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Yakubu Y, Daneji AI, Mohammed AA, Jibril A, Umaru A, Aliyu RM, Garba B, Lawal N, Jibril AH, Shuaibu AB. Understanding the awareness of antimicrobial resistance amongst commercial poultry farmers in northwestern Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106226. [PMID: 38781693 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in both humans and animals is a growing health threat worldwide. Significant quantities of antibiotics are used in the livestock production sector, particularly in poultry farming to enhance growth and productivity. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three states of northwestern Nigeria to understand the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of commercial poultry farmers on antimicrobial resistance. A total of 247 poultry farmers enrolled in the study comprising 100 (40.5 %) from Sokoto, 68 from Kebbi (27.5 %) and 79 (32.0 %) from Zamfara States. A significant number of the farmers have good knowledge of antimicrobial use (94.74 %), and the potential emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria due to irrational administration of antibiotics (83.0 %). Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference in farmers' knowledge of AMR based on their educational qualification (p < 0.001) as farmers with bachelor's degree (BSc) being more knowledgeable than those with Ordinary National Diploma (OND) and those who only completed primary or secondary education. A statistically significant difference was also observed in the attitude of the participants based on State (p < 0.001) and educational qualification (p = 0.013). The study provided valuable insight into the understanding of antimicrobial resistance amongst commercial poultry farmers in the region. The findings necessitate the need for educational interventions and initiatives through enlightenment campaigns and deployment of extension workers to reach farmers with low level of education to further improve their attitudes and practice towards responsible use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yakubu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - A I Daneji
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A A Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A Jibril
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A Umaru
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - R M Aliyu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - B Garba
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - N Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A H Jibril
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A B Shuaibu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University PMB 2346, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Bhandari M, Poelstra JW, Kauffman M, Varghese B, Helmy YA, Scaria J, Rajashekara G. Genomic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, Plasmidome, and Virulence Profiles of Salmonella Isolated from Small Specialty Crop Farms Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1637. [PMID: 37998839 PMCID: PMC10668983 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the leading cause of death associated with foodborne illnesses in the USA. Difficulty in treating human salmonellosis is attributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance and the pathogenicity of Salmonella strains. Therefore, it is important to study the genetic landscape of Salmonella, such as the diversity, plasmids, and presence antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRs) and virulence genes. To this end, we isolated Salmonella from environmental samples from small specialty crop farms (SSCFs) in Northeast Ohio from 2016 to 2021; 80 Salmonella isolates from 29 Salmonella-positive samples were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In silico serotyping revealed the presence of 15 serotypes. AMR genes were detected in 15% of the samples, with 75% exhibiting phenotypic and genotypic multidrug resistance (MDR). Plasmid analysis demonstrated the presence of nine different types of plasmids, and 75% of AMR genes were located on plasmids. Interestingly, five Salmonella Newport isolates and one Salmonella Dublin isolate carried the ACSSuT gene cassette on a plasmid, which confers resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline. Overall, our results show that SSCFs are a potential reservoir of Salmonella with MDR genes. Thus, regular monitoring is needed to prevent the transmission of MDR Salmonella from SSCFs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menuka Bhandari
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Jelmer W. Poelstra
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Michael Kauffman
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Binta Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA; (B.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Joy Scaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA; (B.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (M.B.); (M.K.)
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Mwasinga W, Shawa M, Katemangwe P, Chambaro H, Mpundu P, M’kandawire E, Mumba C, Munyeme M. Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Raw Cow Milk in Namwala District, Zambia: Public Health Implications. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1421. [PMID: 37760717 PMCID: PMC10525391 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli), a major foodborne disease-causing pathogen found in raw cow milk, has even far more reaching public health ramifications as it encodes for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to identify multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli from raw cow's milk and evaluate their antimicrobial-resistant profiles. In total, 418 pooled raw cow milk samples were collected from milk collection centers and analysed using standard culture methods to isolate E. coli. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) was conducted using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and PCR was used to identify cefotaxime (CTX) resistant genes. Overall isolation of E. coli was 51.2% (214/418) with MDR observed in 21% (45/214) of isolates across different antibiotic combinations. Resistance was observed towards ampicillin (107/214, 50%), tetracycline (86/214, 40.1%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (61/214, 28.5%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (CTX) (50/214, 23.4%). Notably, 15% (32/214) resistance to CTX was observed, while 12.6% (27/214) exhibited resistance to imipenem. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected in CTX-resistant isolates. The findings of MDR E. coli that harbour blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes in raw cow's milk indicate serious public health risks for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wizaso Mwasinga
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia;
| | - Patrick Katemangwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Herman Chambaro
- Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka P.O. Box 33980, Zambia;
| | - Prudence Mpundu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka P.O. Box 33991, Zambia;
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Chisoni Mumba
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia; (P.K.); (E.M.); (C.M.); (M.M.)
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Ahmad N, Joji RM, Shahid M. Evolution and implementation of One Health to control the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes: A review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1065796. [PMID: 36726644 PMCID: PMC9884834 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1065796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a serious threat to humanity and its environment. Aberrant usage of antibiotics in the human, animal, and environmental sectors, as well as the dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes among these sectors and globally, are all contributing factors. In humans, antibiotics are generally used to treat infections and prevent illnesses. Antibiotic usage in food-producing animals has lately emerged as a major public health concern. These medicines are currently being utilized to prevent and treat infectious diseases and also for its growth-promoting qualities. These methods have resulted in the induction and spread of antibiotic resistant infections from animals to humans. Antibiotics can be introduced into the environment from a variety of sources, including human wastes, veterinary wastes, and livestock husbandry waste. The soil has been recognized as a reservoir of ABR genes, not only because of the presence of a wide and varied range of bacteria capable of producing natural antibiotics but also for the usage of natural manure on crop fields, which may contain ABR genes or antibiotics. Fears about the human health hazards of ABR related to environmental antibiotic residues include the possible threat of modifying the human microbiota and promoting the rise and selection of resistant bacteria, and the possible danger of generating a selection pressure on the environmental microflora resulting in environmental antibiotic resistance. Because of the connectivity of these sectors, antibiotic use, antibiotic residue persistence, and the existence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in human-animal-environment habitats are all linked to the One Health triangle. The pillars of support including rigorous ABR surveillance among different sectors individually and in combination, and at national and international level, overcoming laboratory resource challenges, and core plan and action execution should be strictly implemented to combat and contain ABR under one health approach. Implementing One Health could help to avoid the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance while also promoting a healthier One World. This review aims to emphasize antibiotic resistance and its regulatory approaches from the perspective of One Health by highlighting the interconnectedness and multi-sectoral nature of the human, animal, and environmental health or ill-health facets.
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Pasquali F, Gambi L, De Cesare A, Crippa C, Cadavez V, Gonzales-Barron U, Valero A, Achemchem F, Lucchi A, Parisi A, Manfreda G. Resistome and virulome diversity of foodborne pathogens isolated from artisanal food production chain of animal origin in the Mediterranean region. Ital J Food Saf 2022; 11:10899. [PMID: 36590022 PMCID: PMC9795823 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2022.10899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the resistome and virulome diversity of 43 isolates of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and S. aureus collected from artisanal fermented meat and dairy products and their production environments in Portugal, Spain, Italy and Morocco. After DNA extraction, genomes were sequenced, and de novo assembled. Genetic relationships among genomes were investigated by SNP calling and in silico 7- loci MLST. Genomes of the same species belonged to different ST-types demonstrating the circulation of different clones in in the same artisanal production plant. One specific clone included genomes of S. Paratyphi B belonging to ST43 and repeatedly isolated for more than a year in an artisanal sausage production plant. No genomes but three (belonging to Salmonella enterica), were predicted as multiresistant to different antimicrobials classes. Regarding virulence, genomes of L. monocytogenes belonging to ST1, ST3 and ST489, as well as genomes of S.enterica enterica (ST43, ST33, ST314, ST3667, ST1818, ST198) and ST121 S. aureus were predicted as virulent and hypervirulent. The occurrence of virulent and hypervirulent L. monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica and S. aureus strains in artisanal fermented meat and dairy productions as well as in their finished products suggests the need for a specific focus on prevention and control measures able to reduce the risk of these biological hazards in artisanal food productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Pasquali
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Gambi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy,Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Via del Florio 2, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy. +39.051.2097900.
| | - Alessandra De Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Crippa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasco Cadavez
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal,Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ursula Gonzales-Barron
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal,Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Antonio Valero
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC ENZOEM, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Fouad Achemchem
- LASIME Laboratory, Agadir Superior School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Alex Lucchi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy,Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Puglia e della Basilicata, Bari, Italy
| | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Italy
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Factors influencing usage of antimicrobial drugs among pastoralists in Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:332. [PMID: 36175571 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural use of antimicrobials in food animal production may contribute to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, considerable gaps exist in research on the use of antimicrobial drugs (AMDs) in food animals in small-scale production systems in low- and middle-income countries, despite the minimal regulation of antimicrobials in such regions. The aim of this study was to identify factors that may influence AMD use in livestock among pastoral communities in Kenya. We collected data related to household and herd demographics, herd health, and herd management from 55 households in the Maasai Mara ecosystem, Kenya, between 2018 and 2019. We used multi-model logistic regression inference (supervised machine learning) to ascertain trends in AMD use within these households. AMD use in cattle was significantly associated with AMD use in sheep and goats (p = 0.05), implying that decisions regarding AMD use in cattle or sheep and goats were interdependent. AMD use in sheep and goats was negatively associated with vaccination against the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus in cattle (OR = 0.06, 95% CI 0.01-0.67, p = 0.02). Less AMD use was observed for vaccine-preventable diseases like contagious ecthyma when households had access to state veterinarians (OR = 0.06, p = 0.05, 95% CI 0.004-0.96). Overall, decisions to use AMDs were associated with vaccine usage, occurrence of respiratory diseases, and access to animal health advice. This hypothesis-generating study suggests that applying community-centric methods may be necessary to understand the use of AMDs in pastoral communities.
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Eltholth M, Govindaraj G, Das B, Shanabhoga MB, Swamy HM, Thomas A, Cole J, Shome BR, Holmes MA, Moran D. Factors Influencing Antibiotic Prescribing Behavior and Understanding of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Veterinarians in Assam, India. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:864813. [PMID: 35558894 PMCID: PMC9087579 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.864813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates factors influencing veterinarians' antibiotic prescribing behaviors and their understanding of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The study used a telephone survey of 50 veterinarians conducted in five districts in Assam state, India. The survey sought information on the most prevalent animal diseases, veterinarians' awareness of potential preventive measures, including factors determining antimicrobial prescribing; the types of antimicrobials used for different health conditions in different species, and possible options to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). The majority (86%) of respondents worked for the government, 98% reported having no written policy for the use of veterinary health products, and 58% have no on-site diagnostic facilities. Ceftriaxone, Enrofloxacin, and Oxytetracycline were the antibiotics (ABX) most frequently prescribed, by 76, 68, and 54% of veterinarians, respectively. These ABX were prescribed mainly for respiratory health problems and mastitis in cattle, and gastrointestinal infections in buffaloes, sheep, goat, and pigs. Severity of clinical symptoms, economic status of the livestock owner, and withdrawal period for ABX were ranked as very important factors for giving ABX. Less than two thirds (64%) were aware of the government ban for Colistin and only 2% were aware of a national plan for AMR. This study highlighted that ABX prescription is mostly based on tentative diagnosis given the lack of diagnostic facilities in most veterinary clinics. There is a need to enhance veterinary healthcare and to improve communication between policy makers and field veterinarians and, importantly, a need to disseminate clear prescribing guidelines on prudent AMU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Eltholth
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mahmoud Eltholth
| | - Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Banani Das
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - M. B. Shanabhoga
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - H. M. Swamy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Abin Thomas
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Department of Health Studies, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Bibek R. Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Bangalore, India
| | - Mark A. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Moran
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Waters WF, Baca M, Graham JP, Butzin-Dozier Z, Vinueza L. Antibiotic use by backyard food animal producers in Ecuador: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:685. [PMID: 35395759 PMCID: PMC8991794 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotics are increasingly used throughout the world in food animal production for controlling and preventing disease and for promoting growth. But this trend also has the potential for promoting antibiotic resistance, which represents a threat to human, animal, and environmental health. The use of antibiotics and the potential effects of antibiotic dependence has often been associated with large-scale food animal production. But rural households also engage in small-scale production, often operating literally in backyards. While some small-scale producers use veterinary antibiotics, many do not. This paper examines knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and agricultural practices (KAP) that represent an alternative to dependence on antibiotics. Methods Qualitative field research was based on four focus group discussions (FGDs) with non-indigenous backyard food animal producers in four communities near Quito, Ecuador and two FGDs with veterinarians. FGDs were supplemented by structured observations and key informant interviews. They were recorded with digital audio devices and transcriptions were analyzed independently by two researchers using a three-stage coding procedure. Open coding identifies underlying concepts, while axial coding develops categories and properties, and selective coding integrates the information in order to identify the key dimensions of the collective qualitative data. Results Backyard food animal producers in the Ecuadorian highlands generally do not use antibiotics while rearing small batches of animals and poultry for predominantly non-commercial household consumption. Instead, they rely on low cost traditional veterinary remedies. These practices are informed by their Andean history of agriculture and a belief system whereby physical activity is a holistic lifestyle through which people maintain their health by participating in the physical and spiritual environment. Conclusions Backyard food animal producers in the Ecuadorian highlands implement complex strategies based on both economic calculations and sociocultural underpinnings that shape perceptions, attitudes, and practices. They use traditional veterinary remedies in lieu of antibiotics in most cases because limited production of food animals in small spaces contributes to a predictable household food supply, while at the same time conforming to traditional concepts of human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Waters
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles S/N y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Martin Baca
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles S/N y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jay P Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Lenin Vinueza
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles S/N y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
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Mitman SL, Amato HK, Saraiva-Garcia C, Loayza F, Salinas L, Kurowski K, Marusinec R, Paredes D, Cárdenas P, Trueba G, Graham JP. Risk factors for third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carriage in domestic animals of semirural parishes east of Quito, Ecuador. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000206. [PMID: 36962308 PMCID: PMC10021719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and other antimicrobial resistant (AR) Escherichia coli threaten human and animal health worldwide. This study examined risk factors for domestic animal colonization with ceftriaxone-resistant (CR) and ESBL-producing E. coli in semirural parishes east of Quito, Ecuador, where small-scale food animal production is common. Survey data regarding household characteristics, animal care, and antimicrobial use were collected from 304 households over three sampling cycles, and 1195 environmental animal fecal samples were assessed for E. coli presence and antimicrobial susceptibility. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess potential risk factors for CR and ESBL-producing E. coli carriage. Overall, CR and ESBL-producing E. coli were detected in 56% and 10% of all fecal samples, respectively. The odds of CR E. coli carriage were greater among dogs at households that lived within a 5 km radius of more than 5 commercial food animal facilities (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.15-2.58) and lower among dogs living at households that used antimicrobials for their animal(s) based on veterinary/pharmacy recommendation (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04-0.96). Increased odds of canine ESBL-producing E. coli carriage were associated with recent antimicrobial use in any household animal (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.02-7.10) and purchase of antimicrobials from pet food stores (OR 6.83, 95% CI 1.32-35.35). Food animals at households that owned more than 3 species (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.97), that used antimicrobials for growth promotion (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.19-0.89), and that obtained antimicrobials from pet food stores (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.25-0.89) had decreased odds of CR E. coli carriage, while food animals at households with more than 5 people (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.23-3.99) and located within 1 km of a commercial food animal facility (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.08-6.12) had increased odds of ESBL-producing E. coli carriage. Together, these results highlight the complexity of antimicrobial resistance among domestic animals in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siena L. Mitman
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Heather K. Amato
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Loayza
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Liseth Salinas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Kathleen Kurowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Marusinec
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Diana Paredes
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paúl Cárdenas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Division of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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10
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Antimicrobial Resistance Situation in Indonesia: A Challenge of Multisector and Global Coordination. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:2783300. [PMID: 35145554 PMCID: PMC8822317 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2783300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Indonesia are caused by the use of inappropriate antimicrobials (AM) in healthcare services and the livestock and fisheries sector. The available data and information about overused antibiotics and the AMR threat in Indonesia are limited. The aim of the study is to describe the AMR situation in Indonesia based on perceptions of government officials, health professionals, and the community to determine actions needed to develop AMR-related strategy and policy. The study was done in eight provinces in Indonesia and included reviewing AMR-related policy, collecting antibiotic use reports in primary health care from health offices and hospitals, and conducting in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with informants from health and nonhealth sectors. The results of the study show that AM misuse happens not only in healthcare facilities but also in communities. Medical officers are unfamiliar with AMR-related policy, as are officers in the livestock and fisheries sectors. There is limited coordination between sectors regarding the AMR situation in Indonesia. The government has to take stronger measures to oversee better implementation of AMR policies.
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11
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Guo K, Zhao Y, Cui L, Cao Z, Zhang F, Wang X, Peng Z, Feng J, Hu T, Dai M. Longitudinal Surveillance and Risk Assessment of Resistance in Escherichia coli to Enrofloxacin from A Large-Scale Chicken Farm in Hebei, China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10101222. [PMID: 34680803 PMCID: PMC8532996 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of resistance phenotype and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQRs) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) during enrofloxacin (ENR) administration in different breeding cycles. In 2020, 983 strains of E. coli were isolated from different samples in different cycles at the broiler farm with the largest single batch of slaughter capacity in Hebei Province, China. All samples were from chicken, environmental, and human sources. The sensitivity of the isolates to various antibiotics was determined by broth microdilution method. The findings of this study include: (1) the total isolation rate of E. coli in the four cycles was 63.83% (983/1540); (2) the average resistance rate of E. coli from 1-day-old chickens to enrofloxacin was as high as 75% in each cycle, and with the use of enrofloxacin, the resistance rate of E. coli from chickens gradually increased to 100%; (3) 107 strains of E. coli randomly selected from different cycles and sources demonstrated the multi-drug resistance phenotypes. The highest resistance rate was doxycycline (100%), and the lowest was erythromycin (54.21%); (4) the detection rate of PMQRs of E. coli from chickens in different cycles were always higher than that from environmental and human. In particular, the PMQRs pollution rate of chicken seedlings in each cycle were generally higher than that of other sources; (5) We used SPSS software to analyze the Kendall rank correlation of the experimental data. The resistance of E. coli isolated from this farm to ciprofloxacin (CIP) may increase along with the increase of resistance to enrofloxacin (Kendall's tau-b = 0.190, p = 0.021). All these data highlight the serious problem of bacterial resistance in this farm. Therefore, it is urgent to provide guidance for the prevention and control of colibacillosis and drug resistance in this farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Guo
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Luqing Cui
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhengzheng Cao
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Zhong Peng
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
| | - Jiawei Feng
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tianyu Hu
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (K.G.); (Y.Z.); (L.C.); (Z.C.); (F.Z.); (X.W.); (Z.P.); (J.F.); (T.H.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Food Safety Evaluation/National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13986207958
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12
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Medina-Pizzali ML, Hartinger SM, Salmon-Mulanovich G, Larson A, Riveros M, Mäusezahl D. Antimicrobial Resistance in Rural Settings in Latin America: A Scoping Review with a One Health Lens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189837. [PMID: 34574760 PMCID: PMC8464982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rural Latin America is not fully understood. The transmission pathways are partially known since research predominantly focuses on the urban hospital setting. The contribution to AMR from environmental factors is usually only mentioned in large-scale animal production. To understand the state of the literature on AMR in rural LA, we carried out a scoping review using the One Health (OH) perspective. OH recognises the concomitant contributions and interconnectedness of humans, animal, and the environment, thus, we used the OH perspective to select those articles adopting a holistic view of the problem. We searched original articles in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in four peer-reviewed databases and included 21 publications in the analysis. We charted data on bibliometrics, design, data collection sources, and instruments. We identified the human, animal, and environmental contributions to AMR in rural locations, and information gaps on AMR transmission routes and AMR drivers. Intensive and non-intensive animal production systems and agricultural practices were the most frequently found human contributions to AMR. Poultry, swine, cattle, and fish were the most frequent livestock mentioned as sources of AMR bacteria. Animal carriage and/or transfer of AMR determinants or bacteria was recognised as the primary contribution of livestock to the problem, while water, soil, and farming were predominant environmental contributions. We found that only 1 article out of 21 considered the OH approach as a framework for their sampling scheme, whereas 5 out 21 discussed all the three OH components. There were hardly any descriptions of humans or human waste as reservoirs for AMR in rural locations, and rural health centres or hospitals and wildlife were not represented. No studies identified mining as an anthropogenic activity driving AMR. More OH-oriented studies, with emphasis on molecular approaches—for identification and comparison of AMR genes—are sorely needed to understand better the existence of a network of interconnected transmission routes in rural Latin America and provide efficient strategies to prevent further AMR emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Medina-Pizzali
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru; (M.L.M.-P.); (G.S.-M.); (A.L.)
| | - Stella M. Hartinger
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru; (M.L.M.-P.); (G.S.-M.); (A.L.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4057 Basel, Switzerland;
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Gabriela Salmon-Mulanovich
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru; (M.L.M.-P.); (G.S.-M.); (A.L.)
- Institute for Earth, Nature and Energy at Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Anika Larson
- School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru; (M.L.M.-P.); (G.S.-M.); (A.L.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Maribel Riveros
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru;
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4057 Basel, Switzerland;
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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"Chicken dumping": Motivations and perceptions in shifting poultry production practices. One Health 2021; 13:100296. [PMID: 34381865 PMCID: PMC8333137 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often implement overseas development aid through intensive small-scale animal agriculture to alleviate food insecurity in low- and middle-income countries. Intensive animal farming can pose unclear outcomes to households engaged in the practice because of the reliance on industrial animal breeds that are reared with antibiotics and raised in higher densities compared to traditional scavenging husbandry systems. As a result, intensive small-scale farming operations that lack proper infrastructure, training, and financial resources could facilitate the spread of antimicrobial resistance and infectious diseases. We applied a mixed-methods framework towards analyzing the effectiveness of small-scale broiler chicken farming in northern Ecuador. First, from May 2016 – May 2017, our observational surveys indicated that intensive small-scale poultry farming follows a boom-and-bust cycle that is extremely vulnerable to environmental stressors. Second, in May 2016, we followed a cohort of households enrolled in a poultry development project led by an NGO. We observed a substantial decline in chicken survivorship from Survey period 1 to 2 (mean chicken count decrease from 50 to 35 corresponding to a 70% survivorship) and from Survey period 2 to 3 (mean chicken count decrease from 35 to 20.3 corresponding to a 58% survivorship). Heads of households were self-reporting broiler chicken survivorship substantially higher than our recorded observations during survey period two (46 compared to 35 respectively) and three (44.3 compared to 20.3 respectively). We speculate that if households continue to inaccurately report poultry demographics, then it could perpetuate a negative feedback loop where NGOs continue to conduct the same intervention practices without receiving accurate outcome metrics. Third, we used semi-structured questionnaires to determine that access to financial resources was the major motivation for determining when to farm broiler chickens. Intensive small-scale poultry farming can be unreliable and disease-enhancing, yet also associated with dubious self-reports of success.
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14
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Hicks JP, Latham SM, Huque R, Das M, Newell J, Abdullah SM, Al Azdi Z, Jahan I, Rassi C, Hamade P, Shafique M, Islam MS, King R. Antibiotic practices among household members and their domestic animals within rural communities in Cumilla district, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:406. [PMID: 33632193 PMCID: PMC7908663 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance is a global threat to human health, and inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals is widely considered to be a key driver of antibiotic resistant infections. Antibiotic use in humans and animals is growing rapidly in low- and, particularly, middle-income countries. However, there is little detailed understanding about practices related to the use of antibiotics in humans and animals within community settings in such countries. Here we aimed to understand the antibiotic practices of rural households across Cumilla district, Bangladesh, in relation to household members and their domestic animals. Methods In 2018 we conducted a cross-sectional survey using representative cluster sampling methods. We collected self-reported information from 682 female and 620 male household heads, with women also asked about their children’s antibiotic practices. Results Only 48% (95% CI: 40, 56%) of women and men had heard of antibiotics, and among those women and men who were aware of antibiotics and the children of those women 70% (95% CI: 64, 76%) reported having previously taken antibiotics, while among these individuals who reported previously taking antibiotics 21% (95% CI: 18, 25%) said they had done so most recently within the last month. Risky/inappropriate antibiotic practices in humans and animals were often reported. For example, among women and men who were aware of antibiotics and the children of those women 52% (95% CI: 40, 63%) reported previously taking antibiotics for a “cough/cold”, despite antibiotics being typically inappropriate for use against viral upper respiratory tract infections. Among poultry-owning respondents who were aware of antibiotics 11% (95% CI: 8, 15%) reported previously giving healthy poultry antibiotics, mainly for growth/prophylaxis, while among cattle-owning respondents who were aware of antibiotics and reported previously giving their cattle feed 20% (95% CI: 9, 37%) said the feed had contained antibiotics at least sometimes. Conclusions Our results highlight the need for context-adapted interventions at both the community level and the health systems level to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use among humans and domestic animals in rural Bangladesh. Successfully reducing inappropriate use of antibiotics among humans and animals is a required and critical step in tackling antimicrobial resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-10457-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Paul Hicks
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Sophia M Latham
- Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Rumana Huque
- ARK Foundation, Suite C-3 & C-4, House # 06, Road # 109, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.,Department of Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mahua Das
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jane Newell
- University of Liverpool Medical School, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - S M Abdullah
- ARK Foundation, Suite C-3 & C-4, House # 06, Road # 109, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.,Department of Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Zunayed Al Azdi
- ARK Foundation, Suite C-3 & C-4, House # 06, Road # 109, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Ishrat Jahan
- ARK Foundation, Suite C-3 & C-4, House # 06, Road # 109, Gulshan-2, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Christian Rassi
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Road, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Prudence Hamade
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Road, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Muhammad Shafique
- Malaria Consortium, The Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Road, London, E2 9DA, UK
| | - Mohammad Saiful Islam
- Faculty of Surgery and Professor of Paediatric Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rebecca King
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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15
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Salinas L, Loayza F, Cárdenas P, Saraiva C, Johnson TJ, Amato H, Graham JP, Trueba G. Environmental Spread of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli and ESBL Genes among Children and Domestic Animals in Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:27007. [PMID: 33617318 PMCID: PMC7899495 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant gap in our understanding of the sources of multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in community settings where human-animal interfaces exist. OBJECTIVES This study characterized the relationship of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCR-EC) isolated from animal feces in the environment and child feces based on phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS We examined 3GCR-EC isolated from environmental fecal samples of domestic animals and child fecal samples in Ecuador. We analyzed phenotypic and genotypic AMR, as well as clonal relationships (CRs) based on pairwise single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis of 3GCR-EC core genomes. CRs were defined as isolates with fewer than 100 different SNPs. RESULTS A total of 264 3GCR-EC isolates from children (n=21), dogs (n=20), and chickens (n=18) living in the same region of Quito, Ecuador, were identified. We detected 16 CRs total, which were found between 7 children and 5 domestic animals (5 CRs) and between 19 domestic animals (11 CRs). We observed that several clonally related 3GCR-EC isolates had acquired different plasmids and AMR genes. Most CRs were observed in different homes (n=14) at relatively large distances. Isolates from children and domestic animals shared the same blaCTX-M allelic variants, and the most prevalent were blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-65, which were found in isolates from children, dogs, and chickens. DISCUSSION This study provides evidence of highly dynamic horizontal transfer of AMR genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the E. coli community and shows that some 3GCR-EC and (extended-spectrum β-lactamase) ESBL genes may have moved relatively large distances among domestic animals and children in semirural communities near Quito, Ecuador. Child-animal contact and the presence of domestic animal feces in the environment potentially serve as important sources of drug-resistant bacteria and ESBL genes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liseth Salinas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Fernanda Loayza
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Paúl Cárdenas
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Saraiva
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Timothy J. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Mid Central Research & Outreach Center, Willmar, Minnesota, USA
| | - Heather Amato
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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16
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Hedman HD, Zhang L, Trueba G, Vinueza Rivera DL, Zurita Herrera RA, Villacis Barrazueta JJ, Gavilanes Rodriguez GI, Butt B, Foufopoulos J, Berrocal VJ, Eisenberg JNS. Spatial Exposure of Agricultural Antimicrobial Resistance in Relation to Free-Ranging Domestic Chicken Movement Patterns among Agricultural Communities in Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 103:1803-1809. [PMID: 32876005 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antimicrobial growth promoters in chicken farming has been commonly associated with high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in humans. Most of this work, however, has been focused on intensive large-scale operations. Intensive small-scale farming that regularly uses antibiotics is increasing worldwide and has different exposure pathways compared with large-scale farming, most notably the spatial connection between chickens and households. In these communities, free-ranging backyard chickens (not fed antibiotics) can roam freely, whereas broiler chickens (fed antibiotics) are reared in the same husbandry environment but confined to coops. We conducted an observational field study to better understand the spatial distribution of AMR in communities that conduct small-scale farming in northwestern Ecuador. We analyzed phenotypic resistance of Escherichia coli sampled from humans and backyard chickens to 12 antibiotics in relation to the distance to the nearest small-scale farming operation within their community. We did not find a statistically significant relationship between the distance of a household to small-scale farming and antibiotic-resistant E. coli isolated from chicken or human samples. To help explain this result, we monitored the movement of backyard chickens and found they were on average 17 m (min-max: 0-59 m) from their household at any given time. These backyard chickens on average ranged further than the average distance from any study household to its closest neighbor. This level of connectivity provides a viable mechanism for the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and genes throughout the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D Hedman
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Institute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | | | - Bilal Butt
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Johannes Foufopoulos
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Veronica J Berrocal
- Department of Statistics, School of Information & Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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17
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Sigolo S, Milis C, Dousti M, Jahandideh E, Jalali A, Mirzaei N, Rasouli B, Seidavi A, Gallo A, Ferronato G, Prandini A. Effects of different plant extracts at various dietary levels on growth performance, carcass traits, blood serum parameters, immune response and ileal microflora of Ross broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1883485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sigolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti (DIANA), Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | | | - Mahmoud Dousti
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Jahandideh
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Jalali
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Noorouddin Mirzaei
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Behrouz Rasouli
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal Science, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti (DIANA), Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferronato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti (DIANA), Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Aldo Prandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti (DIANA), Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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18
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Butzin-Dozier Z, Waters WF, Baca M, Vinueza RL, Saraiva-Garcia C, Graham J. Assessing Upstream Determinants of Antibiotic Use in Small-Scale Food Animal Production through a Simulated Client Method. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:antibiotics10010002. [PMID: 33374513 PMCID: PMC7822171 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-scale food animal production has been celebrated as a means of economic mobility and improved food security but the use of veterinary antibiotics among these producers may be contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in animals and humans. In order to improve antibiotic stewardship in this sector, it is critical to identify the drivers of producers’ antibiotic use. This study assessed the determinants of antibiotic use in small-scale food animal production through simulated client visits to veterinary supply stores and surveys with households that owned food animals (n = 117) in Ecuador. Eighty percent of households with food animals owned chickens and 78% of those with chickens owned fewer than 10 birds. Among the households with small-scale food animals, 21% reported giving antibiotics to their food animals within the last six months. Simulated client visits indicated that veterinary sales agents frequently recommended inappropriate antibiotic use, as 66% of sales agents recommended growth promoting antibiotics, and 48% of sales agents recommended an antibiotic that was an inappropriate class for disease treatment. In contrast, few sales agents (3%) were willing to sell colistin, an antibiotic banned for veterinary use in Ecuador as of January 2020, which supports the effectiveness of government regulation in antibiotic stewardship. The cumulative evidence provided by this study indicates that veterinary sales agents play an active role in promoting indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in small-scale food animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William F. Waters
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Martin Baca
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Rommel Lenin Vinueza
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Carlos Saraiva-Garcia
- San Francisco de Quito University, Quito 170157, Ecuador; (W.F.W.); (M.B.); (R.L.V.); (C.S.-G.)
| | - Jay Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(443)-286-8335
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19
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Liu C, Xue Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Qiao D, Wang B, Shen F, Mao Z, Yu S, Wang C, Li W, Li X. Association between daily egg intake and lipid profiles in adults from the Henan rural cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:2171-2179. [PMID: 33097413 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The association between daily egg intake and dyslipidemia remains a contentious issue. Therefore, our study was aimed to explore the relation of daily egg intake to lipid profile; and whether the association was mediated by body mass index (BMI). METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 39,021 participants (18-79 years) were enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Data on egg consumptions and blood lipid indices were collected with standardized processes. Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Mediation analysis using bootstrap was performed to examine the contribution of BMI to daily egg intake and HDL-C. The participants were divided into 3 egg intake groups (<26.79 g/d, 26.79-62.50 g/d, >62.5 g/d). According to our results, comparing with the low daily egg consumption group, medium and high egg intake tertiles were related with increased high-TC (ORmedium = 1.546, 95%CI (1.417,1.688); ORhigh = 1.902,95%CI (1.703, 2.124)), high LDL-C (ORmedium = 1.224, 95%CI (1.121, 1.337); ORhigh = 1.368,95%CI (1.220, 1.534)) and non-HDL-C(ORmedium = 1.486,95%CI(1.358,1.625); ORhigh = 1.715,95%CI (1.499, 1.888)), as well as inversely associated with high-TG (ORmedium = 0.825, 95% CI(0.778, 0.875); ORhigh = 0.778,95%CI(0.718,0.844)) and low HDL-C (ORmedium = 0.914, 95%CI (0.858, 0.973); ORhigh = 0.756,95%CI(0.693,0.825)). Moreover, mediation analysis showed that both of BMI and WC partly mediated the relationship between daily egg intake and HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the daily egg intake may have a role in effect on lipid profiles, and the effect of daily egg intake on HDL-C may be partly mediated by BMI and WC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dou Qiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Bingya Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Fang Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhenxing Mao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Songcheng Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Chongjian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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20
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O’Neal L, Alvarez D, Mendizábal-Cabrera R, Ramay BM, Graham J. Community-Acquired Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Central America: A One Health Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207622. [PMID: 33086731 PMCID: PMC7589814 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CA-ARE) are an increasingly important issue around the world. Characterizing the distribution of regionally specific patterns of resistance is important to contextualize and develop locally relevant interventions. This systematic review adopts a One Health framework considering the health of humans, animals, and the environment to describe CA-ARE in Central America. Twenty studies were identified that focused on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterobacteriaceae. Studies on CA-ARE in Central America characterized resistance from diverse sources, including humans (n = 12), animals (n = 4), the environment (n = 2), and combinations of these categories (n = 2). A limited number of studies assessed prevalence of clinically important AMR, including carbapenem resistance (n = 3), third generation cephalosporin resistance (n = 7), colistin resistance (n = 2), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production (n = 4), or multidrug resistance (n = 4). This review highlights significant gaps in our current understanding of CA-ARE in Central America, most notably a general dearth of research, which requires increased investment and research on CA-ARE as well as AMR more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren O’Neal
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Danilo Alvarez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (D.A.); (R.M.-C.); (B.M.R.)
| | - Renata Mendizábal-Cabrera
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (D.A.); (R.M.-C.); (B.M.R.)
| | - Brooke M. Ramay
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City 01015, Guatemala; (D.A.); (R.M.-C.); (B.M.R.)
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jay Graham
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Hedman HD, Vasco KA, Zhang L. A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance in Poultry Farming within Low-Resource Settings. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1264. [PMID: 32722312 PMCID: PMC7460429 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain a pressing global health issue. Animal husbandry, in particular poultry, makes up a substantial portion of the global antimicrobial use. Despite the growing body of research evaluating the AMR within industrial farming systems, there is a gap in understanding the emergence of bacterial resistance originating from poultry within resource-limited environments. As countries continue to transition from low- to middle income countries (LMICs), there will be an increased demand for quality sources of animal protein. Further promotion of intensive poultry farming could address issues of food security, but it may also increase risks of AMR exposure to poultry, other domestic animals, wildlife, and human populations. Given that intensively raised poultry can function as animal reservoirs for AMR, surveillance is needed to evaluate the impacts on humans, other animals, and the environment. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of poultry production within low-resource settings in order to inform future small-scale poultry farming development. Future research is needed in order to understand the full extent of the epidemiology and ecology of AMR in poultry within low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D. Hedman
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Karla A. Vasco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.V.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.A.V.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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22
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Nadimpalli ML, Marks SJ, Montealegre MC, Gilman RH, Pajuelo MJ, Saito M, Tsukayama P, Njenga SM, Kiiru J, Swarthout J, Islam MA, Julian TR, Pickering AJ. Urban informal settlements as hotspots of antimicrobial resistance and the need to curb environmental transmission. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:787-795. [PMID: 32467623 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing public health challenge that is expected to disproportionately burden lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in the coming decades. Although the contributions of human and veterinary antibiotic misuse to this crisis are well-recognized, environmental transmission (via water, soil or food contaminated with human and animal faeces) has been given less attention as a global driver of AMR, especially in urban informal settlements in LMICs-commonly known as 'shanty towns' or 'slums'. These settlements may be unique hotspots for environmental AMR transmission given: (1) the high density of humans, livestock and vermin living in close proximity; (2) frequent antibiotic misuse; and (3) insufficient drinking water, drainage and sanitation infrastructure. Here, we highlight the need for strategies to disrupt environmental AMR transmission in urban informal settlements. We propose that water and waste infrastructure improvements tailored to these settings should be evaluated for their effectiveness in limiting environmental AMR dissemination, lowering the community-level burden of antimicrobial-resistant infections and preventing antibiotic misuse. We also suggest that additional research is directed towards developing economic and legal incentives for evaluating and implementing water and waste infrastructure in these settings. Given that almost 90% of urban population growth will occur in regions predicted to be most burdened by the AMR crisis, there is an urgent need to build effective, evidence-based policies that could influence massive investments in the built urban environment in LMICs over the next few decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Nadimpalli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara J Marks
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA.,Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Monica J Pajuelo
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MA, USA.,Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Pablo Tsukayama
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical 'Alexander von Humboldt', Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - John Kiiru
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jenna Swarthout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amy J Pickering
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA. .,Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Loayza F, Graham JP, Trueba G. Factors Obscuring the Role of E. coli from Domestic Animals in the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: An Evidence-Based Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3061. [PMID: 32354184 PMCID: PMC7246672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have found limited associations between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in domestic animals (and animal products), and AMR in human clinical settings. These studies have primarily used Escherichia coli, a critically important bacterial species associated with significant human morbidity and mortality. E. coli is found in domestic animals and the environment, and it can be easily transmitted between these compartments. Additionally, the World Health Organization has highlighted E. coli as a "highly relevant and representative indicator of the magnitude and the leading edge of the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problem". In this paper, we discuss the weaknesses of current research that aims to link E. coli from domestic animals to the current AMR crisis in humans. Fundamental gaps remain in our understanding the complexities of E. coli population genetics and the magnitude of phenomena such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or DNA rearrangements (transposition and recombination). The dynamic and intricate interplay between bacterial clones, plasmids, transposons, and genes likely blur the evidence of AMR transmission from E. coli in domestic animals to human microbiota and vice versa. We describe key factors that are frequently neglected when carrying out studies of AMR sources and transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Loayza
- Microbiology Institute, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Cumbayá-Quito P.O. BOX 170901, Ecuador
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Room 5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Microbiology Institute, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Cumbayá-Quito P.O. BOX 170901, Ecuador
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24
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Dyar OJ, Zhang T, Peng Y, Sun M, Sun C, Yin J, Ding L, Sun C, Wang Y, Sun Q, Greko C, Stålsby Lundborg C. Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance among backyard pig farmers in rural Shandong province, China. Prev Vet Med 2020; 175:104858. [PMID: 31835205 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
China is among the world's largest consumers of antibiotics for livestock, and the demand for meat protein continues to rise. Pig production takes place at a range of facilities, including backyard pig farms. The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of backyard pig farmers concerning antibiotic use and resistance, and to observe household storage of antibiotics for use in pigs. We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among 271 rural residents with backyard pig farms in 12 villages in one town in Shandong province. The median number of pigs per backyard farm was 14, and 82 % (222/271) of participants reported not having had any training about raising pigs. Eighteen percent of participants (48/271) reported always or often adding antibiotics to feed to keep pigs healthy and prevent diseases, and a third (88/271) of participants believed that pigs should be given antibiotics when they stop eating. Thirty percent (82/271) reported having bought antibiotics in the previous year without having first spoken with a veterinarian. Antibiotics accounted for over half of all medicines stored (55 %, 197/358), and were observed in 31 % of all households (83/271). Less than half of participants (45 %, 37/83) from households in which antibiotics for pig use were found knew that they were storing antibiotics. The most common class of antibiotics stored for use in pigs was (Q)J01C beta-lactam antibiotics, penicillins (19 %, 37/197), followed by (Q)J01F macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (14 %, 28/197), and (Q)J01M quinolones (12 %, 25/197). These results provide important insights into how backyard pig farmers are using antibiotics in rural China and suggest potential targets for interventions to reduce unnecessary and inappropriate use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Dyar
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tianyang Zhang
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yang Peng
- Zhucheng Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Zhucheng City, Shandong, China
| | - Mingli Sun
- Zhucheng Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Zhucheng City, Shandong, China
| | - Chengyun Sun
- Zhucheng Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Zhucheng City, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Yin
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, NHC, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Center for Health Management and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lilu Ding
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, NHC, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Center for Health Management and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Chengtao Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, NHC, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Center for Health Management and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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25
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Hedman HD, Eisenberg JNS, Vasco KA, Blair CN, Trueba G, Berrocal VJ, Zhang L. High Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli in Small-Scale Poultry Farming in Rural Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:374-376. [PMID: 30457098 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-scale farming may have large impacts on the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance to humans. We conducted an observational study to evaluate antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli populations from poultry and humans in rural northwestern Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Our study site is a remote region with historically low resistance levels of third-generation antibiotics such cefotaxime (CTX), a clinically relevant antibiotic, in both poultry and humans. Our study revealed 1) high CTX resistance (66.1%) in farmed broiler chickens, 2) an increase in CTX resistance over time in backyard chicken not fed antibiotics (2.3-17.9%), and 3) identical bla CTX-M sequences from human and chicken bacteria, suggesting a spillover event. These findings provide evidence that small-scale meat production operations have direct impacts on the spread and selection of clinically important antibiotics among underdeveloped settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden D Hedman
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karla A Vasco
- Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Christopher N Blair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Microbiology Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Veronica J Berrocal
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lancing, Michigan
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26
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Hedman HD, Eisenberg JNS, Trueba G, Rivera DLV, Herrera RAZ, Barrazueta JV, Rodriguez GIG, Krawczyk E, Berrocal VJ, Zhang L. Impacts of small-scale chicken farming activity on antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli carriage in backyard chickens and children in rural Ecuador. One Health 2019; 8:100112. [PMID: 31788532 PMCID: PMC6879989 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence, spread, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a pressing global concern. Increased promotion of commercial small-scale agriculture within low-resource settings has facilitated an increased use in antimicrobials as growth promoters globally, creating antimicrobial-resistant animal reservoirs. We conducted a longitudinal field study in rural Ecuador to monitor the AMR of Escherichia coli populations from backyard chickens and children at three sample periods with approximately 2-month intervals (February, April, and June 2017). We assessed AMR to 12 antibiotics using generalized linear mixed effects models (GLMM). We also sampled and assessed AMR to the same 12 antibiotics in one-day-old broiler chickens purchased from local venders. One-day-old broiler chickens showed lower AMR at sample period 1 compared to sample period 2 (for 9 of the 12 antibiotics tested); increases in AMR between sample periods 2 and 3 were minimal. Two months prior to the first sample period (December 2016) there was no broiler farming activity due to a regional collapse followed by a peak in annual farming in February 2017. Between sample periods 1 and 2, we observed significant increases in AMR to 6 of the 12 antibiotics in children and to 4 of the 12 antibiotics in backyard chickens. These findings suggest that the recent increase in farming, and the observed increase of AMR in the one-day old broilers, may have caused the increase in AMR in backyard chickens and children. Small-scale farming dynamics could play an important role in the spread of AMR in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Hedman
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - G Trueba
- Institute of Microbiology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | | | - E Krawczyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - V J Berrocal
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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27
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Li J, Bi Z, Ma S, Chen B, Cai C, He J, Schwarz S, Sun C, Zhou Y, Yin J, Hulth A, Wang Y, Shen Z, Wang S, Wu C, Nilsson LE, Walsh TR, Börjesson S, Shen J, Sun Q, Wang Y. Inter-host Transmission of Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli among Humans and Backyard Animals. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:107009. [PMID: 31642700 PMCID: PMC6910777 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapidly increasing dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in both humans and animals poses a global threat to public health. However, the transmission of CRE between humans and animals has not yet been well studied. OBJECTIVES We investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and drivers of CRE transmission between humans and their backyard animals in rural China. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive sampling strategy in 12 villages in Shandong, China. Using the household [residents and their backyard animals (farm and companion animals)] as a single surveillance unit, we assessed the prevalence of CRE at the household level and examined the factors associated with CRE carriage through a detailed questionnaire. Genetic relationships among human- and animal-derived CRE were assessed using whole-genome sequencing-based molecular methods. RESULTS A total of 88 New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases-type carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (NDM-EC), including 17 from humans, 44 from pigs, 12 from chickens, 1 from cattle, and 2 from dogs, were isolated from 65 of the 746 households examined. The remaining 12 NDM-EC were from flies in the immediate backyard environment. The NDM-EC colonization in households was significantly associated with a) the number of species of backyard animals raised/kept in the same household, and b) the use of human and/or animal feces as fertilizer. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed that a large proportion of the core genomes of the NDM-EC belonged to strains from hosts other than their own, and several human isolates shared closely related core single-nucleotide polymorphisms and blaNDM genetic contexts with isolates from backyard animals. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, we are the first to report evidence of direct transmission of NDM-EC between humans and animals. Given the rise of NDM-EC in community and hospital infections, combating NDM-EC transmission in backyard farm systems is needed. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5251.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenwang Bi
- Shandong Academy of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shizhen Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Cai
- China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- Research and Innovation Office, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Junjia He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chengtao Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yin
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Anette Hulth
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangqi Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congming Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lennart E. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stefan Börjesson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- School of Health Care Management, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research (Shandong University), Jinan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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28
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Gozi KS, Froes JR, Deus Ajude LPT, da Silva CR, Baptista RS, Peiró JR, Marinho M, Mendes LCN, Nogueira MCL, Casella T. Dissemination of Multidrug-Resistant Commensal Escherichia coli in Feedlot Lambs in Southeastern Brazil. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1394. [PMID: 31293542 PMCID: PMC6603138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a public health issue since it limits the choices to treat infections by Escherichia coli in humans and animals. In Brazil, the ovine meat market has grown in recent years, but studies about AR in sheep are still scarce. Thus, this study aims to investigate the presence of AR in E. coli isolated from lambs during feedlot. To this end, feces from 112 lambs with 2 months of age, after weaning, were collected on the first day of the animals in the feedlot (day 0), and on the last day before slaughtering (day 42). Isolates were selected in MacConkey agar supplemented with 4 mg/L of ceftiofur and identified by biochemical methods. Isolates were submitted to an antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc-diffusion and PCR to investigate genes for phylogenetic group, virulence determinants and resistance to the several antimicrobial classes tested. The genetic localization of the bla genes detected was elucidated by S1-PFGE followed by Southern blot-hybridizations. The isolates were typed by XbaI-PFGE and MLST methods. Seventy-eight E. coli were isolated from 8/112 (7.1%) animals on day 0, and from 55/112 (49.1%) animals on day 42. Since only fimH was present in almost all E. coli (97.4%) as a virulence gene, and also 88.5% belonged to phylogroups B1 or A, we consider that isolates represent intestinal commensal bacteria. The dendrogram separated the 78 non-virulent isolates in seven clusters, two of which comprised 50 E. coli belonging to ST/CC 1727/446 or ST 3994 recovered on day 42 commonly harboring the genotype bla CMY -2-aac(3)-IIa -tetA-sul1-sul2-floR-cmlA. Special attention should be given to the presence of bla CTX-M-15, a worldwide gene spread, and bla CTX-M-14, a hitherto undetected gene in Enterobacteriaceae from food-producing animals in Brazil. Importantly, E. coli lineages and plasmids carrying bla genes detected here have already been reported as sources of infection in humans either from animals, food, or the environment, which raises public health concerns. Hence, two types of commensal E. coli carrying important AR genes clearly prevailed during feedlot, but lambs are also reservoirs of bacteria carrying important AR genes such as bla CTX-M-14 and bla CTX-M-15, mostly related to antimicrobial treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Suemi Gozi
- Centro de Investigação e Microrganismos, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Regina Peiró
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Marcia Marinho
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tiago Casella
- Centro de Investigação e Microrganismos, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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29
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Rousham EK, Unicomb L, Islam MA. Human, animal and environmental contributors to antibiotic resistance in low-resource settings: integrating behavioural, epidemiological and One Health approaches. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0332. [PMID: 29643217 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is recognized as a One Health challenge because of the rapid emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria and genes among humans, animals and the environment on a global scale. However, there is a paucity of research assessing ABR contemporaneously in humans, animals and the environment in low-resource settings. This critical review seeks to identify the extent of One Health research on ABR in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Existing research has highlighted hotspots for environmental contamination; food-animal production systems that are likely to harbour reservoirs or promote transmission of ABR as well as high and increasing human rates of colonization with ABR commensal bacteria such as Escherichia coli However, very few studies have integrated all three components of the One Health spectrum to understand the dynamics of transmission and the prevalence of community-acquired resistance in humans and animals. Microbiological, epidemiological and social science research is needed at community and population levels across the One Health spectrum in order to fill the large gaps in knowledge of ABR in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Rousham
- Centre for Global Health and Human Development, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Leanne Unicomb
- Environmental Intervention Unit, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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30
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Diverse Commensal Escherichia coli Clones and Plasmids Disseminate Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Domestic Animals and Children in a Semirural Community in Ecuador. mSphere 2019; 4:4/3/e00316-19. [PMID: 31118304 PMCID: PMC6531886 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00316-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae has had major clinical and economic impacts on human medicine. Many of the multidrug-resistant (multiresistant) Enterobacteriaceae found in humans are community acquired, and some of them are possibly linked to food animals (i.e., livestock raised for meat and dairy products). In this study, we examined whether numerically dominant commensal Escherichia coli strains from humans (n = 63 isolates) and domestic animals (n = 174 isolates) in the same community and with matching phenotypic AMR patterns were clonally related or shared the same plasmids. We identified 25 multiresistant isolates (i.e., isolates resistant to more than one antimicrobial) that shared identical phenotypic resistance patterns. We then investigated the diversity of E. coli clones, AMR genes, and plasmids carrying the AMR genes using conjugation, replicon typing, and whole-genome sequencing. All of the multiresistant E. coli isolates (from children and domestic animals) analyzed had at least 90 or more whole-genome SNP differences between one another, suggesting that none of the strains was recently transferred. While the majority of isolates shared the same antimicrobial resistance genes and replicons, DNA sequencing indicated that these genes and replicons were found on different plasmid structures. We did not find evidence of the clonal spread of AMR in this community: instead, AMR genes were carried on diverse clones and plasmids. This presents a significant challenge for understanding the movement of AMR in a community.IMPORTANCE Even though Escherichia coli strains may share nearly identical phenotypic AMR profiles and AMR genes and overlap in space and time, the diversity of clones and plasmids challenges research that aims to identify sources of AMR. Horizontal gene transfer appears to play a more significant role than clonal expansion in the spread of AMR in this community.
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31
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Truong DB, Doan HP, Doan Tran VK, Nguyen VC, Bach TK, Rueanghiran C, Binot A, Goutard FL, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas J, Rushton J. Assessment of Drivers of Antimicrobial Usage in Poultry Farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: A Combined Participatory Epidemiology and Q-Sorting Approach. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:84. [PMID: 30968033 PMCID: PMC6442645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, poultry farmers use high amounts of antimicrobials, but little is known about the drivers that influence this usage. We aimed to identify these drivers using a novel approach that combined participatory epidemiology (PE) and Q-sorting (a methodology that allows the analysis of the subjectivity of individuals facing a common phenomenon). A total of 26 semi-structured collective interviews were conducted with 125 farmers representative of the most common farming systems in the area (chickens, meat ducks, and mobile grazing ducks), as well as with 73 farmers' advisors [veterinarians, veterinary drug shop owners, and government veterinarians/commune animal health workers (CAHWs)] in five districts of Dong Thap province (Mekong Delta). Through these interviews, 46 statements related to the antimicrobials' perceived reliability, costs, and impact on flock health were created. These statements were then investigated on 54 individuals (28 farmers and 26 farmers' advisors) using Q-sorting interviews. Farmers generally indicated a higher propensity for antimicrobial usage (AMU) should their flocks encounter bacterial infections (75.0-78.6%) compared with viral infections (8.3-66.7%). The most trusted sources of advice to farmers were, in decreasing order: government veterinarian/CAHWs, their own knowledge/experience, veterinary drug shop owners, and sales persons from pharmaceutical and feed companies. The highest peak of AMU took place in the early phase of the production cycle. Farmers and their advisors showed considerable heterogeneity of attitudes with regards to AMU, with, respectively, four and three discourses representing their views on AMU. Overall, farmers regarded the cost of AMU cheaper than other disease management practices implemented on their farms. However, they also believed that even though these measures were more expensive, they would also lead to more effective disease prevention. A key recommendation from this finding would be for the veterinary authorities to implement long-term sustainable training programs aiming at reducing farmers' reliance on antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Bao Truong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Phu Doan
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vinh Khanh Doan Tran
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | | | - Tuan Kiet Bach
- Sub Department of Animal Health and Production, Cao Lãnh, Vietnam
| | - Chalalai Rueanghiran
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aurélie Binot
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Flavie L Goutard
- Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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32
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Barrera S, Cardenas P, Graham JP, Trueba G. Changes in dominant Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance after 24 hr in fecal matter. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00643. [PMID: 29896865 PMCID: PMC6391265 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria carry antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in mobile genetic elements which have the potential to spread to bacteria in other animal hosts including humans. In fecal matter, Escherichia coli can continue to multiply for 48 hr after being excreted, and in certain environments, E. coli survive long periods of time. It is unclear the extent to which AMR in E. coli changes in the environment outside of its host. In this study, we analyzed changes in the population structure, plasmid content, and AMR patterns of 30 E. coli isolates isolated from 6 chickens (cloacal swabs), and 30 E. coli isolates from fecal samples (from the same 6 chickens) after 24 hr of incubation. Clonality of isolates was screened using the fumC gene sequence and confirmed in a subset of isolates (n = 14) by multi-locus sequence typing. Major shifts in the population structure (i.e., sequence types) and antibiotic resistance patterns were observed among the numerically dominant E. coli isolates after 24 hr. Four E. coli clones isolated from the cloaca swabs and the corresponding fecal samples (after 24 hr incubation) showed different antibiotic resistance patterns. Our study reveals that fecal matter in the environment is an intermediate habitat where rapid and striking changes occur in E. coli populations and antibiotic resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Barrera
- Microbiology InstituteUniversidad San Francisco de QuitoQuitoEcuador
| | - Paul Cardenas
- Microbiology InstituteUniversidad San Francisco de QuitoQuitoEcuador
| | | | - Gabriel Trueba
- Microbiology InstituteUniversidad San Francisco de QuitoQuitoEcuador
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33
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Cuong NV, Padungtod P, Thwaites G, Carrique-Mas JJ. Antimicrobial Usage in Animal Production: A Review of the Literature with a Focus on Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E75. [PMID: 30111750 PMCID: PMC6164101 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. As consumption of animal protein and associated animal production is forecast to increase markedly over coming years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), accurate monitoring of AMU has become imperative. We summarized data from 89 scientific studies reporting AMU data in animal production published in English since 1998, identified through the 'ISI Web of Knowledge' search engine. The aims were as follows: (a) to describe methodologies and metrics used to quantify AMU; (b) to summarize qualitative (on-farm prevalence of use) and quantitative (amounts of antimicrobial active principle) data, in order to identify food animal species at the highest risk of AMU; and (c) to highlight data gaps from LMICs. Only 17/89 (19.1%) studies were conducted in LMICs. Sixty (67.3%) reported quantitative data use, with 'daily doses per animal-time' being the most common metric. AMU was greatest in chickens (138 doses/1000 animal-days [inter quartile range (IQR) 91.1⁻438.3]), followed by swine (40.2 [IQR 8.5⁻120.4]), and dairy cattle (10.0 [IQR 5.5⁻13.6]). However, per kg of meat produced, AMU was highest in swine, followed by chickens and cattle. Our review highlights a large deficit of data from LMICs, and provides a reference for comparison with further surveillance and research initiatives aiming to reduce AMU in animal production globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen V Cuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Pawin Padungtod
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Green One UN House Building, 304 Kim Ma, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Guy Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Juan J Carrique-Mas
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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34
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Guo X, Stedtfeld RD, Hedman H, Eisenberg JNS, Trueba G, Yin D, Tiedje JM, Zhang L. Antibiotic Resistome Associated with Small-Scale Poultry Production in Rural Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8165-8172. [PMID: 29944836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Small-scale poultry farming is common in rural communities across the developing world. To examine the extent to which small-scale poultry farming serves as a reservoir for resistance determinants, the resistome of fecal samples was compared between production chickens that received antibiotics and free-ranging household chickens that received no antibiotics from a rural village in northern Ecuador. A qPCR array was used to quantify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) using 248 primer pairs; and the microbiome structure was analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A large number of ARGs (148) and MGEs (29) were detected. The ARG richness in production chickens was significantly higher than that of household chickens with an average of 15 more genes detected ( p < 0.01). Moreover, ARGs and MGEs were much more abundant in production chickens than in household chickens (up to a 157-fold difference). Production chicken samples had significantly lower taxonomic diversity and were more abundant in Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Flavobacteria. The high abundance and diversity of ARGs and MGEs found in small-scale poultry farming was comparable to the levels previously found in large scale animal production, suggesting that these chickens could act as a local reservoir for spreading ARGs into rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Center for Microbial Ecology , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Robert D Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Hayden Hedman
- School for Environment and Sustainability , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Institute of Microbiology, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales , Universidad San Francisco de Quito , Quito 170157 , Ecuador
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - James M Tiedje
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Center for Microbial Ecology , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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