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Chamaa F, Magistretti PJ, Fiumelli H. Astrocyte-derived lactate in stress disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106417. [PMID: 38296112 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress disorders are psychiatric disorders arising following stressful or traumatic events. They could deleteriously affect an individual's health because they often co-occur with mental illnesses. Considerable attention has been focused on neurons when considering the neurobiology of stress disorders. However, like other mental health conditions, recent studies have highlighted the importance of astrocytes in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders. In addition to their structural and homeostatic support role, astrocytes actively serve several functions in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity, protecting neurons from toxic compounds, and providing metabolic support for neurons. The astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle model sets forth the importance of astrocytes in providing lactate for the metabolic supply of neurons under intense activity. Lactate also plays a role as a signaling molecule and has been recently studied regarding its antidepressant activity. This review discusses the involvement of astrocytes and brain energy metabolism in stress and further reflects on the importance of lactate as an energy supply in the brain and its emerging antidepressant role in stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Chamaa
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hubert Fiumelli
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. The impact of 17β-estradiol on the estrogen-deficient female brain: from mechanisms to therapy with hot flushes as target symptoms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1310432. [PMID: 38260155 PMCID: PMC10800853 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1310432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex steroids are essential for whole body development and functions. Among these steroids, 17β-estradiol (E2) has been known as the principal "female" hormone. However, E2's actions are not restricted to reproduction, as it plays a myriad of important roles throughout the body including the brain. In fact, this hormone also has profound effects on the female brain throughout the life span. The brain receives this gonadal hormone from the circulation, and local formation of E2 from testosterone via aromatase has been shown. Therefore, the brain appears to be not only a target but also a producer of this steroid. The beneficial broad actions of the hormone in the brain are the end result of well-orchestrated delayed genomic and rapid non-genomic responses. A drastic and steady decline in circulating E2 in a female occurs naturally over an extended period of time starting with the perimenopausal transition, as ovarian functions are gradually declining until the complete cessation of the menstrual cycle. The waning of endogenous E2 in the blood leads to an estrogen-deficient brain. This adversely impacts neural and behavioral functions and may lead to a constellation of maladies such as vasomotor symptoms with varying severity among women and, also, over time within an individual. Vasomotor symptoms triggered apparently by estrogen deficiency are related to abnormal changes in the hypothalamus particularly involving its preoptic and anterior areas. However, conventional hormone therapies to "re-estrogenize" the brain carry risks due to multiple confounding factors including unwanted hormonal exposure of the periphery. In this review, we focus on hot flushes as the archetypic manifestation of estrogen deprivation in the brain. Beyond our current mechanistic understanding of the symptoms, we highlight the arduous process and various obstacles of developing effective and safe therapies for hot flushes using E2. We discuss our preclinical efforts to constrain E2's beneficial actions to the brain by the DHED prodrug our laboratory developed to treat maladies associated with the hypoestrogenic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Kotula-Balak M, Lonc G, Zarzycka M, Tomiyasu J, Knapczyk-Stwora K, Płachno BJ, Korzekwa AJ, Kaczmarczyk J, Krakowska I. The uterusmasculinus of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fever L.) - The appraisal of fast hormone regulation by membrane androgen and estrogen receptors involvement. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 345:114389. [PMID: 37797800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of remaining paramesonephric ducts (uterus masculinus) in males of some animal species concerning its role is still an unresolved issue. Now it is well-recognized that sex hormonal regulation of reproductive physiology involves also fast nongenomic control of cellular processes through noncanonical signaling. Herein, in the uterus masculinus of Eurasian beaver membrane androgen receptor (metal ion transporter Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9; ZIP9) and membrane estrogen receptor (G protein-coupled estrogen receptor; GPER) were studied. Scanning electron microscopy together with anatomical analysis revealed that Eurasian male beavers possess one double uterus (uterus duplex). Two odd parts open into the vagina but do not form a common lumen. The length of the horns is the most differential feature of this organ in studied animals. Uterus masculinus is not a tightly closed tubular structure. Histological analysis showed an analogy to the female uterus structure however no glands but gland-like structures were observed. The presence and abundant localization of ZIP9 and GPER proteins in cells of uterus masculinus was confirmed by immunohistochemistry while their expression was measured by western blotting. GPER expression in remnants was lower (P < 0.001) than those in the female uterus. Parallelly, the concentration of progesterone and estradiol but not testosterone was lower (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in comparison to the female uterus. Our study, for the first time, reports the involvement of fast hormonal regulation in the uterus masculinus of Eurasian beavers reflecting the participation of this organ in the creation local hormonal environment. Moreover, the uterus masculinus seems to be a useful research model for understanding and resolving urgent biological problems such as gender identities and having children by women with a lack of uterus or anatomical barriers on this level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kotula-Balak
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - G Lonc
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - M Zarzycka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - J Tomiyasu
- Department of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - K Knapczyk-Stwora
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - B J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - A J Korzekwa
- Department of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - J Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - I Krakowska
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
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Gangwar SK, Kumar A, Jose S, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Nuclear receptors in oral cancer-emerging players in tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ma P, Zhang Y, Liang Q, Yin Y, Wang S, Han R, Huo C, Deng H. Mifepristone (RU486) inhibits dietary lipid digestion by antagonizing the role of glucocorticoid receptor on lipase transcription. iScience 2021; 24:102507. [PMID: 34308280 PMCID: PMC8257970 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid digestion and absorption are tightly regulated to cope with metabolic demands among tissues. How these processes are coordinated is not well characterized. Here, we found that mifepristone (RU486) prevents lipid digestion both in flies and mice. In flies, RU486 administration suppresses lipid digestion by transcriptional downregulating Magro in guts. Similarly, intestinal lipid uptake in mice was also suppressed by RU486 through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Further studies showed that the pancreatic lipase Pnlip is a direct transcriptional target of GR in pancreas tissues. Glucocorticoid levels in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) are significantly lower than those fed on a conventional diet, and RU486 administration inhibits HFD-induced obesity both in mice and flies. Our findings identified a novel mechanism of RU486 functions as a GR antagonist systematically regulating lipid metabolism, providing new insight on the role of Glucocorticoid/GR in Cushing disease, diabetes, and other related metabolic syndromes. RU486 suppresses lipid digestion both in mice and flies. In flies, lipase Magro is transcriptionally suppressed by RU486 through dERR. In mice, intestinal lipid digestion is inhibited by RU486 through (GR)/PTL pathway in pancreas. RU486 alleviates high fat diet-induced obesity both in flies and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ma
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Qiying Liang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Youjie Yin
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Saifei Wang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Ruolei Han
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Chunyu Huo
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
| | - Hansong Deng
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 6B, Shixun Bldg, 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 20092, China
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Effects of corticosterone injections in mid-to-late mouse postnatal development on adult motor activity and coordination. Neurosci Res 2020; 164:22-32. [PMID: 32320709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are involved in the developing brain but, in excessive amounts, may depress its growth and cause psychomotor development disorders. To test the long-term vulnerability of motor structures such as the cerebellum to supraphysiological corticosterone (CORT), the hormone was subcutaneously delivered at a dose of 20 mg/kg from postnatal day (P) 8 to P29 in C57BL/6 male mice evaluated for sensorimotor functions at P15, P22, P29, and 3 months. Relative to placebo, CORT increased motor activity in the open-field at P29 and 3 months as well as facilitating rotorod acquisition and visuomotor control necessary for swimming towards a visible goal without affecting spatial learning in the Morris water maze. CORT caused lobule-specific effects on cerebellar morphology by decreasing granule cell layer thickness in simplex lobule but increasing molecular and granule cell layer thickness in crus 2. The functional impact of these changes is indicated by significant correlations found between cerebellar size and activity levels or proficiency on the rotorod test of motor coordination.
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Shen Q, Wu J, Ni Y, Xie X, Yu C, Xiao Q, Zhou J, Wang X, Fu Z. Exposure to jet lag aggravates depression-like behaviors and age-related phenotypes in rats subject to chronic corticosterone. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:834-844. [PMID: 31314053 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous finding demonstrated that chronic corticosterone (CORT) may be involved in mediating the pathophysiology of premature aging in rats. Frequent jet lag increases the risk for many diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, and is associated with the aging processes. However, the effect of jet lag on CORT-induced depression and its association with aging phenotypes remain unclear. In this study, the rats were exposed to both CORT and jet lag treatment, and the differences were analyzed and compared to rats with single CORT treatment. Our results showed that jet lag treatment aggravated CORT-induced depression-like behavior evidenced by sucrose intake test, forced swimming test, and open field test. Additionally, this treatment aggravated the shortening of telomeres, which possibly resulted in decreased telomerase activity, and downregulated the expression of telomere-binding factor 2 (TRF2) and telomerase reverse transcriptase compared to that in CORT rats, as revealed by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. The shortening of telomeres may have been caused by increased oxidative stress, which was associated with the inhibition of sirtuin 3. Exposure to jet lag also aggravated the degeneration of mitochondrial functions, as shown by the decreases in the mRNA expression of COX1, ND1, and Tfam. Our findings provide physiological evidence that jet lag exposure may worsen stress-induced depression and age-related abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehan Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunan Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Xiao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Asavasupreechar T, Saito R, Edwards DP, Sasano H, Boonyaratanakornkit V. Progesterone receptor isoform B expression in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells decreases cell proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:212-223. [PMID: 30926428 PMCID: PMC9968952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) has been reported to play important roles in lung development and function, such as alveolarization, alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and upper airway dilator muscle activity. In the lung, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are important in the etiology and progression of lung neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Women with lung NETs had significantly better survival rates than men, suggesting that sex steroids and their receptors, such as the PR, could be involved in the progression of lung NETs. The PR exists as two major isoforms, PRA and PRB. How the expression of different PR isoforms affects proliferation and the development of lung NETs is not well understood. To determine the role of the PR isoforms in PNECs, we constructed H727 lung NET cell models expressing PRB, PRA, Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) (control). The expression of PRB significantly inhibited H727 cell proliferation better than that of PRA in the absence of progestin. The expression of the unrelated protein, GFP, had little to no effect on H727 cell proliferation. To better understand the role of the PR isoform in PNECs, we examined PR isoform expression in PNECs in lung tissues. A monoclonal antibody specific to the N-terminus of PRB (250H11 mAb) was developed to specifically recognize PRB, while a monoclonal antibody specific to a common N-terminus epitope present in both PRA and PRB (1294 mAb) was used to detect both PRA and PRB. Using these PR and PRB-specific antibodies, we demonstrated that PR (PRA&PRB) and PRB were expressed in the PNECs of the normal fetal and adult lung, with significantly higher PR expression in the fetal lung. Interestingly, PRB expression in the normal lung was associated with lower cell proliferation than PR expression, suggesting a distinct role of PRB in the PNECs. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of PR and PR isoform signaling in lung NET cells may help in developing novel therapeutic strategies that will benefit lung NET patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teeranut Asavasupreechar
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ryoko Saito
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Ma L, Shen Q, Yang S, Xie X, Xiao Q, Yu C, Cao L, Fu Z. Effect of chronic corticosterone-induced depression on circadian rhythms and age-related phenotypes in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1236-1246. [PMID: 30395149 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted circadian rhythms are a recognized effect of depression, and our previous article demonstrated an association between depression and premature aging, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In the present study, we used a mouse model of chronic corticosterone (CORT)-treated depression to elucidate a mechanism by which depression may be associated with the circadian clock and mediate age-related phenotypes. Mice received a daily injection of 20 mg/kg CORT for 21 consecutive days, and the depression-like behaviors of mice were identified by the sucrose intake test, tail suspension test and open field test. Our findings indicated that CORT injection may be correlated with the circadian clock by impairing circadian rhythms or shifting the phase values of clock genes. We also showed that CORT-treated mice exhibited a significant gradual reduction in body weight gain with increased oxidative stress, including reduced activity of antioxidant-related enzymes, reduced glutathione:glutathione disulfide ratio and cytochrome (Cyt)-C level, and elevated reactive oxygen species content. Moreover, chronic CORT injection affected inflammatory responses, the production of mitochondrial ATP and telomere shortening, which may be associated with the Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) signaling pathway. Additionally, chronic CORT injection disrupted the circadian rhythms of some indexes of aging phenotypes and altered the phase values of these indexes. Our findings suggest that psychologically stressful conditions such as depression are linked to changes in circadian rhythms and age-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qichen Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxian Xie
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Xiao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuanan Yu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Cao
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Paslakis G, Maas S, Gebhardt B, Mayr A, Rauh M, Erim Y. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa clinical trial on the effects of an estrogen-progestin combination as add-on to inpatient psychotherapy in adult female patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:93. [PMID: 29631553 PMCID: PMC5891970 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for novel treatment approaches in anorexia nervosa (AN). While there is broad knowledge with regard to altered appetite regulation and neuropsychological deficits in AN patients on the one hand, and the effects of estrogen replacement upon neuropsychological performance in healthy subjects on the other, up to now, no study has implemented estrogen replacement in AN patients, in order to examine its effects upon AN-associated and general psychopathology, neuropsychological performance and concentrations of peptide components of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and within appetite-regulating circuits. METHODS This is a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effects of a 10-week oral estrogen replacement (combination of ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg and dienogest 2 mg) in adult female AN patients. The primary target is the assessment of the impact of sex hormone replacement upon neuropsychological performance by means of a neuropsychological test battery consisting of a test for verbal intelligence, the Trail making test A and B, a Go/No-go paradigm with food cues and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Secondary targets include a) the examination of safety and tolerability (as mirrored by the number of adverse events), b) assessments of the impact upon eating disorder-specific psychopathology by means of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), c) the influence upon anxiety using the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI), d) assessments of plasma cortisol levels during a dexamethasone-suppression test and appetite-regulating plasma peptides (ghrelin, leptin, insulin, glucose) during an oral glucose tolerance test and, e) a possible impact upon the prescription of antidepressants. DISCUSSION This is the first study of its kind. There are no evidence-based psychopharmacological options for the treatment of AN. Thus, the results of this clinical trial may have a relevant impact on future treatment regimens. Novel approaches are necessary to improve rates of AN symptom remission and increase the rapidity of treatment response. Identifying the underlying biological (e.g. neuroendocrinological) factors that maintain AN or may predict patient treatment response represent critical future research directions. Continued efforts to incorporate novel pharmacological aspects into treatments will increase access to evidence-based care and help reduce the burden of AN. TRIAL REGISTRATION European Clinical Trials Database, EudraCT number 2015-004184-36, registered November 2015; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03172533 , retrospectively registered May 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Paslakis
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Maas
- Center for Clinical Studies, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Gebhardt
- Center for Clinical Studies, Krankenhausstraße 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mayr
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Universitätsstrasse 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Loschgestraße 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yesim Erim
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Takeda A, Tamano H. New Insight into Metallomics in Cognition. Metallomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56463-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Zhang Y, Buchberger A, Muthuvel G, Li L. Expression and distribution of neuropeptides in the nervous system of the crab Carcinus maenas and their roles in environmental stress. Proteomics 2015; 15:3969-79. [PMID: 26475201 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fluctuations, such as salinity, impose serious challenges to marine animal survival. Neuropeptides, signaling molecules involved in the regulation process, and the dynamic changes of their full complement in the stress response have yet to be investigated. Here, a MALDI-MS-based stable isotope labeling quantitation strategy was used to investigate the relationship between neuropeptide expression and adaptability of Carcinus maenas to various salinity levels, including high (60 parts per thousand [p.p.t.]) and low (0 p.p.t.) salinity, in both the crustacean pericardial organ (PO) and brain. Moreover, a high salinity stress time course study was conducted. MS imaging (MSI) of neuropeptide localization in C. maenas PO was also performed. As a result of salinity stress, multiple neuropeptide families exhibited changes in their relative abundances, including RFamides (e.g. APQGNFLRFamide), RYamides (e.g. SSFRVGGSRYamide), B-type allatostatins (AST-B; e.g. VPNDWAHFRGSWamide), and orcokinins (e.g. NFDEIDRSSFGFV). The MSI data revealed distribution differences in several neuropeptides (e.g. SGFYANRYamide) between color morphs, but salinity stress appeared to not have a major effect on the localization of the neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amanda Buchberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Musumeci G, Castrogiovanni P, Szychlinska MA, Aiello FC, Vecchio GM, Salvatorelli L, Magro G, Imbesi R. Mammary gland: From embryogenesis to adult life. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:379-85. [PMID: 25800977 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to focus on the molecular factors that ensure the optimal development and maintenance of the mammary gland thanks to their integration and coordination. The development of the mammary gland is supported, not only by endocrine signals, but also by regulatory molecules, which are able to integrate signals from the surrounding microenvironment. A major role is certainly played by homeotic genes, but their incorrect expression during the spatiotemporal regulation of proliferative, functional and differentiation cycles of the mammary gland, may result in the onset of neoplastic processes. Attention is directed also to the endocrine aspects and sexual dimorphism of mammary gland development, as well as the role played by ovarian steroids and their receptors in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Flavia Concetta Aiello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giada Maria Vecchio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Anatomic Pathology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa Imbesi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Hansberg-Pastor V, Piña-Medina AG, González-Arenas A, Camacho-Arroyo I. C/EBPβ Isoforms Expression in the Rat Brain during the Estrous Cycle. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:674915. [PMID: 26064112 PMCID: PMC4429186 DOI: 10.1155/2015/674915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) is a transcription factor expressed in different areas of the brain that regulates the expression of several genes involved in cell differentiation and proliferation. This protein has three isoforms (LAP1, LAP2, and LIP) with different transcription activation potential. The role of female sex hormones in the expression pattern of C/EBPβ isoforms in the rat brain has not yet been described. In this study we demonstrate by western blot that the expression of the three C/EBPβ isoforms changes in different brain areas during the estrous cycle. In the cerebellum, LAP2 content diminished on diestrus and proestrus and LIP content diminished on proestrus and estrus days. In the prefrontal cortex, LIP content was higher on proestrus and estrus days. In the hippocampus, LAP isoforms presented a switch on diestrus day, since LAP1 content was the highest while that of LAP2 was the lowest. The LAP2 isoform was the most abundant one in all the three brain areas. The LAP/LIP ratio changed throughout the cycle and was tissue specific. These results suggest that C/EBPβ isoforms expression changes in a tissue-specific manner in the rat brain due to the changes in sex steroid hormone levels presented during the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Hansberg-Pastor
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ana Gabriela Piña-Medina
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Aliesha González-Arenas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico
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15
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The Effects of Ethinylestradiol and Progestins (“the pill”) on Cognitive Function in Pre-menopausal Women. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2288-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Iwata K, Ozawa H. Expression of glucocorticoid receptor and coactivators in ependymal cells of male rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:165-74. [PMID: 25392570 PMCID: PMC4164704 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor which is widely distributed in the brain. Many types of neurons and glial cells are known to express GR, but the expression of GR in ependymal cells has yet to be identified. The present study therefore was undertaken to determine whether ependymal cells express GR and coactivators of GR, such as steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) and p300. GR immunoreactivity was found in cells immunopositive to vimentin, a marker of ependymal cells, around the third ventricle (3V), the lateral ventricle (LV), the cerebral aqueduct and the fourth ventricle (4V), whereas the expression of GR in vimentin-immunoreactive (ir) cells was significantly reduced by adrenalectomy (ADX) in male rats. Vimentin-ir cells also expressed both SRC-1 and p300 at around 3V, LV, the cerebral aqueduct and 4V. ADX had no effect on the expression of SRC-1 or p300 in vimentin-ir cells. These results suggest that glucocorticoid may exert effects on ependymal cells through binding to GR followed by association with SRC-1 and p300 to maintain brain environment under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinuyo Iwata
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
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17
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Olival Costa H, de Castro Neto NP, Mara Rossi L, Millas I, Coelho F, da Silva L. Influence of estradiol administration on estrogen receptors of nasal mucosa: an experimental study on guinea pigs. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 80:18-23. [PMID: 24626887 PMCID: PMC9443962 DOI: 10.5935/1808-8694.20140006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introdução A literatura indica uma correlação entre estrogênio elevado no soro e sintomas nasais ou alterações inflamatórias na mucosa nasal. Os receptores de estrogênio tendem a ser controlados por retroalimentação negativa, para evitar um estímulo nocivo sobre as diversas funções corporais em períodos de hiperestrogenismo. Propomos uma hipótese em que os mecanismos que regulam a expressão de receptores de estradiol na mucosa nasal estão ausentes em alguns pacientes, e a sua concentração permanece estável mesmo em períodos de elevada concentração sérica hormonal, o que pode conduzir a sintomas locais na mucosa nasal. Desenho do estudo estudo prospectivo experimental. Objetivo Determinar se altos níveis de estrogênio induzem à redução no número de receptores de estrogênio na mucosa nasal. Material e método Trinta cobaias foram submetidas à biópsia da concha nasal, recebendo 0,5 ml de cipionato de estradiol por via intraperitoneal por trinta dias consecutivos. Em seguida foram obtidas amostras da concha nasal contralateral. As análises imuno-histoquímicas dos receptores de estrógeno foram realizadas antes e depois da hormonioterapia. Resultados O grupo pós-tratamento mostrou uma redução da expressão dos receptores (p = 5,2726-5). Conclusão Redução na expressão do receptor de estrogênio nasal foi encontrada após trinta dias de administração de estradiol. © 2014 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Publicado por Elsevier Editora Ltda. Todos os direitos reservados.
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Schumacher A, Costa SD, Zenclussen AC. Endocrine factors modulating immune responses in pregnancy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:196. [PMID: 24847324 PMCID: PMC4021116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How the semi-allogeneic fetus is tolerated by the maternal immune system remains a fascinating phenomenon. Despite extensive research activity in this field, the mechanisms underlying fetal tolerance are still not well understood. However, there are growing evidences that immune–immune interactions as well as immune–endocrine interactions build up a complex network of immune regulation that ensures fetal survival within the maternal uterus. In the present review, we aim to summarize emerging research data from our and other laboratories on immune modulating properties of pregnancy hormones with a special focus on progesterone, estradiol, and human chorionic gonadotropin. These pregnancy hormones are critically involved in the successful establishment, maintenance, and termination of pregnancy. They suppress detrimental maternal alloresponses while promoting tolerance pathways. This includes the reduction of the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages as well as the blockage of natural killer cells, T and B cells. Pregnancy hormones also support the proliferation of pregnancy supporting uterine killer cells, retain tolerogenic DCs, and efficiently induce regulatory T (Treg) cells. Furthermore, they are involved in the recruitment of mast cells and Treg cells into the fetal–maternal interface contributing to a local accumulation of pregnancy-protective cells. These findings highlight the importance of endocrine factors for the tolerance induction during pregnancy and encourage further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schumacher
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Serban-Dan Costa
- University Women's Clinic, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Department of Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University , Magdeburg , Germany
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19
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Takeda A, Tamano H. Cognitive decline due to excess synaptic Zn(2+) signaling in the hippocampus. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:26. [PMID: 24578691 PMCID: PMC3936311 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential component of physiological brain function. Vesicular zinc is released from glutamatergic (zincergic) neuron terminals and serves as a signal factor (Zn2+ signal) in both the intracellular (cytosol) compartment and the extracellular compartment. Synaptic Zn2+ signaling is dynamically linked to neurotransmission and is involved in processes of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation and cognitive activity. On the other hand, the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, i.e., glucocorticoid secretion, which can potentiate glutamatergic neuron activity, is linked to cognitive function. HPA axis activity modifies synaptic Zn2+ dynamics at zincergic synapses. An increase in HPA axis activity, which occurs after exposure to stress, may induce excess intracellular Zn2+ signaling in the hippocampus, followed by hippocampus-dependent memory deficit. Excessive excitation of zincergic neurons in the hippocampus can contribute to cognitive decline under stressful and/or pathological conditions. This paper provides an overview of the ``Hypothesis and Theory'' of Zn2+-mediated modification of cognitive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Haruna Tamano
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka Shizuoka, Japan
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20
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Tao L, Zheng Y, Shen Z, Li Y, Tian X, Dou X, Qian J, Shen H. Psychological stress-induced lower serum zinc and zinc redistribution in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 155:65-71. [PMID: 23975576 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In humans, long-term exposure to uncontrollable and unpredictable life stressors is a major precipitant in the development of depressive disorders. There are strong evidences that depression is accompanied by lower serum zinc. The aim of present study is to assess the effects of repeated psychological stress (PS) on the zinc metabolism in rat. The rats were divided into control group and PS group which were subdivided into three subgroups: 7-day group, 14-day group, and recovery group (ten rats in each subgroup). PS model was created by a communication box which contains room A and room B. Rats in room A were only exposed to the responses of rats which were randomly given electrical shock for 30 min in room B. PS was given to rats for 30 min every morning for 14 days. The serum corticosterone (CORT), zinc in serum and tissues, and zinc apparent absorption after PS exposure were investigated. The results showed that the serum CORT increased and serum zinc decreased after 7 and 14 days of PS treatment. The zinc concentration in the liver was increased by 14 days PS exposure, whereas its concentration in the hippocampus was decreased by 7 and 14 days of PS exposure. There were no significant changes in zinc concentration in the heart, spleen, kidney, duodenum, cortex, and cerebellum. A decrease in the zinc apparent absorption was observed in the 7- and 14-day PS groups. The increased serum CORT and liver zinc concentrations and decreased serum zinc and apparent absorption of zinc recovered to normal concentrations 7 days away from PS exposure. The results suggest that PS could induce lower serum zinc, which might be correlated with decreased zinc absorption in the small intestine and increased liver zinc accumulation after PS exposure. The consequent effects of decreased hippocampal and serum zinc and increased CORT concentration after PS exposure on stress-related diseases await further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Tao
- Department of Military Hygiene, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Campolo M, Ahmad A, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Morabito R, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Combination therapy with melatonin and dexamethasone in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:291-301. [PMID: 23532863 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of preventable death and morbidity in young adults. This complex condition is characterized by a significant blood-brain barrier leakage that stems from cerebral ischemia, inflammation, and redox imbalances in the traumatic penumbra of the injured brain. Recovery of function after TBI is partly through neuronal plasticity. In order to test whether combination therapy with melatonin and dexamethasone (DEX) might improve functional recovery, a controlled cortical impact (CCI) was performed in adult mice, acting as a model of TBI. Once trauma has occurred, combating these exacerbations is the keystone of an effective TBI therapy. The therapy with melatonin (10 mg/kg) and DEX (0.025 mg/kg) is able to reduce edema and brain infractions as evidenced by decreased 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining across the brain sections. Melatonin- and DEX-mediated improvements in tissue histology shown by the reduction in lesion size and an improvement in apoptosis level further support the efficacy of combination therapy. The combination therapy also blocked the infiltration of astrocytes and reduced CCI-mediated oxidative stress. In addition, we have also clearly demonstrated that the combination therapy significantly ameliorated neurological scores. Taken together, our results clearly indicate that combination therapy with melatonin and DEX presents beneficial synergistic effects, and we consider it an avenue for further development of novel combination therapeutic agents in the treatment of TBI that are more effective than a single effector molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Torre Biologica, Policlinico Universitario Via C Valeria, Gazzi, 98100 Messina, Italy
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22
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Wu TC, Chen HT, Chang HY, Yang CY, Hsiao MC, Cheng ML, Chen JC. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone prevents chronic corticosterone induced depression-like behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:871-83. [PMID: 23044404 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High level of serum corticosteroid is frequently associated with depression, in which a notable HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis hyperactivity is often observed. There are two types of corticosteroid receptors expressed in the hippocampus that provide potent negative feedback regulation on the HPA axis but dysfunction during depression, i.e. the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The balance between hippocampal MR and GR during chronic stress plays an important role in the occurrence of depression. The aim of this study is to explore if chronic corticosterone administration would induce depression-like behavior and affect the expression and function of hippocampal MR and GR, in addition to assess whether manipulation of corticosteroid receptors would modulate depressive behaviors. Hence, mice were treated with corticosterone (40 mg/kg) for 21 days followed by assessment in a battery of depression-like behaviors. The results show that chronic corticosterone-treated animals displayed an increased immobility time in a forced-swimming test, decreased preference to sucrose solution and novel object recognition performance, and enhanced hippocampal serotonin but decreased MR expression in both hippocampus and hypothalamus. On the other hand, co-administration of MR antagonist, spironolactone (25mg/kg, i.p. × 7 days) in corticosteroid-treated animals reduced immobility time in a forced-swimming test and improved performance in a novel object recognition test. In conclusion, we demonstrate that chronic corticosterone treatment triggers several depression-like behaviors, and in parallel, down-regulates MR expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Administration of an MR antagonist confers an anti-depressant effect in chronic corticosterone-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ching Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang-Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
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Changes in the Level of Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecule in the Brain of Male Rats under Conditions of Suppression of Production of Testosterone. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-012-9270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ozawa H, Sawai N, Iwata K, Takumi K, Iijima N. Regulation of Tuberoinfundibular Dopamine (TIDA) Neurons by Kisspeptin Neurons. J NIPPON MED SCH 2012; 79:168-9. [DOI: 10.1272/jnms.79.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Nobuhiko Sawai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University
| | - Kinuyo Iwata
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Ken Takumi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Norio Iijima
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
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25
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Takeda A, Tamano H. Proposed glucocorticoid-mediated zinc signaling in the hippocampus. Metallomics 2012; 4:614-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20018j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Takeda A, Tamano H. Zinc signaling through glucocorticoid and glutamate signaling in stressful circumstances. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3002-10. [PMID: 20568287 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans and animals are constantly exposed to environmental stress. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responds to stress, followed by glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal glands. This response serves to maintain homeostasis in the living body through energy mobilization or to restore it. The brain is an important target for glucocorticoids. The hippocampus participates in the regulation of the HPA axis. Stress activates glutamatergic neurons in the hippocampus, and serious stress induces dyshomeostasis of extracellular glutamate. This dyshomeostasis, which is potentiated by glucocorticoids, modifies cognitive and emotional behavior. On the other hand, zinc is necessary for glucocorticoid signaling and is released from glutamatergic (zincergic) neurons to modulate synaptic glutamate signaling. Stress also induces dyshomeostasis of extracellular zinc, which may be linked to dyshomeostasis of extracellular glutamate. Thus, glucocorticoid signaling might also contribute to dyshomeostasis of extracellular zinc. It is likely that zinc signaling participates in cognitive and emotional behavior through glucocorticoid and glutamate signaling under stressful circumstances. This Mini-Review analyzes the relationship among signals of glucocorticoid, glutamate, and zinc under stressful circumstances to elucidate the significance of the zinc signaling in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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27
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Yehuda R, Golier JA, Bierer LM, Mikhno A, Pratchett LC, Burton CL, Makotkine I, Devanand DP, Pradhaban G, Harvey PD, Mann JJ. Hydrocortisone responsiveness in Gulf War veterans with PTSD: effects on ACTH, declarative memory hippocampal [(18)F]FDG uptake on PET. Psychiatry Res 2010; 184:117-27. [PMID: 20934312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine, cognitive and hippocampal alterations have been described in Gulf War (GW) veterans, but their inter-relationships and significance for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have not been described. Hydrocortisone (Hcort) was administered to GW veterans with (PTSD+ n=12) and without (PTSD- n=8) chronic PTSD in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind challenge. Changes in plasma ACTH, memory, and hippocampal [(18)F]FDG uptake on positron emission tomography were assessed. The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test was also administered. The PTSD+ group showed greater cortisol and ACTH suppression, reflecting greater peripheral glucocorticoid receptor (GR) responsiveness, and did not show an Hcort-induced decrement in delayed recall or retention. The groups had comparable relative regional hippocampal [(18)F]FDG uptake at baseline, but only the PTSD- group had an Hcort-associated decrease in hippocampal [(18)F]FDG uptake. Asymmetry in hippocampal hemispheric volumes differed between PTSD+ and PTSD- groups. This asymmetry was associated with cortisol, ACTH, retention and functional hippocampal asymmetry before, but not after, Hcort administration. Differences in brain metabolic responses between GW veterans with and without PTSD may reflect differences in peripheral and central GR responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yehuda
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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28
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Schulz K, Korz V. Emotional and cognitive information processing: Relations to behavioral performance and hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo during a spatial water maze training in rats. Learn Mem 2010; 17:552-60. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.1855610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Jauregui-Huerta F, Ruvalcaba-Delgadillo Y, Gonzalez-Castañeda R, Garcia-Estrada J, Gonzalez-Perez O, Luquin S. Responses of glial cells to stress and glucocorticoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:195-204. [PMID: 20729991 DOI: 10.2174/157339510791823790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that glial cells are involved in practically all aspects of neural function. Glial cells regulate the homeostasis of the brain, influence the development of the nervous system, modulate synaptic activity, and carry out the immune response inside the brain. In addition, they play an important role in the restoration of the nervous system after damage, and they also participate in various neurodegenerative disorders. In a similar way, the importance of stress and glucocorticoids (GCs) on brain function is being increasingly recognized. Within the brain, stress hormones target both neurons and glial cells. Through their actions on these cells, glucocorticoids exert organizational functions on various processes of the developing brain and contribute to neuronal plasticity in the adult brain. Moreover, stress and glucocorticoids have become especially attractive in the study of a number of neurodegenerative disorders. However, studies on the mechanisms behind glucocorticoid-induced regulation of brain function have been classically focused on their effects on neurons. In this review, we start by describing the main functions of glial cells and then proceed to present data highlighting the effects of stress and GCs on brain function. We conclude the review by presenting recent evidence linking stress and glucocorticoids to glial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jauregui-Huerta
- Microscopía de Alta Resolución. Departamento de Neurociencias. Universidad de Guadalajara
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30
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Stein DG, Wright DW. Progesterone in the clinical treatment of acute traumatic brain injury. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:847-57. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.489549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Katz A, Oyama RK, Feng N, Chen X, Schlinger BA. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in zebra finch brain and peripheral tissues. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 166:600-5. [PMID: 20117112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11betaHSD2 inactivates glucocorticoids by synthesizing metabolites that bind poorly to mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors. Oscine songbirds (Passeriformes) are important models for investigating stress hormone effects on brain and behavior but nothing is known about 11betaHSD2 activity in the songbird brain. We measured 11betaHSD2 mRNA expression and enzymatic activity in brain of adult and developing male and female zebra finches. Since 11betaHSD2 plays an important role in GC metabolism in some peripheral organs we measured mRNA and catalytic activity also in the adult liver, kidney colon and gonads. 11betaHSD2 mRNA was detected in all brain regions examined with expression in the cerebellum and hypothalamus greater in females than in males; expression in ovaries was greater than in testes. No differences were detected in the other peripheral tissues. Catalytic activity of 11betaHSD2 could be measured in brain, but at low levels and no sex differences were measured in any region tested. Because 11betaHSD2 protects mineralocorticoid sensitive tissues from inappropriate CORT action, we also measured mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression in adult brain kidney and liver. MR mRNA was detected in all tissues with similar levels of expression in neural and peripheral tissues. The wide distribution of 11betaHSD2 and MR throughout the songbird brain suggests that concentrations of glucocorticoids may be locally regulated in brain to modulate their actions on MR and possibly also glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Notable differences between mRNA expression and activity point to post-transcriptional regulation of the 11betaHSD2 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Katz
- Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Varricchio E, Coccia E, Putti R, Paolucci M. The olfactory organ of the trout Salmo trutta fario: a novel localization for a progestin receptor. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:206-14. [PMID: 19725068 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A progestin receptor (PR) has been detected in the olfactory organ of the trout Salmo trutta fario. The specificity of this receptor was high for 17alpha,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17alpha,20beta-DP), but it also bound 17alpha-hydroxy-progesterone (17alpha-OHP) and 21-hydroxyprogesterone (21-OHP), even when present at low concentrations (10-fold in relative binding affinity assay). Progesterone (P) competed effectively at much higher concentrations (1,000-fold in relative binding affinity assay). Immunohistochemical studies carried out with three different monoclonal antibodies against human progesterone receptor (hPR), chicken progesterone receptor hinge region (cPR), and chicken progesterone receptor A/B domain (PR22), revealed that immunoreactivity was present in the epithelium of the olfactory organ of females and males of the trout Salmo trutta fario only against hPR. Western blotting showed two hPR immunoreactive bands of about 62 and 66 kDa. Finally, a portion of the cDNA of about 300 nucleotides extending over the DNA binding domain and the ligand binding domain was cloned and sequenced, revealing a high degree of sequence homology of the PR in Salmo trutta fario with the PR in other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, Benevento 82100, Italy
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Scarpin KM, Graham JD, Mote PA, Clarke CL. Progesterone action in human tissues: regulation by progesterone receptor (PR) isoform expression, nuclear positioning and coregulator expression. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2009; 7:e009. [PMID: 20087430 PMCID: PMC2807635 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.07009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone is a critical regulator of normal female reproductive function, with diverse tissue-specific effects in the human. The effects of progesterone are mediated by its nuclear receptor (PR) that is expressed as two isoforms, PRA and PRB, which are virtually identical except that PRA lacks 164 amino acids that are present at the N-terminus of PRB. Considerable in vitro evidence suggests that the two PRs are functionally distinct and in animals, tissue-specific distribution patterns of PRA and PRB may account for some of the diversity of progesterone effects. In the human, PRA and PRB are equivalently expressed in most target cells, suggesting that alternative mechanisms control the diversity of progesterone actions. PR mediates the effects of progesterone by association with a range of coregulatory proteins and binding to specific target sequences in progesterone-regulated gene promoters. Ligand activation of PR results in redistribution into discrete subnuclear foci that are detectable by immunofluorescence, probably representing aggregates of multiple transcriptionally active PR-coregulator complexes. PR foci are aberrant in cancers, suggesting that the coregulator composition and number of complexes is altered. A large family of coregulators is now described and the range of proteins known to bind PR exceeds the complement required for transcriptional activation, suggesting that in the human, tissue-specific coregulator expression may modulate progesterone response. In this review, we examine the role of nuclear localization of PR, coregulator association and tissue-specific expression in modulating progesterone action in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Scarpin
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney Western Clinical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Baud O, Gressens P. Voie de signalisation Sonic Hedgehog et impact des glucocorticoïdes sur le cerveau en développement. Med Sci (Paris) 2009; 25:713-7. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2009258-9713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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The androgen receptor gene polyglycine repeat polymorphism is associated with memory performance in healthy Chinese individuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:947-52. [PMID: 19261388 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive functions such as memory are quantitative traits in human, and have both genetic and environmental influences. Testosterone has been implicated in the modulation of memory function. Therefore, genetic variation which influences testosterone signaling may modulate memory function. The principal receptor for testosterone is the androgen receptor, the gene for which maps to the X chromosome. In the present study, we hypothesized that common variation in two functional polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene, the polyglutamine (CAG) and/or polyglycine (GGN) repeats, would influence memory function in healthy subjects. Variation in length of either repeat modulates the function of the AR gene, either by changing the amount of protein produced, by altering transactivation of the receptor or by producing toxic polyglycine or polyglutamine fragments. In order to test this hypothesis, we analyzed 449 healthy Chinese individuals. CAG repeats were not associated with memory performance. However we observed a significant association between GGN repeats and Immediate Logical Memory (chi(2)=23.6, d.f.=7, p=0.001) and Delayed Logical Memory (chi(2)=16.3, d.f.=7, p=0.022). The association of GGN repeats with Immediate Logical Memory remained significant after 6000 permutation corrections (p=0.013). There was also a sex difference, as association between GGN repeats and memory was observed only in females (p=0.002 for Immediate and p=0.014 for Delayed Logical Memory), but not in males (p=0.31 and 0.83, respectively). We conclude that functional variation of the androgen receptor gene is able to modulate memory function in women.
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Guerriero G. Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:154-68. [PMID: 19456336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on our current understanding of vertebrate sex steroid receptors, with an emphasis on their evolutionary relationships. These relationships are discussed based on nucleotide and amino acid sequence data, which provide clues to the process by which structure-function relations have originated, evolved, and been maintained over time. The importance of the distribution of sex steroid receptors in the vertebrate brain is discussed using the example of androgen receptor sites and their relatively conserved localizations in the vertebrate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Gulino A, De Smaele E, Ferretti E. Glucocorticoids and neonatal brain injury: the hedgehog connection. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:243-6. [PMID: 19244604 DOI: 10.1172/jci38387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a critical role in neural development; however, their prenatal or neonatal therapeutic use can have detrimental effects on the developing brain. In this issue of the JCI, Heine and Rowitch report that the molecular mechanisms underlying these detrimental effects involve the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, a crucial regulator of brain development and neural stem/progenitor cells (see the related study beginning on page 267). They show that GCs suppress Shh-induced proliferation of cerebellar progenitor cells in postnatal mice and that, conversely, Shh signaling is protective against GC-induced neonatal cerebellar injury by inducing the enzyme 11betaHSD2, which inactivates the GCs corticosterone and prednisolone, but not dexamethasone. The data provide a rationale for the therapeutic use of 11betaHSD2-sensitive GCs, but not dexamethasone, or for the exploitation of the neuroprotective effect of Shh agonists to prevent GC-induced pre- or neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gulino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Iavicoli I, Fontana L, Bergamaschi A. The effects of metals as endocrine disruptors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:206-23. [PMID: 19466673 DOI: 10.1080/10937400902902062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review reports current knowledge regarding the roles that cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), lead (PB), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) play as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The influence of these metals on the endocrine system, possible mechanisms of action, and consequent health effects were correlated between experimental animals and humans. Analysis of the studies prompted us to identify some critical issues related to this area and showed the need for more rigorous and innovative studies. Consequently, it was recommended that future studies need to: (1) identify the mechanisms of action, because at the present time only a few have been elucidated-in this context, the possible presence of hormesis need to be determined, as currently this was reported only for exposure Cd and As; (2) study the possible additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects on the endocrine system following exposure to a mixture of metals since there is a lack of these studies available, and in general or occupational environments, humans are simultaneously exposed to different classes of xenobiotics, including metals, but also to organic compounds that might also be EDCs; (3) assess the potential adverse effects on the endocrine system of low-level exposures to metals, as most of the information currently available on EDCs originates from studies in which exposure levels were particularly high; and (4) assess the effects on the endocrine and reproductive systems of other metals that are present in the general and occupational environment that have not yet been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Panzica GC, Melcangi RC. The endocrine nervous system: source and target for neuroactive steroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 57:271-6. [PMID: 18355582 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For a long time the endocrine brain was considered to the hypothalamus and to its special relationships with the hypophysis. The discovery of the wide distribution of steroid hormone receptors, as well as that of the possibility of metabolizing or synthesizing steroids by neural cells (neuroactive steroids), suggest, on the contrary, that interactions among steroids and nervous system are key points of the regulatory processes in the central and peripheral nervous system in normal conditions as well as in pathological conditions. In this brief overview we illustrate a few examples of these relationships with major emphasis on papers collected in this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Panzica
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine and Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, University of Torino, C.so M. D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Roth TM, Ramamurthy P, Muir D, Wallace MR, Zhu Y, Chang L, Barald KF. Influence of hormones and hormone metabolites on the growth of Schwann cells derived from embryonic stem cells and on tumor cell lines expressing variable levels of neurofibromin. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:513-24. [PMID: 18213578 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of neurofibromin, the protein product of the tumor suppressor gene neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), is associated with neurofibromas, composed largely of Schwann cells. The number and size of neurofibromas in NF1 patients have been shown to increase during pregnancy. A mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) model was used, in which mESCs with varying levels of neurofibromin were differentiated into Schwann-like cells. NF1 cell lines derived from a malignant and a benign human tumor were used to study proliferation in response to hormones. Estrogen and androgen receptors were not expressed or expressed at very low levels in the NF1+/+ cells, at low levels in NF1+/-cells, and robust levels in NF1-/-cells. A 17beta-estradiol (E2) metabolite, 2-methoxy estradiol (2ME2) is cytotoxic to the NF1-/- malignant tumor cell line, and inhibits proliferation in the other cell lines. 2ME2 or its derivatives could provide new treatment avenues for NF1 hormone-sensitive tumors at times of greatest hormonal influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese M Roth
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
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41
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Stein DG. Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects after brain injury. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2008; 57:386-97. [PMID: 17826842 PMCID: PMC2699575 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone, although still widely considered primarily a sex hormone, is an important agent affecting many central nervous system functions. This review assesses recent, primarily in vivo, evidence that progesterone can play an important role in promoting and enhancing repair after traumatic brain injury and stroke. Although many of its specific actions on neuroplasticity remain to be discovered, there is growing evidence that this hormone may be a safe and effective treatment for traumatic brain injury and other neural disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Stein
- Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Transportation stress alters the circulating steroid environment and neutrophil gene expression in beef bulls. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 121:300-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Derntl B, Kryspin-Exner I, Fernbach E, Moser E, Habel U. Emotion recognition accuracy in healthy young females is associated with cycle phase. Horm Behav 2008; 53:90-5. [PMID: 17976599 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies reported a significant influence of ovarian hormone status on cognition and person perception. In particular, it has been stated that female mating preferences are shifted during the menstrual cycle. It remains, however, unclear if facial emotion recognition, a prerequisite for successful social interaction, is also influenced by estradiol and progesterone levels. Hence, we investigated 32 healthy right-handed females, 15 during their follicular phase and 17 during their luteal phase and compared their recognition accuracy. Hormone levels were correlated with several neuropsychological parameters. Subjects were matched for age and education and did not differ in any neuropsychological function. Analysis of emotion recognition performance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of phase, showing higher accuracy in the follicular group. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation between progesterone level and emotion recognition performance emerged, indicating higher accuracy with lower progesterone levels, hence supporting the group differences. Our results indicate a significant association of menstrual cycle phase and thus ovarian hormone concentration on facial emotion recognition, with progesterone exerting a special influence on this social-emotional ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Derntl
- MR Centre of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Cuzzocrea S, Bruscoli S, Crisafulli C, Mazzon E, Agostini M, Muià C, Esposito E, Di Virgilio R, Meli R, Vegeto E, Maggi A, Riccardi C. Estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant (ICI 182,780) inhibits the anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 71:132-44. [PMID: 17035596 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.029629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER) play important roles in both physiological and pathological conditions involving cell growth and differentiation, lipolysis, control of glucose metabolism, immunity, and inflammation. In fact, recent studies suggest that 17beta-estradiol, like glucocorticoids, may also have anti-inflammatory properties, even if the molecular mechanisms responsible for these activities have not yet been completely clarified. The present study was designed to gain a better understanding of the possible cross-talk between GR and ER in a model of lung inflammation (carrageenan-induced pleurisy). In particular, we have investigated whether fulvestrant (ICI 182,780), a selective ER-alpha antagonist, is able to attenuate the well known anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, in ovariectomized rats. We show that ICI 182,780, a selective ER-alpha antagonist, reverses the anti-inflammatory activity exhibited by DEX. Moreover, the coadministration of ICI 182,780 significantly inhibited the ability of DEX to reduce: 1) the degree of lung injury, 2) the rise in myeloperoxidase activity, 3) the increase of poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1beta levels, 4) inducible nitric-oxide synthase, 5) lipid peroxidation, 6) nitrotyrosine formation, 7) cyclooxygenase expression, and 8) the IkappaB-alpha degradation caused by carrageenan administration. In addition, quantitative PCR shows that DEX down-regulates GR and up-regulates glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper levels, whereas ICI 182,780 does not counteract these effects. In conclusion, these results suggest that the in vivo anti-inflammatory property of DEX is also related to the ER-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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45
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Nickerson M, Kennedy SL, Johnson JD, Fleshner M. Sexual dimorphism of the intracellular heat shock protein 72 response. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:566-75. [PMID: 16690792 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00259.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of previous work examining stress responses has been done in males. Recently, it has become clear that the impact of stressor exposure is modulated by sex. One stress response that may be affected by sex is the induction of intracellular heat shock protein (HSP) 72, which is a stress- responsive molecular chaperone that refolds denatured proteins and promotes cellular survival. The following study compared HSP72 in males and females and also examined whether the estrous cycle altered HSP72 induction in females. We hypothesized that females compared with males would have a constrained HSP72 response after an acute stressor and that the stress-induced HSP72 response in females would fluctuate with the estrous cycle. Male and female F344 rats were either left in their home cage or exposed to acute tail-shock stress (8–10/group). Immediately following stressor, trunk blood was collected and tissues were flash frozen. Vaginal smear and estrogen enzyme immunoassay were used to categorize the phase of estrous. Results show that female rats had a greater corticosterone response than males, that both males and females exhibit a stress-induced release of progesterone, and that males and females had equal levels of stress-induced circulating norepinephrine. Sexual dimorphism of the HSP72 (ELISA) response existed in pituitary gland, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver such that female rats had an attenuated HSP72 response compared with males after stress. The adrenal glands, spleen, and heart did not exhibit sexual dimorphism of the HSP72 response. The estrous cycle did not have a significant effect on basal or stress-induced HSP72 in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nickerson
- Dept. of IPHY, CB 354, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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