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Min JH, Sarlus H, Harris RA. Copper toxicity and deficiency: the vicious cycle at the core of protein aggregation in ALS. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1408159. [PMID: 39050823 PMCID: PMC11267976 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1408159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of ALS involves many signs of a disruption in copper homeostasis, with both excess free levels and functional deficiency likely occurring simultaneously. This is crucial, as many important physiological functions are performed by cuproenzymes. While it is unsurprising that many ALS symptoms are related to signs of copper deficiency, resulting in vascular, antioxidant system and mitochondrial oxidative respiration deficiencies, there are also signs of copper toxicity such as ROS generation and enhanced protein aggregation. We discuss how copper also plays a key role in proteostasis and interacts either directly or indirectly with many of the key aggregate-prone proteins implicated in ALS, such as TDP-43, C9ORF72, SOD1 and FUS as well as the effect of their aggregation on copper homeostasis. We suggest that loss of cuproprotein function is at the core of ALS pathology, a condition that is driven by a combination of unbound copper and ROS that can either initiate and/or accelerate protein aggregation. This could trigger a positive feedback cycle whereby protein aggregates trigger the aggregation of other proteins in a chain reaction that eventually captures elements of the proteostatic mechanisms in place to counteract them. The end result is an abundance of aggregated non-functional cuproproteins and chaperones alongside depleted intracellular copper stores, resulting in a general lack of cuproenzyme function. We then discuss the possible aetiology of ALS and illustrate how strong risk factors including environmental toxins such as BMAA and heavy metals can functionally behave to promote protein aggregation and disturb copper metabolism that likely drives this vicious cycle in sporadic ALS. From this synthesis, we propose restoration of copper balance using copper delivery agents in combination with chaperones/chaperone mimetics, perhaps in conjunction with the neuroprotective amino acid serine, as a promising strategy in the treatment of this incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hong Min
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Bashir F, Bashir A, Bouaïcha N, Chen L, Codd GA, Neilan B, Xu WL, Ziko L, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Arruda RS, Ganai BA. Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:241. [PMID: 37394567 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are a global environmental concern that encompasses public health issues, water availability, and water quality owing to the production of various secondary metabolites (SMs), including cyanotoxins in freshwater, brackish water, and marine ecosystems. The frequency, extent, magnitude, and duration of CHABs are increasing globally. Cyanobacterial species traits and changing environmental conditions, including anthropogenic pressure, eutrophication, and global climate change, together allow cyanobacteria to thrive. The cyanotoxins include a diverse range of low molecular weight compounds with varying biochemical properties and modes of action. With the application of modern molecular biology techniques, many important aspects of cyanobacteria are being elucidated, including aspects of their diversity, gene-environment interactions, and genes that express cyanotoxins. The toxicological, environmental, and economic impacts of CHABs strongly advocate the need for continuing, extensive efforts to monitor cyanobacterial growth and to understand the mechanisms regulating species composition and cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this review, we critically examined the genomic organization of some cyanobacterial species that lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their characteristic properties discovered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Bashir
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Government College for Women, Nawa-Kadal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematic, and Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science (SEES), Yunnan University (YNU), 650500, Kunming, China.
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Brett Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Wen-Li Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Laila Ziko
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Renan Silva Arruda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Center of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
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Zhang Y, Whalen JK, Cai C, Shan K, Zhou H. Harmful cyanobacteria-diatom/dinoflagellate blooms and their cyanotoxins in freshwaters: A nonnegligible chronic health and ecological hazard. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119807. [PMID: 36871382 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human and ecological health depends on the vitality of freshwater systems, but these are increasingly threatened by cyanotoxins released from harmful algal blooms (HABs). Periodic cyanotoxin production, although undesirable, may be tolerable when there is enough time for cyanotoxins to degrade and dissipate in the environment, but the year-round presence of these toxins will be a chronic health for humans and ecosystems. The purpose of this critical review is to document the seasonal shifts of algal species and their ecophysiological acclimatation to dynamic environmental conditions. We discuss how these conditions will create successive occurrences of algal blooms and the release of cyanotoxins into freshwater. We first review the most common cyanotoxins, and evaluate the multiple ecological roles and physiological functions of these toxins for algae. Then, the annual recurring patterns HABs are considered in the context of global change, which demonstrates the capacity for algal blooms to shift from seasonal to year-round growth regimes that are driven by abiotic and biotic factors, leading to chronic loading of freshwaters with cyanotoxins. At last, we illustrate the impacts of HABs on the environment by compiling four health issues and four ecology issues emanating from their presence in the that covers atmosphere, aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems. Our study highlights the annual patterns of algal blooms, and proposes that a "perfect storm" of events is lurking that will cause the 'seasonal toxicity' to become a full-blown, 'chronic toxicity' in the context of the deterioration of HABs, highlighting a non-negligible chronic health and ecological hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Department of Natural Resource Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, QC H9×3V9, Canada; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, China.
| | - Joann K Whalen
- Department of Natural Resource Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de Bellevue, QC H9×3V9, Canada
| | - Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Shan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Big Data and Intelligent Computing, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China, CAS Key Lab on Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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Al-Yousef HM, Amina M. Phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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5
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Kumar P, Rautela A, Kesari V, Szlag D, Westrick J, Kumar S. Recent developments in the methods of quantitative analysis of microcystins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22582. [PMID: 32662914 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are produced by the toxic cyanobacterial species present in algal blooms formed in water bodies due to nutrient over-enrichment by human influences and natural environmental conditions. Extensive studies are available on the most widely encountered cyanotoxins, microcystins (MCs) in fresh and brackish water bodies. MC contaminated water poses severe risks to human health, environmental sustainability, and aquatic life. Therefore, commonly occurring MCs should be monitored. Occasionally, detection and quantification of these toxins are difficult due to the unavailability of pure standards. Enzymatic, immunological assays, and analytical techniques like protein phosphatase inhibition assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and biosensors are used for their detection and quantification. There is no single method for the detection of all the different types of MCs; therefore, various techniques are often combined to yield reliable results. Biosensor development offered a problem-solving approach in the detection of MCs due to their high accuracy, sensitivity, rapid response, and portability. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover emerging techniques used for the detection and quantification of the MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vigya Kesari
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhang Y, Whalen JK. Production of the neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine may be triggered by agricultural nutrients: An emerging public health issue. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115335. [PMID: 31812811 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diverse taxa of cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and diatoms produce β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a non-lipophilic, non-protein amino acid. BMAA is a neurotoxin in mammals. Its ingestion may be linked to human neurodegenerative diseases, namely the Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism dementia complex, based on epidemiological evidence from regions where cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms occur frequently. In controlled environments, cyanobacteria produce BMAA in response to ecophysiological cues such as nutrient availability, which may explain the elevated BMAA concentrations in freshwater environments that receive nutrient-rich agricultural runoff. This critical review paper summarizes what is known about how BMAA supports ecophysiological functions like nitrogen metabolism, photosyntheis and provides a competitive advantage to cyanobacteria in controlled and natural environments. We explain how BMAA production affected competitive interactions among the N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing populations in a freshwater cyanobacterial bloom that was stimulated by nutrient loading from the surrounding agricultural landscape. Better control of nutrients in agricultural fields is an excellent strategy to avoid the negative environmental consequences and public health concerns related to BMAA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de, Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Joann K Whalen
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, 21, 111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de, Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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7
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Ilieva V, Kondeva-Burdina M, Georgieva T, Pavlova V. Toxicity of cyanobacteria. Organotropy of cyanotoxins and toxicodynamics of cyanotoxins by species. PHARMACIA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.66.e37035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of blooming, some cyanobacteria (Microcystis, Anabaena, Planktothrix, etc.) produce toxins at concentrations that are high enough to poison and even kill animals and humans. According to Annex II of the Framework Directive 2000/60/EC, transformed into the Bulgarian legislation, for the characterization of surface water, at this stage, there are no acceptable limit values for cyanotoxins. Cyanotoxins include some of the strongest natural poisons, including those that could cause rapid death due to respiratory failure.
The aim of this publication is an overview of toxic cyanobacteria and toxicity mechanisms.
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8
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Dar KB, Bhat AH, Amin S, Reshi BA, Zargar MA, Masood A, Ganie SA. Elucidating Critical Proteinopathic Mechanisms and Potential Drug Targets in Neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:313-345. [PMID: 31584139 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration entails progressive loss of neuronal structure as well as function leading to cognitive failure, apathy, anxiety, irregular body movements, mood swing and ageing. Proteomic dysregulation is considered the key factor for neurodegeneration. Mechanisms involving deregulated processing of proteins such as amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomerization; tau hyperphosphorylation, prion misfolding; α-synuclein accumulation/lewy body formation, chaperone deregulation, acetylcholine depletion, adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor hyperactivation, secretase deregulation, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation and mitochondrial proteinopathies have deeper implications in neurodegenerative disorders. Better understanding of such pathological mechanisms is pivotal for exploring crucial drug targets. Herein, we provide a comprehensive outlook about the diverse proteomic irregularities in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD). We explicate the role of key neuroproteomic drug targets notably Aβ, tau, alpha synuclein, prions, secretases, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), LRRK2, molecular chaperones, A2A receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchR), N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs) and mitochondrial/oxidative stress-related proteins for combating neurodegeneration and associated cognitive and motor impairment. Cross talk between amyloidopathy, synucleinopathy, tauopathy and several other proteinopathies pinpoints the need to develop safe therapeutics with ability to strike multiple targets in the aetiology of the neurodegenerative disorders. Therapeutics like microtubule stabilisers, chaperones, kinase inhibitors, anti-aggregation agents and antibodies could serve promising regimens for treating neurodegeneration. However, drugs should be target specific, safe and able to penetrate blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Bashir Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aashiq Hussain Bhat
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Shajrul Amin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Reshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal Zargar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Akbar Masood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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9
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Vo Duy S, Munoz G, Dinh QT, Tien Do D, Simon DF, Sauvé S. Analysis of the neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and isomers in surface water by FMOC derivatization liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220698. [PMID: 31386693 PMCID: PMC6684067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), suspected to trigger neurodegenerative diseases, can be produced during cyanobacterial bloom events and subsequently affect ecosystems and water sources. Some of its isomers including β-amino-N-methylalanine (BAMA), N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine (AEG), and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) may show different toxicities than BMAA. Here, we set out to provide a fast and sensitive method for the monitoring of AEG, BAMA, DAB and BMAA in surface waters. A procedure based on aqueous derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) was investigated for this purpose. Under optimized conditions, a small aqueous sample aliquot (5 mL) was spiked with BMAA-d3 internal standard, subjected to FMOC-Cl derivatization, centrifuged, and analyzed. The high-throughput instrumental method (10 min per sample) involved on-line pre-concentration and desalting coupled to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Chromatographic gradient and mobile phases were adjusted to obtain suitable separation of the 4 isomers. The method limits of detection were in the range of 2-5 ng L-1. In-matrix validation parameters including linearity range, accuracy, precision, and matrix effects were assessed. The method was applied to surface water samples (n = 82) collected at a large spatial scale in lakes and rivers in Canada. DAB was found in >70% of samples at variable concentrations (<3-1,900 ng L-1), the highest concentrations corresponding to lake samples in cyanobacterial bloom periods. BMAA was only reported (110 ng L-1) at one HAB-impacted location. This is one of the first studies to report on the profiles of AEG, BAMA, DAB, and BMAA in background and impacted surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Quoc Tuc Dinh
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dat Tien Do
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dana F. Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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The Cyanotoxin and Non-protein Amino Acid β-Methylamino-L-Alanine (L-BMAA) in the Food Chain: Incorporation into Proteins and Its Impact on Human Health. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:602-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Svirčev Z, Lalić D, Bojadžija Savić G, Tokodi N, Drobac Backović D, Chen L, Meriluoto J, Codd GA. Global geographical and historical overview of cyanotoxin distribution and cyanobacterial poisonings. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2429-2481. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02524-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Mini-Hydrocyclone Separation of Cyanobacterial and Green Algae: Impact on Cell Viability and Chlorine Consumption. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of non-toxic phytoplankton alongside cyanobacteria adds to the challenge of treating source waters with harmful algal blooms. The non-toxic species consume the oxidant and, thereby, reduce the efficacy of oxidation of both the extracellular and intracellular cyanotoxins. In this work, a 3D printed mini-hydrocyclone was used to separate a mixture of non-toxic green algae, Scenedesmus obliquus, from a toxic species of cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa. When water is pumped through the mini-hydrocyclone, cells exit through an overflow or underflow port depending on their size, shape, and density relative to the other cells and particles in the water matrix. The overflow port contains the cells that are smaller and less dense since these particles move toward the center of the hydrocyclone. In this work, the majority (>93%) of Microcystis cells were found in the overflow while the underflow contained primarily the Scenedesmus (>80%). This level of separation efficiency was maintained over the 30-min experiment and the majority of both cells (>86%) remained viable following the separation, which indicates that the pumping combined with forces exerted within the mini-hydrocyclone were not sufficient to cause cell death. The impact of free chlorine on the cells both pre-separation and post-separation was evaluated at two doses (1 and 2 mg/L). After separation, the overflow, which contained primarily Microcystis, had at least a 24% reduction in the free chlorine decay rate as compared to the feed water, which contained both species. This reduction in chlorine consumption shows that the cells separated via mini-hydrocyclone would likely require lower doses of oxidant to produce a similar level of degradation of the cyanotoxins present in either the extracellular or intracellular form. However, future work should be undertaken to evaluate this effect in natural bloom samples.
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Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. Vegetables cultivated with exposure to pure and naturally occurring β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) via irrigation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:357-361. [PMID: 30508701 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), a potent neurotoxin, has been demonstrated in various food webs. It is alarming as this intensification of BMAA will result in exposure to higher concentrations from a direct cyanobacterial source. As more food items are being identified as a source of BMAA and with the large variations in BMAA content, the aim of the present study was to evaluate BMAA uptake by, and accumulation in, two commonly consumed vegetables, Lactuca sativa and Allium fistulosum. Plants exposed to pure BMAA in controlled laboratory experiments, as well as vegetables naturally irrigated with water containing a BMAA producing cyanobacterial bloom were evaluated during growth and ripening. In the laboratory exposures, free BMAA was detected in both the edible ripe parts of L. sativa and A. fistulosum after 60 days of exposure to a total of 4.5 µg BMAA. However, in the bloom exposure samples no BMAA could be detected in the ripe vegetables of A. fistulosum, Cucurbita pepo, or Brassica rapa chinensis. The study emphasises the need to further screen items for BMAA to understand the human exposure risk as well as the difference between BMAA uptake patterns with free BMAA and that contained in cyanobacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research programme, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti FI-15140, Finland.
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research programme, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti FI-15140, Finland; Korean Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST Europe), Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Campus 7.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
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14
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Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin Beta-Methyl-Amino-l-Alanine Affects Dopaminergic Neurons in Optic Ganglia and Brain of Daphnia magna. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120527. [PMID: 30544796 PMCID: PMC6315693 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-proteinogenic amino acid beta-methyl-amino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria. BMAA accumulation in the brain of animals via biomagnification along the food web can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS/PDC), the latter being associated with a loss of dopaminergic neurons. Daphnia magna is an important microcrustacean zooplankton species that plays a key role in aquatic food webs, and BMAA-producing cyanobacteria often form part of their diet. Here, we tested the effects of BMAA on putative neurodegeneration of newly identified specific dopaminergic neurons in the optic ganglia/brain complex of D. magna using quantitative tyrosine-hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and fluorescence cytometry. The dopaminergic system was analysed in fed and starved isogenic D. magna adults incubated under different BMAA concentrations over 4 days. Increased BMAA concentration showed significant decrease in the stainability of dopaminergic neurons of D. magna, with fed animals showing a more extreme loss. Furthermore, higher BMAA concentrations tended to increase offspring mortality during incubation. These results are indicative of ingested BMAA causing neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in D. magna and adversely affecting reproduction. This may imply similar effects of BMAA on known human neurodegenerative diseases involving dopaminergic neurons.
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15
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Electrochemical detection of microcystin-LR based on its deleterious effect on DNA. Talanta 2018; 185:405-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Abeysiriwardena NM, Gascoigne SJL, Anandappa A. Algal Bloom Expansion Increases Cyanotoxin Risk in Food. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 91:129-142. [PMID: 29955218 PMCID: PMC6020737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As advances in global transportation infrastructure make it possible for out of season foods to be available year-round, the need for assessing the risks associated with the food production and expanded distribution are even more important. Risks for foodborne illness are associated with contamination by bacteria, viruses, mold, parasites, natural and synthetic toxins, chemical residues, and conditions that lead to contamination. An increase in the popularity of natural alternatives to pharmaceuticals, herbal remedies and the desire for consuming "super foods" is leading to a change in the dietary patterns of consumers. Similarly, dietary trends are plentiful, with more consumers adopting changes with little medical guidance to dietary plans that are supported by inadequate scientific data. In particular, U.S. consumers are acquiring novel foods that may not be adequately checked for the presence of marine toxins and heat stable toxins in dry or minimally processed foods. Some dry foods cultivated in or processed in regions that may utilize hypoxic agricultural waters high in cyanobacterial or algal contamination. These may perpetuate increased risks for chronic liver, kidney, and neurodegenerative disorders due to intoxication from preventable foodborne agents. Global climate change, which has the effect of potentially expanding the toxic waters into higher latitudes, forecasts an increase in the risk of food contamination with toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niam M. Abeysiriwardena
- Neuroscience Department, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL,Computer Science, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL
| | - Samuel J. L. Gascoigne
- Neuroscience Department, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL,Biology Department, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest IL
| | - Angela Anandappa
- Alliance for Advanced Sanitation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE,Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Angela Anandappa Ph.D., 1901 North 21st Street -283, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68588; Tel: 847-778-0567,
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Contardo-Jara V, Schwanemann T, Esterhuizen-Londt M, Pflugmacher S. Protein association of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine in Triticum aestivum via irrigation. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:731-739. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1427283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Contardo-Jara
- Chair of Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Schwanemann
- Chair of Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maranda Esterhuizen-Londt
- Chair of Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Chair of Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Joint Laboratory of Applied Ecotoxicology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe (KIST), Saarbrücken, Germany
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18
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de la Cruz A, Logsdon R, Lye D, Guglielmi S, Rice A, Kannan MS. Harmful Algae Bloom Occurrence in Urban Ponds: Relationship of Toxin Levels with Cell Density and Species Composition. JOURNAL OF EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2017; 25:704-726. [PMID: 31750421 PMCID: PMC6865815 DOI: 10.29011/jees-148.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Retention ponds constructed within urban watershed areas of high density populations are common as a result of green infrastructure applications. Several urban ponds in the Northern Kentucky, USA area were monitored for algal community (algae and cyanobacteria) from October 2012 to September 2013. Many of the harmful algal blooms observed during this study were composed primarily of the cyanobacteria genus, Microcystis. No correlations were observed between basic water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, temperature, nitrate and soluble reactive phosphate) and the presence of cyanobacteria and/or microcystin cyanobacterial toxin levels. Furthermore, levels of microcystin toxins did not always coincide with high Microcystis cell counts. Harmful algal blooms in small urban ponds are common which pose risk to human and ecological health due to proximity of dense human population including pets and wild animals. Because harmful algal blooms were detected throughout the year in this study, adaptation of universal guidelines for the design, construction and maintenance of urban ponds may be necessary to protect watershed aquatic ecosystems, and lower health risks from exposure to such harmful blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armah de la Cruz
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Rachael Logsdon
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY USA
| | - Dennis Lye
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Stefania Guglielmi
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Alexus Rice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY USA
| | - Miriam Steinitz Kannan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY USA
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19
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Regueiro J, Negreira N, Carreira-Casais A, Pérez-Lamela C, Simal-Gándara J. Dietary exposure and neurotoxicity of the environmental free and bound toxin β- N -methylamino- l -alanine. Food Res Int 2017; 100:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Laugeray A, Oummadi A, Jourdain C, Feat J, Meyer-Dilhet G, Menuet A, Plé K, Gay M, Routier S, Mortaud S, Guillemin GJ. Perinatal Exposure to the Cyanotoxin β-N-Méthylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA) Results in Long-Lasting Behavioral Changes in Offspring-Potential Involvement of DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:87-112. [PMID: 28879461 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that perinatal exposure to the glutamate-related herbicide, glufosinate ammonium, has deleterious effects on neural stem cell (NSC) homeostasis within the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ), probably leading to ASD-like symptoms in offspring later in life. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether perinatal exposure to another glutamate-related toxicant, the cyanobacterial amino acid β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), might also trigger neurodevelopmental disturbances. With this aim, female mice were intranasally exposed to low doses of BMAA, 50 mg kg-1 three times a week from embryonic days 7-10 to postnatal day 21. Behavioral analyses were performed during the offspring's early life and during adulthood. Developmental analyses revealed that perinatal exposure to BMAA hastened the appearance of some reflexes and communicative skills. BMAA-exposed offspring displayed sex-dependent changes in emotional cognition shortly after exposure. Later in life, the female offspring continued to express emotional defects and to display abnormal sociability, while males were less affected. To assess whether early exposure to BMAA had deleterious effects on NSC homeostasis, we exposed mice NSCs to 1 and 3 mM BMAA during 24 h. We found that BMAA-exposed NSCs produced high levels of ROS, highlighting the ability of BMAA to induce oxidative stress. We also showed that BMAA exposure increased the number of γH2AX/53BP1 foci per nucleus, suggesting that BMAA-induced DNA damage in NSCs. Collectively, this data strongly suggests that perinatal exposure to the cyanobacteria BMAA, even at low doses, results in neurobehavioral disturbances during both the postnatal period and adulthood. This is considered to be underpinned at the cellular level through dysregulation of NSC homeostasis in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Laugeray
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 3b, rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France. .,University of Orléans, Orléans, France.
| | | | | | - Justyne Feat
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 3b, rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Géraldine Meyer-Dilhet
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 3b, rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Arnaud Menuet
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 3b, rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France.,University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Karen Plé
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France.,Institute de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 7311, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Marion Gay
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France.,Institute de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 7311, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Sylvain Routier
- University of Orléans, Orléans, France.,Institute de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 7311, Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France
| | - Stéphane Mortaud
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), UMR 7355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 3b, rue de la Férollerie, 45071, Orléans, France. .,University of Orléans, Orléans, France.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Center, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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21
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Bláhová L, Kohoutek J, Kadlecová E, Kozáková L, Bláha L. Assessment of non-derivatized β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) neurotoxin in free form in urine of patients with nonspecific neurological symptoms. Toxicon 2017; 133:48-57. [PMID: 28428069 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The beta-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid discussed to be produced by cyanobacteria forming harmful blooms. Since BMAA is suspected etiological agent in neurodegenerative diseases, there is a need to study and validate whether and in what concentrations can BMAA be present in human tissues. The aim of the present study was to validate analytical and extraction procedures for quantification of non-derivatized BMAA in the urine using liquid chromatography and commercial ELISA Kit. The study was focused on BMAA in different forms - dissolved, protein associated and total. The validated protocol included SPE followed by HILIC MS/MS for analyses of non-derivatized free form of BMAA with a limit of quantification 20 ng/mL. The methods for other BMAA forms (i.e. protein-associated and total) were also assessed but high matrix interferences did not allow their implementation. The method was used for analyses of free BMAA in 23 urine samples from healthy volunteers and psychiatric patients suffering from nonspecific neurological symptoms. Traces of BMAA were suspectedly detected in a single urine sample but they were not unequivocally proved according to all conservative analytical criteria. BMAA was also not confirmed in a repeatedly collected sample from the same person. The evaluated commercial BMAA ELISA Kit (Abraxis) was not suitable for determination of BMAA in extracted urine samples because of systematically highly false positive results. In agreement with recent findings, analyses of BMAA appear to methodologically challenging, and further research on BMAA in human tissues (or its precursors with potency to form BMAA under natural conditions or - eventually - during sample processing) is needed to clarify its potential ethiological role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bláhová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Building A29, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Kohoutek
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Building A29, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Kadlecová
- Psychiatric Hospital Písek, Vladislavova 490, CZ39701 Písek, Czech Republic
| | - L Kozáková
- Psychiatric Hospital Písek, Vladislavova 490, CZ39701 Písek, Czech Republic
| | - L Bláha
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, Building A29, CZ62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
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22
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Bowling LC, Zamyadi A, Henderson RK. Assessment of in situ fluorometry to measure cyanobacterial presence in water bodies with diverse cyanobacterial populations. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:22-33. [PMID: 27592302 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A YSI EXO2 water quality sonde fitted with fluorometric sensors for chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and phycocyanin (CPC) was used to determine its applicability in cyanobacterial quantification in three small urban ponds in Sydney, Australia displaying considerable variations in cyanobacterial community composition and abundance, as well as eukaryotic algae, turbidity and chromophoric dissolved organic matter. CPC and Chl-a measured in situ with the instrument was compared against laboratory measures of cyanobacterial biovolume over two summer sampling periods. A good correlation was found between CPC and total cyanobacterial biovolume in two of the three ponds. The poor correlation in the third was due to the frequent dominance of picoplanktonic sized cyanobacteria. CPC did not correlate well with cell counts, and Chl-a was a poor measure of cyanobacterial presence. The relationship between CPC measured by fluorometry varied according to the dominant cyanobacterial taxa present in the ponds at any one time. Fluorometry has good potential for use in environmental monitoring of cyanobacterial biovolume, but may need to be based on predetermined relations applicable to local water bodies. Management guidelines based on CPC concentrations would also enhance the usefulness of in situ CPC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee C Bowling
- DPI Water, NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI), Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Private Bag 4008, Narellan, New South Wales, 2567, Australia; Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
| | - Arash Zamyadi
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia; The bioMASS Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
| | - Rita K Henderson
- The bioMASS Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
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23
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Shen H, Kim K, Oh Y, Yoon KS, Baik HH, Kim SS, Ha J, Kang I, Choe W. Neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4873-4880. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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24
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ALS and FTD: an epigenetic perspective. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:487-502. [PMID: 27282474 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two fatal neurodegenerative diseases seen in comorbidity in up to 50 % of cases. Despite tremendous efforts over the last two decades, no biomarkers or effective therapeutics have been identified to prevent, decelerate, or stop neuronal death in patients. While the identification of multiple mutations in more than two dozen genes elucidated the involvement of several mechanisms in the pathogenesis of both diseases, identifying the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72, the most common genetic abnormality in ALS and FTD, opened the door to the discovery of several novel pathogenic biological routes, including chromatin remodeling and transcriptome alteration. Epigenetic processes regulate DNA replication and repair, RNA transcription, and chromatin conformation, which in turn further dictate transcriptional regulation and protein translation. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional epigenetic regulation is mediated by enzymes and chromatin-modifying complexes that control DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA editing. While the alteration of DNA methylation and histone modification has recently been reported in ALS and FTD, the assessment of epigenetic involvement in both diseases is still at an early stage, and the involvement of multiple epigenetic players still needs to be evaluated. As the epigenome serves as a way to alter genetic information not only during aging, but also following environmental signals, epigenetic mechanisms might play a central role in initiating ALS and FTD, especially for sporadic cases. Here, we provide a review of what is currently known about altered epigenetic processes in both ALS and FTD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic mechanisms. As approximately 85 % of ALS and FTD cases are still genetically unexplained, epigenetic therapeutics explored for other diseases might represent a profitable direction for the field.
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25
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de Munck E, Palomo V, Muñoz-Sáez E, Perez DI, Gómez-Miguel B, Solas MT, Gil C, Martínez A, Arahuetes RM. Small GSK-3 Inhibitor Shows Efficacy in a Motor Neuron Disease Murine Model Modulating Autophagy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162723. [PMID: 27631495 PMCID: PMC5025054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron degenerative disease that has no effective treatment up to date. Drug discovery tasks have been hampered due to the lack of knowledge in its molecular etiology together with the limited animal models for research. Recently, a motor neuron disease animal model has been developed using β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA), a neurotoxic amino acid related to the appearing of ALS. In the present work, the neuroprotective role of VP2.51, a small heterocyclic GSK-3 inhibitor, is analysed in this novel murine model together with the analysis of autophagy. VP2.51 daily administration for two weeks, starting the first day after L-BMAA treatment, leads to total recovery of neurological symptoms and prevents the activation of autophagic processes in rats. These results show that the L-BMAA murine model can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs. In addition, the results confirm the therapeutic potential of GSK-3 inhibitors, and specially VP2.51, for the disease-modifying future treatment of motor neuron disorders like ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía de Munck
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel I. Perez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Gómez-Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Solas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (AM); (RMA)
| | - Rosa M. Arahuetes
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (AM); (RMA)
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26
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Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin BMAA and Mercury in Sharks. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8080238. [PMID: 27537913 PMCID: PMC4999854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharks have greater risk for bioaccumulation of marine toxins and mercury (Hg), because they are long-lived predators. Shark fins and cartilage also contain β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a ubiquitous cyanobacterial toxin linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Today, a significant number of shark species have found their way onto the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Many species of large sharks are threatened with extinction due in part to the growing high demand for shark fin soup and, to a lesser extent, for shark meat and cartilage products. Recent studies suggest that the consumption of shark parts may be a route to human exposure of marine toxins. Here, we investigated BMAA and Hg concentrations in fins and muscles sampled in ten species of sharks from the South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. BMAA was detected in all shark species with only seven of the 55 samples analyzed testing below the limit of detection of the assay. Hg concentrations measured in fins and muscle samples from the 10 species ranged from 0.05 to 13.23 ng/mg. These analytical test results suggest restricting human consumption of shark meat and fins due to the high frequency and co-occurrence of two synergistic environmental neurotoxic compounds.
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Novak M, Hercog K, Žegura B. Assessment of the mutagenic and genotoxic activity of cyanobacterial toxin beta-N-methyl-amino-L-alanine in Salmonella typhimurium. Toxicon 2016; 118:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Wood R. Acute animal and human poisonings from cyanotoxin exposure - A review of the literature. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 91:276-82. [PMID: 26995270 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are a potential health hazard due to the ability of some species to produce toxins that are harmful to other living organisms. This review provides a comprehensive summary of anecdotal and case reports on acute poisonings in animals and humans attributable to cyanotoxin exposure in fresh- and brackish-waters. Approximately two-thirds of reported poisonings have occurred in Europe and the United States. Dogs and livestock account for the majority of reported cases involving animal exposure to cyanotoxins, while recreational activities are responsible for approximately half of reported incidents involving human exposure. Due to data limitations it is difficult to estimate the total number of animals and humans affected by cyanotoxins, however, some general observations regarding frequency and numbers affected are made. The review demonstrates that cyanotoxins have, and will likely to continue to have, potentially serious consequences for public health and animal welfare worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn Wood
- School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, The University of Western Australia, M089, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
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29
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Otten TG, Paerl HW. Health Effects of Toxic Cyanobacteria in U.S. Drinking and Recreational Waters: Our Current Understanding and Proposed Direction. Curr Environ Health Rep 2016; 2:75-84. [PMID: 26231244 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-014-0041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial-derived water quality impairment issues are a growing concern worldwide. In addition to their ecological impacts, these organisms are prolific producers of bioactive secondary metabolites, many of which are known human intoxicants. To date only a handful of these compounds have been thoroughly studied and their toxicological risks estimated. While there are currently no national guidelines in place to deal with this issue, it is increasingly likely that within the next several years guidelines will be implemented. The intent of this review is to survey all relevant literature pertaining to cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom secondary metabolites, to inform a discussion on how best to manage this global public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Otten
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA,
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Zhang F, Lee J, Liang S, Shum CK. Cyanobacteria blooms and non-alcoholic liver disease: evidence from a county level ecological study in the United States. Environ Health 2015; 14:41. [PMID: 25948281 PMCID: PMC4428243 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-015-0026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmful cyanobacterial blooms present a global threat to human health. There is evidence suggesting that cyanobacterial toxins can cause liver damage and cancer. However, because there is little epidemiologic research on the effects of these toxins in humans, the excess risk of liver disease remains uncertain. The purpose of this study is to estimate the spatial distribution of cyanobacterial blooms in the United States and to conduct a Bayesian statistical analysis to test the hypothesis that contamination from cyanobacterial blooms is a potential risk factor for non-alcoholic liver disease. METHODS An ecological study design was employed, in which county-specific gender and age standardized mortality rates (SMR) of non-alcoholic liver disease in the United States were computed between 1999 and 2010. Bloom coverage maps were produced based on estimated phycocyanin levels from MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) water color imageries from 08/01/2005 to 09/30/2005. A scan statistical tool was used to identify significant clusters of death from non-alcoholic liver disease. A map of local indicator of spatial association (LISA) clusters and a Bayesian spatial regression model were used to analyze the relationship between cyanobacterial bloom coverage and death from non-alcoholic liver disease. RESULTS Cyanobacterial blooms were found to be widely spread in the United States, including coastal areas; 62% of the counties (1949 out of 3109) showed signs of cyanobacterial blooms measured with MERIS. Significant clusters of deaths attributable to non-alcoholic liver disease were identified in the coastal areas impacted by cyanobacterial blooms. Bayesian regression analysis showed that bloom coverage was significantly related to the risk of non-alcoholic liver disease death. The risk from non-alcoholic liver disease increased by 0.3% (95% CI, 0.1% to 0.5%) with each 1% increase in bloom coverage in the affected county after adjusting for age, gender, educational level, and race. CONCLUSIONS At the population level, there is a statistically significant association between cyanobacterial blooms and non-alcoholic liver disease in the contiguous United States. Remote sensing-based water monitoring provides a useful tool for assessing health hazards, but additional studies are needed to establish a specific association between cyanobacterial blooms and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Environmental Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Song Liang
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - C K Shum
- Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Institute of Geodesy & Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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31
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de Munck E, Muñoz-Sáez E, Miguel BG, Solas MT, Martínez A, Arahuetes RM. Morphometric and neurochemical alterations found in l-BMAA treated rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:1232-45. [PMID: 26002186 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle paralysis that reflects the motoneurons' degeneration. Several studies support the relationship between β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (l-BMAA), a neurotoxic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria and diatoms, and the sporadic occurrence of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the study of its neurotoxicity mechanisms has assumed great relevance in recent years. Recently, our research team has proposed a sporadic ALS animal model by l-BMAA administration in rats, which displays many pathophysiological features of human ALS. In this paper, we deepen the characterization of this model corroborating the occurrence of alterations present in ALS patients such as decreased muscle volume, thinning of the motor cortex, enlarged brain's lateral ventricles, and alteration of both bulbar nuclei and neurotransmitters' levels. Therefore, we conclude that l-BMAA treated rats could be a good model which mimics degenerative features that ALS causes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía de Munck
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Begoña G Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Teresa Solas
- Departamento de Biología Celular (Morfología Microscópica), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Arahuetes
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Hilborn ED, Beasley VR. One health and cyanobacteria in freshwater systems: animal illnesses and deaths are sentinel events for human health risks. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1374-95. [PMID: 25903764 PMCID: PMC4417972 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms have adversely impacted human and animal health for thousands of years. Recently, the health impacts of harmful cyanobacteria blooms are becoming more frequently detected and reported. However, reports of human and animal illnesses or deaths associated with harmful cyanobacteria blooms tend to be investigated and reported separately. Consequently, professionals working in human or in animal health do not always communicate findings related to these events with one another. Using the One Health concept of integration and collaboration among health disciplines, we systematically review the existing literature to discover where harmful cyanobacteria-associated animal illnesses and deaths have served as sentinel events to warn of potential human health risks. We find that illnesses or deaths among livestock, dogs and fish are all potentially useful as sentinel events for the presence of harmful cyanobacteria that may impact human health. We also describe ways to enhance the value of reports of cyanobacteria-associated illnesses and deaths in animals to protect human health. Efficient monitoring of environmental and animal health in a One Health collaborative framework can provide vital warnings of cyanobacteria-associated human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Hilborn
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Val R Beasley
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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33
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Muñoz-Sáez E, de Munck García E, Arahuetes Portero RM, Martínez A, Solas Alados MT, Miguel BG. Analysis of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) neurotoxicity in rat cerebellum. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:192-205. [PMID: 25898785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to its structural similarity to glutamate, L-BMAA could be a trigger for neurodegenerative disorders caused by changes in the intracellular medium, such as increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired synthesis and protein degradation and the imbalance of some enzymes. It is also important to note that according to some published studies, L-BMAA will be incorporated into proteins, causing the alteration of protein homeostasis. Neuronal cells are particularly prone to suffer damage in protein folding and protein accumulation because they have not performed cellular division. In this work, we will analyse the cerebellum impairment triggered by L-BMAA in treated rats. The cerebellum is one of the most important subcortical motor centres and ensures that movements are performed with spatial and temporal precision. Cerebellum damage caused by L-BMAA can contribute to motor impairment. To characterize this neurodegenerative pathology, we first carried out ultrastructure analysis in Purkinje cells showing altered mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus (GA). We then performed biochemical assays of GSK3 and TDP-43 in cerebellum, obtaining an increase of both biomarkers with L-BMAA treatment and, finally, performed autophagy studies that revealed a higher level of these processes after treatment. This work provides evidence of cerebellar damage in rats after treatment with L-BMAA. Three months after treatment, affected rats cannot restore the normal functions of the cerebellum regarding motor coordination and postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ana Martínez
- Instituto de Química Médica - Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Solas Alados
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Gómez Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Muñoz-Sáez E, de Munck García E, Arahuetes Portero RM, Vicente F, Ortiz-López FJ, Cantizani J, Gómez Miguel B. Neuroprotective role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in L-BMAA treated neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). Neurosci Lett 2015; 593:83-9. [PMID: 25769802 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid which regulates proliferation, cell migration, survival and differentiation by specific receptors activation. We studied its effects on L-BMAA treated neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y), an amino acid that can trigger neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinson dementia complex (ALS/PDC). We found that S1P protects from necrosis and prevents the GSK3 increasing as long as the PI3K/AKT pathway is active. Moreover, GSK3 inhibition protects against neuronal death caused by L-BMAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro Excelencia Investigación Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016-Armilla-Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ortiz-López
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro Excelencia Investigación Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016-Armilla-Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Cantizani
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro Excelencia Investigación Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016-Armilla-Granada, Spain
| | - Begoña Gómez Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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35
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Contardo-Jara V, Schwanemann T, Pflugmacher S. Uptake of a cyanotoxin, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine, by wheat (Triticum aestivum). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 104:127-31. [PMID: 24675440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the uptake of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) into the crop plant Triticum aestivum during germination and primary growth imbibed grains and 7-day-old seedlings were irrigated with 100 and 1000µg l(-1) BMAA for 4 days and 100µg l(-1) BMAA for 28 days. Content of derivatized free and protein-associated BMAA in seedlings, root and shoot tissue, respectively, were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Free BMAA was only detected in seedlings exposed to 1000µg l(-1) BMAA, whereas protein-associated BMAA was found at both exposure concentrations. Irrigation with 100µgl(-1) BMAA led to an uptake of the neurotoxin into roots and shoots and to immediate protein-association. In roots, protein-associated BMAA was detectable after 5 days with peaking amounts after 14 days. Longer exposure did not cause further accumulation in roots. In contrast, protein-associated BMAA was detected in shoot samples after only 1 day. In shoots the highest amounts of protein-associated BMAA were found after 28 days. In turn, in both plant compartments free BMAA was below the measurable concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Contardo-Jara
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Ecology, Department Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Torsten Schwanemann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Ecology, Department Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Ecology, Department Ecological Impact Research and Ecotoxicology, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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36
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Weirich CA, Miller TR. Freshwater harmful algal blooms: toxins and children's health. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2014; 44:2-24. [PMID: 24439026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Massive accumulations of cyanobacteria (a.k.a. "blue-green algae"), known as freshwater harmful algal blooms (FHABs), are a common global occurrence in water bodies used for recreational purposes and drinking water purification. Bloom prevalence is increased due to anthropogenic changes in land use, agricultural activity, and climate change. These photosynthetic bacteria produce a range of toxic secondary metabolites that affect animals and humans at both chronic and acute dosages. Children are especially at risk because of their lower body weight, behavior, and toxic effects on development. Here we review common FHAB toxins, related clinical symptoms, acceptable concentrations in drinking water, case studies of children's and young adults' exposures to FHAB toxins through drinking water and food, methods of environmental and clinical detection in potential cases of intoxication, and best practices for FHAB prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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37
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Kobeleva X, Petri S. Barriers to novel therapeutics in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.13.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative condition primarily involving the motor system in the cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal cord, but can, in later disease stages, also affect distinct extramotor brain regions. In this article, we discuss the prevalent barriers, including clinical and genetic variability of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frailty of the current mouse model and inadequateness of clinical trials, in the search for novel therapeutics. Approaches in terms of understanding the pathogenesis, and the search for biomarkers to initiate early or even presymptomatic treatment and monitor treatment effects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Kobeleva
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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38
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Andersson M, Karlsson O, Bergström U, Brittebo EB, Brandt I. Maternal transfer of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) via milk to suckling offspring. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78133. [PMID: 24194910 PMCID: PMC3806833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative disease and proposed to be biomagnified in terrestrial and aquatic food chains. We have previously shown that the neonatal period in rats, which in humans corresponds to the last trimester of pregnancy and the first few years of age, is a particularly sensitive period for exposure to BMAA. The present study aimed to examine the secretion of 14C-labeled L- and D-BMAA into milk in lactating mice and the subsequent transfer of BMAA into the developing brain. The results suggest that secretion into milk is an important elimination pathway of BMAA in lactating mothers and an efficient exposure route predominantly for L-BMAA but also for D-BMAA in suckling mice. Following secretion of [14C]L-BMAA into milk, the levels of [14C]L-BMAA in the brains of the suckling neonatal mice significantly exceeded the levels in the maternal brains. In vitro studies using the mouse mammary epithelial HC11 cell line confirmed a more efficient influx and efflux of L-BMAA than of D-BMAA in cells, suggesting enantiomer-selective transport. Competition experiments with other amino acids and a low sodium dependency of the influx suggests that the amino acid transporters LAT1 and LAT2 are involved in the transport of L-BMAA into milk. Given the persistent neurodevelopmental toxicity following injection of L-BMAA to neonatal rodent pups, the current results highlight the need to determine whether BMAA is enriched mother's and cow's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Andersson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Bergström
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva B. Brittebo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Brandt
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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de Munck E, Muñoz-Sáez E, Miguel BG, Solas MT, Ojeda I, Martínez A, Gil C, Arahuetes RM. β-N-methylamino-l-alanine causes neurological and pathological phenotypes mimicking Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): the first step towards an experimental model for sporadic ALS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:243-255. [PMID: 23688553 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic amino acid that has been related to various neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this work was to analyze the biotoxicity produced by L-BMAA in vivo in rats, trying to elucidate its physiopathological mechanisms and to search for analogies between the found effects and pathologies like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Our data demonstrated that the neurotoxic effects in vivo were dosage-dependent. For evaluating the state of the animals, a neurological evaluation scale was developed as well as a set of functional tests. Ultrastructural cell analysis of spinal motoneurons has revealed alterations both in endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Since GSK3β could play a role in some neuropathological processes, we analyzed the alterations occurring in GSK3β levels in L-BMAA treated rats, we have observed an increase in the active form of GSK3β levels in lumbar spinal cord and motor cerebral cortex. On the other hand, (TAR)-DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) increased in L-BMAA treated animals. Our results indicated that N-acetylaspartate (NAA) declined in animals treated with L-BMAA, and the ratio of N-acetylaspartate/choline (NAA/Cho), N-acetylaspartate/creatine (NAA/Cr) and N-acetylaspartate/choline+creatine (NAA/Cho+Cr) tended to decrease in lumbar spinal cord and motor cortex. This project offers some encouraging results that could help establishing the progress in the development of an animal model of sporadic ALS and L-BMAA could be a useful tool for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía de Munck
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña G Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Teresa Solas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ojeda
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Instituto de Química Médica - Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Instituto de Química Médica - Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Mª Arahuetes
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Okle O, Stemmer K, Deschl U, Dietrich DR. L-BMAA Induced ER Stress and Enhanced Caspase 12 Cleavage in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells at Low Nonexcitotoxic Concentrations. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:217-24. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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41
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Yadav S, Dixit A, Agrawal S, Singh A, Srivastava G, Singh AK, Srivastava PK, Prakash O, Singh MP. Rodent models and contemporary molecular techniques: notable feats yet incomplete explanations of Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:495-512. [PMID: 22736079 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models and molecular tools, mainly omics and RNA interference, have been rigorously used to decode the intangible etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although convention of contemporary molecular techniques and multiple rodent models paved imperative leads in deciphering the role of putative causative factors and sequential events leading to PD, complete and clear-cut mechanisms of pathogenesis are still hard to pin down. The current article reviews the implications and pros and cons of rodent models and molecular tools in understanding the molecular and cellular bases of PD pathogenesis based on the existing literature. Probable rationales for short of comprehensive leads and future possibilities in spite of the extensive applications of molecular tools and rodent models have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharawan Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Holtcamp W. Shark fin consumption may expose people to neurotoxic BMAA. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:A191. [PMID: 22548869 PMCID: PMC3346796 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.120-a191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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