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Dehghan G, Malekpour F, Jafari-Koshki T, Mohammadian Y, Rostami H. The status of work-related COVID-19 prevention measures and risk factors in hospitals. Work 2024; 77:445-453. [PMID: 37742681 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health care workers (HCWs) in hospitals are at risk of infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Prevention measures are necessary to protect HCWs against COVID-19. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the status of occupational risk factors and prevention measures for COVID-19 in hospitals. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iranian hospitals. Based on the results of reviewing the literature and guidelines, two checklists on occupational risk factors and prevention measures for COVID-19 in hospitals were designed and validated. The status of occupational risk factors and prevention measures against COVID-19 in governmental, non-governmental public, private, and military hospitals were determined using designed checklists. RESULTS Results confirmed the validity of checklists for assessing the status of COVID-19 prevention measures in hospitals. The military hospitals had the lowest mean risk factors compared to other hospitals, but there was no significant difference in occupational risk factors of infection with COVID-19 among governmental, non-governmental public, private, and military hospitals (P-value > 0.05). In the checklist of occupational risk factors of Covid-19, the type of hospital had a significant relationship with the provision and use of personal protective equipment (P-value<0.05). The mean of implementation of prevention measures among all hospitals were not statistically significant difference (P-value > 0.05). CONCLUSION The provided checklists could be a suitable tool for monitoring of status of prevention measures for COVID-19 in hospitals. Improving ventilation systems is necessary in most of the hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Dehghan
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Malekpour
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Jafari-Koshki
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Rostami
- Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences in Police, Directorate of Health, Rescue and Treatment, Police Headquarter, Tehran, Iran
- FARAJA Institute of Law Enforcement Sciences and Social Studies, Tehran, Iran
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Ajith T, Remith P. COVID-19 among health-care providers during the first and second wave of infection in India: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 2023; 12:57. [DOI: 10.4103/jcsr.jcsr_143_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
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3
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Durability of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Covishield ®) Vaccine Induced Antibody Response in Health Care Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010084. [PMID: 36679930 PMCID: PMC9863895 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(i) Background: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Covishield®) vaccine is widely used in India. We studied the Covishield® induced antibody response and its durability among health care workers (HCWs) (ii) Method: HCWs received two doses (0.5 mL) four weeks apart. Blood specimens, collected before each dose, day (D)60, D150 and D270 after second dose, were tested for anti-spike antibody (ASAb) titre and neutralising antibody (%) (NAb) using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (Roche) and SARS-CoV-2 NAb ELISA Kit (Invitrogen), respectively. Data are expressed as proportions and median (interquartile range) and compared using non-parametric (iii) Result: Among 135 HCWs (83 males; age 45 (37−53); 36 had pre-existing ASAb), 29 (21.5%) acquired COVID-19 after 60 (39−68) days of vaccination. ASAb titre before second dose and at D60, D150, D270 were 77.2 (19.4−329.4), 512 (114.5−9212), 149 (51.6−2283) and 2079 (433.9−8644) U/mL, respectively. Compared to those without pre-existing ASAb, titres were significantly higher before second dose (5929 vs. 41, p < 0.001), D60 (3395 vs. 234, p = 0.007) and D150 (1805 vs. 103, p < 0.001) in participants with pre-existing ASAb; NAb were also higher (80 vs. 18, p < 0.001) before second dose. Between those who acquired infection or not after vaccination, ASAb titres were comparable before second dose (77 vs. 78, p = 0.362) but significantly higher at D60 (14,019 vs. 317, p < 0.001) and D150 (2062 vs. 121, p = 0.002) in the former group, though NAb percentage were higher at D60 (87 vs. 27, p < 0.001) and D150 (79 vs. 25, p = 0.007) only (iv) Conclusions: Covishield® induces a higher antibody titre in those with pre-existing ASAb. The vaccine induced antibody starts falling 5 months after vaccination.
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Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth J, Acharya H, Acharya S, Vinzuda M, Patani H. Immunoglobulin-G Antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2 among Health-Care Workers: A Serosurveillance Study from India. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2022; 12:18-23. [PMID: 35265476 PMCID: PMC8848555 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_516_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Seropositivity among health-care workers (HCWs) may help in better understanding of the immune response after COVID-19 infection. Objectives: To estimate seropositivity among HCWs and to compare available variables with seropositivity to understand the factors affecting seropositivity. Materials and Methods: A serosurveillance among HCWs was carried out using population proportion sampling during the second half of October 2020 in the city of Ahmedabad using the Covid-Kavach (immunoglobulin G [IgG] ELISA Antibody testing kit). Simple proportions and appropriate statistical tests were used as needed. Results: As on October' 2020, HCWs in Ahmedabad demonstrated a seropositivity of 20.84% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19.00–22.81%). Seropositivity among HCWs was lower than that of the general population (24.20%) which was estimated as part of the same study. Female HCWs had higher seropositivity 22.14% (95% CI 19.74–24.74%) as compared to 18.82% (95% CI 16.06–21.93%) among male HCWs and the difference was statistically not significant (Z = 1.66, P = 0.097). Age groups with increasing age show increasing trend in the seropositivity among HCWs. Conclusion: As on October 2020, with 20.84% seropositivity among HCWs in Ahmedabad, one in every five HCW already demonstrate IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome– coronavirus-2. Further scientific studies on seropositivity and the factors affecting the seropositivity may be carried out to uncover more details of immune reaction after COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavin Solanki
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jay Sheth
- Department of Community Medicine, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Swati Acharya
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mital Vinzuda
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Hari Patani
- Department of Microbiology, AMC MET Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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5
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Haq I, Qurieshi MA, Khan MS, Majid S, Bhat AA, Kousar R, Chowdri IN, Qazi TB, Lone AA, Sabah I, Kawoosa MF, Nabi S, Sumji IA, Ayoub S, Khan MA, Asma A, Ismail S. The burden of SARS-CoV-2 among healthcare workers across 16 hospitals of Kashmir, India-A seroepidemiological study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259893. [PMID: 34797880 PMCID: PMC8604293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has greatly affected healthcare workers because of the high risk of getting infected. The present cross-sectional study measured SARS-CoV-2 antibody in healthcare workers of Kashmir, India. METHODS Serological testing to detect antibodies against nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 was performed in 2003 healthcare workers who voluntarily participated in the study. RESULTS We report relatively high seropositivity of 26.8% (95% CI 24.8-28.8) for SARS-CoV-2in healthcare workers, nine months after the first case was detected in Kashmir. Most of the healthcare workers (71.7%) attributed infection to the workplace environment. Among healthcare workers who neither reported any prior symptom nor were they ever tested for infection by nasopharyngeal swab test, 25.5% were seropositive. CONCLUSION We advocate interval testing by nasopharyngeal swab test of all healthcare workers regardless of symptoms to limit the transmission of infection within healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaamul Haq
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mariya Amin Qurieshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Muhammad Salim Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Akbar Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rafiya Kousar
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Iqra Nisar Chowdri
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tanzeela Bashir Qazi
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Aziz Lone
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Iram Sabah
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Misbah Ferooz Kawoosa
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shahroz Nabi
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ishtiyaq Ahmad Sumji
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shifana Ayoub
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mehvish Afzal Khan
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anjum Asma
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shaista Ismail
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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6
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He S, Hecimovic A, Matijasevic V, Mai HT, Heslop L, Foster J, Alexander KE, Pal N, Alexandrou E, Davidson PM, Frost SA. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs 2021; 31:1557-1569. [PMID: 34570947 PMCID: PMC8661824 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Objectives This systematic review and meta‐analysis reports the seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies among nurses. Background With a growing body of literature reporting the positive serology for SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies among healthcare workers, it remains unclear whether staff at the point of direct patient care are more prone to developing and transmitting the virus. Given nurses make up the majority of the global health workforce, outbreaks among these workers could severely undermine a health system’s capability to manage the pandemic. We aimed to summarise and report the seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies among nurses globally. Design Systematic review and meta‐analyses. Methods This systematic review was developed, undertaken and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. We searched the electronic medical literature databases: MEDLINE; CINAHL; and EMBASE for studies reporting the seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies among nursing staff. Studies that reported nursing specific data were included in this review. Study quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for studies reporting prevalence data. Studies were stratified according to the World Health Organisation region classifications, and results were presented using forest plots and summary prevalence and variance was estimated using a random effects model. Results Our electronic search identified 1687 potential studies, of which 1148 were screened for eligibility after duplicates were removed, and 51 of the studies were included in our meta‐analysis. The overall seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies among nurses was estimated to be 8.1% (95% CI 6.9%–9.4%) among the 60,571 participants included in the studies. Seropositivity was highest in the African region (48.2%, 95% CI 39.2%–57.3%), followed by the European region (10.3%, 95% CI 8.0%–12.5%), the Region of the Americas (8.4%, 95% CI 6.0%–10.7%), the South‐East Asia region (3.0%, 95% CI 0.00%–6.5%) and the Western Pacific region (0.5%, 95% CI 0.0%–1.0%). Pooled estimates were unable to be calculated in the Eastern Mediterranean region due to insufficient studies. Conclusion The seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies among nurses is comparable to other healthcare workers, and possibly similar to the general population. Early adoption and adherence to personal protective equipment and social distancing measures could explain these similarities, meaning the majority of staff contracted the virus through community transmission and not in a healthcare setting. Relevance to clinical practice Fear and uncertainty have been features of this pandemic, including among nurses. This meta‐analysis should provide some comfort to nurses that risks are similar to community exposure when adequate PPE is available and there is an adherence to infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven He
- South Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Hecimovic
- South Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Local Health District Primary and Community Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vesna Matijasevic
- South Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Local Health District Primary and Community Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ha Thi Mai
- South Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linda Heslop
- Ken Merten Library, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jann Foster
- South Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,NSW Centre for Evidence Based Health Care: A JBI Affiliated Group, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate E Alexander
- South Western Sydney Local Health District Public Health Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naru Pal
- South Western Sydney Local Health District Public Health Unit, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Evan Alexandrou
- South Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Steven A Frost
- South Western Sydney Nursing and Midwifery Research, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Intensive Care, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Khan SMS, Qurieshi MA, Haq I, Majid S, Ahmad J, Ayub T, Bhat AA, Fazili AB, Ganai AM, Jan Y, Kaul RUR, Khan ZA, Masoodi MA, Mushtaq B, Nazir F, Nazir M, Raja MW, Rasool M, Asma A, Ayoub S, Aziz M, Bhat AA, Chowdri IN, Ismail S, Kawoosa MF, Khan MA, Khan MS, Kousar R, Lone AA, Nabi S, Obaid M, Qazi TB, Sabah I, Sumji IA. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in Kashmir, India, 7 months after the first reported local COVID-19 case: results of a population-based seroprevalence survey from October to November 2020. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053791. [PMID: 34556519 PMCID: PMC8461364 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We designed a population-based survey in Kashmir to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies in the general population aged 18 years and above. SETTING The survey was conducted among 110 villages and urban wards across 10 districts in Kashmir from 17 October 2020 to 4 November 2020. PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 18 years and above were eligible to be included in the survey. Serum samples were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We labelled assay results equal to or above the cut-off index value of 1.4 as positive for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies. Seroprevalence estimates were adjusted for the sampling design and assay characteristics. RESULTS Out of 6397 eligible individuals enumerated, 6315 (98.7%) agreed to participate. The final analysis was done on 6230 participants. Seroprevalence adjusted for the sampling design and assay characteristics was 36.7% (95% CI 34.3% to 39.2%). Seroprevalence was higher among the older population. Among seropositive individuals, 10.2% (247/2415) reported a history of COVID-19-like symptoms. Out of 474 symptomatic individuals, 233 (49.2%) reported having been tested. We estimated an infection fatality rate of 0.034%. CONCLUSIONS During the first 7 months of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kashmir Valley, approximately 37% of individuals were infected. The reported number of COVID-19 cases was only a small fraction of the estimated number of infections. A more efficient surveillance system with strengthened reporting of COVID-19 cases and deaths is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muhammad Salim Khan
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mariya Amin Qurieshi
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Inaamul Haq
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sabhiya Majid
- Biochemistry, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Javid Ahmad
- Community Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Taha Ayub
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad Bhat
- Community Medicine, SKIMS Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anjum Bashir Fazili
- Community Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Majeed Ganai
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Baramulla, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Yasmeen Jan
- Community Medicine, SKIMS Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rauf-Ur-Rashid Kaul
- Community Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zahid Ali Khan
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Baramulla, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muneer Ahmad Masoodi
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Anantnag, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Beenish Mushtaq
- Community Medicine, SKIMS Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Fouzia Nazir
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Anantnag, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muzamil Nazir
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Baramulla, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Malik Waseem Raja
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mahbooba Rasool
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Anantnag, Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Anjum Asma
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shifana Ayoub
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Munazza Aziz
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Akbar Bhat
- Biochemistry, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Iqra Nisar Chowdri
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shaista Ismail
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Misbah Ferooz Kawoosa
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mehvish Afzal Khan
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mosin Saleem Khan
- Biochemistry, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rafiya Kousar
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ab Aziz Lone
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Shahroz Nabi
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Obaid
- Biochemistry, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tanzeela Bashir Qazi
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Iram Sabah
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ishtiyaq Ahmad Sumji
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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8
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Ruhnke GW, Richterman A. Predictors of COVID-19 Seropositivity Among Healthcare Workers: An Important Piece of an Incomplete Puzzle. J Hosp Med 2021; 16:320. [PMID: 33929955 DOI: 10.12788/jhm.3632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Ruhnke
- Section of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aaron Richterman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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