1
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Dyer MR, Jing Z, Duncan K, Godbe J, Shokeen M. Advancements in the development of radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medicine applications in the treatment of bone metastases. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 130-131:108879. [PMID: 38340369 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone metastases are a painful and complex condition that overwhelmingly impacts the prognosis and quality of life of cancer patients. Over the years, nuclear medicine has made remarkable progress in the diagnosis and management of bone metastases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in nuclear medicine for the diagnosis and management of bone metastases. Furthermore, the review explores the role of targeted radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine for bone metastases, focusing on radiolabeled molecules that are designed to selectively target biomarkers associated with bone metastases, including osteocytes, osteoblasts, and metastatic cells. The applications of radionuclide-based therapies, such as strontium-89 (Sr-89) and radium-223 (Ra-223), are also discussed. This review also highlights the potential of theranostic approaches for bone metastases, enabling personalized treatment strategies based on individual patient characteristics. Importantly, the clinical applications and outcomes of nuclear medicine in osseous metastatic disease are discussed. This includes the assessment of treatment response, predictive and prognostic value of imaging biomarkers, and the impact of nuclear medicine on patient management and outcomes. The review identifies current challenges and future perspectives on the role of nuclear medicine in treating bone metastases. It addresses limitations in imaging resolution, radiotracer availability, radiation safety, and the need for standardized protocols. The review concludes by emphasizing the need for further research and advancements in imaging technology, radiopharmaceutical development, and integration of nuclear medicine with other treatment modalities. In summary, advancements in nuclear medicine have significantly improved the diagnosis and management of osseous metastatic disease and future developements in the integration of innovative imaging modalities, targeted radiopharmaceuticals, radionuclide production, theranostic approaches, and advanced image analysis techniques hold great promise in improving patient outcomes and enhancing personalized care for individuals with bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Dyer
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhenghan Jing
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen Duncan
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacqueline Godbe
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monica Shokeen
- Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Guan YJ, He H, Fan KD, Wang SZ, Guo ZC, Wang HJ, Cui LJ, Chen W, Huang CP, Liu ZY, He XW, Guo KX, Zhang JJ, Xu ZY. Spatial distribution, source identification, and transportation paths of plutonium in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115972. [PMID: 38154170 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the spatial distribution and source of plutonium isotopes in the Beibu Gulf, surface sediments were collected and analyzed using sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). The activities of 239+240Pu in surface sediments ranged from 0.012 to 0.451 mBq/g (mean: 0.171 ± 0.138 mBq/g, n = 36), indicating a decreasing trend in a counterclockwise direction from the southern bay mouth. The counterclockwise decreasing trend in the south of the bay mouth is similar to the current in the Beibu Gulf. The 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in surface sediments ranged from 0.156 to 0.283 (mean: 0.236 ± 0.031, n = 36), slightly higher than that of the global fallout value of 0.18. This suggests that the Pu in the Beibu Gulf was a combination of global fallout and Pacific Proving Ground (PPG). The average contribution of the plutonium (Pu) derived from the PPG in the sediment was estimated to be 52 % ± 24 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jing Guan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hua He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kai-di Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shen-Zhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zi-Chen Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liang-Jia Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chun-Ping Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xian-Wen He
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Kai-Xing Guo
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhang
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning 530222, China
| | - Ze-Yue Xu
- Radiation-Environment Management and Monitoring Station of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Nanning 530222, China
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3
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Tan K, Cai X, Tan K, Kwan KY. A review of natural and anthropogenic radionuclide pollution in marine bivalves. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165030. [PMID: 37356775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Radionuclide contamination in food is a public health issue. Bivalves are known to accumulate relatively high levels of radionuclides. Despite many relevant reports, this information is poorly organized. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a comprehensive scientific review of radionuclides in marine bivalves. In general, the accumulation of radionuclides in bivalves is highly species and tissue-specific, which may be due to the different biological half-life of radionuclides in different species and tissues. The trophic pathway is the main pathway for the accumulation of most radionuclides in bivalves, with polonium-210 (210Po) and lead-210 (210Pb) potentially selectively accumulating in the digestive glands, while 134Cs and 137Cs selectively accumulating in the adductor muscle and mantle. Some other radionuclides (radium-226 (226Ra) and strontium-90 (90Sr)) are absorbed along with other minerals (e.g. Calcium) and selectively accumulate in bivalve shells. The information in this study can provide an overview of radionuclide contamination in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsoon Tan
- College of Marine Science, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Cai
- College of Marine Science, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Kianann Tan
- College of Marine Science, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Kit Yue Kwan
- College of Marine Science, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf Ocean Development Research Centre, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, Guangxi, China.
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4
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Duong VH, Chu TT, Nguyen TN. Factors Contributing to Accumulation of 210Po in Freshwater Fishes in Dong Thai Lake, Vietnam and Radiological Hazard Assessment. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 85:314-323. [PMID: 37733035 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
210Po (polonium), one of the most toxic naturally occurring radionuclides, is well-known as a common natural radionuclide in fish species. Human consumption of 210Po-contaminated fish could result in a significant internal dose. This study determined by alpha spectrometry the 210Po activity in sixteen selected fish species with different living behaviors (pelagic, demersal), trophic positions (herbivores, carnivores, omnivorous), and masses in Dong Thai Lake, Hanoi, Vietnam. The min, max, and average of the 210Po concentration of sixteen fish species were 0.80 ± 0.44, 12.7 ± 0.20, and 3.54 ± 0.31 Bq kg-1, respectively. Regarding the different living behaviors, trophic positions, and masses, the results showed trending of 210Popelagic > 210Podemersal; 210Poherbivores < 210Pocarnivores < 210Poomnivorous and 210Po<0.2 kg > 210Po0.2-1 kg > 210Po>1 kg, respectively. The 210Po concentrations in muscle tissue were greater in fish species with a small mass, omnivorous trophic position, and pelagic living behavior relative to demersal fish with a larger mass that were herbivores or carnivores. In addition, the results showed an uneven distribution of 210Po activities in atmospheric aerosols, terrestrial soils, surface waters, and lake sediments in the study area. The primary source of 210Po could be supplied from atmospheric aerosols and/or terrestrial soils in the study area. The 210Po annual effective dose for adults due to fish consumption has been calculated with a range from 20 to 400 µSv y-1 and 111 µSv. y-1 on average, and it is far below the allowable limits of 1000 µSv y-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hao Duong
- VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trung-Tien Chu
- VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Nam Nguyen
- VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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5
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Sezer N, Nural E, Kesiktaş M, Yemişken E, Gönülal O, Eryılmaz L, Carvalho FP, Blivermiş M, Kılıç Ö. Po-210 activity concentrations in wild and farmed fish from the Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara and dose assessment to consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:94839-94849. [PMID: 37540411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Polonium (210Po) is the major contributor (with approximately 90%) to the radiation dose from radionuclides contained in the human diet, and it is mostly associated with seafood. This study presents 210Po activity concentrations in the tissues of 16 fish species from the Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmara. Among all species investigated, the highest 210Po activity concentration was 4450 ± 33 Bq kg-1 dry weight (dw) in the digestive tract of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), and the lowest 210Po activity concentration was 1.3 ± 0.6 Bq kg-1 (dw) in the muscle tissue of the thornback ray (Raja clavata). Significant differences in 210Po concentrations were consistently found among the tissues of fish (P < 0.05). In general, the prominent accumulation of 210Po was observed in the digestive tract and liver while the muscle tissue generally displayed the lower concentrations. Polonium concentrations in the internal organs, such as muscle and liver, were related to the feeding ecology of fish and thus are a consequence of 210Po transfer in the food chain rather than 210Po uptake from water. The average 210Po concentration in fish filet was 54.1 Bq kg-1 dw and to attain the recommended limit for the annual committed effective dose (1 mSv year-1) would require the consumption of 1024 kg of mixed fish filet in 1 year, which is unlikely to happen. The highest 210Po activity concentration in the edible part of fish (filet) was determined in the anchovy (E. encrasicolus) but to reach the 1 mSv year-1 limit would require still the consumption of 7.1 kg year-1 of anchovy filet. Similar size specimens of wild and farmed fish, Dicentrarchus labrax and Sparus aurata, were analyzed to assess the differences in 210Po concentrations. Polonium concentrations in the wild fish were several-fold higher than in farmed specimens, these ones fed with fish feed with 210Po content lower than natural food in the sea. Therefore, the current trend of increasing the consumption of seafood from aquaculture seems to be reducing the radiation exposure to 210Po in the human diet that is considered beneficial to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Sezer
- Medical Services and Techniques Department, Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Istanbul Arel University, Sefaköy, 34295, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Eren Nural
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mert Kesiktaş
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Suleymaniye, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emre Yemişken
- Hydrobiology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Onur Gönülal
- Department of Marine and Freshwater Resources Management, Faculty of Aquatic Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Lütfiye Eryılmaz
- Hydrobiology Division, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Fernando P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Protecção e Segurança Radiológica, Instituto Superior Técnico/Campus Tecnológico Nuclear, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Murat Blivermiş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Önder Kılıç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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6
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Sadighara P, Mohajer A, Shamloo E, Akbari N, Vakili Saatloo N. The radionuclides contamination in eggs as an environmental marker: a systematic review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:187-192. [PMID: 35090102 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Foods are contaminated with natural and man-made radionuclides. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the amount and type of radionuclides in eggs, as well as the biomarker capability of eggs. The research studies with keywords radionuclide, radioisotopes, contamination and egg were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases, regardless of publication time. A number of 70 studies were obtained and only 13 articles were finally selected according to exclusion, inclusion criteria and quality assessment results. Studies which detected radionuclide in the hen eggs were selected. The highest frequency of radionuclides belonged to Ra-226 and Cs-137. The index of natural radionuclides is Ra-226 and the index of synthetic radionuclides is Cs-137. The local eggs, in addition to determining food contamination, can also be a good biomarker for identifying environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sadighara
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Mohajer
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Shamloo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Nader Akbari
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naiema Vakili Saatloo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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7
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Giordani M, Meli MA, Roselli C, Betti M, Peruzzi F, Taussi M, Valentini L, Fagiolino I, Mattioli M. Could soluble minerals be hazardous to human health? Evidence from fibrous epsomite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112579. [PMID: 34968437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
From a toxicological point of view, particulates and fibres with high solubility in water and/or in biological environments have not been considered in detail and the knowledge to date in this area is very scarce. In this study, the water-soluble natural epsomite fibres from Perticara Mine (Italy) were investigated using SEM-EDS, XRPD, ICP-AES and alpha spectrometry measurements which were combined and integrated to characterise the fibres' morphology, crystal chemistry and mineralogy. The morphological and morphometric results showed that most of the fibres are of inhalable size (Dae 5.09 μm) and can be potentially adsorbed from all parts of the respiratory tract. Chemical analysis reveals significant amounts of toxic elements (As, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr, Ti, Zn) and surprisingly high contents of radioactive isotopes (210Po and 228Th) in epsomite crystals, making the inhalation of these fibres potentially hazardous to human health. Through this study, we want to focus on soluble minerals, such as epsomite, which can be present in both natural and anthropic environments and have never been considered from the point of view of their potential hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Giordani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Maria Assunta Meli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carla Roselli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Betti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Fabio Peruzzi
- Speleological Federation of the Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Taussi
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Laura Valentini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Michele Mattioli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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8
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Vengosh A, Coyte RM, Podgorski J, Johnson TM. A critical review on the occurrence and distribution of the uranium- and thorium-decay nuclides and their effect on the quality of groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151914. [PMID: 34856287 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This critical review presents the key factors that control the occurrence of natural elements from the uranium- and thorium-decay series, also known as naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM), including uranium, radium, radon, lead, polonium, and their isotopes in groundwater resources. Given their toxicity and radiation, elevated levels of these nuclides in drinking water pose human health risks, and therefore understanding the occurrence, sources, and factors that control the mobilization of these nuclides from aquifer rocks is critical for better groundwater management and human health protection. The concentrations of these nuclides in groundwater are a function of the groundwater residence time relative to the decay rates of the nuclides, as well as the net balance between nuclides mobilization (dissolution, desorption, recoil) and retention (adsorption, precipitation). This paper explores the factors that control this balance, including the relationships between the elemental chemistry (e.g., solubility and speciation), lithological and hydrogeological factors, groundwater geochemistry (e.g., redox state, pH, ionic strength, ion-pairs availability), and their combined effects and interactions. The various chemical properties of each of the nuclides results in different likelihoods for co-occurrence. For example, the primordial 238U, 222Rn, and, in cases of high colloid concentrations also 210Po, are all more likely to be found in oxic groundwater. In contrast, in reducing aquifers, Ra nuclides, 210Pb, and in absence of high colloid concentrations, 210Po, are more mobile and frequently occur in groundwater. In highly permeable sandstone aquifers that lack sufficient adsorption sites, Ra is often enriched, even in low salinity and oxic groundwater. This paper also highlights the isotope distributions, including those of relatively long-lived nuclides (238U/235U) with abundances that depend on geochemical conditions (e.g., fractionation induced from redox processes), as well as shorter-lived nuclides (234U/238U, 228Ra/226Ra, 224Ra/228Ra, 210Pb/222Rn, 210Po/210Pb) that are strongly influenced by physical (recoil), lithological, and geochemical factors. Special attention is paid in evaluating the ability to use these isotope variations to elucidate the sources of these nuclides in groundwater, mechanisms of their mobilization from the rock matrix (e.g., recoil, ion-exchange), and retention into secondary mineral phases and ion-exchange sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joel Podgorski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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9
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Mortezaee K, Najafi M, Farhood B, Ahmadi A, Shabeeb D, Eleojo Musa A. Genomic Instability and Carcinogenesis of Heavy Charged Particles Radiation: Clinical and Environmental Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090591. [PMID: 31540340 PMCID: PMC6780199 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the uses of ionizing radiation is in cancer treatment. The use of heavy charged particles for treatment has been introduced in recent decades because of their priority for deposition of radiation energy in the tumor, via the Bragg peak phenomenon. In addition to medical implications, exposure to heavy charged particles is a crucial issue for environmental and space radiobiology. Ionizing radiation is one of the most powerful clastogenic and carcinogenic agents. Studies have shown that although both low and high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations are carcinogenic, their risks are different. Molecular studies have also shown that although heavy charged particles mainly induce DNA damage directly, they may be more potent inducer of endogenous generation of free radicals compared to the low LET gamma or X-rays. It seems that the severity of genotoxicity for non-irradiated bystander cells is potentiated as the quality of radiation increases. However, this is not true in all situations. Evidence suggests the involvement of some mechanisms such as upregulation of pro-oxidant enzymes and change in the methylation of DNA in the development of genomic instability and carcinogenesis. This review aimed to report important issues for genotoxicity of carcinogenic effects of heavy charged particles. Furthermore, we tried to explain some mechanisms that may be involved in cancer development following exposure to heavy charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48175-861, Iran.
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan 62010, Iraq.
- Misan Radiotherapy Center, Misan Health Directorate, Ministry of Health Environment, Misan 62010, Iraq.
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran 1416753955, Iran.
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Minna 65, Nigeria.
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10
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Prabhath RK, Sreejith SR, Nair MG, Rao D, Pradeepkumar K. Determination of 210Po concentration in commercially available infant formulae and assessment of daily ingestion dose. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Prabhath
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | | | - Madhu G. Nair
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - D.D. Rao
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - K.S. Pradeepkumar
- Radiation Safety Systems Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
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11
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May D, Nelson AN, Schultz MK. Quantitation of lead-210 ( 210Pb) using lead-203 ( 203Pb) as a "Massless" yield tracer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 171:93-98. [PMID: 28213127 PMCID: PMC6785750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Determination of Pb-210 (210Pb) in aqueous solution is a common radioanalytical challenge in environmental science. Widely used methods for undertaking these analyses (e.g., ASTM D7535) rely on the use of stable lead (Pb) as a yield tracer that takes into account losses of 210Pb that inevitably occur during elemental/radiochemical separations of the procedures. Although effective, these methods introduce technical challenges that can be difficult to track and potentially introduce uncertainty that can be difficult to quantify. Examples of these challenges include interference from endogenous stable Pb in complex sample matrices; contamination of stable Pb carrier with 210Pb; and high detection limits due to counting efficiency limitations. We hypothesized that many of these challenges could be avoided by the use of the electron-capture, gamma-emitting isotope, 203Pb as a chemical yield tracer in the analysis of 210Pb. A series of experiments were performed to evaluate the efficacy of 203Pb as a tracer. Four different matrices were analyzed, including a complex matrix (hydraulic-fracturing produced fluids); and samples comprising less complicated matrices (i.e., river water, deionized water, and tap water). Separation techniques and counting methodologies were also compared and optimized. Due to a relatively short-half life (52 h), 203Pb tracer is effectively massless for the purposes of chemical separations, allowing for reduced chromatography column resin bed volumes. Because 203Pb is a gamma emitter (279 keV; 81% intensity), recovery can be determined non-destructively in a variety of matrices, including liquid scintillation cocktail. The use of liquid scintillation as a counting methodology allowed for determination of 210Pb activities via 210Pb or 210Po; and recoveries of greater than 90% are routinely achievable using this approach. The improved method for the analysis of 210Pb in aqueous matrices allows for the analysis of complex matrices, at reduced cost, while providing greater counting flexibility in achieving acceptable detections limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- D May
- State Hygienic Laboratory at the University of Iowa, Coralville, IA 52241, United States; Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - A N Nelson
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - M K Schultz
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Wu J, Zhang B, Wuu YR, Davidson MM, Hei TK. Targeted cytoplasmic irradiation and autophagy. Mutat Res 2017; 806:88-97. [PMID: 28283188 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ionizing irradiation on cytoplasmic organelles is often underestimated because the general dogma considers direct DNA damage in the nuclei to be the primary cause of radiation induced toxicity. Using a precision microbeam irradiator, we examined the changes in mitochondrial dynamics and functions triggered by targeted cytoplasmic irradiation with α-particles. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by targeted cytoplasmic irradiation led to activation of autophagy, which degraded dysfunctional mitochondria in order to maintain cellular energy homeostasis. The activation of autophagy was cytoplasmic irradiation-specific and was not detected in nuclear irradiated cells. This autophagic process was oxyradical-dependent and required the activity of the mitochondrial fission protein dynamin related protein 1 (DRP1). The resultant mitochondrial fission induced phosphorylation of AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) which leads to further activation of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 with concomitant inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to initiate autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy resulted in delayed DNA damage repair and decreased cell viability, which supports the cytoprotective function of autophagy. Our results reveal a novel mechanism in which dysfunctional mitochondria are degraded by autophagy in an attempt to protect cells from toxic effects of targeted cytoplasmic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wu
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, VC 11-205, New York, N.Y., United States; Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, VC 11-205, New York, N.Y., United States
| | - Yen-Ruh Wuu
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, VC 11-205, New York, N.Y., United States
| | - Mercy M Davidson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, P&S 11-451, New York, N.Y., 10032, United States
| | - Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, VC 11-205, New York, N.Y., United States.
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Nelson AW, Eitrheim ES, Knight AW, May D, Wichman MD, Forbes TZ, Schultz MK. Polonium-210 accumulates in a lake receiving coal mine discharges-anthropogenic or natural? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 167:211-221. [PMID: 27914777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coal is an integral part of global energy production; however, coal mining is associated with numerous environmental health impacts. It is well documented that coal-mine waste can contaminate the environment with naturally-occurring radionuclides from the uranium-238 (238U) decay series. However, the behavior of the final radionuclide in the 238U-series, i.e., polonium-210 (210Po) arising from coal-mine waste-water discharge is largely unexplored. Here, results of a year-long (2014-2015) field study, in which the concentrations of 210Po in sediments and surface water of a lake that receives coal-mine waste-water discharge in West Virginia are presented. Initial measurements identified levels of 210Po in the lake sediments that were in excess of that which could be attributed to ambient U-series parent radionuclides; and were indicative of discharge site contamination of the lake ecosystem. However, control sediment obtained from a similar lake system in Iowa (an area with no coal mining or unconventional drilling) suggests that the levels of 210Po in the lake are a natural phenomenon; and are likely unrelated to waste-water treatment discharges. Elevated levels of 210Po have been reported in lake bottom sediments previously, yet very little information is available on the radioecological implications of 210Po accumulation in lake bottom sediments. The findings of this study suggest that (Monthly Energy Review, 2016) the natural accumulation and retention of 210Po in lake sediments may be a greater than previously considered (Chadwick et al., 2013) careful selection of control sites is important to prevent the inappropriate attribution of elevated levels of NORM in lake bottom ecosystems to industrial sources; and (Van Hook, 1979) further investigation of the source-terms and potential impacts on elevated 210Po in lake-sediment ecosystems is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building, 251 North Capitol Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - E S Eitrheim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building, 251 North Capitol Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - A W Knight
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building, 251 North Capitol Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - D May
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; University of Iowa State Hygienic Laboratory, Research Park, State Hygienic Laboratory 2490, Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52242, United States.
| | - M D Wichman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, 100 CPHB, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - T Z Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building, 251 North Capitol Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - M K Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Chemistry Building, 251 North Capitol Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; University of Iowa State Hygienic Laboratory, Research Park, State Hygienic Laboratory 2490, Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52242, United States; Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa, ML B180 FRRB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Seiler R. (210)Po in drinking water, its potential health effects, and inadequacy of the gross alpha activity MCL. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1010-1017. [PMID: 27369089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polonium-210 ((210)Po) is a naturally-occurring, carcinogenic member of the (238)U decay series and the granddaughter of (210)Pb. It has a half life of 138.4days and is rarely found in drinking water at levels exceeding 5mBq/L because it strongly binds to aquifer sediment. When the current US Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) covering (210)Po was promulgated in December 2000, very little was known about its occurrence and the processes responsible for mobilizing it. More is now known about the processes that mobilize (210)Po from sediments and a review of recent occurrence data show that it may not be as rare in the US as the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) thought in 2000. Worldwide, only about 2200 analyses for (210)Po in drinking water were identified, with activities exceeding 500mBq/L being found only in Finland, India, Sweden, and the US. The median of 400 (210)Po analyses from the US is 4.75mBq/L and >10% of the samples exceed 500mBq/L. Current compliance-monitoring regulations in the US essentially guarantee that (210)Po contamination will not be detected except in very contaminated wells. Major problems with the US Gross Alpha Activity MCL include the volatility of (210)Po and extended holding times and sample-compositing methods that can allow the majority of (210)Po in a sample bottle to decay before analysis. In light of new information, the radionuclide rule should be changed and direct measurements of (210)Po should be made in all public-water supply wells to rule out its presence. Much of the important biological and toxicological research on (210)Po is more than four decades old and new laboratory research using modern tools is needed. Biological and epidemiological investigations of known contaminated areas are needed to assess the effect (210)Po exposure is having on animals and humans consuming the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Seiler
- Retired United States Geological Survey, PO Box 1025, Carson City, NV 89702, USA.
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Tiwari M, Sahu SK, Bhangare RC, Pandit GG. Polonium in size fractionated mainstream cigarette smoke, predicted deposition and associated internal radiation dose. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 162-163:251-257. [PMID: 27294663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, size fractionated mass and 210Po activity concentrations in mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) were monitored for three popular cigarette brands. Size segregated collection of MCS was carried out using a cascade type impactor, while mass and 210Po activity concentration were analyzed gravimetrically and alpha spectrometry (following the radiochemical separation) respectively. Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD V2.11) model is used for prediction of deposition fraction calculations for the MCS deposition in different compartment of human respiratory tract. The activity concentration of 210Po is founds 10.56 ± 2.46 mBq per cigarette for the tested cigarette brands. 210Po size distribution indicates most of this associates with fine fraction (Dp < 2.23 μm) of cigarette smoke. The committed annual effective dose to smokers (smoking on an average 20 cigarette a day), considering the 210Po and 210Pb concentrations (assuming it is in secular equilibrium with 210Po) in MCS, was estimated between 0.22 and 0.40 mSv, with mean value of 0.30 mSv for tested cigarette brands. Considering the risk factor of fatal cancer due to radiation exposure of lung (exposure time of 30 years); the average collective estimated fatal cancer risk is estimated as 1.5 × 10-4 due to 210Po and 210Pb exposure to smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tiwari
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - S K Sahu
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - R C Bhangare
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - G G Pandit
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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Determination of 210Pb by direct gamma-ray spectrometry, beta counting via 210Bi and alpha-particle spectrometry via 210Po in coal, slag and ash samples from thermal power plant. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-5028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Długosz-Lisiecka M. The sources and fate of (210)Po in the urban air: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:325-330. [PMID: 27295049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The origin of (210)Po activity and its fluctuations in the air are discussed in this paper. In the case of atmospheric aerosol samples, a comparison of the (210)Po/(210)Pb and (210)Bi/(210)Pb activity ratios makes it possible not only to determine aerosol residence times but also to appraise the contribution of the unsupported (210)Po coming from other sources than (222)Rn decay, such as human industrial activities, especially coal combustion. A simple mathematical method makes it possible to observe the seasonal fluctuations of the anthropogenic excess of (210)Po in the urban air. The average doses of (210)Po intake with food (including drinking water) and inhalation of urban aerosols are usually lower than those from (210)Po intake by cigarette smokers and negligible in comparison to total natural radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Długosz-Lisiecka
- Technical University of Lodz, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Wróblewskiego 15, 90-924 Łódź., Poland.
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Nelson AW, Johns AJ, Eitrheim ES, Knight AW, Basile M, Bettis EA, Schultz MK, Forbes TZ. Partitioning of naturally-occurring radionuclides (NORM) in Marcellus Shale produced fluids influenced by chemical matrix. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:456-463. [PMID: 26952871 PMCID: PMC5538885 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00540j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM) associated with unconventional drilling produced fluids from the Marcellus Shale have raised environmental concerns. However, few investigations into the fundamental chemistry of NORM in Marcellus Shale produced fluids have been performed. Thus, we performed radiochemical experiments with Marcellus Shale produced fluids to understand the partitioning behavior of major radioelements of environmental health concern (uranium (U), thorium (Th), radium (Ra), lead (Pb), and polonium (Po)). We applied a novel radiotracer, (203)Pb, to understand the behavior of trace-levels of (210)Pb in these fluids. Ultrafiltration experiments indicated U, Th, and Po are particle reactive in Marcellus Shale produced fluids and Ra and Pb are soluble. Sediment partitioning experiments revealed that >99% of Ra does not adsorb to sediments in the presence of Marcellus Shale produced fluids. Further experiments indicated that although Ra adsorption is related to ionic strength, the concentrations of heavier alkaline earth metals (Ba, Sr) are stronger predictors of Ra solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Nelson
- Interdisciplinary Human Toxicology Program, University of Iowa, ML B180 FRRB, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa, USA 52242.
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Assessment of 210Po and 210Pb in lichen, moss and soil around Çan coal-fired power plant, Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Walsh M, Wallner G, Jennings P. Radioactivity in drinking water supplies in Western Australia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 130:56-62. [PMID: 24463720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiochemical analysis was carried out on 52 drinking water samples taken from public outlets in the southwest of Western Australia. All samples were analysed for Ra-226, Ra-228 and Pb-210. Twenty five of the samples were also analysed for Po-210, and 23 were analysed for U-234 and U-238. Ra-228 was found in 45 samples and the activity ranged from <4.000 to 296.1 mBq L(-1). Ra-226 was detected in all 52 samples and the activity ranged from 3.200 to 151.1 mBq L(-1). Po-210 was detected in 24 samples and the activity ranged from 0.000 to 114.2 mBq L(-1). These data were used to compute the annual radiation dose that persons of different age groups and also for pregnant and lactating females would receive from drinking this water. The estimated doses ranged from 0.001 to 2.375 mSv y(-1) with a mean annual dose of 0.167 mSv y(-1). The main contributing radionuclides to the annual dose were Ra-228, Po-210 and Ra-226. Of the 52 drinking water samples tested, 94% complied with the current Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, while 10% complied with the World Health Organization's radiological guidelines which many other countries use. It is likely that these results provide an overestimate of the compliance, due to limitations, in the sampling technique and resource constraints on the analysis. Because of the increasing reliance of the Western Australian community on groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes, it is likely that the radiological content of the drinking water will increase in the future. Therefore there is a need for further monitoring and analysis in order to identify problem areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walsh
- School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - G Wallner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - P Jennings
- School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Beillet-Kovalenko V, Pravikoff MS, Marquet C, Hubert P, Gaye J. 210Pb as a Marker of Natural Radioactivity: Would it Play a Role in Some Human Diseases? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10619127.2013.821924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Weinhold B. Unknown quantity: regulating radionuclides in tap water. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:A350-A356. [PMID: 23487846 PMCID: PMC3440123 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.120-a350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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