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Cosemans C, Bongaerts E, Vanbrabant K, Reimann B, Silva AI, Tommelein E, Poma G, Ameloot M, Nawrot TS, Plusquin M. Black carbon particles in human breast milk: assessing infant's exposure. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1333969. [PMID: 38298262 PMCID: PMC10828029 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1333969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Human breast milk is the recommended source of nutrition for infants due to its complex composition and numerous benefits, including a decline in infection rates in childhood and a lower risk of obesity. Hence, it is crucial that environmental pollutants in human breast milk are minimized. Exposure to black carbon (BC) particles has adverse effects on health; therefore, this pilot study investigates the presence of these particles in human breast milk. Methods BC particles from ambient exposure were measured in eight human breast milk samples using a white light generation under femtosecond illumination. The carbonaceous nature of the particles was confirmed with BC fingerprinting. Ambient air pollution exposures (PM2.5, PM10, and NO2) were estimated using a spatial interpolation model based on the maternal residential address. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were obtained to assess the association between human breast milk's BC load and ambient air pollution exposure. Results BC particles were found in all human breast milk samples. BC loads in human breast milk were strongly and positively correlated with recent (i.e., 1 week) maternal residential NO2 (r = 0.79; p = 0.02) exposure and medium-term (i.e., 1 month) PM2.5 (r = 0.83; p = 0.02) and PM10 (r = 0.93; p = 0.002) exposure. Conclusion For the first time, we showed the presence of BC particles in human breast milk and found a robust association with ambient air pollution concentrations. Our findings present a pioneering insight into a novel pathway through which combustion-derived air pollution particles can permeate the delicate system of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cosemans
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Eva Bongaerts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Vanbrabant
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Reimann
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ana Inês Silva
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Eline Tommelein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S. Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Hoadley L, Watters M, Rogers R, Werner LS, Markiewicz KV, Forrester T, McLanahan ED. Public health evaluation of PFAS exposures and breastfeeding: a systematic literature review. Toxicol Sci 2023; 194:121-137. [PMID: 37228093 PMCID: PMC10527886 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of man-made chemicals that are persistent in the environment. They can be transferred across the placenta to fetuses and through human milk to infants. The American Academy of Pediatrics advises that the benefits of breastfeeding infants almost always outweigh the potential risks of harm from environmental chemicals. However, there are few chemical-specific summaries of the potential harms of exposure to PFAS during the neonatal period through breastfeeding. This systematic review explores whether exposure to PFAS through breastfeeding is associated with adverse health outcomes among infants and children using evidence from human and animal studies. Systematic searches identified 4297 unique records from 7 databases. The review included 37 total articles, including 9 animal studies and 1 human study measuring the direct contribution of exposure of the infant or pup through milk for any health outcome. Animal studies provided evidence of associations between exposure to PFOA through breastfeeding and reduced early life body weight gain, mammary gland development, and thyroid hormone levels. They also provided limited evidence of associations between PFOS exposure through breastfeeding with reduced early life body weight gain and cellular changes in the hippocampus. The direct relevance of any of these outcomes to human health is uncertain, and it is possible that many adverse health effects of exposure through breastfeeding have not yet been studied. This review documents the current state of science and highlights the need for future research to guide clinicians making recommendations on infant feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hoadley
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Michelle Watters
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Rachel Rogers
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Lora Siegmann Werner
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Karl V. Markiewicz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Tina Forrester
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
| | - Eva D. McLanahan
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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Hu Y, Chen H, Tian Y, Wu D, Vinturache A, Ding G, Yu G. Association of parabens and bisphenols with lung function in children aged 5-12 years from Shanghai, China. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 252:114210. [PMID: 37348164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported potential effects of individual paraben or bisphenol exposure on lung function, but few studies have estimated their joint effects. We conducted a cross sectional survey to investigate the associations of parabens and bisphenols exposure with lung function in 205 children aged 5-12 years from Shanghai, China. Urinary concentrations of six parabens [methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, benzyl-, and heptyl-paraben (MeP, EtP, PrP, BuP, BzP, and HeP)] and seven bisphenols [bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol AF (BPAF), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol P (BPP), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol Z (BPZ)] were assessed by the high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Lung function, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%), was further measured. Linear regression, bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) evaluated the individual and joint relationships of the parabens and bisphenols with the lung function parameters. Further, the analysis was stratified by child sex. Parabens (MeP, EtP, PrP, and BuP) and bisphenols (BPA, BPAP, BPB, and BPS) with detection rates >75% were included for analyses. In linear regressions, parabens (MeP, PrP, and BuP) were generally negatively associated with FEV1, FVC, PEF, and FEF25-75%, but no associations for bisphenols were found. The association of parabens with lung function was more pronounced in girls. The aforementioned negative associations between parabens and lung function were confirmed by both the BKMR and WQS, with MeP being considered most heavily weighing chemical. Our findings suggested that exposure to parabens, either individuals or as a mixture, were associated with decreased lung function in children aged 5-12 years, and these associations were stronger among girls. Considering the cross-sectional study design, large longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Child Health Management, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Angela Vinturache
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guodong Ding
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guangjun Yu
- Center for Medical Bioinformatics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Frantz AL. Chronic quaternary ammonium compound exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on human health. TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2023; 15:199-206. [PMCID: PMC10252167 DOI: 10.1007/s13530-023-00173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective This review examines a relevant, and underacknowledged, emerging global public health concern—the widespread exposure to quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. QACs are a widely used class of cationic surfactants with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity that serve as the active ingredients in antimicrobial products. While these compounds have been used for decades, the production and consumer use of QAC-containing products have steeply risen during the COVID-19 pandemic to control and prevent the spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus. As a result, human exposure to QACs has also drastically increased. Methods This critical review was conducted by searching the key terms “quaternary ammonium compounds,” “disinfectants,” “COVID-19,” “SARS-Cov-2,” “human health,” and “human exposure” in the major search engines, including Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Results QACs are generally considered safe and effective, yet the magnitude of QAC exposure and the subsequent health effects have not been adequately investigated. Recent studies have revealed the potential for bioaccumulation of QACs in blood and tissue. Inhalation and dermal absorption of QACs are identified as the most significant exposure routes for adults, while children and infants may be significantly more vulnerable to QAC exposure and potential adverse health effects. Conclusions QACs are an important tool to protect individual and public health, but understanding the impact of widespread QAC exposure is vital to guide best practices for QAC use and minimize the associated health risks. These pandemic era results warrant further investigation and raise additional questions about the short-term and long-term health effects of chronic QAC exposure. Clinical trial registration Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey L. Frantz
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of North Texas at Dallas, 7400 University Hills Blvd, Dallas, TX 75241 USA
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5
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Street ME, Shulhai AM, Rotondo R, Giannì G, Caffarelli C. Current knowledge on the effects of environmental contaminants in early life nutrition. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1120293. [PMID: 37324741 PMCID: PMC10267348 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1120293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk represents the optimal source of feeding for newborns, in terms of nutritional compounds and as it provides immunological, metabolic, organic, and neurological well-being. As a complex biological fluid, it consists not only of nutritional compounds but also contains environmental contaminants. Formulas through production, contact with bottles and cups, and complementary feeding can also be contaminated. The current review focuses on endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and made-man xenoestrogens present in the environment and both commonly present in food sources, agricultural practices, packaging, consumer products, industry, and medical care. These contaminants are transferred by passive diffusion to breast milk and are delivered during breastfeeding. They mainly act by activating or antagonizing hormonal receptors. We summarize the effects on the immune system, gut microbiota, and metabolism. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and indirect food additives may induce tissue inflammation and polarize lymphocytes, increase proinflammatory cytokines, promote allergic sensitization, and microbial dysbiosis, activate nuclear receptors and increase the incidence of allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases. Breast milk is the most important optimal source in early life. This mini-review summarizes current knowledge on environmental contaminants and paves the way for strategies to prevent milk contamination and limit maternal and infant exposure during pregnancy and the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Street
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna-Mariia Shulhai
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Rotondo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giannì
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Caffarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Wang Z, Ma Z, Cheng X, Li X, Wang N, Zhang F, Wei B, Li Q, An Z, Wu W, Liu S. Effects of silver nanoparticles on maternal mammary glands and offspring development under lactation exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114869. [PMID: 37037110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The widespread applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) throughout our daily lives have raised concerns regarding their environmental health and safety (EHS). Despite an increasing number of studies focused on the EHS impacts of AgNPs, there remain significant knowledge gaps with respect to their potential health impacts on susceptible populations, such as lactating mothers and infants. Herein, we aimed to investigate the deleterious effects of AgNPs with different sizes (20 and 40 nm) and surface coatings (PVP and BPEI) on maternal mice and their offspring following lactation exposure at doses of 20, 100 and 400 μg/kg body weight. We discovered that AgNPs could accumulate in the maternal mammary glands and disrupt the epithelial barrier in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, BPEI-coated AgNPs caused more damage to the mammary glands than PVP-coated particles. Importantly, we observed that, while AgNPs were distributed throughout the blood and main tissues, they were particularly enriched in the brains of breastfed offspring after maternal exposure during lactation, exhibiting exposure dosage- and particle coating-dependent patterns. Compared to PVP-coated nanoparticles, BPEI-coated AgNPs were more readily transferred to the offspring, possibly due to their enhanced deposition in maternal mammary glands. Moreover, we observed reduced body weight, blood cell toxicity, and tissue injuries in breastfed offspring whose dams received AgNPs. As a whole, these results reveal that maternal exposure to AgNPs results in the translocation of AgNPs into offspring via breastfeeding, inducing developmental impairments in these breastfed offspring. This study provides important new insights into the EHS impacts of AgNP consumption during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.
| | - Zhenzhu Ma
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiaodie Cheng
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Fengquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Bing Wei
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Zhen An
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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LaKind JS. Invited Perspective: PFAS in Breast Milk and Infant Formula-It's Time to Start Monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:31301. [PMID: 36862173 PMCID: PMC9980311 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judy S. LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Nakhaee S, Shadmani FK, Sharafi K, Kiani A, Azadi NA, Mansouri B, Karamimatin B, Farnia V. Evaluation of some toxic metals in breast milk samples with dietary and sociodemographic characteristics: a case study of Kermanshah, Western Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:4502-4509. [PMID: 35969343 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the concentration of some toxic metals (gold (Au), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), and vanadium (V)) and arsenic (As) in breast milk based on demographic characteristics and the diet of mothers. In this cross-sectional study, 100 lactating mothers from Kermanshah, Western Iran, were included. The mean age of the participants was 29.5 (ranging from 16 to 43 years) with a mean BMI of 26.9 (± 3.81) kg (range: 17.0-39.1). The results of the pairwise correlation coefficient of trace elements illustrated that correlation was mostly positive and weak to moderate. A few exceptions of strong correlations were Cr-Ni (r = 0.82), Au-As (r = 0.64), Cr-V (r = 0.64), and Ni-V (r = 0.58). Moreover, results indicated that BMI (p = 0.008), cooking oil (0.042), and potato intake (p = 0.010) affected the trace element levels significantly. The concentrations of V (p = 0.044), Sn (p = 0.036), Au (p < 0.001), and As (p < 0.001) in the breast milk of women was affected by the BMI. The results of univariate linear regression analysis showed that the concentration of Pb in the milk of mothers who use cosmetics was significant (p < 0.05). Since the lifestyle of lactating women, such as cosmetics usage can impact the content of some elements in breast milk, they should be educated in this part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Nakhaee
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Kiani
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nammam Ali Azadi
- Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Behzad Karamimatin
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vahid Farnia
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Metabolomic and exposomic biomarkers of risk of future neurodevelopmental delay in human milk. Pediatr Res 2022; 93:1710-1720. [PMID: 36109618 PMCID: PMC10172108 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemical composition of human milk has long-lasting effects on brain development. We examined the prognostic value of the human milk metabolome and exposome in children with the risk of neurodevelopmental delay (NDD). METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 82 mother-infant pairs (40 male and 42 female infants). A total of 59 milk samples were from mothers with typically developing children and 23 samples were from mothers of children at risk. Milk samples were collected before 9 months of age (4.6 ± 2.5 months, mean ± SD). Neurocognitive development was assessed by maternal report at 14.2 ± 3.1 months using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires-2. RESULTS Metabolome and exposome profiling identified 453 metabolites and 61 environmental chemicals in milk. Machine learning tools identified changes in deoxysphingolipids, phospholipids, glycosphingolipids, plasmalogens, and acylcarnitines in the milk of mothers with children at risk for future delay. A predictive classifier had a diagnostic accuracy of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.66-0.96) for females and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62-0.94) for males. CONCLUSIONS Once validated in larger studies, the chemical analysis of human milk might be added as an option in well-baby checks to help identify children at risk of NDD before the first symptoms appear. IMPACT Maternal milk for infants sampled before 9 months of age contained sex-specific differences in deoxysphingolipids, sphingomyelins, plasmalogens, phospholipids, and acylcarnitines that predicted the risk of neurodevelopmental delay at 14.2 months of age. Once validated, this early biosignature in human milk might be incorporated into well-baby checks and help to identify infants at risk so early interventions might be instituted before the first symptoms appear.
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Ahuja JKC, Casavale KO, Li Y, Hopperton KE, Chakrabarti S, Hines EP, Brooks SPJ, Bondy GS, MacFarlane AJ, Weiler HA, Wu X, Borghese MM, Ahluwalia N, Cheung W, Vargas AJ, Arteaga S, Lombo T, Fisher MM, Hayward D, Pehrsson PR. Perspective: Human Milk Composition and Related Data for National Health and Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:2098-2114. [PMID: 36084013 PMCID: PMC9776678 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
National health and nutrition monitoring is an important federal effort in the United States and Canada, and the basis for many of their nutrition and health policies. Understanding of child exposures through human milk (HM) remains out of reach due to lack of current and representative data on HM's composition and intake volume. This article provides an overview of the current national health and nutrition monitoring activities for HM-fed children, HM composition (HMC) and volume data used for exposure assessment, categories of potential measures in HM, and associated variability factors. In this Perspective, we advocate for a framework for collection and reporting of HMC data for national health and nutrition monitoring and programmatic needs, including a shared vision for a publicly available Human Milk Composition Data Repository (HMCD-R) to include essential metadata associated with HMC. HMCD-R can provide a central, integrated platform for researchers and public health officials for compiling, evaluating, and sharing HMC data. The compiled compositional and metadata in HMCD-R would provide pertinent measures of central tendency and variability and allow use of modeling techniques to approximate compositional profiles for subgroups, providing more accurate exposure assessments for purposes of monitoring and surveillance. HMC and related metadata could facilitate understanding the complexity and variability of HM composition, provide crucial data for assessment of infant and maternal nutritional needs, and inform public health policies, food and nutrition programs, and clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet K C Ahuja
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
| | - Kellie O Casavale
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hopperton
- Nutrition Premarket Assessment Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subhadeep Chakrabarti
- Nutrition Premarket Assessment Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin P Hines
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephen P J Brooks
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Genevieve S Bondy
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda J MacFarlane
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hope A Weiler
- Nutrition Research Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xianli Wu
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael M Borghese
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Namanjeet Ahluwalia
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Hyattsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Winnie Cheung
- Nutrition Premarket Assessment Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley J Vargas
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sonia Arteaga
- Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tania Lombo
- Maternal Adolescent Pediatric Research Branch, Prevention Science Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mandy M Fisher
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah Hayward
- Nutrition Premarket Assessment Division, Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Rovira J, Martínez MÁ, Mari M, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO, Marmelo I, Marques A, Haug LS, Thomsen C, Nadal M, Domingo JL, Schuhmacher M. Mixture of environmental pollutants in breast milk from a Spanish cohort of nursing mothers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107375. [PMID: 35777115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and survival, with several benefits for both the infants and their mothers. However, breast milk can contain environmental pollutants with endocrine disruption capacity, neurotoxicity and/or potential to alter microbiota. Monitoring breast milk provides information on the current chemical exposure of breastfed infants and, in addition, on the current and historical exposure of nursing mothers. In this study, the levels of a wide range of pollutants were measured in breast milk of Spanish nursing mothers. Target chemicals were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), oxy-chlordane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) (including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)), chlorpyrifos, bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and a number of toxic and essential elements. Traces of most chemicals were found. A correlation between the levels of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and maternal characteristics (age and body mass index) was observed, while smoking was associated to higher concentrations of some toxic elements. Higher levels of PCBs were detected in samples from Spanish primiparous mothers compared to non-Spanish multiparous women. Breast milk from low-income mothers showed higher content of DDT and DDE than high-income mothers. Although breastfeeding is clearly beneficial for babies, the exposure to this mixture of hazardous substances, as well as their interaction and combined effects must not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Unitat de Nutrició, Reus, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montse Mari
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Cristina Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose Oliveira Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Isa Marmelo
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Av. Doutor Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Line Småstuen Haug
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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Ravichandran J, Karthikeyan BS, Jost J, Samal A. An atlas of fragrance chemicals in children's products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151682. [PMID: 34793786 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals during early childhood is a potential health concern. At a tender age, children are exposed to fragrance chemicals used in toys and child care products. Although there are few initiatives in Europe and United States towards monitoring and regulation of fragrance chemicals in children's products, such efforts are still lacking elsewhere. Besides there has been no systematic effort to create a database compiling the surrounding knowledge on fragrance chemicals used in children's products from published literature. Here, we built a database of Fragrance Chemicals in Children's Products (FCCP) that compiles information on 153 fragrance chemicals from published literature. The fragrance chemicals in FCCP have been classified based on their chemical structure, children's product source, chemical origin and odor profile. Moreover, we have also compiled the physicochemical properties, predicted Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) properties, molecular descriptors and human target genes for the fragrance chemicals in FCCP. After building FCCP, we performed multiple analyses of the associated fragrance chemical space. Firstly, we assessed the regulatory status of the fragrance chemicals in FCCP through a comparative analysis with 21 chemical lists reflecting current guidelines or regulations. We find that several fragrance chemicals in children's products are potential carcinogens, endocrine disruptors, neurotoxicants, phytotoxins and skin sensitizers. Secondly, we performed a similarity network based analysis of the fragrance chemicals in children's products to reveal the high structural diversity of the associated chemical space. Lastly, we identified skin sensitizing fragrance chemicals in children's products using ToxCast assays. In a nutshell, we present a comprehensive resource and detailed analysis of fragrance chemicals in children's products highlighting the need for their better risk assessment and regulation to deliver safer products for children. FCCP is accessible at: https://cb.imsc.res.in/fccp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Ravichandran
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai 600113, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Jürgen Jost
- Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai 600113, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai 400094, India.
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13
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LaKind JS, Verner MA, Rogers RD, Goeden H, Naiman DQ, Marchitti SA, Lehmann GM, Hines EP, Fenton SE. Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don't We Know More? ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:25002. [PMID: 35195447 PMCID: PMC8865090 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite 20 y of biomonitoring studies of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in both serum and urine, we have an extremely limited understanding of PFAS concentrations in breast milk of women from the United States and Canada. The lack of robust information on PFAS concentrations in breast milk and implications for breastfed infants and their families were brought to the forefront by communities impacted by PFAS contamination. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this work are to: a) document published PFAS breast milk concentrations in the United States and Canada; b) estimate breast milk PFAS levels from maternal serum concentrations in national surveys and communities impacted by PFAS; and c) compare measured/estimated milk PFAS concentrations to screening values. METHODS We used three studies reporting breast milk concentrations in the United States and Canada We also estimated breast milk PFAS concentrations by multiplying publicly available serum concentrations by milk:serum partitioning ratios for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Measured and estimated breast milk concentrations were compared to children's drinking water screening values. DISCUSSION Geometric means of estimated breast milk concentrations ranged over approximately two orders of magnitude for the different surveys/communities. All geometric mean and mean estimated and measured breast milk PFOA and PFOS concentrations exceeded drinking water screening values for children, sometimes by more than two orders of magnitude. For PFHxS and PFNA, all measured breast milk levels were below the drinking water screening values for children; the geometric mean estimated breast milk concentrations were close to-or exceeded-the children's drinking water screening values for certain communities. Exceeding a children's drinking water screening value does not indicate that adverse health effects will occur and should not be interpreted as a reason to not breastfeed; it indicates that the situation should be further evaluated. It is past time to have a better understanding of environmental chemical transfer to-and concentrations in-an exceptional source of infant nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10359.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy S. LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Santé Publique, Université de Montréal and CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachel D. Rogers
- Office of the Director, National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Helen Goeden
- Environmental Health Division, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel Q. Naiman
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Geniece M. Lehmann
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erin P. Hines
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Braun D, Abia WA, Šarkanj B, Sulyok M, Waldhoer T, Erber AC, Krska R, Turner PC, Marko D, Ezekiel CN, Warth B. Mycotoxin-mixture assessment in mother-infant pairs in Nigeria: From mothers' meal to infants' urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132226. [PMID: 34826919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to food and environmental contaminants is a global environmental health issue. In this study, innovative LC-MS/MS approaches were applied to investigate mycotoxin co-exposure in mother-infant pairs (n = 23) by analyzing matched plate-ready food, breast milk and urine samples of mothers and their exclusively breastfed infants. The study revealed frequent co-occurrence of two to five mycotoxins. Regulated (e.g. aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A) and emerging mycotoxins (e.g. alternariol monomethyl ether and beauvericin) were frequently detected (3 %-89 % and 45 %-100 %), in at least one specimen. In addition, a moderate association of ochratoxin A in milk to urine of mothers (r = 0.47; p = 0.003) and infants (r = 0.52; p = 0.019) but no other significant correlations were found. Average concentration levels in food mostly did not exceed European maximum residue limits, and intake estimates demonstrated exposure below tolerable daily intake values. Infants were exposed to significantly lower toxin levels compared to their mothers, indicating the protective effect of breastfeeding. However, the transfer into milk and urine and the resulting chronic low-dose exposure warrant further monitoring. In the future, occurrence of mycotoxin-mixtures, and their combined toxicological effects need to be comprehensively considered and implemented in risk management strategies. These should aim to minimize early-life exposure in critical developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Department of Food Technology, University Centre Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, HR-48000, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid C Erber
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, New Richards Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Concentrations and determinants of lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in pooled donor breast milk in Spain. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 240:113914. [PMID: 34974272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIM To measure concentrations of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in longitudinally collected donor breast milk samples and to determine associated factors. METHODS Pb, Hg, Cd, and As concentrations were measured in 242 pooled breast milk samples from 83 donors to a Human Milk Bank in Spain, in 2015-2018, determining their association with the donors' sociodemographic profile, dietary and lifestyle habits, and post-partum time, among other factors, and with the nutritional characteristics of samples. Mixed-effect linear regression was used to identify predictors of Hg and As concentrations in breast milk and mixed-effect logistic regression to identify predictors of the presence of Pb and Cd. RESULTS As was the element most frequently detected in milk samples (97.1%), followed by Hg (81.2%), Pb (50.6%), and Cd (38.0%). Their median breast milk concentrations were 1.49 μg/L, 0.26 μg/L, 0.14 μg/L, and <0.04 μg/L, respectively. Concentrations of As were higher in breast milk from primiparous donors, while Hg was higher in donors with a greater intake of fatty fish and meat and lower in samples collected after a longer post-partum time and with higher lactose content. Detection of Pb was higher among multiparous donors, those gaining weight since before pregnancy, and ex-smokers and was lower in samples collected more recently and from donors with greater intake of red meat and eggs. Cd detection was higher for donors with university education and those with greater intake of fried and canned food and more frequent use of hand cream and was lower for donors with greater bread intake. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal relatively high As concentrations, moderate Hg concentrations, and low Pb and Cd concentrations in pooled donor breast milk. Several factors including post-partum time, parity, smoking habit, and the intake of certain food items were associated with the metal content of milk samples.
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16
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Çiftçi S, Yalçın SS, Samur G. Bisphenol A Exposure in Exclusively Breastfed Infants and Lactating Women: An Observational Cross-sectional Study. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 13:375-383. [PMID: 33749218 PMCID: PMC8638632 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2021.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bisphenol A (BPA) is a known endocrine disruptor and free BPA will interact with estrogen. BPA is also fat soluble and will therefore contaminate breast milk. The European Food Safety Authority has set a limit for temporary tolerable daily intake of 4 μg/kg body weight/day in breastfeeding infants. The aim of this study was to measure human milk BPA concentrations in Turkish women and thus exclusively breastfed infants’ exposure to BPA. METHODS Healthy, postnatal, exclusively breastfeeding women were recruited and breast milk samples were collected. Free BPA concentration was analyzed in the milk samples using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Participants’ demographic characteristics and nutritional habits were investigated through face-to-face interviews using a detailed questionnaire. RESULTS Eighty women participated. Median milk free BPA level was 0.63 μg/L. There was no statistically significant association between maternal body mass index, birth type, parity, infant birth week, infant birth weight, and human milk BPA concentration. Nevertheless, there was a significant association between human milk BPA level and consumption of fast-food and carbonated drinks (p=0.022 and p=0.018, respectively). Exclusively breastfed infants’ mean BPA exposure was 0.0099±0.0079 μg/kg bw/day. There was a moderate negative significant correlation between infant BPA exposure and infant current body weight (r=0.327, p=0.003). CONCLUSION BPA exposure in exclusively breastfed infants was within accepted limits and the current dietary exposure level of infants in this cohort was safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Çiftçi
- İzmir Democracy University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, İzmir, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: İzmir Democracy University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, İzmir, Turkey E-mail:
| | | | - Gülhan Samur
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara, Turkey
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Al-Saleh I. Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals Through Breast Milk Consumption in Saudi Arabia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4535-4545. [PMID: 33544311 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously measured the levels of inorganic mercury, methylmercury, lead, cadmium, and manganese in the breast milk of 203 healthy Saudi mothers who participated in a cross-sectional study between 2011 and 2013. The current study aimed to (1) calculate reference values (RVs) for these metals in breast milk based on the 95th percentile of the metal and the corresponding 95% confidence interval following the approach of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission, and (2) assess the health risk associated with these metals (except lead) by determining the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for breastfed infants. The risk characterization for the lead was applied using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Moreover, the cancer risk (CR) associated with lead was calculated. The RV95s (percentage of samples for which the value was higher than the set value) for inorganic mercury, methylmercury, total mercury, cadmium, lead, and manganese in breast milk (μg/L) were 1.5 (7.9%), 1.5 (5.4%), 2.8 (8.9%), 2.5 (8.4%), 53 (11.3%), and 22.3 (11.8%) μg/L, respectively. The methylmercury, lead, and manganese levels in the present study were higher than those reported previously. The HQ for methylmercury greater than 1 was found in 68.5% of the samples, indicating there may be a potential non-carcinogenic health risk of infant exposure to the toxic metal via breast milk consumption. Despite the high cadmium and manganese levels in breast milk, our results suggested no health risk (HQ < 1). The HI representing the combined non-carcinogenic health risk of four metals was > 1, with methylmercury (74%) being the major contributor. The estimated MOE mean value of 0.134, less than 1, indicates that our breastfed infants may be at increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairments. The CR for lead in two infants was higher than the acceptable level of 1 × 10-4. Although our results may suggest potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of infant exposure to toxic metals through breast milk consumption, the benefits of breastfeeding are well recognized and outweigh the potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Bhuju J, Olesen KM, Muenyi CS, Patel TS, Read RW, Thompson L, Skalli O, Zheng Q, Grice EA, Sutter CH, Sutter TR. Cutaneous Effects of In Utero and Lactational Exposure of C57BL/6J Mice to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9080192. [PMID: 34437510 PMCID: PMC8402454 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9080192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To determine the cutaneous effects of in utero and lactational exposure to the AHR ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), pregnant C57BL/6J mice were exposed by gavage to a vehicle or 5 μg TCDD/kg body weight at embryonic day 12 and epidermal barrier formation and function were studied in their offspring from postnatal day 1 (P1) through adulthood. TCDD-exposed pups were born with acanthosis. This effect was AHR-dependent and subsided by P6 with no evidence of subsequent inflammatory dermatitis. The challenge of adult mice with MC903 showed similar inflammatory responses in control and treated animals, indicating no long-term immunosuppression to this chemical. Chloracne-like sebaceous gland hypoplasia and cyst formation were observed in TCDD-exposed P21 mice, with concomitant microbiome dysbiosis. These effects were reversed by P35. CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression in the skin was increased in the exposed mice until P21, then declined. Both CYP proteins co-localized with LRIG1-expressing progenitor cells at the infundibulum. CYP1B1 protein also co-localized with a second stem cell niche in the isthmus. These results indicate that this exposure to TCDD causes a chloracne-like effect without inflammation. Transient activation of the AhR, due to the shorter half-life of TCDD in mice, likely contributes to the reversibility of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bhuju
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Kristin M Olesen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Clarisse S Muenyi
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Tejesh S Patel
- Kaplan-Amonette Department of Dermatology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Robert W Read
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Lauren Thompson
- Integrated Microscopy Center, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Omar Skalli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- Integrated Microscopy Center, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carrie Hayes Sutter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Thomas R Sutter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Center for Genomic Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Myhre O, Zimmer KE, Hudecova AM, Hansen KEA, Khezri A, Berntsen HF, Berg V, Lyche JL, Mandal S, Duale N, Ropstad E. Maternal exposure to a human based mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) affect gene expression related to brain function in mice offspring hippocampus. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130123. [PMID: 33714876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Male and female mice pups were exposed to a low and high dose of a human relevant mixture of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during pregnancy and lactation. Most compounds detected in the dams were found in offspring brains. The mice offspring exhibited changed expression of hippocampal genes involved in cognitive function (Adora2a, Auts2, Crlf1, Chrnb2, Gdnf, Gnal, Kcnh3), neuroinflammation (Cd47, Il1a), circadian rhythm (Per1, Clock), redox signalling (Hmox2) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation (Cyp1b1). A few genes were differentially expressed in males versus females. Mostly, similar patterns of gene expression changes were observed between the low and high dose groups. Effects on learning and memory function measured in the Barnes maze (not moving, escape latency) were found in the high dose group when combined with moderate stress exposure (air flow from a fan). Mediation analysis indicated adaptation to the effects of exposure since gene expression compensated for learning disabilities (escape latency, walking distance and time spent not moving in the maze). Additionally, random forest analysis indicated that Kcnh3, Gnal, and Crlf1 were the most important genes for escape latency, while Hip1, Gnal and the low exposure level were the most important explanatory factors for passive behaviour (not moving). Altogether, this study showed transfer of POPs to the offspring brains after maternal exposure, modulating the expression level of genes involved in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oddvar Myhre
- Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Karin E Zimmer
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Alexandra M Hudecova
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Kristine E A Hansen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Abdolrahman Khezri
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Physiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Hanne F Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway; National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep, N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vidar Berg
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Jan L Lyche
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
| | | | - Nur Duale
- Section of Molecular Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P. O. Box 222 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P. O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway.
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Karthikeyan BS, Ravichandran J, Aparna SR, Samal A. ExHuMId: A curated resource and analysis of Exposome of Human Milk across India. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129583. [PMID: 33460906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is a vital source of nourishment for infants. However, numerous environmental contaminants also find their way into human milk, making up the major part of a newborn's external exposome. While there are chemical regulations in India and scientific literature on environmental contaminants is available, the systematic compilation, monitoring, and risk management of human milk contaminants are inadequate. We have harnessed the potential of this large body of literature to develop the Exposome of Human Milk across India (ExHuMId) version 1.0 containing detailed information on 101 environmental contaminants detected in human milk samples across 13 Indian states, compiled from 36 research articles. ExHuMId also compiles the detected concentrations of the contaminants, structural and physicochemical properties, and factors associated with the donor of the sample. We also present findings from a three-pronged analysis of ExHuMId and two other resources on human milk contaminants, with a focus on the Indian scenario. Through a comparative analysis with global chemical regulations and guidelines, we identify human milk contaminants of high concern, such as potential carcinogens, endocrine disruptors and neurotoxins. We then study the physicochemical properties of the contaminants to gain insights on their propensity to transfer into human milk. Lastly, we employ a systems biology approach to shed light on potential effects of human milk contaminants on maternal and infant health, by identifying contaminant-gene interactions associated with lactation, cytokine signalling and production, and protein-mediated transport. ExHuMId 1.0 is accessible online at: https://cb.imsc.res.in/exhumid/.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janani Ravichandran
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - S R Aparna
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India.
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21
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Braun D, Eiser M, Puntscher H, Marko D, Warth B. Natural contaminants in infant food: The case of regulated and emerging mycotoxins. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Yan B, Ma P, Chen S, Cheng H, Tang M, Sun Y, Yang X, Wu Y, Cheng M. Nimodipine attenuates dibutyl phthalate-induced learning and memory impairment in kun ming mice: An in vivo study based on bioinformatics analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:821-830. [PMID: 33336902 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a typical representative of phthalate esters (PAEs), is used as a plasticizer in various industrial applications and has been reported to be responsible for neurobehavioral changes. Despite mounting evidence showing that nimodipine (Nim) palys a neuropharmacological and psychopharmacological role in neurons, the attenuating effects of Nim on learning and memory impairment induced by DBP exposure remain unknown. Based on bioinformatics analysis we found that the biological processes affected by both DBP and Nim may involve the calcium signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway and the apoptosis pathway. The results of an in vivo study confirmed that DBP affects the levels of Ca2+ -related proteins, up-regulates phosphorylated -ERK1/2 expression and results in hippocampal neuronal damage and apoptosis, whereas Nim as a Ca2+ antagonist, has a certain neuroprotective role to avoid these adverse effects. Our data suggest that Nim could be used to attenuate the learning and memory impairment in DBP-exposed mice, to down-regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels, subordinate the ERK1/2 pathway and attenuate apoptosis in hippocampal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yan
- Laboratory of Environment-immunological and neurological diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Laboratory of Environment-immunological and neurological diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Shaohui Chen
- Laboratory of Environment-immunological and neurological diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Hongguo Cheng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Fragrant Plants, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Min Tang
- College of Resources Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yanling Sun
- Laboratory of Environment-immunological and neurological diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Laboratory of Environment-immunological and neurological diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Laboratory of Environment-immunological and neurological diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Menglin Cheng
- Laboratory of Environment-immunological and neurological diseases, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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23
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Holland EB, Pessah IN. Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl neurotoxic equivalents found in environmental and human samples. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 120:104842. [PMID: 33346014 PMCID: PMC8366267 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL PCB) are recognized neurotoxicants with implications on altered neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration in exposed organisms. NDL PCB neurotoxic relative potency schemes have been developed for a single mechanism, namely activity toward the ryanodine receptor (RyR), or combined mechanisms including, but not limited to, alterations of RyR and dopaminergic pathways. We compared the applicability of the two neurotoxic equivalency (NEQ) schemes and applied each scheme to PCB mixtures found in environmental and human serum samples. A multiple mechanistic NEQ predicts higher neurotoxic exposure concentrations as compared to a scheme based on the RyR alone. Predictions based on PCB ortho categorization, versus homologue categorization, lead to a higher prediction of neurotoxic exposure concentrations, especially for the mMOA. The application of the NEQ schemes to PCB concentration data suggests that PCBs found in fish from US lakes represent a considerable NEQ exposure to fish consuming individuals, that indoor air of schools contained high NEQ concentrations representing an exposure concern when inhaled by children, and that levels already detected in the serum of adults and children may contribute to neurotoxicity. With further validation and in vivo exposure data the NEQ scheme would help provide a more inclusive measure of risk presented by PCB mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Holland
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University of Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
| | - I N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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24
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Pollutants in Breast Milk: A Public Health Perspective - A Commentary of the Nutrition Committee of the French Society of Pediatrics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 72:343-346. [PMID: 32868668 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant and lactating women are continuously and ubiquitously exposed to numerous environmental pollutants from various sources including air, food, water, and occupational and household environments. The available evidence shows that pollutants are present in human milk and one of the emerging questions is what happens when the nursing infant is involuntarily exposed to contaminants through breastfeeding.The available literature does not currently provide a conclusive evidence of any consistent or clinically relevant health consequences in infants exposed to environment chemicals through breast milk. The available data strongly suggest that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the potential harmful effects of pollutants contained in human milk. The committee of nutrition of the French Pediatric Society strongly supports breastfeeding but also calls for public health actions to reduce the overall contamination level in the environment, to continue promoting breastfeeding, and to support research in this area.
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25
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Shockley KR, Cora MC, Malarkey DE, Jackson-Humbles D, Vallant M, Collins BJ, Mutlu E, Robinson VG, Waidyanatha S, Zmarowski A, Machesky N, Richey J, Harbo S, Cheng E, Patton K, Sparrow B, Dunnick JK. Comparative toxicity and liver transcriptomics of legacy and emerging brominated flame retardants following 5-day exposure in the rat. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:222-234. [PMID: 32679240 PMCID: PMC7903589 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relative toxicity of three legacy and six emerging brominated flame retardants* was studied in the male Harlan Sprague Dawley rat. The hepatocellular and thyroid toxicity of each flame retardant was evaluated following five-day exposure to each of the nine flame retardants (oral gavage in corn oil) at 0.1-1000 μmol/kg body weight per day. Histopathology and transcriptomic analysis were performed on the left liver lobe. Centrilobular hypertrophy of hepatocytes and increases in liver weight were seen following exposure to two legacy (PBDE-47, HBCD) and to one emerging flame retardant (HCDBCO). Total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations were reduced to the greatest extent after PBDE-47 exposure. The PBDE-47, decaBDE, and HBCD liver transcriptomes were characterized by upregulation of liver disease-related and/or metabolic transcripts. Fewer liver disease or metabolic transcript changes were detected for the other flame retardants studied (TBB, TBPH, TBBPA-DBPE, BTBPE, DBDPE, or HCDBCO). PBDE-47 exhibited the most disruption of hepatocellular toxic endpoints, with the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway transcripts upregulated to the greatest extent, although some activation of this pathway also occurred after decaBDE, HBCD, TBB, and HCBCO exposure. These studies provide information that can be used for prioritizing the need for more in-depth brominated flame retardant toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Michelle C Cora
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - David E Malarkey
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Daven Jackson-Humbles
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Molly Vallant
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Brad J Collins
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Esra Mutlu
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Veronica G Robinson
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | - Surayma Waidyanatha
- Program Operations Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sam Harbo
- Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States
| | - Emily Cheng
- Battelle, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States
| | | | | | - June K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, United States.
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26
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Braun D, Schernhammer E, Marko D, Warth B. Longitudinal assessment of mycotoxin co-exposures in exclusively breastfed infants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105845. [PMID: 32563012 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Early-life development of infants may be critically affected by man-made or natural contaminants including mycotoxins. However, data on the occurrence of food contaminants in breast milk is scarce and prohibits a comprehensive exposure and risk assessment for mothers and their infants. Here, we present a longitudinal exposure assessment over the first 211 days of a single newborn girl (studyA) by measuring multiple mycotoxins in milk. Eighty-seven consecutive breast milk samples were obtained from the newborn's mother living in Austria and following a regular mixed diet. Mycotoxins were analyzed by utilizing a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS approach covering 29mycotoxins and key metabolites. In addition to this longitudinal study, three mothers provided breast milk samples each on five consecutive days, for a preliminary comparison of inter-day and inter-individual variation in exposures (studyB). StudyA revealed that mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk was limited to the emerging mycotoxins alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (A, A1, B, B1) and to ochratoxin A (OTA), which is regulated in commercial infant food. These mycotoxins were, if present, mostly detected at very low concentrations (<10 ng/L), except AME which exceeded this concentration on two distinct days by a factor of 3x and 5x. Overall, longitudinal results indicated chronic low-dose exposure to the detected mycotoxins. Other regulated mycotoxins including the carcinogenic aflatoxins or the estrogenic zearalenone and their biotransformation products were absent in all tested samples. StudyB confirmed the results of studyA, with minimal inter-day and inter-individual variation. In addition, a preliminary correlation of OTA levels occurring in breast milk and matched urine samples was found (r = 0.64, p = 0.034) in study B. Based on the data set obtained in studyA, exposure of the infant was estimated. Exposure estimates of individual mycotoxins were on average below 1 ng/kg body weight per day. Our preliminary findings suggest that recommended maximum daily intake levels might not be exceeded in the Austrian population. However, exposure is likely to be higher in populations with lower food safety standards. In the light of co-occurrence of several emerging mycotoxins in breast milk, future studies should address low-dose mixture effects. This also includes other environmental contaminants which may be present in this bio-fluid and should involve an exposome-scale risk assessment. All these efforts must be intended to minimize exposure of mothers and infants in a window of high susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Schernhammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Yang X, Zhang M, Lu T, Chen S, Sun X, Guan Y, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Sun R, Hang B, Wang X, Chen M, Chen Y, Xia Y. Metabolomics study and meta-analysis on the association between maternal pesticide exposome and birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109087. [PMID: 32069748 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women are exposed to a number of pesticides which are widely used in China. Their potential risks on reproduction and infants are still unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether infant's birth weight and length of gestation were associated with levels of various pesticides in maternal blood based on Nanjing Medical University (NMU) affiliated hospitals data and meta-analysis, and also to explore the possible intermediate metabolomics pathways. METHODS Eligible subjects (n = 102) were included in this study from the affiliated hospitals of NMU. Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and Q-Exactive mass spectrometer (QE) were used to detect 37 pesticides (9 organophosphorus pesticides, 7 organochlorine pesticides, 5 carbamate pesticides, and 16 others) and 161 metabolites (53 in animo acid metabolism 47 in lipid metabolism, 18 in carbohydrate metabolism, 14 in nucleotide metabolism and 29 in other metabolisms) in maternal blood, respectively. Multi-linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were performed to identify the association of single/mixed pesticide exposure in maternal blood with birth weight and length of gestation. Moreover, we conducted a meta-analysis including additional 2497 subjects to evaluate whether exposure to key pesticide, β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) was associated with decreased birth weight globally. Mediation analysis was used to explore the metabolic alteration mediating the association between key pesticide exposure and birth outcomes. RESULTS We found that decreased birth weight was significantly associated with increasing levels of mecarbam and β-HCH. We did not find any association between length of gestation and these pesticides. Among pesticides with detection rate more than 50%, BKMR analysis found an overall negative association of mixed pesticides exposure with birth weight, and verified that β-HCH was the key pesticide for such effect. Meta-analysis revealed a significantly negative association between exposure to β-HCH and birth weight. Metabolomics identified three metabolites and five metabolites as significant mediators for the effect of mecarbam and β-HCH, respectively, among which glyceraldehyde and its related glycerolipid metabolism and thyroxine and its related thyroid hormone metabolism were found to be the mostly enriched mediating metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Based on the comprehensive pesticide exposome and metabolome wide associational study combined with meta-analysis, we found that prenatal exposure to β-HCH and mecarbam decreased birth weight via disrupting thyroid hormone metabolism and glyceraldehyde metabolism, providing new insights into the toxic effects of exposure to pesticides on birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shiyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yusheng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yiyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bo Hang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China.
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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28
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Dórea JG. Environmental exposure to low-level lead (Pb) co-occurring with other neurotoxicants in early life and neurodevelopment of children. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 177:108641. [PMID: 31421445 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a worldwide environmental contaminant that even at low levels influences brain development and affects neurobehavior later in life; nevertheless it is only a small fraction of the neurotoxicant (NT) exposome. Exposure to environmental Pb concurrent with other NT substances is often the norm, but their joint effects are challenging to study during early life. The aim of this review is to integrate studies of Pb-containing NT mixtures during the early life and neurodevelopment outcomes of children. The Pb-containing NT mixtures that have been most studied involve other metals (Mn, Al, Hg, Cd), metalloids (As), halogen (F), and organo-halogen pollutants. Co-occurring Pb-associated exposures during pregnancy and lactation depend on the environmental sources and the metabolism and half-life of the specific NT contaminant; but offspring neurobehavioral outcomes are also influenced by social stressors. Nevertheless, Pb-associated effects from prenatal exposure portend a continued burden on measurable neurodevelopment; they thus favor increased neurological health issues, decrements in neurobehavioral tests and reductions in the quality of life. Neurobehavioral test outcomes measured in the first 1000 days showed Pb-associated negative outcomes were frequently noticed in infants (<6 months). In older (preschool and school) children studies showed more variations in NT mixtures, children's age, and sensitivity and/or specificity of neurobehavioral tests; these variations and choice of statistical model (individual NT stressor or collective effect of mixture) may explain inconsistencies. Multiple exposures to NT mixtures in children diagnosed with 'autism spectrum disorders' (ASD) and 'attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders' (ADHD), strongly suggest a Pb-associated effect. Mixture potency (number or associated NT components and respective concentrations) and time (duration and developmental stage) of exposure often showed a measurable impact on neurodevelopment; however, net effects, reversibility and/or predictability of delays are insufficiently studied and need urgent attention. Nevertheless, neurodevelopment delays can be prevented and/or attenuated if public health policies are implemented to protect the unborn and the young child.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70919-970, DF, Brazil.
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29
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Casavale KO, Ahuja JKC, Wu X, Li Y, Quam J, Olson R, Pehrsson P, Allen L, Balentine D, Hanspal M, Hayward D, Hines EP, McClung JP, Perrine CG, Belfort MB, Dallas D, German B, Kim J, McGuire M, McGuire M, Morrow AL, Neville M, Nommsen-Rivers L, Rasmussen KM, Zempleni J, Lynch CJ. NIH workshop on human milk composition: summary and visions. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:769-779. [PMID: 31274142 PMCID: PMC6895543 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nationally representative data from mother-child dyads that capture human milk composition (HMC) and associated health outcomes are important for advancing the evidence to inform federal nutrition and related health programs, policies, and consumer information across the governments in the United States and Canada as well as in nongovernment sectors. In response to identified gaps in knowledge, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the NIH sponsored the "Workshop on Human Milk Composition-Biological, Environmental, Nutritional, and Methodological Considerations" held 16-17 November 2017 in Bethesda, Maryland. Through presentations and discussions, the workshop aimed to 1) share knowledge on the scientific need for data on HMC; 2) explore the current understanding of factors affecting HMC; 3) identify methodological challenges in human milk (HM) collection, storage, and analysis; and 4) develop a vision for a research program to develop an HMC data repository and database. The 4 workshop sessions included 1) perspectives from both federal agencies and nonfederal academic experts, articulating scientific needs for data on HMC that could lead to new research findings and programmatic advances to support public health; 2) information about the factors that influence lactation and/or HMC; 3) considerations for data quality, including addressing sampling strategies and the complexities in standardizing collection, storage, and analyses of HM; and 4) insights on how existing research programs and databases can inform potential visions for HMC initiatives. The general consensus from the workshop is that the limited scope of HM research initiatives has led to a lack of robust estimates of the composition and volume of HM consumed and, consequently, missed opportunities to improve maternal and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie O Casavale
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA,Address correspondence to KOC (e-mail: ). Present address for KOC: US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jaspreet K C Ahuja
- Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Xianli Wu
- Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Julia Quam
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Olson
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Pehrsson
- Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Allen
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Balentine
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Manjit Hanspal
- Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Hayward
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Pias Hines
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - James P McClung
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Cria G Perrine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David Dallas
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jae Kim
- Divisions of Neonatology and Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark McGuire
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Michelle McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA,Present address for Michelle McGuire: University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Ardythe L Morrow
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Margaret Neville
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Janos Zempleni
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Christopher J Lynch
- Office of Nutrition Research, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Dong R, Wu Y, Chen J, Wu M, Li S, Chen B. Lactational exposure to phthalates impaired the neurodevelopmental function of infants at 9 months in a pilot prospective study. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:351-359. [PMID: 30947045 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are widespread endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that have been suggested to affect neurodevelopment. However, association between lactational exposure to phthalates and neurodevelopmental effects has rarely been reported in epidemiological studies. We conducted a pilot prospective study of 138 mother-infant pairs to evaluate whether lactational exposure to phthalates was associated with neurodevelopmental effects in infants. At baseline survey, the spot urine samples from both mothers and infants were collected for measuring ten metabolites of phthalates, and the food intake information of infants was assessed by the food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). At the follow-up survey in 9 months of age, the neurodevelopmental Function of infants was assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire Edition 3 (ASQ-3). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for delayed development according to the level of exposure to phthalates. Our results indicated that MnBP and MiBP were high in lactating infants and mothers. In the overall study population, most metabolites showed positive associations with delayed development of most ASQ-3 domains. In male, MMP, MEP, MiBP and MnBP but not DEHP metabolites were significantly associated with increased odds of delayed development of all domains. In female, most LMWP metabolites and the four oxidative metabolites of DEHP were significantly associated with increased odds of delayed development of most domains. In conclusion, we found a significant negative association between lactational exposure to phthalates and ASQ-3 domains. Some of the sex-specific observations warrant further investigation. The dietary source of lactational phthalates exposure may not the breast milk or infant formula but the complementary food.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiHua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuxia Wu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Putuo District, Shanghai, 200333, China
| | - JingSi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - ShuGuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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31
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Arnold C. Baby Steps Forward: Recommendations for Better Understanding Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Infant Formula. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:64001. [PMID: 31162980 PMCID: PMC6791535 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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32
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Lehmann GM, LaKind JS, Davis MH, Hines EP, Marchitti SA, Alcala C, Lorber M. Environmental Chemicals in Breast Milk and Formula: Exposure and Risk Assessment Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:96001. [PMID: 30187772 PMCID: PMC6375394 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human health risk assessment methods have advanced in recent years to more accurately estimate risks associated with exposure during childhood. However, predicting risks related to infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula remains challenging. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to compile available information on infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, describe methods to characterize infant exposure and potential for health risk in the context of a risk assessment, and identify research needed to improve risk analyses based on this type of exposure and health risk information. METHODS We reviewed recent literature on levels of environmental chemicals in breast milk and formula, with a focus on data from the United States. We then selected three example publications that quantified infant exposure using breast milk or formula chemical concentrations and estimated breast milk or formula intake. The potential for health risk from these dietary exposures was then characterized by comparison with available health risk benchmarks. We identified areas of this approach in need of improvement to better characterize the potential for infant health risk from this critical exposure pathway. DISCUSSION Measurements of chemicals in breast milk and formula are integral to the evaluation of risk from early life dietary exposures to environmental chemicals. Risk assessments may also be informed by research investigating the impact of chemical exposure on developmental processes known to be active, and subject to disruption, during infancy, and by analysis of exposure-response data specific to the infant life stage. Critical data gaps exist in all of these areas. CONCLUSIONS Better-designed studies are needed to characterize infant exposures to environmental chemicals in breast milk and infant formula as well as to improve risk assessments of chemicals found in both foods. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1953.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniece M Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Judy S LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew H Davis
- Office of Children's Health Protection, U.S. EPA, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Erin P Hines
- Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Satori A Marchitti
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ORD, U.S. EPA, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cecilia Alcala
- Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH), ORD, U.S. EPA, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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