the production of menaquinone-7 in Bacillus natto. Results showed that Brij-58 supplementation influenced the cell membrane via adsorption, and changed the interfacial tension of fermentation broth, while the changes in the state and the composition of the cell membrane enhanced the secretion and biosynthesis of menaquinone-7. The total production and secretion rate of menaquinone-7 increased by 48.0% and 56.2% respectively. During fermentation, the integrity of the cell membrane decreased by 82.9% while the permeability increased by 158% when the maximum secretory rate was reached. Furthermore, Brij-58 supplementation induced the stress response in bacteria, resulting in hyperpolarization of the membrane, and increased membrane ATPase activity. Finally, changes in fatty acid composition increased membrane fluidity by 30.1%. This study provided an effective strategy to enhance menaquinone-7 yield in Bacillus natto and revealed the mechanism of Brij-58 supplementation in menaquinone-7 production. KEY POINTS: • MK-7 yield in Bacillus natto was significantly increased by Brij-58 supplementation. • Brij-58 could be adsorbed on cell surface and change fermentation environment. • Brij-58 supplementation could affect the state and composition of the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxin Yi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaofan Jin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Teodora Emilia Coldea
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Huirong Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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6
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Enhancement of Vitamin K2 Efflux in Bacillus subtilis Natto via a Potential Protein Receptor for Increased Yield. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8407829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is one of the few strains that can secrete synthetic menaquinone-7 (MK-7) to the outside of the cell, and its purpose and mechanism have not been clearly studied. As an amphiphilic protein naturally synthesized by Bacillus subtilis, the BslA protein may be involved in the inversion of extracellular vitamin K2 solubility. The protein structure in UniProt was used to search for the possible binding sites of MK-7, and the analysis of the higher ranking results of the genetic algorithm showed that the ASP166 residue was likely to be the binding site. They could form a stable hydrogen bond connection through ASP166, and approximately 7 proteins formed the conformation of a fixed naphthoquinone ring. We isolated and obtained the BslA protein by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Then, MK-7 was modified by BslA in vitro. A series of experiments, such as SEM, XPS, and WCA, showed that MK-7 and BslA proteins can realize self-assembly and transform from fat-soluble to water-soluble complexes. When the bslA protein in Bacillus subtilis natto was overexpressed, its MK-7 synthesis ability was further improved, especially the extracellular MK-7 content, which increased by 16%. This finding suggests that the BslA protein in Bacillus subtilis is likely to be involved in the extracellular secretion of MK-7 as a receptor.
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7
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Mazkour S, Shekarforoush SS, Basiri S, Namazi F, Zarei‐Kordshouli F. Protective effects of oral administration of mixed probiotic spores of
Bacillus subtilis
and
Bacillus coagulans
on gut microbiota changes and intestinal and liver damage of rats infected with
Salmonella
Typhimurium
. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Mazkour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Sara Basiri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | - Fatemeh Namazi
- Department of Pathology School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
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Production of Vitamin K by Wild-Type and Engineered Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030554. [PMID: 35336129 PMCID: PMC8954062 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that mainly exists as phylloquinone or menaquinone in nature. Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting and bone health in humans. For use as a nutraceutical, vitamin K is produced by natural extraction, chemical synthesis, and microbial fermentation. Natural extraction and chemical synthesis methods for vitamin K production have limitations, such as low yield of products and environmental concerns. Microbial fermentation is a more sustainable process for industrial production of natural vitamin K than two other methods. Recent advanced genetic technology facilitates industrial production of vitamin K by increasing the yield and productivity of microbial host strains. This review covers (i) general information about vitamin K and microbial host, (ii) current titers of vitamin K produced by wild-type microorganisms, and (iii) vitamin K production by engineered microorganisms, including the details of strain engineering strategies. Finally, current limitations and future directions for microbial production of vitamin K are also discussed.
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Jeong IS, Gu SY, Park KH, Lee SY, Kim SG. A simultaneous determination and monitoring of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone) in vegetable drinks and natto sold on the Korean market. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Liu Y, de Groot A, Boeren S, Abee T, Smid EJ. Lactococcus lactis Mutants Obtained From Laboratory Evolution Showed Elevated Vitamin K2 Content and Enhanced Resistance to Oxidative Stress. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:746770. [PMID: 34721346 PMCID: PMC8551700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.746770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K2 is an important vitamin for human health. Vitamin K2 enrichment in the human diet is possible by using vitamin K2-producing bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis in food fermentations. Based on previous observations that aerated cultivation conditions improved vitamin K2 content in L. lactis, we performed laboratory evolution on L. lactis MG1363 by cultivating this strain in a shake flask in a sequential propagation regime with transfers to a fresh medium every 72h. After 100 generations of propagation, we selected three evolved strains that showed improved stationary phase survival in oxygenated conditions. In comparison to the original strain MG1363, the evolved strains showed 50-110% increased vitamin K2 content and exhibited high resistance against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Genome sequencing of the evolved strains revealed common mutations in the genes ldh and gapB. Proteomics analysis revealed overproduction of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapA), universal stress protein A2 (UspA2), and formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (MutM) under aerated conditions in evolved strains, proteins with putative functions in redox reactions, universal stress response, and DNA damage repair, all of which could contribute to the enhanced oxidative stress resistance. The mechanisms underlying elevated vitamin K2 content in the evolved strains remain to be elucidated. Two out of the three evolved strains performed similar to the original strain MG1363 in terms of growth and acidification of culture media. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a natural selection approach without genetic manipulations to obtain vitamin K2 overproducers that are highly relevant for food applications and contributed to the understanding of oxidative stress resistance in L. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anteun de Groot
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddy J Smid
- Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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11
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Menaquinone-mediated regulation of membrane fluidity is relevant for fitness of Listeria monocytogenes. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3353-3360. [PMID: 33871675 PMCID: PMC8289781 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen with the ability to grow at low temperatures down to − 0.4 °C. Maintaining cytoplasmic membrane fluidity by changing the lipid membrane composition is important during growth at low temperatures. In Listeria monocytogenes, the dominant adaptation effect is the fluidization of the membrane by shortening of fatty acid chain length. In some strains, however, an additional response is the increase in menaquinone content during growth at low temperatures. The increase of this neutral lipid leads to fluidization of the membrane and thus represents a mechanism that is complementary to the fatty acid-mediated modification of membrane fluidity. This study demonstrated that the reduction of menaquinone content for Listeria monocytogenes strains resulted in significantly lower resistance to temperature stress and lower growth rates compared to unaffected control cultures after growth at 6 °C. Menaquinone content was reduced by supplementation with aromatic amino acids, which led to a feedback inhibition of the menaquinone synthesis. Menaquinone-reduced Listeria monocytogenes strains showed reduced bacterial cell fitness. This confirmed the adaptive function of menaquinones for growth at low temperatures of this pathogen.
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Kuragano M, Yoshinari W, Lin X, Shimamori K, Uwai K, Tokuraku K. Evaluation of Amyloid β 42 Aggregation Inhibitory Activity of Commercial Dressings by A Microliter-Scale High-Throughput Screening System Using Quantum-Dot Nanoprobes. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060825. [PMID: 32599720 PMCID: PMC7353666 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is a trigger of pathogenesis for Alzheimer's disease. Previously, we developed a microliter-scale high-throughput screening (MSHTS) system for Aβ42 aggregation inhibitors using quantum-dot nanoprobes. The MSHTS system is seldom influenced by contaminants in samples and is able to directly evaluate Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity of samples containing various compounds. In this study, to elucidate whether the MSHTS system could be applied to the evaluation of processed foods, we examined Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity of salad dressings, including soy sauces. We estimated the 50% effective concentration (EC50) from serial diluted dressings. Interestingly, all 19 commercial dressings tested showed Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity. It was suggested that EC50 differed by as much as 100 times between the dressings with the most (0.065 ± 0.020 v/v%) and least (6.737 ± 5.054 v/v%) inhibitory activity. The highest activity sample is traditional Japanese dressing, soy sauce. It is known that soy sauce is roughly classified into a heat-treated variety and a non-heat-treated variety. We demonstrated that non-heat-treated raw soy sauce exhibited higher Aβ42 aggregation inhibitory activity than heat-treated soy sauce. Herein, we propose that MSHTS system can be applied to processed foods.
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Hu LX, Feng JJ, Wu J, Li W, Gningue SM, Yang ZM, Wang Z, Liu Y, Xue ZL. Identification of six important amino acid residues of MenA from Bacillus subtilis natto for enzyme activity and formation of menaquinone. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 138:109583. [PMID: 32527527 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) prenyltransferase (MenA) is a critical player in determining the efficiency of the menaquinone (MK) synthesis pathway and is an attractive target for the development of novel chemotherapeutics against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. However, there has been no report on structural properties or active region of MenA. To solve this challenge, we predicted the three-dimensiona structure and critical amino acid sites of MenA by bioinformatics analysis. Six amino acid sites were chosen by alligning the amino acid sequence of MenA from Bacillus subtilis natto with 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyl transferase (UbiA) from Escherichia coli, Aeropyrum pernix and Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Among them, four Asp sites located in two Asp-rich motifs (D78XXXXXD84 and D208XXXD212) were found to be indispensable amino acid residues in maintaining MenA activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of two other sites (Q67th, N74th) positively affected the catalytic activity of MenA and the MK titer. Q67R resulted in more than a 5-fold increase in specific 2-demethylmenaquinone (DMK) content (YP1/x) compared to wild-type, and the hydrophobic interaction between Cys63 and Arg67 could be the main reason according to the three-dimensional structure analysis. Moreover, a dramatic increase in specific MK content (YP2/x) was realized by co-expressing menG in EcMenA (Q67R). The results obtained could be useful not only in developing novel chemotherapeutics to combat potentially pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, but also in regulating and optimizating E. coli mutant cultures for the efficient production of MK metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Xiu Hu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China; Wuhu Zhanghengchun Medicine CO., LTD, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing-Jing Feng
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Sokhna Mbacke Gningue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zi-Ming Yang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhou Wang
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
| | - Zheng-Lian Xue
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, 241000, Wuhu, China.
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Mazkour S, Shekarforoush SS, Basiri S, Nazifi S, Yektaseresht A, Honarmand M. Effects of two probiotic spores of Bacillus species on hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory parameters in Salmonella Typhimurium infected rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8035. [PMID: 32415253 PMCID: PMC7229222 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infections have become a major health concern in recent decades. This pathogen has evolved to become resistant to antibiotics, which has caused problems in its treatment. As such, finding a novel preventive method is important in the treatment and management of this infection. In recent years, uses of probiotics, especially spore-former genera such as Bacillus spp. has become increasingly popular. In this study spores of two probiotic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans were fed to rats for three weeks through their daily water intake after which Salmonella Typhimurium was gavaged to the rats. On days 1, 3, 5 and 7 after gavaging, the number of Salmonella was counted in liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, feces and content of ileum and cecum. Hematological and biochemical parameters, inflammatory mediators, total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde were also measured. The results showed that B. subtilis and B. coagulans caused delation in infiltration of Salmonella into the lymph nodes, spleen and liver, reduction of the inflammatory mediators, and decreases in oxidative stress, hematological and biochemical changes. The overall count of Salmonella in the above mentioned parameters has also decreased and a faster return to normal base were also witnessed. The results showed that the use of B. subtilis and B. coagulans can potentially help boost the body’s immune system, to combat the effects of exposure to the Salmonella pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Mazkour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Shahram Shekarforoush
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Sara Basiri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Yektaseresht
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Honarmand
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Cao S, Du X, Li P, Yuan G, Chen S, Chen W, Song X, Kuang B. A chemical screening method for menaquinone-producing strains based on HPLC-UV technology. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 172:105907. [PMID: 32240706 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite menaquinones (MKs)-4 and - 7 being known to have extensive biological activities and applications, less attention has been paid to the other MKs. Thus, to obtain a range of MKs to further explore their pharmacological activities, structure-activity relationships, and applications, a chemical screening method for MK-producing strains was established based on high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) technology. Considering that Bacillus strains have proven to be an important MK-producing bioresource, twenty-nine putative Bacillus isolates previously sought from a fermented soybean sample were used for the validation of the chemical screening method, which ultimately led to the discovery of sixteen MK-producing strains. Among them, Bacillus subtilis DC-1 presented excellent ability to produce MKs. Another, a purchased strain of B. amyloliquefaciens was discovered to be an MK-producing strain. These results indicated this screening method was simple and highly efficient for the discovery of MK-producing strains, especially those producing a range of MK structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cao
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xia Du
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Pingyi Li
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ganjun Yuan
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Shanjun Chen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Song
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bingdi Kuang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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16
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Bøe CA, Holo H. Engineering Lactococcus lactis for Increased Vitamin K2 Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:191. [PMID: 32258010 PMCID: PMC7093718 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cheese produced with Lactococcus lactis is the main source of vitamin K2 in the Western diet. Subclinical vitamin K2 deficiency is common, calling for foods with enhanced vitamin K2 content. In this study we describe analyses of vitamin K2 (menaquinone) production in the lactic acid bacterium L. lactis ssp. cremoris strain MG1363. By cloning and expression from strong promoters we have identified genes and bottlenecks in the biosynthetic pathways leading to the long-chained menaquinones, MK-8 and MK-9. Key genes of the biosynthetic menaquinone pathway were overexpressed, singly or combined, to examine how vitamin K2 production can be enhanced. We observed that the production of the long menaquinone polyprenyl side chain, rather than production of the napthoate ring (1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphtoic acid), limits total menaquinone synthesis. Overexpression of genes causing increased ring formation (menF and menA) led to overproduction of short chained MK-3, while overexpression of other key genes (mvk and llmg_0196) resulted in enhanced full-length MK-9 production. Of two putatively annotated prenyl diphosphate synthases we pinpoint llmg_0196 (preA) to be important for menaquinone production in L. lactis. The genes mvk, preA, menF, and menA were found to be important contributors to menaquinone levels as single overexpression of these genes double and more than triple the total menaquinone content in culture. Combined overexpression of mvk, preA, and menA increased menaquinone levels to a higher level than obtained individually. When the overproducing strains were applied for milk fermentations vitamin K2 content was effectively increased 3-fold compared to the wild type. The results provide a foundation for development of strains to ferment foods with increased functional value i.e., higher vitamin K2 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Arnason Bøe
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Helge Holo
- Laboratory of Microbial Gene Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.,Tine SA, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Vitamin K as a Diet Supplement with Impact in Human Health: Current Evidence in Age-Related Diseases. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010138. [PMID: 31947821 PMCID: PMC7019739 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K health benefits have been recently widely shown to extend beyond blood homeostasis and implicated in chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, dementia, cognitive impairment, mobility disability, and frailty. Novel and more efficient nutritional and therapeutic options are urgently needed to lower the burden and the associated health care costs of these age-related diseases. Naturally occurring vitamin K comprise the phylloquinone (vitamin K1), and a series of menaquinones broadly designated as vitamin K2 that differ in source, absorption rates, tissue distribution, bioavailability, and target activity. Although vitamin K1 and K2 sources are mainly dietary, consumer preference for diet supplements is growing, especially when derived from marine resources. The aim of this review is to update the reader regarding the specific contribution and effect of each K1 and K2 vitamers in human health, identify potential methods for its sustainable and cost-efficient production, and novel natural sources of vitamin K and formulations to improve absorption and bioavailability. This new information will contribute to foster the use of vitamin K as a health-promoting supplement, which meets the increasing consumer demand. Simultaneously, relevant information on the clinical context and direct health consequences of vitamin K deficiency focusing in aging and age-related diseases will be discussed.
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18
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Microbial production of vitamin K2: current status and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 39:107453. [PMID: 31629792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in blood clotting and prevention of osteoporosis. It has become a focus of research in recent years and has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of vitamin K2 first, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing the microbial vitamin K2 production on the industrial scale. Then, various strategies, including strain mutagenesis and genetic modification, different cultivation modes, fermentation and separation processes, will be summarized and discussed. The future prospects and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production will also be discussed finally.
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Ma Y, Tang PTP, McClure DD, Valtchev P, Ashton JF, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM. Development of a menaquinone-7 enriched functional food. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yang S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Zhang G, Song H. Metabolic engineering ofBacillus subtilisfor high‐titer production of menaquinone‐7. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Yongping Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Chifeng Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chifeng Inner Mongolia China
| | - Guoyin Zhang
- Chifeng Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chifeng Inner Mongolia China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin China
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21
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Mahdinia E, Demirci A, Berenjian A. Biofilm reactors as a promising method for vitamin K (menaquinone-7) production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5583-5592. [PMID: 31152205 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the most potent subtype of vitamin K with extraordinarily high half-life in the circulatory system. Therefore, MK-7 plays a critical role in promoting human wellbeing today. Studies on MK-7 every year show more and more magnificent benefits of it in preventing cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis to battling cancer cells, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Thus, it needs to be supplemented to daily diet for accumulative and long-term benefits. Chemical synthesis of MK-7 produces a significant cis-isomer form of it, which has no biological activity. Fortunately, due to its key role in electron transfer in bacteria, trans-MK-7 is biosynthesized by especially Gram-positive strains mainly Bacillus genus. Concordantly, MK-7 could be produced via solid or liquid state fermentation strategies. In either regime, when static fermentation is applied in the absence of agitation and aeration, operational issues arise such as heat and mass transfer inefficiencies. Thus, scaling up the process becomes a challenge. On the other hand, studies have indicated that biofilm and pellicle formation that occur in static fermentations are key characteristics for extracellular MK-7 secretion. Therefore, this review covers the most recent discoveries of the therapeutic properties of MK-7 and optimization attempts at increasing its biosynthesis in different media compositions and effective growth parameters as well as the cutting-edge use of biofilm reactors where B. subtilis cells have the infrastructures to form mature biofilm formations on plastic composite supports. Biofilm reactors therefore can provide robust extracellular MK-7 secretion while simultaneously enduring high agitation and aeration rates, which then address the scale-up and operational issues associated with static fermentation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mahdinia
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Ali Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA. .,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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22
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Yoshiyama Y, Shima J, Fushiki T. Problem-Solving Exercise for Undergraduate Students Involving the Japanese Fermented Food Natto. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2019; 20:jmbe-20-6. [PMID: 31160925 PMCID: PMC6508896 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v20i1.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Natto is a traditional Japanese food made from soybeans fermented by Bacillus subtilis natto. Because natto is high in protein and contains healthful bacteria, dieticians and producers have campaigned for higher consumption of natto in areas such as Kansai, where our university is located. One of the reasons for the low consumption of natto is its distinctive flavor. As a problem-solving exercise, undergraduate students attempted to make natto more marketable. Students set a goal of modifying natto flavor by adding spices to achieve flavors deemed palatable by organoleptic tests. During the exercise, they noticed that lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, had a flavor-masking ability that reduced the intensity of natto flavor, and they finally determined that it was a useful food additive to make natto marketable. The exercise was an active learning process that effectively induced voluntary student effort of to solve problems originating from microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Shima
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1–5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan. Phone: 81-77-599-5718. Fax: 81-77-599-5608. E-mail:
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23
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Yang S, Cao Y, Sun L, Li C, Lin X, Cai Z, Zhang G, Song H. Modular Pathway Engineering of Bacillus subtilis To Promote De Novo Biosynthesis of Menaquinone-7. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:70-81. [PMID: 30543412 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), a valuable vitamin K2, plays an important role in the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular calcification. We chose B. subtilis 168 as the chassis for the modular metabolic engineering design to promote the biosynthesis of MK-7. The biosynthetic pathway of MK-7 was categorized into four modules, namely, the MK-7 pathway (Module I), the shikimate (SA) pathway (Module II), the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway (Module III), and the glycerol metabolism pathway (Module IV). Overexpression of menA (Module I) resulted in 6.6 ± 0.1 mg/L of MK-7 after 120 h fermentation, which was 2.1-fold that of the starting strain BS168NU (3.1 ± 0.2 mg/L). Overexpression of aroA, aroD, and aroE (Module II) had a negative effect on the synthesis of MK-7. Simultaneous overexpression of dxs, dxr, yacM, and yacN (Module III) enabled the yield of MK-7 to 12.0 ± 0.1 mg/L. Moreover, overexpression of glpD (Module IV) resulted in an increase of the yield of MK-7 to 13.7 ± 0.2 mg/L. Furthermore, deletion of dhbB reduced the consumption of the intermediate metabolite isochorismate, thus promoting the yield of MK-7 to 15.4 ± 0.6 mg/L. Taken together, the final resulting strain MK3-MEP123-Gly2-Δ dhbB with simultaneous overexpression of menA, dxs, dxr, yacM-yacN, glpD and deletion of dhbB enabled the yield of MK-7 to 69.5 ± 2.8 mg/L upon 144 h fermentation in a 2 L baffled flask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Liming Sun
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhigang Cai
- Chifeng Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, China
| | - Guoyin Zhang
- Chifeng Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024000, China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, and SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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24
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Chatake T, Yanagisawa Y, Inoue R, Sugiyama M, Matsuo T, Fujiwara S, Ohsugi T, Sumi H. Purification and structural characterization of water‐soluble menaquinone‐7 produced by
Bacillus subtilis natto. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rintaro Inoue
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University Osaka Japan
| | | | - Tatsuhito Matsuo
- Quantum Beam Science Research DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Tokai Japan
| | - Satoru Fujiwara
- Quantum Beam Science Research DirectorateNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Tokai Japan
| | - Tadanori Ohsugi
- Department of Life ScienceKurashiki University of Science and the Arts Kurashiki Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sumi
- Department of Life ScienceKurashiki University of Science and the Arts Kurashiki Japan
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Increased Isoprenoid Quinone Concentration Modulates Membrane Fluidity in Listeria monocytogenes at Low Growth Temperatures. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:JB.00148-18. [PMID: 29661862 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00148-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food pathogen capable of growing at a broad temperature range from 50°C to refrigerator temperatures. A key requirement for bacterial activity and growth at low temperatures is the ability to adjust the membrane lipid composition to maintain cytoplasmic membrane fluidity. In this study, we confirmed earlier findings that the extents of fatty acid profile adaptation differed between L. monocytogenes strains. We were able to demonstrate for isolates from food that growth rates at low temperatures and resistance to freeze-thaw stress were not impaired by a lower adaptive response of the fatty acid composition. This indicated the presence of a second adaptation mechanism besides temperature-regulated fatty acid synthesis. For strains that showed weaker adaptive responses in their fatty acid profiles to low growth temperature, we could demonstrate a significantly higher concentration of isoprenoid quinones. Three strains even showed a higher quinone concentration after growth at 6°C than at 37°C, which is contradictory to the reduced respiratory activity at lower growth temperatures. Analyses of the membrane fluidity in vivo by measuring generalized polarization and anisotropy revealed modulation of the transition phase. Strains with increased quinone concentrations showed an expanded membrane transition phase in contrast to strains with pronounced adaptations of fatty acid profiles. The correlation between quinone concentration and membrane transition phase expansion was confirmed by suppression of quinone synthesis. A reduced quinone concentration resulted in a narrower transition phase. Expansion of the phase transition zone by increasing the concentration of non-fatty acid membrane lipids is discussed as an additional mechanism improving adaptation to temperature shifts for L. monocytogenes strains.IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen with an outstanding temperature range for growth. The ability for growth at temperatures close to the freezing point constitutes a serious contamination potential for cold stored food. The only known mechanism of the species for adaptation of membrane fluidity is modification of the membrane fatty acid composition. We were able to demonstrate that, at least for some strains, this adaptation mechanism is supported by regulation of the menaquinone concentration. The increase of this neutral membrane lipid is correlated with fluidization of the membrane under low-temperature conditions and therefore represents a fatty acid-independent mechanism for adaptation to low temperatures.
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Xu JZ, Zhang WG. Menaquinone-7 production from maize meal hydrolysate by Bacillus isolates with diphenylamine and analogue resistance. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 18:462-473. [PMID: 28585422 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A menaquinone-7 (MK-7) high-producing strain needs to be isolated to increase MK-7 production, in order to meet a requirement of MK-7 given the low MK-7 content in food products. This article focuses on developing MK-7 high-producing strains via screening and mutagenesis by an atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutation breeding system. We isolated an MK-7-producing strain Y-2 and identified it as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which produced (7.1±0.5) mg/L of MK-7 with maize meal hydrolysate as carbon source. Then, an MK-7 high-producing strain B. amyloliquefaciens H.β.D.R.-5 with resistance to 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, β-2-thienylalanine, and diphenylamine was obtained from the mutation of the strain Y-2 using an ARTP mutation breeding system. Using strain H.β.D.R.-5, efficient production of MK-7 was achieved ((30.2±2.7) mg/L). In addition, the effects of nitrogen sources, prenyl alcohols, and MgSO4 on MK-7 production were investigated, suggesting that soymeal extract combined with yeast extract, isopentenol, and MgSO4 was beneficial. Under the optimized condition, the MK-7 production and biomass-specific yield reached (61.3±5.2) mg/L and 2.59 mg/L per OD600 unit respectively in a 7-L fermenter. These results demonstrated that strain H.β.D.R.-5 has the capacity to produce MK-7 from maize meal hydrolysate, which could reduce the substrate cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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27
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Kawano M, Itomine I, Monma M, Asakawa K, Toyoda A, Miyaguchi Y. Effects of combined treatment with fermented soybean (natto) intake and exercise on bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. SAGE Open Med 2017; 5:2050312117725643. [PMID: 28839940 PMCID: PMC5560508 DOI: 10.1177/2050312117725643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using ovariectomized rats, we examined the influence of combined exercise tolerance and natto intake on the bone loss inhibitory effect. METHODS We divided female Wistar rats into the following groups: Ovariectomy, Ovariectomy + Exercise, Ovariectomy + Natto Intake, Ovariectomy + Exercise + Natto Intake, and Pseudo-operative (Sham group). After conducting experiments on each group, we collected the tissues and performed morphological and molecular biological analyses. RESULTS In comparison with the Ovariectomy group, only in the Ovariectomy + Exercise group was there a significant bone loss inhibitory effect in the femoral cancellous bone. Although there was a tendency toward this trend seen in the Natto Intake and Exercise + Natto Intake groups, these differences were not significant. The increase in messenger RNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (osteoblast marker) in the bone marrow caused by ovariectomy was suppressed by individual factors, and by those in combination. However, messenger RNA expression levels of estrogen receptor alpha in the bone marrow showed a decreasing tendency with each factor, and decreased significantly with the combination, similar to the Sham group. CONCLUSION This suggests that natto intake and exercise maintain bone mass by different molecular mechanisms and that these two factors do not simply act synergistically in combination to maintain bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kawano
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Itomine
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Monma
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Asakawa
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Graduate School of Research Interdisciplinary, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyaguchi
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Li Z, Zhao G, Liu H, Guo Y, Wu H, Sun X, Wu X, Zheng Z. Biotransformation of menadione to its prenylated derivative MK-3 using recombinant Pichia pastoris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:973-985. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-017-1931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Prenylated quinones, especially menaquinones, have significant physiological activities, but are arduous to synthesize efficiently. Due to the relaxed aromatic substrate specificity and prenylation regiospecificity at the ortho- site of the phenolic hydroxyl group, the aromatic prenyltransferase NovQ from Streptomyces may be useful in menaquinone synthesis from menadione. In this study, NovQ was overexpressed in Pichia pastoris. After fermentation optimization, NovQ production increased by 1617%. Then the different effects of metal ions, detergents and pH on the activity of purified NovQ were investigated to optimize the prenylation reaction. Finally, purified NovQ and cells containing NovQ were used for menadione prenylation in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Menaquinone-1 (MK-1) was detected as the only product in vitro with γ,γ-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate and menadione hydroquinol substrates. MK-3 at a concentration of 90.53 mg/L was detected as the major product of whole cell catalysis with 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol and menadione hydroquinol substrates. This study realized whole cell catalysis converting menadione to menaquinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Li
- grid.454811.d 0000 0004 1792 7603 Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province 230031 Hefei Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Genhai Zhao
- grid.454811.d 0000 0004 1792 7603 Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province 230031 Hefei Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- grid.454811.d 0000 0004 1792 7603 Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province 230031 Hefei Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Yugang Guo
- 0000000121679639 grid.59053.3a The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of China 230026 Hefei People’s Republic of China
| | - Hefang Wu
- grid.454811.d 0000 0004 1792 7603 Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province 230031 Hefei Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Sun
- grid.454811.d 0000 0004 1792 7603 Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province 230031 Hefei Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Xihua Wu
- grid.454811.d 0000 0004 1792 7603 Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province 230031 Hefei Anhui People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- grid.454811.d 0000 0004 1792 7603 Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province 230031 Hefei Anhui People’s Republic of China
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Effect of media components and morphology of Bacillus natto on menaquinone-7 synthesis in submerged fermentation. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Xu JZ, Yan WL, Zhang WG. Enhancing menaquinone-7 production in recombinant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by metabolic pathway engineering. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03388e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six key enzymes are vital for MK-7 production, but the same enzyme has different effect on MK-7 production in different cultivating methods. Thus, the high enzyme activity and high-traffic biosynthetic pathway are beneficial to synthesize MK-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Wei-Liu Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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31
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Mahdinia E, Demirci A, Berenjian A. Production and application of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2): a new perspective. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 33:2. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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32
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Southee R, Haroon S, Ebrahiminezad A, Ghasemi Y, Berenjian A. Novel functional fermented dairy product rich in menaquinone-7. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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33
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Singh R, Puri A, Panda BP. Development of menaquinone-7 enriched nutraceutical: inside into medium engineering and process modeling. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:5212-9. [PMID: 26243944 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone 7 (MK-7) is nutritionally important metabolite found by fermentation mainly using B. subtilis species. In this study, soybean medium was modified to improve the MK-7 production using Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2708 under solid state fermentation. The objective of this study was to produce large amount of MK-7 within a short period of time. Nine nutritional components viz. glycerol, mannitol, dextrose, sucrose, yeast extract, malt extract, K2HPO4, MgSO4.7H2O and CaCl2 were investigated to obtain the maximum MK-7 concentration. The highest MK-7 concentration 39.039 μg/g was obtained after 24 h of fermentation in the following optimised medium components: soybean 20 g, glycerol 40 ml/kg, mannitol 60 g/kg, yeast extract 4 g/kg, malt extract 8 g/kg and calcium chloride 4 g/kg. The maximum production of MK-7 56.757 μg/g was predicted by point prediction tool of Design Expert 7.1 software (Statease Inc. USA). This data shows 68.78 % validity of the predicted model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishipal Singh
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Alka Puri
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
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34
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Ni Y, Wang J, Qian B, Song G, Yao X, Zhang JH. Purification and side chain selective chemical modifications of glutamate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis natto. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:3593-605. [PMID: 24557956 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus subtilis natto was purified to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and hydroxyapatite (HA) affinity chromatography. The GDH was purified 34-fold, with a yield of 41 % of total activity and a specific activity of 34.29 U/mg proteins. The molecular weight (Mr) of was measured at 47 kDa with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and 264 kDa with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimum pH and temperature for the deammoniation reaction were measured to be 7.5 and 30 °C, respectively. The active-site amino acid residues of GDH were investigated by chemical modification. The compounds 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), phenylglyoxal (PG), and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) were used to modify lysine, arginine, and serine active site residues, respectively. After treatment with modifying reagents at concentrations of 1 mM, GDH activity fell to 10.7 % with TNBS, 83.3 % with PG, and 12.8 % with PMSF. However, with substrate protection, there was almost no loss in GDH activity following treatment with any modifying reagent. The kinetic parameters K m and V max were determined in each case. K m values for native GDH, 50 % TNBS-inactivated GDH, and 50 % PMSF-inactivated GDH were 0.037, 0.104, and 0.017 mM, respectively. V max values were 0.048, 0.022, and 0.031 mM/s, respectively. These results suggest that the active site contains one or more lysine residues that play a role in substrate binding and one or more serine residues that may maintain the enzyme conformation. However, arginine residues played less of a role in the activity of GDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyun Ni
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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35
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Designing of an intensification process for biosynthesis and recovery of menaquinone-7. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1347-57. [PMID: 24173914 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A nutritional food rich in menaquinone-7 has a potential in preventing osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. The static fermentation of Bacillus subtilis natto is widely regarded as an optimum process for menaquinone-7 production. The major issues for the bulk production of menaquinone-7 are the low fermentation yield, biofilm formation and the use of organic solvents for the vitamin extraction. In this study, we demonstrate that the dynamic fermentation involving high stirring and aeration rates enhances the yield of fermentation process significantly compared to static system. The menaquinone-7 concentration of 226 mg/L was produced at 1,000 rpm, 5 vvm, 40 °C after 5 days of fermentation. This concentration is 70-fold higher than commercially available food products such as natto. Additionally, it was found that more than 80% of menaquinone-7 was recovered in situ in the vegetable oil that was gradually added to the system as an anti-foaming agent. The intensification process developed in this study has a capacity to produce an oil rich in menaquinone-7 in one step and eliminate the use of organic solvents for recovery of this compound. This oil can, therefore, be used for the preparation of broad range of supplementary and dietary food products rich in menaquinone-7 to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures and cardiovascular diseases.
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36
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Berenjian A, Mahanama R, Kavanagh J, Dehghani F. Vitamin K series: current status and future prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:199-208. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.832142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Walther B, Karl JP, Booth SL, Boyaval P. Menaquinones, bacteria, and the food supply: the relevance of dairy and fermented food products to vitamin K requirements. Adv Nutr 2013; 4:463-73. [PMID: 23858094 PMCID: PMC3941825 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K exists in the food supply as phylloquinone, a plant-based form and as menaquinones (MKs), a collection of isoprenologues mostly originating from bacterial synthesis. Although multiple bacterial species used as starter cultures for food fermentations synthesize MK, relatively little is known about the presence and distribution of MK in the food supply and the relative contribution of MK to total dietary vitamin K intake. Dairy products may be a predominant source of dietary MK in many regions of the world, and there is recent interest in enhancing the MK content of dairy products through identification and selection of MK-producing bacteria in dairy fermentations. This interest is increased by emerging evidence that current dietary recommendations based on the classic role of vitamin K as an enzyme cofactor for coagulation proteins may not be optimal for supporting vitamin K requirements in extrahepatic tissues and that MK may have unique bioactivity beyond that as an enzyme cofactor. Observational studies have reported favorable associations between MK intake and bone and cardiovascular health. Although randomized trials have provided some evidence to support the beneficial effects of MK on bone, the evidence to date is not definitive, and randomized trials have not yet examined MK intake in relation to cardiovascular outcomes. Food production practices provide a means to enhance dietary MK availability and intake. However, parallel research is needed to optimize these production practices, develop comprehensive food MK content databases, and test hypotheses of unique beneficial physiological roles of MK beyond that achieved by phylloquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Walther
- Research Station Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux ALP, Bern, Switzerland.
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38
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Computational design of glutamate dehydrogenase in Bacillus subtilis natto. J Mol Model 2013; 19:1919-27. [PMID: 23338837 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis natto is widely used in industry to produce natto, a traditional and popular Japanese soybean food. However, during its secondary fermentation, high amounts of ammonia are released to give a negative influence on the flavor of natto. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a key enzyme for the ammonia produced and released, because it catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as co-factor during carbon and nitrogen metabolism processes. To solve this problem, we employed multiple computational methods model and re-design GDH from Bacillus subtilis natto. Firstly, a structure model of GDH with cofactor NADP(+) was constructed by threading and ab initio modeling. Then the substrate glutamate were flexibly docked into the structure model to form the substrate-binding mode. According to the structural analysis of the substrate-binding mode, Lys80, Lys116, Arg196, Thr200, and Ser351 in the active site were found could form a significant hydrogen bonding network with the substrate, which was thought to play a crucial role in the substrate recognition and position. Thus, these residues were then mutated into other amino acids, and the substrate binding affinities for each mutant were calculated. Finally, three single mutants (K80A, K116Q, and S351A) were found to have significant decrease in the substrate binding affinities, which was further supported by our biochemical experiments.
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Berenjian A, Chan NLC, Mahanama R, Talbot A, Regtop H, Kavanagh J, Dehghani F. Effect of Biofilm Formation by Bacillus subtilis natto on Menaquinone-7 Biosynthesis. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 54:371-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Wu WJ, Ahn BY. Improved menaquinone (Vitamin K2) production in cheonggukjang by optimization of the fermentation conditions. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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41
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Efficient media for high menaquinone-7 production: response surface methodology approach. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:665-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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42
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Lim SD, Kim KS, Do JR. Physiological Characteristics and Production of Vitamin K2by Lactobacillus fermentum LC272 Isolated from Raw Milk. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.4.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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43
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Wu CH, Chou CC. Enhancement of aglycone, vitamin K2 and superoxide dismutase activity of black soybean through fermentation with Bacillus subtilis BCRC 14715 at different temperatures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:10695-700. [PMID: 19919117 DOI: 10.1021/jf902752t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the change in the content and activity of some functional constituents including aglycone, the bioactive form of isoflavone, vitamin K2, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of black soybeans during their solid fermentation with Bacillus subtilis BCRC 14715 at different temperatures (35, 40, 45, and 50 degrees C) for 18 h was investigated. It was generally found that fermentation resulted in an enhancement of these constituents, regardless of fermentation temperature, while varying the fermentation temperature of black soybeans produced variations in the enhancement. The 50 degrees C -fermented black soybean showed the most marked increase in the content of daidzein and genistein aglycone. On the other hand, the highest SOD activity and vitamin K2 content were found in the black soybeans fermented at 45 and 40-45 degrees C, respectively. Thus functional properties of black soybeans can be further improved through fermentation with B. subtilis BCRC 14715.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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44
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Inagaki S, Saito A, Akutagawa H. Discrimination of Commercial Natto Starters Using IS4Bsu1 by PCR Method. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.55.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Xu Q, Yajima T, Li W, Saito K, Ohshima Y, Yoshikai Y. Levan (beta-2, 6-fructan), a major fraction of fermented soybean mucilage, displays immunostimulating properties via Toll-like receptor 4 signalling: induction of interleukin-12 production and suppression of T-helper type 2 response and immunoglobulin E production. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:94-101. [PMID: 16393271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Products from the fermentation process of soybeans by Bacillus subtilis (natto) have been shown to possess anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activities. However, the formulations previously examined were not chemically pure, and this is a major limitation for elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for their activities. OBJECTIVE In order to determine which components in soybean mucilage exert immunostimulatory activities, we examined the activities of their purified forms in vitro and in vivo in mice. METHODS B. subtilis (natto) and fractions including levan and poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) from fermented soybean mucilage were prepared. Levels of cytokine production by mouse macrophage cells after treatment with the fractions were measured by means of ELISA. In vivo effect of levan delivered intragastrically on ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-helper type 2 (Th2) response with IgE production was examined in BALB/c mice that had been immunized intraperitoneally with OVA. Results Levan but neither gamma-PGA nor killed B. subtilis (natto) was found to exert strong activity to induce production of IL-12 p40 and TNF-alpha by macrophage cell lines in vitro. RESULTS of experiments using Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-deficient mice and TLR4-transfected human cell line indicated that TLR4 is involved in pattern recognition of levan. Oral administration of levan in vivo significantly reduced the serum levels of OVA-specific IgE and Th2 response to OVA in mice immunized with OVA. CONCLUSION Levan is an immunostimulatory moiety in products from the fermentation process of B. subtilis (natto) and may be useful for prevention of allergic disorders with IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xu
- Central Research Institute, Mizkan Group Co. Ltd, Handa, Japan.
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46
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Hong HA, Duc LH, Cutting SM. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics: Table 1. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005; 29:813-35. [PMID: 16102604 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of probiosis has emerged as a new science with applications in farming and aqaculture as alternatives to antibiotics as well as prophylactics in humans. Probiotics are being developed commercially for both human use, primarily as novel foods or dietary supplements, and in animal feeds for the prevention of gastrointestinal infections, with extensive use in the poultry and aquaculture industries. The impending ban of antibiotics in animal feed, the current concern over the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, the failure to identify new antibiotics and the inherent problems with developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternative prophylactics. Among the large number of probiotic products in use today are bacterial spore formers, mostly of the genus Bacillus. Used primarily in their spore form, these products have been shown to prevent gastrointestinal disorders and the diversity of species used and their applications are astonishing. Understanding the nature of this probiotic effect is complicated, not only because of the complexities of understanding the microbial interactions that occur within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but also because Bacillus species are considered allochthonous microorganisms. This review summarizes the commercial applications of Bacillus probiotics. A case will be made that many Bacillus species should not be considered allochthonous microorganisms but, instead, ones that have a bimodal life cycle of growth and sporulation in the environment as well as within the GIT. Specific mechanisms for how Bacillus species can inhibit gastrointestinal infections will be covered, including immunomodulation and the synthesis of antimicrobials. Finally, the safety and licensing issues that affect the use of Bacillus species for commercial development will be summarized, together with evidence showing the growing need to evaluate the safety of individual Bacillus strains as well as species on a case by case by basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huynh A Hong
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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