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Song Y, Long C, Wang Y, An Y, Lu Y. Advancements in multi-omics for nutraceutical enhancement and traits improvement in buckwheat. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-26. [PMID: 39160127 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2373282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.) is a typical pseudocereal, valued for its extensive nutraceutical potential as well as its centuries-old cultivation. Tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat have been used globally and become well-known nutritious foods due to their high quantities of: proteins, flavonoids, and minerals. Moreover, its increasing demand makes it critical to improve nutraceutical, traits and yield. In this review, bioactive compounds accumulated in buckwheat were comprehensively evaluated according to their chemical structure, properties, and physiological function. Biosynthetic pathways of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fagopyrin were methodically summarized, with the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Although there are classic synthesis pathways presented in the previous research, the metabolic flow of how these certain compounds are being synthesized in buckwheat still remains uncovered. The functional genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonols, stress response, and plant development were identified based on multi-omics research. Furthermore, it delves into the applications of multi-omics in improving buckwheat's agronomic traits, including: yield, nutritional content, stress resilience, and bioactive compounds biosynthesis. While pangenomics combined with other omics to mine elite genes, the regulatory network and mechanism of specific agronomic traits and biosynthetic of bioactive components, and developing a more efficient genetic transformation system for genetic engineering require further investigation for the execution of breeding designs aimed at enhancing desirable traits in buckwheat. This critical review will provide a comprehensive understanding of multi-omics for nutraceutical enhancement and traits improvement in buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxing An
- Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yinglin Lu
- Institute of Nanfan and Seed Industry, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Valido E, Stoyanov J, Gorreja F, Stojic S, Niehot C, Kiefte-de Jong J, Llanaj E, Muka T, Glisic M. Systematic Review of Human and Animal Evidence on the Role of Buckwheat Consumption on Gastrointestinal Health. Nutrients 2022; 15:1. [PMID: 36615659 PMCID: PMC9823958 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buckwheat is a commonly cultivated crop with growing evidence that it is beneficial to gastrointestinal (GI) health. This systematic review summarizes the role of buckwheat in modifying GI health outcomes and microbiomes. METHODS Four medical databases and Google Scholar were systematically searched. Clinical trials, observational studies, animal in vivo, and in vitro studies with human and animal GI-derived samples were included. RESULTS There were 32 studies (one randomized controlled trial [RCT], one non-randomized trial, 3 observational, 9 in vitro, and 18 animal in vivo studies) included. In preclinical studies, buckwheat extracts were observed to have cytotoxic potential against human-derived GI cancer cell lines. Animals fed with buckwheat had lower GI mucosal inflammation, higher alpha diversity in the GI microbiome, and higher levels of fecal short-chain fatty acids. Human evidence studies and clinical trials were limited and predominantly of moderate risk of bias. The majority of in vitro studies with GI-derived samples and in vivo studies were reliable without restrictions in study design. CONCLUSION In vivo and in vitro studies show that buckwheat may have potential GI benefits due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential; however, human evidence remains limited, and its impact on health in humans remains to be elucidated in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezra Valido
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Lucerne, 6003 Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Jivko Stoyanov
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frida Gorreja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stevan Stojic
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland
| | - Christa Niehot
- Literature Searches Support, 3000 GA Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Health Campus The Hague, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erand Llanaj
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Taulant Muka
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marija Glisic
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) Sprouts Modified with Probiotic Yeast. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227773. [PMID: 36431874 PMCID: PMC9695562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Buckwheat sprouts are a source of various nutrients, e.g., antioxidant flavonoids, which have a positive effect on human health. This study analyzed the content of phenolic compounds and assessed their impact on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and dietary fiber in modified buckwheat sprouts. For this purpose, the buckwheat seeds were modified by adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. The modified buckwheat sprouts showed a higher content of total phenol compounds (1526 µg/g d.w.) than the control sprouts (951 µg/g d.w.) and seeds (672 µg/g d.w.). As a consequence, a higher antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect were noted. Probiotic-rich sprouts also had the highest content of total dietary fiber and its soluble fraction. A correlation between phenolic compounds and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as dietary fiber, was shown. The interaction between dietary fiber and phenolic compounds affects the bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity of phenolic compounds in food. The introduction of probiotic yeast into the sprouts had a positive effect on increasing their nutritional value, as well as their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. As a consequence, the nutraceutical potential of the raw material changed, opening a new direction for the use of buckwheat sprouts, e.g., in industry.
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Phenolic compounds in common buckwheat sprouts: composition, isolation, analysis and bioactivities. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:935-956. [PMID: 35873372 PMCID: PMC9300812 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds in common buckwheat sprouts (CBSs) have gained research interest because of their multiple health benefits. Phenolic acids, flavanones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanins are important bioactive components of CBS that exhibit biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and immunomodulatory effects. The isolation and quantitative and qualitative analyses of these phenolic compounds require effective and appropriate extraction and analytical methods. The most recent analytical method developed for determining the phenolic profile is HPLC coupled with a UV-visible detector and/or MS. This review highlights the extraction, purification, analysis, and bioactive properties of phenolic compounds from CBS described in the literature.
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Jang D, Jung YS, Kim MS, Oh SE, Nam TG, Kim DO. Developing and Validating a Method for Separating Flavonoid Isomers in Common Buckwheat Sprouts Using HPLC-PDA. Foods 2019; 8:foods8110549. [PMID: 31689931 PMCID: PMC6915543 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Buckwheat sprouts that are synthesized during the germination process are rich in flavonoids, including orientin, vitexin, rutin, and their isomers (isoorientin, isovitexin, and quercetin-3-O-robinobioside, respectively). The purpose of this study was to optimize and validate an analytical method for separating flavonoid isomers in common buckwheat sprout extract (CSE). Factors, such as range, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, and limit of quantification, were evaluated for each standard using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). On the basis of resolution and symmetry, a column temperature of 40 °C with 0.1% (v/v) acidic water and acetonitrile as mobile phases, at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1 were determined to be the optimal analytical conditions. Calibration curves for orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, and rutin exhibited good linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.9999 over the 6.25–100.00 μg mL−1 range. Recovery values of 96.67–103.60% confirmed that the method was accurate for all flavonoids. The relative standard deviations of intra-day repeatability and inter-day reproducibility confirmed method preciseness, with values of less than 5.21% and 5.40%, respectively. The developed method was used to analyze flavonoids in CSE, with isomers satisfactorily separated and simultaneously quantified. We demonstrated that the developed HPLC method can be used to monitor flavonoids in buckwheat sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Jang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Young Sung Jung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Mi-Seon Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Seung Eel Oh
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Tae Gyu Nam
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea.
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
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Gabr AMM, Sytar O, Ghareeb H, Brestic M. Accumulation of amino acids and flavonoids in hairy root cultures of common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 25:787-797. [PMID: 31168240 PMCID: PMC6522579 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-019-00669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Transformed hairy root culture in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench Rubra cultivar) was investigated for accumulation of amino acids and specific flavonoids. Leaves and stems of F. esculentum were used a starting material for induction of hairy roots via the Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4 strain. The transformed lines were confirmed by PCR detection of rol B gene, and their capability to continuously form hairy roots. Three lines from each explant types depending upon growth kinetics were observed. The hairy root lines were used to measure the contents of 17 amino acids and 3 flavonoids. Overall, the hairy root lines exhibited elevated accumulation of semi-essential amino acids such as lysine, isoleucine, valine, histidine and phenylalanine. Content of proline was increased 3-5 times, likely due to the biotic stress reaction induced with A. rhizogenes. Determination of flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography, hesperidine and kaempferol-3-rutinoside, were accumulated in hairy root cultures and didn't detected in non-transformed root. The increase in flavonoids positively correlated with the antioxidant capacity of the hairy root cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. M. Gabr
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Oksana Sytar
- Plant Physiology and Ecology Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Institute of Biology, Volodymyrskya Str., 64, Kiev, 01033 Ukraine
- Departament of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Hassan Ghareeb
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Marian Brestic
- Departament of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Ling A, Li X, Hu X, Ma Z, Wu K, Zhang H, Hao M, Wei S. Dynamic changes in polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activity, and PAL gene expression in different tissues of buckwheat during germination. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5723-5730. [PMID: 29736979 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest in buckwheat germination regarding the improvement of its health benefits. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of germination on polyphenol compounds, antioxidant activity, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene expression in different tissues (cotyledon, hypocotyl, and radicle) of buckwheat sprouts during germination for 12 days, as well as to investigate their interactions. RESULTS Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, main polyphenol components, and PAL gene expression significantly increased during germination. On day 12, the rutin content in cotyledons was elevated to 88.6 g kg-1 , which was 7.7-times and 39.4-times compared to those in buckwheat seeds and radicles, respectively. Meanwhile, chlorogenic acid in hypocotyls reached 7.84 g kg-1 , which was 36.3-fold higher than those in radicles. However, the PAL gene showed the highest expression in radicles. CONCLUSION Present results showed that polyphenol compounds mainly accumulated in cotyledons and hypocotyls. There was a negative correlation between polyphenol compounds and PAL gene expression. The discrepancy suggested that polyphenol compounds might experience transportation within buckwheat sprouts. The study could provide useful information for further application of buckwheat in functional foods, and revelation of the correlation between bioactive components and related gene expressions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajing Ling
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinzhong Hu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kunming Wu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Hao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sifan Wei
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Dziedzic K, Górecka D, Szwengiel A, Olejnik A, Rychlik J, Kreft I, Drożdżyńska A, Walkowiak J. The cytotoxic effect of artificially digested buckwheat products on HT-29 colon cancer cells. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Effects of light sources on major flavonoids and antioxidant activity in common buckwheat sprouts. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 27:169-176. [PMID: 30263737 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that flavonoids in sprouts were accumulated more under light irradiation than under dark. Light source affecting flavonoid accumulation in sprouts is still investigating. We evaluated the effects of light sources, including red, blue and fluorescent lights, on the flavonoid accumulation and antioxidant activity in common buckwheat sprouts. Experimental results showed that blue light significantly enhanced the contents of C-glycosylflavones, including orientin, vitexin and their isomers, and rutin and a rutin isomer. Sprouts grown under blue light exhibit also the highest total phenolics and total flavonoids as well as the highest antioxidant activities. It was found that isoorientin is the highest antioxidant flavonoid whereas numerous former studies suggested that rutin is a typical antioxidant compound in common buckwheat. These results indicated that blue light could be applied for enhancing not only the content of flavonoids but also antioxidant activity in common buckwheat sprouts.
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Comparison of Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoid-Rich Common and Tartary Buckwheat Sprout Extracts in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 and Peritoneal Macrophages. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9658030. [PMID: 28928906 PMCID: PMC5591968 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9658030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Buckwheat sprouts have been widely consumed all around world due to their great abundance of bioactive compounds. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoid-rich common buckwheat sprout (CBS) and tartary buckwheat sprout (TBS) extracts were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and primary peritoneal macrophages from male BALB/c mice. Based on the reversed-phase HPLC analysis, the major flavonoids in CBS were determined to be C-glycosylflavones (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, and isovitexin), quercetin-3-O-robinobioside, and rutin, whereas TBS contained only high amounts of rutin. The TBS extract exhibited higher inhibitory activity as assessed by the production of proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 6, and IL-12 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages than CBS extract. In addition, TBS extract suppressed nuclear factor-kappa B activation by preventing inhibitor kappa B-alpha degradation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, the TBS extract markedly reduced LPS-induced cytokine production in peritoneal macrophages. Taken together, these findings suggest that TBS extract can be a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents that may influence macrophage-mediated inflammatory disorders.
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DNA Microarray-Based Screening and Characterization of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MICROARRAYS 2017; 6:microarrays6010004. [PMID: 28146102 PMCID: PMC5374364 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The application of DNA microarray assay (DMA) has entered a new era owing to recent innovations in omics technologies. This review summarizes recent applications of DMA-based gene expression profiling by focusing on the screening and characterizationof traditional Chinese medicine. First, herbs, mushrooms, and dietary plants analyzed by DMA along with their effective components and their biological/physiological effects are summarized and discussed by examining their comprehensive list and a list of representative effective chemicals. Second, the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicine are summarized by examining the genes and pathways responsible for the action, the cell functions involved in the action, and the activities found by DMA (silent estrogens). Third, applications of DMA for traditional Chinese medicine are discussed by examining reported examples and new protocols for its use in quality control. Further innovations in the signaling pathway based evaluation of beneficial effects and the assessment of potential risks of traditional Chinese medicine are expected, just as are observed in other closely related fields, such as the therapeutic, environmental, nutritional, and pharmacological fields.
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Jing R, Li HQ, Hu CL, Jiang YP, Qin LP, Zheng CJ. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profiles of Three Fagopyrum Buckwheats. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E589. [PMID: 27104519 PMCID: PMC4849043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Fagopyrum (Polygonaceae), currently comprising 15 species of plants, includes three important buckwheat species: Fagopyrum esculentum (F. esculentum) Moench. (common buckwheat), Fagopyrum tataricum (F. tataricum) (L.) Gaertn. (tartary buckwheat) and Fagopyrum dibotrys (F. dibotrys) (D. Don) Hara. (perennial buckwheat), which have been well explored due to their long tradition of both edible and medicinal use. This review aimed to present an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of the three Fagopyrum buckwheats. In addition, the scope for future research was also discussed. All available references included in this paper were compiled from major databases, such as MEDLINE, Pubmed, Scholar, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley and CNKI. A total of 106 compounds isolated from three Fagopyrum buckwheats can be mainly divided into six classes: flavonoids, phenolics, fagopyritols, triterpenoids, steroids and fatty acids. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds were considered to be the major active components. Considerable pharmacological experiments both in vitro and in vivo have validated that Fagopyrum buckwheats possess antitumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic activities, etc. All reported data lead us to conclude that Fagopyrum buckwheats have convincing medicinal potential. However, further research is needed to explore its bioactive constituents, the relationship to their structural activities and the molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jing
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hua-Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chang-Ling Hu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yi-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Cheng-Jian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Thwe A, Valan Arasu M, Li X, Park CH, Kim SJ, Al-Dhabi NA, Park SU. Effect of Different Agrobacterium rhizogenes Strains on Hairy Root Induction and Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis in Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn). Front Microbiol 2016; 7:318. [PMID: 27014239 PMCID: PMC4789558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficient protocol for successful hairy root induction by Agrobacterium rhizogenes is the key step toward an in vitro culturing method for the mass production of secondary metabolites. The selection of an effective Agrobacterium strain for the production of hairy roots is highly plant species dependent and must be determined empirically. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the transformation efficiency of different A. rhizogenes strains for the induction of transgenic hairy roots in Fagopyrum tataricum ‘Hokkai T10’ cultivar; to determine the expression levels of the polypropanoid biosynthetic pathway genes, such as ftpAL, FtC4H, Ft4CL, FrCHS, FrCH1, FrF3H, FtFLS1, FtFLS2, FtF3, H1, FtF3′H2, FtANS, and FtDFR; and to quantify the in vitro synthesis of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins. Among different strains, R1000 was the most promising candidate for hairy root stimulation because it induced the highest growth rate, root number, root length, transformation efficiency, and total anthocyanin and rutin content. The R1000, 15834, and A4 strains provided higher transcript levels for most metabolic pathway genes for the synthesis of rutin (22.31, 15.48, and 13.04 μg/mg DW, respectively), cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (800, 750, and 650 μg/g DW, respectively), and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (2410, 1530, and 1170 μg/g DW, respectively). A suitable A. rhizogenes strain could play a vital role in the fast growth of the bulk amount of hairy roots and secondary metabolites. Overall, R1000 was the most promising strain for hairy root induction in buckwheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Thwe
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University Daejeon, South Korea
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Separation of five flavonoids from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) grains via off-line two dimensional high-speed counter-current chromatography. Food Chem 2015; 186:153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Giménez-Bastida JA, Zieliński H. Buckwheat as a Functional Food and Its Effects on Health. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7896-913. [PMID: 26270637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Buckwheat (BW) is a gluten-free pseudocereal that belongs to the Polygonaceae family. BW grain is a highly nutritional food component that has been shown to provide a wide range of beneficial effects. Health benefits attributed to BW include plasma cholesterol level reduction, neuroprotection, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic effects, and improvement of hypertension conditions. In addition, BW has been reported to possess prebiotic and antioxidant activities. In vitro and animal studies suggest that BW's bioactive compounds, such as D-chiro-inositol (DCI), BW proteins (BWP), and BW flavonoids (mainly rutin and quercetin) may be partially responsible for the observed effects. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent research regarding the health benefits of BW, in vitro and in vivo, focusing on the specific role of its bioactive compounds and on the mechanisms by which these effects are exerted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Giménez-Bastida
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences , Tuwima 10, P.O. Box 55, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Henryk Zieliński
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences , Tuwima 10, P.O. Box 55, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Tomotake H, Kayashita J, Kato N. Hypolipidemic activity of common (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) and tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) buckwheat. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1963-1967. [PMID: 25363871 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Buckwheat grain has well-balanced nutritional value, whereas its digestibility is relatively low. This review summarizes recent advances in studies on the hypolipidemic activity of buckwheat. The most remarkable function is a powerful hypocholesterolemic activity of buckwheat protein in rats, which is far stronger than that of soy protein. The cholesterol-lowering effect is mediated by mechanisms involving higher excretion of fecal sterols and lower digestibility of buckwheat protein. The insoluble fraction of buckwheat protein associates with cholesterol and reduces micelle cholesterol uptake in caco-2 cells. Furthermore, consumption of buckwheat protein suppresses cholesterol-induced gallstones and body fat in rodents. Buckwheat sprouts also have hypolipidemic activity in rats or type 2 diabetic mice. Tartary buckwheat bran extract reduced the serum level of total cholesterol and triglyceride in hyperlipidemic rats. The consumption of buckwheat seed reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the pastureland Mongolian population. Taken together, buckwheat may be beneficial for prevention of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Kayashita
- Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8558, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kato
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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Merendino N, Molinari R, Costantini L, Mazzucato A, Pucci A, Bonafaccia F, Esti M, Ceccantoni B, Papeschi C, Bonafaccia G. A new "functional" pasta containing tartary buckwheat sprouts as an ingredient improves the oxidative status and normalizes some blood pressure parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Funct 2014; 5:1017-26. [PMID: 24658587 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60683j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported that some foods, particularly those rich in (poly)phenols, may reduce cardiovascular risk and metabolic disorders such as hypertension. Buckwheat sprouts have been suggested as a new raw material for the production of functional foods due to their high content of healthy compounds such as rutin and quercetin. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the biological hypotensive and antioxidant responses of pasta containing tartary buckwheat sprouts (TBSP) on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In this study, dry tartary buckwheat sprouts were milled to obtain a powder that was used in the production of pasta containing 30% dry buckwheat sprouts and 70% durum wheat semolina. Afterwards, we analyzed the in vitro TBSP features compared with the control (durum wheat flour pasta, DWFP), and the in vivo effects of TBSP on SHR and their normotensive counterpart, Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY rats). The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were higher in TBSP compared to DWFP. The results showed that SHR fed TBSP exhibited higher plasma levels of the endogenous vasodilators bradykinin (BK) and nitric oxide (NO), a lower level of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1), and an improved antioxidant capacity. These data suggest that TBSP may help reduce hypertension and oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Merendino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Relationships between antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities of tartary buckwheat during germination. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:2458-63. [PMID: 25829633 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Relationships of changes between major non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacities of tartary buckwheat during germination were evaluated by means of correlation analysis and principal component analysis in this paper. The changes of antioxidant compounds, including vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, carotenoids, and chlorophyll, and antioxidant activities were detected. A good accumulation in the content of vitamin C (0.71 mg/g), total flavonoids (19.53 mg rutin/g), and rutin (11.34 mg/g) was found after 7-day germination, but germination decreased the vitamin E activity. Germination improved the activities of buckwheat extracts to scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide free radicals by 107, 144, and 88 %, respectively. Furthermore, the correlation and principal component analysis showed that the vitamin C, total flavonoids, and rutin contents were closely related positively with free radicals scavenging properties, indicating that the compounds which play a key role in the elevated antioxidant activities during germination consisted of vitamin C, total flavonoids, and rutin, but not vitamin E and quercetin.
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Karki R, Park CH, Kim DW. Extract of buckwheat sprouts scavenges oxidation and inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages (RAW264.7). JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2013; 11:246-52. [PMID: 23867243 DOI: 10.3736/jintegrmed2013036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Buckwheat has been considered as a potential source of nutraceutical components on the world market of probiotic foodstuffs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) sprouts on oxidation and pro-inflammatory mediators. METHODS The anti-oxidant effects of buckwheat extract (BWE) and rutin were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and nitric oxide (NO)-scavenging activities, serum peroxidation and chelating assays. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activities of buckwheat and rutin. NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was determined by using Griess reagent. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 subunit in cytosolic and nuclear portions were determined by Western blot analysis. Also, the production of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Inhibitory concentration 50 values for DPPH- and NO-scavenging activities of BWE were 24.97 and 72.54 μg/mL respectively. BWE inhibited serum oxidation and possessed chelating activity. Furthermore, BWE inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Also, BWE inhibited iNOS and COX-2 expression and NF-κB p65 translocation. CONCLUSION Buckwheat sprouts possessed strong antioxidant activity and inhibited production of pro-inflammatory mediators in the applied model systems. Thus, buckwheat can be suggested to be beneficial in inflammatory diseases by inhibiting the free radicals and inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do 534-729, South Korea; E-mail: ,
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Tavčar Benković E, Žigon D, Friedrich M, Plavec J, Kreft S. Isolation, analysis and structures of phototoxic fagopyrins from buckwheat. Food Chem 2013; 143:432-9. [PMID: 24054263 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Buckwheat products are commonly used in health foods and food supplements. However, public awareness regarding the presence of photodynamic naphthodianthrones fagopyrins that can cause photosensitization is low. At least two additional compounds with structures similar to that of fagopyrin are known to exist; however, the structures of these compounds have never been determined. In this work, we improved the extraction procedure and the chromatographic analysis of fagopyrins by developing a simple, sensitive and high-resolution high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical method using fluorescence detection. We observed at least six fagopyrin derivatives, which were isolated and characterized via UV-Vis absorption, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. We determined the structures of two new derivatives (fagopyrin A and fagopyrin E) and proved the existence of protofagopyrins that can transform into fagopyrins upon light exposure. Our methods complement the existing knowledge regarding fagopyrins and will allow for their further analysis, isolation and investigation of their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tavčar Benković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
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Sytar O, Brestic M, Rai M. Possible ways of fagopyrin biosynthesis and production in buckwheat plants. Fitoterapia 2012; 84:72-9. [PMID: 23103298 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work extends knowledge about possible biosynthesis of fagopyrin in buckwheat plants by providing possible candidate genes for its biosynthesis and the role of type III polyketide synthases (PKSs). Moreover, new information is presented about the possible connection between naphthodianthrones and phenolic biosynthesis. Possible regulation of fagopyrin biosynthesis and production under different growth conditions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Sytar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia.
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Distribution of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory substance (2″-hydroxynicotianamine) in the flour, plant parts, and processed products of buckwheat. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen HJ, Chung CP, Chiang W, Lin YL. Anti-inflammatory effects and chemical study of a flavonoid-enriched fraction from adlay bran. Food Chem 2010; 126:1741-8. [PMID: 25213953 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammation-guided fractionation and purification were used to evaluate the bioactivity and components of adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) bran. Results showed that the fraction with high phenolic and flavonoid contents from the ethanol extracts of adlay bran suppressed LPS-stimulated IL-6 and TNF-α secretions in a concentration-dependent manner in RAW 264.7 cells and murine peritoneal macrophages. Fifteen compounds, including a novel aurone derivative, two chromones, one dihydrochalcone, one chalcone, four flavanones, five flavones and one isoflavone, were isolated from the active fraction. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR and MS. All of the isolates are reported for the first time from adlay except naringenin. LC/MS was also provided as an analytical platform. Our results suggest that flavonoids in adlay bran, partially at least, contribute to its anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, adlay bran may be beneficial to the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jhang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Pei Chung
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wenchang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Shiozuka C, Taguchi A, Matsuda J, Noguchi Y, Kunieda T, Uchio-Yamada K, Yoshioka H, Hamanaka R, Yano S, Yokoyama S, Mannen K, Kulkarni AB, Furukawa K, Ishii S. Increased globotriaosylceramide levels in a transgenic mouse expressing human alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase and a mouse model for treating Fabry disease. J Biochem 2010; 149:161-70. [PMID: 20961863 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by an α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) deficiency and resulting in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, predominantly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). A transgenic mouse expressing the human α-Gal A R301Q mutant in an α-Gal A-knockout background (TgM/KO) should be useful for studying active-site-specific chaperone (ASSC) therapy for Fabry disease. However, the Gb3 content in the heart tissue of this mouse was too low to detect an ASSC-induced effect. To increase the Gb3 levels in mouse organs, we created transgenic mice (TgG3S) expressing human α1,4-galactosyltransferase (Gb3 synthase). High levels of Gb3 were observed in all major organs of the TgG3S mouse. A TgG3S (+/-)M(+/-)/KO mouse was prepared by cross-breeding the TgG3S and TgM/KO mice and the Gb3 content in the heart of the TgG3S(+/-)M(+/-)/KO mouse was 1.4 µg/mg protein, higher than in the TgM(+/-)/KO (<0.1 µg/mg protein). Treatment with an ASSC, 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin, caused a marked induction of α-Gal A activity and a concomitant reduction of the Gb3 content in the TgG3S(+/-) M(+/-)/KO mouse organs. These data indicated that the TgG3S(+/-) M(+/-)/KO mouse was suitable for studying ASSC therapy for Fabry disease, and that the TgG3S mouse would be useful for studying the effect of high Gb3 levels in mouse organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Shiozuka
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
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