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Wei W, Bonvallot N, Gustafsson Å, Raffy G, Glorennec P, Krais A, Ramalho O, Le Bot B, Mandin C. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of environmental semi-volatile organic compounds via inhalation: A review of methods and models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:202-213. [PMID: 29448239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) present in indoor environments are known to cause adverse health effects through multiple routes of exposure. To assess the aggregate exposure, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of SVOCs need to be determined. In this review, we discussed measurements of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of SVOCs after inhalation. Published literature related to this issue is available for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and a few polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzo[a]pyrene and phenanthrene. Then, we reviewed common modeling approaches for the characterization of the gas- and particle-phase partitioning of SVOCs during inhalation. The models are based on mass transfer mechanisms as well as the structure of the respiratory system, using common computational techniques, such as computational fluid dynamics. However, the existing models are restricted to special conditions and cannot predict SVOC bioaccessibility and bioavailability in the whole respiratory system. The present review notes two main challenges for the estimation of SVOC bioaccessibility and bioavailability via inhalation in humans. First, in vitro and in vivo methods need to be developed and validated for a wide range of SVOCs. The in vitro methods should be validated with in vivo tests to evaluate human exposures to SVOCs in airborne particles. Second, modeling approaches for SVOCs need to consider the whole respiratory system. Alterations of the respiratory cycle period and human biological variability may be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gaëlle Raffy
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glorennec
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France
| | - Annette Krais
- Swetox, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Barbara Le Bot
- EHESP-School of Public Health, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Rennes, France; INSERM-UMR 1085, Irset-Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health, Rennes, France; LERES-Environment and Health Research Laboratory (Irset and EHESP Technologic Platform), Rennes, France
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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Risby TH, Sehnert SS, Jakab GJ, Hemenway DR. Model to Estimate Effective Doses of Adsorbed Pollutants on Respirable Particles and their Subsequent Release into Alveolar Surfactant. 1. Validation of the Model for the Adsorption and Release of Formaldehyde on a Respirable Carbon Black. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08958379009145256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hernenway DRR, Jakab GJ, Risby TH, Sehnert SS, Bowes SM, Hrnieleski R. Nose-Only Inhalation System Using the Fluidized-Bed Generation System for Coexposures to Carbon Black and Formaldehyde. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08958379009145246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jakab GJ. Relationship Between Carbon Black Particulate-Bound Formaldehyde, Pulmonary Antibacterial Defenses, and Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08958379209145312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mazzarella G, Ferraraccio F, Prati MV, Annunziata S, Bianco A, Mezzogiorno A, Liguori G, Angelillo IF, Cazzola M. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on human lung epithelial cells: An in vitro study. Respir Med 2007; 101:1155-62. [PMID: 17280825 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM), an ingredient of urban pollution matter, is a mixture of solid and liquid particles differing in origin, dimension and composition. There is big concern about inhaled PM in urban areas, especially due to its adverse effects on the respiratory system. Diesel exhaust particulate (DEP), which constitutes the major part of PM, is characterized by a carbonic mixture composed of approximately 18,000 different high-molecular-weight organic compounds. Diesel engines release 10 times the amount of NO(2) aldehydes and breathable PM compared to unleaded gasoline engines and more than 100 times that produced by catalysed gasoline engines; these data gain great significance when taken into account the fact that diesel-powered vehicles are becoming more and more popular. DEP polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), once deposited on airways mucous surfaces easily pass through epithelial cells (ECs) membranes, bind themselves to cytosolic receptors and then affect cell growth and differentiation. Human lung epithelial cells and macrophages engulf DEP, this resulting in increased proinflammatory cytokines release (IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF). We investigated the biological effects of DEP-PM on the human lung EC line A549. Light microscopy analysis suggested the presence of cell wall alterations, and provided evidence of PM internalization and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Following PM stimulation, nuclei also were seen undergo clear gross morphological modifications. Immunocytochemistry was used to detect intracytoplasmic IL-6 and IL-8 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazzarella
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Italy
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Calcabrini A, Meschini S, Marra M, Falzano L, Colone M, De Berardis B, Paoletti L, Arancia G, Fiorentini C. Fine environmental particulate engenders alterations in human lung epithelial A549 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2004; 95:82-91. [PMID: 15068934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2003.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2003] [Revised: 07/11/2003] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), a component of urban air pollution that derives primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels, is responsible for a number of health effects in humans. Recent studies have demonstrated that the fine particles (PM(2.5)) present in high numbers in PM samples can be more harmful than larger particles, since they are more efficiently retained in the peripheral lung. In the present study, we have investigated the biological effects of PM(2.5) on human lung epithelial cell line A549. Morphological analysis performed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy showed that fine particles interact with the cell surface, where they induce evident alterations and, subsequently, are internalized in the cytoplasm. Cytoskeletal components, in particular microfilaments and microtubules, cause modifications upon challenge with PM(2.5). Of interest, an early cell response to the fine particulate is an increase of reactive oxygen species content, which can account for the observed cytoskeletal changes and the production of proinflammatory cytokines in A549 cells. In particular, exposure to PM(2.5) promoted a dose- and time-dependent release of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the cell medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarica Calcabrini
- Department of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Chin BY, Trush MA, Choi AMK, Risby TH. Transcriptional regulation of the HO-1 gene in cultured macrophages exposed to model airborne particulate matter. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L473-80. [PMID: 12456389 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00297.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respirable particulate matter generated during incomplete combustion of fossil fuels may principally target the cells found in the distal region of the lung. This study characterizes some of the effects that a model particulate matter has on the induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in macrophages. HO-1 is a highly inducible stress response gene that has been demonstrated to modulate chemical, physical, and environmental stimuli. Cultured macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) exposed continuously to a well-defined model of particulate matter (benzo[a]pyrene adsorbed onto carbon black) induced HO-1 gene expression in a time-dependent manner. Likewise, the addition of benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone, a redox cycling metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene, to RAW cells also induced HO-1. This particle-induced gene expression of HO-1 was found to correlate with a corresponding increase in protein levels. Gene regulation studies were performed to delineate the transcriptional regulation of HO-1 after exposure to model particulate matter. Deletional analysis of the HO-1 gene and mutational analysis of activator protein (AP)-1 regulatory element on both distal enhancers demonstrated the importance of this transcriptional factor in mediating HO-1 gene transcription in response to model particulate matter. These results were supported by gel shift analysis demonstrating increased AP-1 binding activity after exposure to particulate matter. In summary, this study demonstrates that model particulate matter enhanced the expression of HO-1. This inductive process may be mediated by AP-1 activation of the regulatory elements on both the 5'-distal enhancers.
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MESH Headings
- 5' Flanking Region/genetics
- Air Pollutants/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzo(a)pyrene/chemistry
- Benzo(a)pyrene/pharmacology
- Benzopyrenes/pharmacology
- Carbon/chemistry
- Carbon/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/enzymology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/genetics
- Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)/metabolism
- Heme Oxygenase-1
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Models, Theoretical
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Particle Size
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Beek Yoke Chin
- Division of Toxicological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Chin BY, Choi ME, Burdick MD, Strieter RM, Risby TH, Choi AM. Induction of apoptosis by particulate matter: role of TNF-alpha and MAPK. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:L942-9. [PMID: 9815112 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.5.l942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major by-product from the combustion of fossil fuels. The biological target of inhaled PM is the pulmonary epithelium and resident macrophages. In this study, we demonstrate that cultured macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) exposed continously to a well-defined model of PM [benzo[a]pyrene adsorbed on carbon black (CB+BaP)] exhibit a time-dependent expression and release of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). CB+BaP also evoked programmed cell death or apoptosis in cultured macrophages as assessed by genomic DNA-laddering assays. The CB+BaP-induced apoptosis was inhibited when macrophages were treated with CB+BaP in the presence of a neutralizing antibody to TNF-alpha, suggesting that TNF-alpha plays an important role in mediating CB+BaP-induced apoptosis in macrophages. Interestingly, neither untreated carbon black nor benzo[a]pyrene alone induced apoptosis or caused the release of TNF-alpha in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, we observed that TNF-alpha activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, the extracellular signal-regulated kinases p42/p44, in a time-dependent manner. RAW 264.7 cells treated with PD-098059, a selective inhibitor of MAPK kinase activity, did not exhibit CB+BaP-induced apoptosis and TNF-alpha secretion. Furthermore, cells treated with the MAPK kinase inhibitor did not undergo TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that TNF-alpha mediates PM-induced apoptosis and that the MAPK pathway may play an important role in regulating this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Chin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Jakab GJ, Risby TH, Sehnert SS, Hmieleski RR, Gilmour MI. Suppression of alveolar macrophage membrane-receptor-mediated phagocytosis by model particle-adsorbate complexes: physicochemical moderators of uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1990; 89:169-174. [PMID: 2088744 PMCID: PMC1567780 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9089169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the abilities of alveolar macrophages (AMs) to phagocytize adsorbent-adsorbate complexes, rat AMs were incubated in vitro with two carbon blacks that have 15-fold differences in specific surface areas (ASTM classification N339 less than Black Pearls 2000) sorbed with 0.5 and 1.0 monolayer coverages of a polar and semi-polar adsorbate (acrolein and benzofuran, respectively). One-half monolayer coverages of N339 with either adsorbates significantly suppressed the phagocytosis of the carbon black, whereas one monolayer coverage did not. Neither adsorbate at either coverages affected the phagocytosis of Black Pearls 2000. The capacity of macrophages to phagocytize a subsequent particle challenge via the Fc-membrane receptor was quantified following treatment of the macrophages with the carbon black-adsorbate complexes. Treatment of the macrophages with carbon black N339-adsorbates complexes at both coverages impaired Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis, whereas no effect was observed when the carbon black was Black Pearls 2000. The results of this study indicate that the surface properties of the particles, the chemical properties of the chemical pollutants, and the interactions between particles and pollutants play a major role in defining the biological effect of particle-pollutant complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Jakab
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Jakab GJ, Risby TH, Sehnert SS, Hmieleski RR, Farrington JE. Suppression of alveolar macrophage membrane receptor-mediated phagocytosis by model and actual particle-adsorbate complexes. Initial contact with the alveolar macrophage membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1990; 86:337-344. [PMID: 2401270 PMCID: PMC1567749 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9086337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages were treated with carbon blacks and adsorbates in order to evaluate the biologic effect of adsorbate, adsorbent and adsorbate-adsorbent complexes. Their capacity to phagocytize a subsequent challenge via the Fc-membrane receptor was quantified. Phagocytosis was suppressed in a dose-related manner with increasing concentrations of both carbon blacks and adsorbates. Carbon black N339 covered with 0.5 monolayers of the adsorbates suppressed phagocytosis more than N339 without the adsorbates. Increasing the adsorbate acrolein coverage from 0.5 to greater than 2.0 monolayers suppressed phagocytosis in a dose-related manner. Finally, samples of diesel particulate matter collected from an engine operated on a pure hydrocarbon fuel with various oxidizers, air (PSU #1) and an oxidizer free of nitrogen (N-free) were tested. Treatment of the macrophages with PSU #1 had a negligible effect on phagocytosis whereas the N-free sample suppressed phagocytosis in a dose-related manner. The data show that alveolar macrophage Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytosis is affected by: carbon black and adsorbate identity and concentration, coverage of the carbon black with adsorbates, and the oxidizer used in the generation of particles emitted by a diesel engine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Jakab
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Sehnert SS, Risby TH. Chromatographic modeling of the release of particle-adsorbed molecules into synthetic alveolar surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1988; 78:185-95. [PMID: 3203638 PMCID: PMC1474604 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8878185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudophase liquid chromatography was used to measure the thermodynamic parameters governing adsorption of organic molecules from the surfaces of carbonaceous particles into liposomal zwitterionic mobile phases. These mobile phases contain many of the important physicochemical parameters of alveolar surfactant. Results show that physical desorption into model surfactant will be dependent upon the heat of solution and the heat of adsorption. Dominance of either thermodynamic parameter is dependent upon the relative polarity of the adsorbent surface and the adsorbate molecule. It is postulated from data obtained from simple molecules containing relevant organic functional groups that physical desorption of environmental agents from the surfaces of particulate complexes into alveolar surfactant may be predicted both by quantification of the polarity of the system and of the extent of surface coverage under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sehnert
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, John Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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