1
|
VoPham T, White AJ, Jones RR. Geospatial Science for the Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer in the Exposome Era. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024; 33:451-460. [PMID: 38566558 PMCID: PMC10996842 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-23-1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Geospatial science is the science of location or place that harnesses geospatial tools, such as geographic information systems (GIS), to understand the features of the environment according to their locations. Geospatial science has been transformative for cancer epidemiologic studies through enabling large-scale environmental exposure assessments. As the research paradigm for the exposome, or the totality of environmental exposures across the life course, continues to evolve, geospatial science will serve a critical role in determining optimal practices for how to measure the environment as part of the external exposome. The objectives of this article are to provide a summary of key concepts, present a conceptual framework that illustrates how geospatial science is applied to environmental epidemiology in practice and through the lens of the exposome, and discuss the following opportunities for advancing geospatial science in cancer epidemiologic research: enhancing spatial and temporal resolutions and extents for geospatial data; geospatial methodologies to measure climate change factors; approaches facilitating the use of patient addresses in epidemiologic studies; combining internal exposome data and geospatial exposure models of the external exposome to provide insights into biological pathways for environment-disease relationships; and incorporation of geospatial data into personalized cancer screening policies and clinical decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trang VoPham
- Epidemiology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alexandra J. White
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Rena R. Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Degrendele C, Prokeš R, Šenk P, Jílková SR, Kohoutek J, Melymuk L, Přibylová P, Dalvie MA, Röösli M, Klánová J, Fuhrimann S. Human Exposure to Pesticides in Dust from Two Agricultural Sites in South Africa. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100629. [PMID: 36287909 PMCID: PMC9610731 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, concern has arisen worldwide about the negative impacts of pesticides on the environment and human health. Exposure via dust ingestion is important for many chemicals but poorly characterized for pesticides, particularly in Africa. We investigated the spatial and temporal variations of 30 pesticides in dust and estimated the human exposure via dust ingestion, which was compared to inhalation and soil ingestion. Indoor dust samples were collected from thirty-eight households and two schools located in two agricultural regions in South Africa and were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We found 10 pesticides in dust, with chlorpyrifos, terbuthylazine, carbaryl, diazinon, carbendazim, and tebuconazole quantified in >50% of the samples. Over seven days, no significant temporal variations in the dust levels of individual pesticides were found. Significant spatial variations were observed for some pesticides, highlighting the importance of proximity to agricultural fields or of indoor pesticide use. For five out of the nineteen pesticides quantified in dust, air, or soil (i.e., carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diuron and propiconazole), human intake via dust ingestion was important (>10%) compared to inhalation or soil ingestion. Dust ingestion should therefore be considered in future human exposure assessment to pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Degrendele
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, LCE, 13003 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šenk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Martin Röösli
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Fuhrimann
- University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rayasam S, Koman PD, Axelrad DA, Woodruff TJ, Chartres N. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Implementation: How the Amended Law Has Failed to Protect Vulnerable Populations from Toxic Chemicals in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11969-11982. [PMID: 35980084 PMCID: PMC9454241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to industrial chemicals are widespread and can increase the risk of adverse health effects such as cancer, developmental disorders, respiratory effects, diabetes, and reproductive problems. The amended Toxic Substances Control Act (amended TSCA) requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to evaluate risks of chemicals in commerce, account for risk to potentially exposed and susceptible populations, and mitigate risks for chemicals determined to pose an unreasonable risk to human health and the environment. This analysis compares EPA's first 10 chemical risk evaluations under amended TSCA to best scientific practices for conducting risk assessments. We find EPA's risk evaluations underestimated human health risks of chemical exposures by excluding conditions of use and exposure pathways; not considering aggregate exposure and cumulative risk; not identifying all potentially exposed or susceptible subpopulations, and not quantifying differences in risk for susceptible groups; not addressing data gaps; and using flawed systematic review approaches to identify and evaluate the relevant evidence. We present specific recommendations for improving the implementation of amended TSCA using the best available science to ensure equitable, socially just safeguards to public health. Failing to remedy these shortcomings will result in continued systematic underestimation of risk for all chemicals evaluated under amended TSCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati
D.G. Rayasam
- Program
on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics,
Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University
of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Patricia D. Koman
- Environmental
Health Sciences, University of Michigan
School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Program
on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics,
Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University
of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Environmental
Research and Translation for Health, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology
and Reproductive Sciences, University of
California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Nicholas Chartres
- Program
on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics,
Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University
of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Si R, Zhang X, Yao Y, Lu Q. Risk Preference, Health Risk Perception, and Environmental Exposure Nexus: Evidence from Rural Women as Pig Breeders, China. SOCIAL INDICATORS RESEARCH 2022; 162:151-178. [PMID: 34728876 PMCID: PMC8553594 DOI: 10.1007/s11205-021-02837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rural women are an integral part of the agricultural economy. Still, their exposure to environmental pollution, especially in the context of risk preference and health risk perception, has not gained much attention in the existing literature. So to explore this notion, a survey and experimental data of 714 rural Chinese women as pig breeders are taken, we innovatively evaluate the degree of environmental exposure from the pre-exposure, in-exposure, post-exposure intervention of women breeders, and two-stage least squares (2SLS) method is employed to address the endogeneity issue between health risk perception and environmental exposure. The results show that rural women breeders suffer from severe environmental exposure, and the degree of environmental exposure is up to 72.102(Min = 0, Max = 100). Risk preference also emerges as a crucial determinant behind their environmental exposure, but health risk perception significantly deters the degree of environmental exposure. The health risk perception can offset risk preference effects on women breeders' environmental exposure by 15.15%. Moreover, considering the heterogeneity of the breeding scale, it is found that the impact of risk preference and health risk perception on women breeders' environmental exposure is an inverted U-shaped relationship, i.e., the results are at the turning stage when the breeding scale is 31-40 heads. Based on the empirical findings, the study offers guidelines for policymakers to enhance awareness amongst women breeders regarding health and pollution and encourage them to opt for environment-friendly breeding. Moreover, this research also has substantial guiding significance for related research on environmental exposure of rural women in other developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruishi Si
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Yumeng Yao
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Lu
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Watterson A, Dinan W. Lagging and Flagging: Air Pollution, Shale Gas Exploration and the Interaction of Policy, Science, Ethics and Environmental Justice in England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4320. [PMID: 32560334 PMCID: PMC7344855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The science on the effects of global climate change and air pollution on morbidity and mortality is clear and debate now centres around the scale and precise contributions of particular pollutants. Sufficient data existed in recent decades to support the adoption of precautionary public health policies relating to fossil fuels including shale exploration. Yet air quality and related public health impacts linked to ethical and environmental justice elements are often marginalized or missing in planning and associated decision making. Industry and government policies and practices, laws and planning regulations lagged well behind the science in the United Kingdom. This paper explores the reasons for this and what shaped some of those policies. Why did shale gas policies in England fail to fully address public health priorities and neglect ethical and environmental justice concerns. To answer this question, an interdisciplinary analysis is needed informed by a theoretical framework of how air pollution and climate change are largely discounted in the complex realpolitik of policy and regulation for shale gas development in England. Sources, including official government, regulatory and planning documents, as well as industry and scientific publications are examined and benchmarked against the science and ethical and environmental justice criteria. Further, our typology illustrates how the process works drawing on an analysis of official policy documents and statements on planning and regulatory oversight of shale exploration in England, and material from industry and their consultants relating to proposed shale oil and gas development. Currently the oil, gas and chemical industries in England continue to dominate and influence energy and feedstock-related policy making to the detriment of ethical and environmental justice decision making with significant consequences for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Watterson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - William Dinan
- Communications, Media & Culture, Faculty of Arts & Humanities, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The "exposome" is an individual's lifetime spectrum of chemical exposures beginning at conception. An exposome includes general external influences such as pollution and weather; external individual-specific factors (diet, infections, self-selected chemical intake); and internal individual-specific constituents (metabolic byproducts, microbiome derivatives, inflammatory mediators, stress hormones, etc). The exposome paradigm is inherent in animal toxicity testing because laboratory studies are designed so that subjects share a common exposure history encompassing not only exposure(s)/treatment(s) but also other chemical sources (eg, air, bedding, food, water). Toxicologic pathologists should remember that some differences in responsiveness to a test article may reflect subtle differences in individual exposomes of seemingly equivalent test animals. Translation of toxicity data obtained in tests of genetically inbred animals maintained under controlled environmental conditions to produce quasi-identical exposomes at best offers only approximate guidance regarding potential responses in genetically heterogeneous human populations who live in many environmental settings and thus have divergent, complex exposomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanda M Haschek
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bennett B, Workman T, Smith MN, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Characterizing the Neurodevelopmental Pesticide Exposome in a Children's Agricultural Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1479. [PMID: 32106530 PMCID: PMC7084326 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The exposome provides a conceptual model for identifying and characterizing lifetime environmental exposures and resultant health effects. In this study, we applied key exposome concepts to look specifically at the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome, which focuses on exposures to pesticides that have the potential to cause an adverse neurodevelopmental impact. Using household dust samples from a children's agricultural cohort located in the Yakima Valley of Washington state, we identified 87 individual pesticides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 47 of these have evidence of neurotoxicity included in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (re)registration materials. We used a mixed effects model to model trends in pesticide exposure. Over the two study years (2005 and 2011), we demonstrate a significant decrease in the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome across the cohort, but particularly among farmworker households. Additional analysis with a non-parametric binomial analysis that weighted the levels of potentially neurotoxic pesticides detected in household dust by their reference doses revealed that the decrease in potentially neurotoxic pesticides was largely a result of decreases in some of the most potent neurotoxicants. Overall, this study provides evidence that the neurodevelopmental pesticide exposome framework is a useful tool in assessing the effectiveness of specific interventions in reducing exposure as well as setting priorities for future targeted actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breana Bennett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| | - Marissa N. Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| | - William C. Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA;
| | - Elaine M. Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA; (B.B.); (T.W.); (M.N.S.); (W.C.G.)
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC 98105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang A, Mahai G, Wan Y, Jiang Y, Meng Q, Xia W, He Z, Xu S. Neonicotinoids and carbendazim in indoor dust from three cities in China: Spatial and temporal variations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133790. [PMID: 31422335 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) are a relatively new class of insecticides, and carbendazim (CBDZ) is a representative antifungal biocide. The occurrence of them in indoor dust was not documented in China. In this study, 336 indoor dust samples were collected from 3 cities, including Taiyuan (October 2016), Wuhan (October 2016 and 2018), and Shenzhen (February 2019), located in North, Central, and South China, for determination of the residues of six NNIs, two of their metabolites, and CBDZ. Acetamiprid (ACE), imidacloprid (IMI), and CBDZ were found to be the major target analytes in dust samples from all selected cities with detection frequencies of 98.8%, 99.7%, and 95.2%, respectively. At least one target NNI was detected for all of the dust samples, with the median concentration of 25.8 ng/g for the imidacloprid-equivalent total neonicotinoids (IMIeq: generated by the relative potency factor method), and the median for CBDZ was 35.8 ng/g. Higher levels of several NNIs and CBDZ were found in urban areas of Taiyuan and Wuhan than those in rural areas. A significant increase of the NNI residues was observed in dust of Wuhan from 2016 to 2018 (while not significant for CBDZ). Finally, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of IMIeq and CBDZ for infants and toddlers were higher than that found in other age groups through dust ingestion, which indicated that infants and toddlers may be susceptible to current residue of NNIs and CBDZ in indoor dust, and dust ingestion of NNIs might be <1% of that reported for dietary intakes in China. This is the first study to report the residue levels of NNIs and CBDZ in dust samples from indoor environment in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Gaga Mahai
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, PR China; CDC of Yangtze River Administration and Navigational Affairs, General Hospital of the Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan 430019, PR China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518054, PR China
| | - Qianqian Meng
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei 430015, PR China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bocato MZ, Bianchi Ximenez JP, Hoffmann C, Barbosa F. An overview of the current progress, challenges, and prospects of human biomonitoring and exposome studies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:131-156. [PMID: 31543064 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1661588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human Biomonitoring (HB), the process for determining whether and to what extent chemical substances penetrated our bodies, serves as a useful tool to quantify human exposure to pollutants. In cases of nutrition and physiologic status, HB plays a critical role in the identification of excess or deficiency of essential nutrients. In pollutant HB studies, levels of substances measured in body fluids (blood, urine, and breast milk) or tissues (hair, nails or teeth) aid in the identification of potential health risks or associated adverse effects. However, even as a widespread practice in several countries, most HB studies reflect exposure to a single compound or mixtures which are measured at a single time point in lifecycle. On the other hand, throughout an individual's lifespan, the contact with different physical, chemical, and social stressors occurs at varying intensities, differing times and durations. Further, the interaction between stressors and body receptors leads to dynamic responses of the entire biological system including proteome, metabolome, transcriptome, and adductome. Bearing this in mind, a relatively new vision in exposure science, defined as the exposome, is postulated to expand the traditional practice of measuring a single exposure to one or few chemicals at one-time point to an approach that addresses measures of exposure to multiple stressors throughout the lifespan. With the exposome concept, the science of exposure advances to an Environment-Wide Association Perspective, which might exhibit a stronger relationship with good health or disease conditions for an individual (phenotype). Thus, this critical review focused on the current progress of HB and exposome investigations, anticipating some challenges, strategies, and future needs to be taken into account for designing future surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Zuccherato Bocato
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - João Paulo Bianchi Ximenez
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- Departmento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Analítica e de Sistemas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tackling the Complexity of the Exposome: Considerations from the Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR) Exposome Symposium. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9060106. [PMID: 31174297 PMCID: PMC6631702 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The attempt to describe complex diseases by solely genetic determination has not been successful. There is increasing recognition that the development of disease is often a consequence of interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors. To date, much of the research on environmental determinants of disease has focused on single exposures generally measured at a single time point. In order to address this limitation, the concept of the exposome has been introduced as a comprehensive approach, studying the full complement of environmental exposures from conception onwards. However, exposures are vast, dynamic, and diverse, and only a small proportion can be reasonably measured due to limitations in technology and feasibility. In addition, the interplay between genes and exposure as well as between different exposures is complicated and multifaceted, which leads to difficulties in linking disease or health outcomes with exposures. The large numbers of collected samples require well-designed logistics. Furthermore, the immense data sets generated from exposome studies require a significant computational investment for both data analysis and data storage. This report summarizes discussions during an international exposome symposium held at Gunma University in Japan regarding the concept of the exposome, challenges in exposome research, and future perspectives in the field.
Collapse
|
11
|
Plascak JJ, Griffith WC, Workman T, Smith MN, Vigoren E, Faustman EM, Thompson B. Evaluation of the relationship between residential orchard density and dimethyl organophosphate pesticide residues in house dust. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:379-388. [PMID: 30254255 PMCID: PMC6433558 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reducing residential pesticide exposure requires identification of exposure pathways. Compared to the agriculture worker 'take-home' and residential use pathways, evidence of the 'drift' pathway to pesticide exposure has been inconsistent. Questionnaire data from individuals (n = 99) and dust samples (n = 418) from households across three growing seasons in 2011 were from the For Healthy Kids! study. Summed dimethyl organophosphate pesticide (OP) (Azinphos-Methyl, Phosmet, and Malathion) concentrations were quantified from house dust samples. Spatially-weighted orchard densities surrounding households were calculated based on various distances from homes. Regression models tested associations between orchard density, residential pesticide use, agriculture worker residents, and summed dimethyl OP house dust concentrations. Estimated relationships between orchard density and dimethyl OP in house dust were mixed: a 5% increase in orchard density resulted in 0.3 and 0.5% decreases in dimethyl OP house dust concentrations when considering land-cover 750 m or 1250 m away from households, respectively, but null associations with land-cover 60 m or 200 m away. Dimethyl OP house dust concentrations were 400% higher within homes where at least two residents were agriculture workers. Despite inconclusive evidence for the drift pathway due to potential for bias, relationships between number of agriculture workers and dimethyl OP house dust concentration underscores the take-home pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Plascak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric Vigoren
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bennett B, Workman T, Smith MN, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Longitudinal, Seasonal, and Occupational Trends of Multiple Pesticides in House Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:17003. [PMID: 30624099 PMCID: PMC6381820 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children are especially vulnerable to pesticide exposure and can suffer lasting health effects. Because children of farmworkers are exposed to a variety of pesticides throughout development, it is important to explore temporal patterns of coexposures. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize the pesticide co-exposures, determine how they change over time, and assess differences between farmworker and nonfarmworker households. METHODS Dust collected from 40 farmworker and 35 nonfarmworker households in the Yakima Valley of the State of Washington in 2005 and then again in 2011 was analyzed for 99 pesticides. Eighty-seven pesticides representing over 28 classes were detected. Pesticides were grouped into classes using U.S. EPA pesticide chemical classifications, and trends in concentrations were analyzed at the class level. RESULTS Levels of organophosphates, pyridazinones, and phenols significantly decreased between 2005 and 2011 in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households. Levels of anilides, 2,6-dinitroanilines, chlorophenols, triclosan, and guanidines significantly increased in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households in 2011 vs. 2005. Among farmworkers alone, there were significantly lower levels of N-methyl carbamates and neonicotinoids in 2011. CONCLUSIONS We observed significant reductions in the concentrations of many pesticides over time in both farmworker and nonfarmworker households. Although nonfarmworker households generally had lower concentrations of pesticides, it is important to note that in comparison with NHANES participants, nonfarmworkers and their families still had significantly higher concentrations of urinary pesticide metabolites. This finding highlights the importance of detailed longitudinal exposure monitoring to capture changes in agricultural and residential pesticide use over time. This foundation provides an avenue to track longitudinal pesticide exposures in an intervention or regulatory context. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3644.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Breana Bennett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William C Griffith
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Watterson A, Dinan W. Public Health and Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction Including Fracking: Global Lessons from a Scottish Government Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E675. [PMID: 29617318 PMCID: PMC5923717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional oil and gas extraction (UOGE) including fracking for shale gas is underway in North America on a large scale, and in Australia and some other countries. It is viewed as a major source of global energy needs by proponents. Critics consider fracking and UOGE an immediate and long-term threat to global, national, and regional public health and climate. Rarely have governments brought together relatively detailed assessments of direct and indirect public health risks associated with fracking and weighed these against potential benefits to inform a national debate on whether to pursue this energy route. The Scottish government has now done so in a wide-ranging consultation underpinned by a variety of reports on unconventional gas extraction including fracking. This paper analyses the Scottish government approach from inception to conclusion, and from procedures to outcomes. The reports commissioned by the Scottish government include a comprehensive review dedicated specifically to public health as well as reports on climate change, economic impacts, transport, geology, and decommissioning. All these reports are relevant to public health, and taken together offer a comprehensive review of existing evidence. The approach is unique globally when compared with UOGE assessments conducted in the USA, Australia, Canada, and England. The review process builds a useful evidence base although it is not without flaws. The process approach, if not the content, offers a framework that may have merits globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Watterson
- Occupational and Environmental Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - William Dinan
- Communications, Media & Culture, Faculty of Arts & Humanities, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Turner MC, Vineis P, Seleiro E, Dijmarescu M, Balshaw D, Bertollini R, Chadeau-Hyam M, Gant T, Gulliver J, Jeong A, Kyrtopoulos S, Martuzzi M, Miller GW, Nawrot T, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Phillips DH, Probst-Hensch N, Samet J, Vermeulen R, Vlaanderen J, Vrijheid M, Wild C, Kogevinas M. EXPOsOMICS: final policy workshop and stakeholder consultation. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:260. [PMID: 29448939 PMCID: PMC5815236 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The final meeting of the EXPOsOMICS project “Final Policy Workshop and Stakeholder Consultation” took place 28–29 March 2017 to present the main results of the project and discuss their implications both for future research and for regulatory and policy activities. This paper summarizes presentations and discussions at the meeting related with the main results and advances in exposome research achieved through the EXPOsOMICS project; on other parallel research initiatives on the study of the exposome in Europe and in the United States and their complementarity to EXPOsOMICS; lessons learned from these early studies on the exposome and how they may shape the future of research on environmental exposure assessment; and finally the broader implications of exposome research for risk assessment and policy development on environmental exposures. The main results of EXPOsOMICS in relation to studies of the external exposome and internal exposome in relation to both air pollution and water contaminants were presented as well as new technologies for environmental health research (adductomics) and advances in statistical methods. Although exposome research strengthens the scientific basis for policy development, there is a need in terms of showing added value for public health to: improve communication of research results to non-scientific audiences; target research to the broader landscape of societal challenges; and draw applicable conclusions. Priorities for future work include the development and standardization of methodologies and technologies for assessing the external and internal exposome, improved data sharing and integration, and the demonstration of the added value of exposome science over conventional approaches in answering priority policy questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK.
| | | | - Michaela Dijmarescu
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - David Balshaw
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roberto Bertollini
- Former WHO Chief Scientist and Representative to the European Union, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | | | - John Gulliver
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Ayoung Jeong
- University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- University of Basel, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Martine Vrijheid
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|