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Olivares-Vicente M, Sánchez-Marzo N, Herranz-López M, Micol V. Analysis of Lemon Verbena Polyphenol Metabolome and Its Correlation with Oxidative Stress under Glucotoxic Conditions in Adipocyte. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9768-9781. [PMID: 38629896 PMCID: PMC11066870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Lemon verbena has been shown to ameliorate obesity-related oxidative stress, but the intracellular final effectors underlying its antioxidant activity are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to correlate the antioxidant capacity of plasma metabolites of lemon verbena (verbascoside, isoverbascoside, hydroxytyrosol, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, homoprotocatechuic acid, and luteolin-7-diglucuronide) with their uptake and intracellular metabolism in hypertrophic adipocytes under glucotoxic conditions. To this end, intracellular ROS levels were measured, and the intracellular metabolites were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). The results showed that the plasma metabolites of lemon verbena are absorbed by adipocytes and metabolized through phase II reactions and that the intracellular appearance of these metabolites correlates with the decrease in the level of glucotoxicity-induced oxidative stress. It is postulated that the biotransformation and accumulation of these metabolites in adipocytes contribute to the long-term antioxidant activity of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariló Olivares-Vicente
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Noelia Sánchez-Marzo
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - María Herranz-López
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Instituto
de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología
Sanitaria de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández
(UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
- CIBER:
CB12/03/30038, Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición,
CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III
(ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
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2
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Myint O, Wattanapongpitak S, Kothan S, Udomtanakunchai C, Tima S, Tungjai M. Modulation of p-glycoprotein-mediated efflux pirarubicin in living multidrug-resistant K562/Dox cell lines by 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid via impairment of the cellular energetic state. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1443-1451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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3
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Płowuszyńska A, Gliszczyńska A. Recent Developments in Therapeutic and Nutraceutical Applications of p-Methoxycinnamic Acid from Plant Origin. Molecules 2021; 26:3827. [PMID: 34201697 PMCID: PMC8270276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA) is one of the most studied phenylpropanoids with high importance not only in the wide spectrum of therapeutic activities but also its potential application for the food industry. This natural compound derived from plants exhibits a wide range of biologically useful properties; therefore, during the last two decades it has been extensively tested for therapeutic and nutraceutical applications. This article presents the natural sources of p-MCA, its metabolism, pharmacokinetic properties, and safety of its application. The possibilities of using this dietary bioactive compound as a nutraceutical agent that may be used as functional food ingredient playing a vital role in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases is also discussed. We present the antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, hepato-, and neuroprotective activities of p-MCA and methods of its lipophilization that have been developed so far to increase its industrial application and bioavailability in the biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
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4
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Efron N. Putting vital stains in context. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 96:400-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Efron
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, and School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia,
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5
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Cellular uptake and trans-enterocyte transport of phenolics bound to vinegar melanoidins. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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6
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Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy reveals quenching of fluorescein within corneal epithelium. Exp Eye Res 2016; 147:12-19. [PMID: 27106141 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Topical application of fluorescein results in background fluorescence of normal corneal epithelial cells. The fluorescence appears relatively weak and is often ignored clinically. The concentrations of fluorescein applied clinically exceed the threshold for self quenching. The possibility that exuberant topical concentrations of fluorescein result in quenching of fluorescence in tears and normal corneal epithelium is explored. Fluorescence lifetime measurements are sensitive to quenching and are less vulnerable to inner filter effect than steady state measurements. The types of fluorescence lifetime quenching often report informative molecular interactions. Therefore, fluorescence lifetime confocal imaging was performed in solutions, tears and corneal epithelium removed by membrane cytology following applied fluorescein. Amplitude averaged fluorescence lifetimes (τamp) were measured with time resolved single photon counting using a pulsed diode laser for excitation of fluorescein. Lifetime decays were fit to multi-exponential models with least squares analysis. Stern-Volmer plots for both intensity (I) and (τamp) were determined. Stern-Volmer plots demonstrated both dynamic and static quenching components (R(2) = 0.98 exponential fit, I0/I). Plots of τamp versus concentration of fluorescein revealed a linear relationship. Immediately after fluorescein application, quenching was evident in tears (τamp < 1 ns) versus tears sampled after 5 min (τamp = 3.7 ns). Corneal epithelium showed quenching (τamp ≤ 2 ns) from 1 to 16 min post fluorescein instillation. Clinical concentrations of fluorescein show self-quenching but rapidly dilute as tears turnover. Intracellular quenching occurs in normal corneal epithelium. Lifetime decay curves suggest complex mechanisms are involved. Quenching is a plausible explanation for the low fluorescence background observed clinically.
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7
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Lamson NG, Cusimano G, Suri K, Zhang A, Whitehead KA. The pH of Piperazine Derivative Solutions Predicts Their Utility as Transepithelial Permeation Enhancers. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:578-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Lamson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gabrielle Cusimano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kanika Suri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Anna Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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8
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Konishi Y, Kobayashi S, Shimizu M. Transepithelial Transport ofp-Coumaric Acid and Gallic Acid in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 67:2317-24. [PMID: 14646189 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The transepithelial transport of such common dietary phenolic acids as p-coumaric acid (CA) and gallic acid (GA) across Caco-2 cell monolayers was examined. CA transport was dependent on pH, and in a vectorial manner in the apical-basolateral direction. The permeation was concentration-dependent and saturable, the Michaelis constant and maximum velocity being 17.5 mM and 82.7 nmol min(-1) (mg of protein)(-1), respectively. Benzoic acid and acetic acid inhibited the permeation of CA. These results indicate that the transepithelial transport of CA was via the monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT). On the other hand, the permeation of GA was not in a polarized manner, was independent of pH and linearly increased with increasing concentration of GA. The transport rate of GA was about 100 times lower than that of CA, suggesting the transepithelial transport of GA to be via the paracellular pathway. Dietary phenolic acids thus showed diversified characteristics in their intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Konishi
- Applied Bioresearch Center, Research & Development Department, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Gunma, Japan.
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Konishi Y. Modulations of Food-derived Substances on Intestinal Permeability in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 67:2297-9. [PMID: 14586128 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.67.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of more than 300 kinds of food extracts on intestinal permeability were investigated in Caco-2 cells with the use of model compounds: Lucifer Yellow (LY) for the paracellular pathway, Fluorescein (FC) for the monocarboxylic acid transporter-mediated pathway, and Rhodamine 123 (RH) for the p-glycoprotein-mediated efflux pathway. With several extracts of increasing or decreasing LY permeation, increasing FC or RH permeation was also observed, indicating modulation by dietary substances in several pathways for intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Konishi
- Applied Bioresearch Center, Research & Development, Department, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Takasaki-shi, Gunma, Japan.
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Tsukagoshi K, Kimura O, Endo T. Steric hindrance of 2,6-disubstituted benzoic acid derivatives on the uptake via monocarboxylic acid transporters from the apical membranes of Caco-2 cells. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 111:38-42. [PMID: 24861932 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid is a typical substrate for monocarboxylic acid transporters (MCTs), and easily taken up from the apical membranes of Caco-2 cells by MCTs. However, some benzoic acid derivatives were sparingly taken up by Caco-2 cells. To elucidate the mechanism of lower uptake of the derivatives, we investigated the effect of substitution of benzene ring on the uptake by MCTs using Caco-2 cells. Among the benzoic acid derivatives tested, the uptake of 2,6-disubstituted benzoic acids was markedly lower than that of other benzoic acids. Co-incubation of the 2,6-disubstituted derivatives with benzoic acid did not decrease the uptake of benzoic acid, while co-incubation with other derivatives significantly decreased the uptake of benzoic acid. Kinetic analyses elucidated that the uptake of 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid did not involve the carrier-mediated process. The 2,6-disubstitution of benzoic acid may prevent the access of carboxylic acid group to MCTs expressed on the apical membranes of Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osamu Kimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
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11
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Cui Y, Li Q, Zhang M, Liu Z, Yin W, Liu W, Chen X, Bi K. LC-MS determination and pharmacokinetics of p-coumaric acid in rat plasma after oral administration of p-coumaric acid and freeze-dried red wine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12083-12088. [PMID: 21069958 DOI: 10.1021/jf103191a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and efficient liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of p-coumaric acid (CA) in rat plasma. After addition of the internal standard (IS) hydrochlorothiazide and acidification with 2 M hydrochloric acid, plasma samples were extracted by ethyl acetate and separated on a Kromasil C18 column (200 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) using a mobile phase composed of methanol-0.5‰ acetic acid (60:40, v/v) within a runtime of 6.0 min. Analysis was performed in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with a negative electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. The target ions were m/z 163.15 for CA and m/z 295.95 for IS. The linear range was 0.01-15 μg·mL(-1), and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.01 μg·mL(-1). The intraday and interday precision (RSD %) were lower than 10% and accuracy (RE%) ranged from 97.1 to 103.2%. The validated method was successfully applied to the comparative pharmacokinetic study of CA in rat plasma after oral administration of CA and freeze-dried red wine, respectively. It was found that both AUC and T1/2 of CA in freeze-dried red wine were increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared with that in monomer. In addition, a double-peak profile could be observed from the concentration-time curve after oral administration of freeze-dried red wine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
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12
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Epriliati I, D'Arcy B, Gidley M. Nutriomic analysis of fresh and processed fruit products. 2. During in vitro simultaneous molecular passages using Caco-2 cell monolayers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3377-3388. [PMID: 19290640 DOI: 10.1021/jf802226n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have used Caco-2 cell monolayers as human intestinal absorption models. However, only a few studied digested foods, instead of pure standard compounds. Moreover, beneficial and nutritional molecules (nutriome) have not been investigated simultaneously. The present study explored nutriome passages from digest solution of fresh, dried, and juiced tomato, mango, and papaya using Caco-2 cell monolayers in apical-->basolateral directions. A validation method using complementary TEER and P(app) values or internal standard caffeine is recommended because physiologically passive diffusion is unlikely to happen. Sugars were transported into basolateral sides, resulting in potential glucose equivalent bioavailability of 2.26-75 mg h(-1)/100 g (WB). Using sugar passage rates (DB) of juices as 100% references, the rate order was tomato (49.8% dried; 89.5% fresh) > mango (56.8% dried; 22.8% fresh) > papaya (18.7% dried; 36.7% fresh). Major indications that phytochemical absorption does not occur in the small intestine were obtained from the bioassay condition selected. Apical organic acid levels decreased, which occasionally were transported into basolateral sides, whereas the disappearances of apical carotenoids and phenolics were not. Pectin substances were predicted to be responsible for the disappearances of bioactive compounds in those pectin-rich fruits. Further investigations on the role of pectin substances in intestinal passages are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indah Epriliati
- School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
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Nardini M, Forte M, Vrhovsek U, Mattivi F, Viola R, Scaccini C. White wine phenolics are absorbed and extensively metabolized in humans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2711-8. [PMID: 19334754 DOI: 10.1021/jf8034463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast literature describing the biological effects of phenolic compounds, rather scarce data are available on their absorption from diet in humans. The present study focused on the absorption in humans of phenolic acids from white wine, particularly hydroxycinnamic acids and their esters with tartaric acid. The results obtained indicate that, following a single wine drink, hydroxycinnamic acids from white wine are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and circulate in the blood after being largely metabolized to the form of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. Unmodified tartaric acid esters of hydroxycinnamic acids from wine are present in human plasma at low levels, if any. Wine hydroxycinnamic acids, although present in wine as conjugated forms, are still bioavailable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Nardini
- National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research (INRAN), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
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14
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Faria A, Pestana D, Monteiro R, Oliveira J, Freitas VD, Azevedo I, Calhau C, Mateus N. Influence of anthocyanins and derivative pigments from blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) extracts on MPP+ intestinal uptake: A structure–activity approach. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Kimura O, Tsukagoshi K, Endo T. Uptake of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) from the apical membrane of Caco-2 cells by the monocarboxylic acid transporter. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 227:325-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Keppler K, Humpf HU. Metabolism of anthocyanins and their phenolic degradation products by the intestinal microflora. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5195-205. [PMID: 15963727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are suggested to be responsible for protective effects against cardiovascular diseases and certain forms of cancer. Although previous studies have implicated that intact anthocyanidin glycosides were decreased extensively by interactions in the gastrointestinal tract, only few data are available concerning the metabolism by the intestinal microflora. Using a new in vitro model, we have investigated the microbial deglycosylation and degradation of six anthocyanins exhibiting three different aglycones with mono- or di-beta-D-glycosidic bonds using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array (HPLC-DAD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. We have found that all anthocyanidin glycosides were hydrolysed by the microflora within 20 min and 2 h of incubation depending on the sugar moiety. Due to the high instability of the liberated aglycones at neutral pH, primary phenolic degradation products were already detected after 20 min of incubation. Further metabolism of the phenolic acids was accompanied by demethylation. Because of their higher chemical and microbial stability, phenolic acids and/or other, not yet identified, anthocyanin metabolites might be mainly responsible for the observed antioxidant activities and other physiological effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Keppler
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Konishi Y. Transepithelial transport of artepillin C in intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1713:138-44. [PMID: 16004960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The absorption characteristics of artepillin C (AC), an active ingredient of Brazilian propolis, were examined by measuring permeation across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The permeation rate in the basolateral-to-apical direction, J(bl-->ap), in the presence of proton gradient was 0.14 nmol/min/mg protein, whereas J(bl-->ap) in the absence of proton gradient was 1.14 nmol/min/mg protein. The latter value is nearly the same as the permeation rate in the apical-to-basolateral direction, J(ap-->bl), both in the presence and absence of proton gradient. In the presence of proton gradient, J(ap-->bl) was almost constant, irrespective of NaN(3) or benzoic acid. However, J(bl-->ap) dramatically increased upon the addition of NaN(3) or benzoic acid specifically to the apical side. In both the presence and absence of proton gradient, J(ap-->bl) also appeared to be constant irrespective of the paracellular permeability of Caco-2 cells. After AC was loaded apically in the presence of proton gradient, the intracellular AC increased with time. This accumulation was inhibited by apically loaded NaN(3). These indicate that AC transport occurs mainly via transcellular passive diffusion, although a considerable amount of AC was taken up intracellularly by monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT) on the apical side and not transported out across the basolateral membrane, suggesting that different subtypes of MCT are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Konishi
- Central Laboratories for Frontier Technology, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., 1-13-5, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
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18
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Itagaki S, Otsuka Y, Kubo S, Okumura H, Saito Y, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, Iseki K. Intestinal uptake of nateglinide by an intestinal fluorescein transporter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1668:190-4. [PMID: 15737329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nateglinide, a novel oral hypoglycemic agent, rapidly reaches its maximum serum concentration after oral administration, suggesting that it is rapidly absorbed in the intestine. However, nateglinide itself is not transported by MCT1 or PEPT1. The aim of this study was to characterize the transporters on the apical side of the small intestine that are responsible for the rapid absorption of nateglinide. It has been reported that the uptake of fluorescein by Caco-2 cells occurs via an H+-driven transporter and that the intestinal fluorescein transporter is probably not MCT1. We examined the contribution of the fluorescein transporter to the uptake of nateglinide by Caco-2 cells. Fluorescein competitively inhibited H+-dependent nateglinide uptake. All of fluorescein transporter inhibitors examined reduced the uptake of nateglinide. Furthermore, nateglinide inhibited fluorescein uptake. We conclude that the intestinal nateglinide/H+ cotransport system is identical to the intestinal fluorescein/H+ cotransport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirou Itagaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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