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Manning JT, Fink B. Understanding COVID-19: A hypothesis regarding digit ratio (2D:4D), ACE I/D polymorphism, oxygen metabolism and national case fatality rates. Early Hum Dev 2020; 151:105161. [PMID: 32905897 PMCID: PMC7437533 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Male digit ratio (2D:4D) correlates positively with the national case fatality rate (CFR) for COVID-19. The severity of COVID-19 may be influenced by a counterbalance between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). SARS-CoV2 cleaves with ACE2 and enters cells leaving an unopposed effect of ACE in the lungs. Both 2D:4D and the ACE I/D polymorphism are covariates of oxygen metabolism. COVID-19 leads to lung damage and a reduction in oxygen saturation of the blood. Here, we examine the interrelationships between 2D:4D, ACE polymorphism, and COVID-19 CFR. METHODS National frequencies/rates were obtained for 2D:4D from the BBC Internet study (n = 41), published values of ACE I/II (n = 39), and COVID-19 CFR from three World Health Organization situation reports (n = 41). RESULTS 2D:4D was negatively associated with national ACE I/II frequencies. However, there was a positive relationship between male 2D:4D and CFR (right and left 2D:4D, two, and three situation reports respectively). The relationships between ACE I/II and CFR were non-significant. Relationships between male 2D:4D and CFR's were independent of female 2D:4D and ACE I/II. CONCLUSIONS The ACE I/D polymorphism may influence 2D:4D such that ACE II individuals have lower 2D:4D than ACE DD individuals. Low 2D:4D and ACE II individuals show efficient oxygen metabolism. Therefore, low 2D:4D and ACE II together may protect against COVID-19 severity. The sex-dependent positive correlation between male 2D:4D and CFR is independent of ACE I/II, suggesting that the sex-dependent variation in the ACE2 gene may also influence the 2D:4D phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Manning
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise, and Medicine (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Fink
- Biosocial Science Information, Biedermannsdorf, Austria; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria.
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SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 mortalities strongly correlate with ACE1 I/D genotype. Gene 2020; 758:144944. [PMID: 32628976 PMCID: PMC7833925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is characterized by its prominent effect on specific ethnic group. SARS-CoV-2 cases/mortality were negatively associated with ACE1 II genotype. The ACE1 II genotype could be a predictive marker of SARS-CoV-2 risk and severity.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The relentless spread and pathogenicity of the virus have become a global public health emergency. One of the striking features of this pandemic is the pronounced impact on specific regions and ethnic groups. In particular, compared with East Asia, where the virus first emerged, SARS-CoV-2 has caused high rates of morbidity and mortality in Europe. This has not been experienced in past global viral infections, such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and is unique to SARS-CoV-2. For this reason, we investigated the involvement of genetic factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection with a focus on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-related genes, because ACE2 is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2. We found that the ACE1 II genotype frequency in a population was significantly negatively correlated with the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases. Similarly, the ACE1 II genotype was negatively correlated with the number of deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data suggest that the ACE1 II genotype may influence the prevalence and clinical outcome of COVID-19 and serve as a predictive marker for COVID-19 risk and severity.
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Fajar JK, Pikir BS, Sidarta EP, Berlinda Saka PN, Akbar RR, Heriansyah T. The Gene Polymorphism of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Intron Deletion and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme G2350A in Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis. Indian Heart J 2019; 71:199-206. [PMID: 31543192 PMCID: PMC6796625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between left ventricular hypertrophy and the gene polymorphism of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) intron deletion (I/D) and ACE G2350A. Methods Information related to the sample size and genotype frequencies was extracted from each study. Results Our results found that the D allele (p = 0.0180) and DD genotype (p = 0.0110) of ACE I/D had a significant association with increasing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy, whereas the I allele (p = 0.0180), but not II (p = 0.1660) and ID genotypes (p = 0.1430), was associated with decreasing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy. On other hand, we found that the A allele (p = 0.0020) and GA genotype of ACE G2350A (p = 0.0070) had the correlation with increasing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusions Our meta-analysis reveals that the D allele of ACE I/D and the A allele of ACE G2350A are associated with increasing the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
| | - Budi Susetio Pikir
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Erdo Puncak Sidarta
- Brawijaya Cardiovascular Research Center, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Teuku Heriansyah
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia.
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Sales MM, de Sousa CV, de Paula Santana HA, Motta-Santos D, Barbosa LP, Santos PA, Rezende TMB, Browne RAV, de Andrade RV, Simões HG. Nitric oxide and blood pressure responses to short-term resistance training in adults with and without type-2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Sun F, He N, Zhang K, Wu N, Zhao J, Qiu C. Association of ACE gene A2350G and I/D polymorphisms with essential hypertension in the northernmost province of China. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:32-38. [PMID: 29172745 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1291659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene, as a strong candidate gene for essential hypertension(EH), has been extensively studied. In this study, we carried out a population-based case-control study to explore whether ACE gene I/D and A2350G polymorphisms could consider to be risk factors for EH. A total of 2040 subjeces were recruited from Chinese Han in this study, out of which 1010 were cases and 1030 were normotensive individuals. ACE gene A2350G and I/D polymorphisms were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and A2350G polymorphism was detected after restriction enzyme digestion with BstuI. Besides, we choosed 10% samples randomly sequencing to verify the accuracy of results. Genotype and allele frequencies distribution of I/D and A2350G in EH and control groups were significantly different. After grouped by sex or age, there were still statistical significances for two polymorphisms. In dominant and recessive model of A2350G, we found significant differences between two groups, respectively. For ACE I/D polymorphism, we observed that the existence of dramatical difference in dominant model between two groups, while in recessive model, marginally significant difference was found. Among the four haplotypes composed by ACE gene A2350G and I/D, haplotype G-D reached the statistical significance in two groups, and exhibited to be a risk factor for the development of EH, whose P < 0.001 and OR 95%CI = 1.639(1.435-1.872), while the other haplotypes were the protective factors and decreased the susceptibility to EH(P < 0.05). ACE gene A2350G and I/D polymorphisms were associated with increasing the risk of suffering from EH in the northernmost province of China individuals, with D allele and G allele individuals had a higher risk of EH(OR = 1.443, 95%CI = 1.273-1.636 and OR = 1.481, 95%CI = 1.303-1.684).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Sun
- a Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School , Harbin Medicial University , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Ning He
- b Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Keyong Zhang
- b Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Nan Wu
- b Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- a Department of Epidemiology, Public Health School , Harbin Medicial University , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Changchun Qiu
- b Institute of Polygenic Disease, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , Heilongjiang , China.,c Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , China
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Khatami M, Ratki FM, Tajfar S, Akrami F. Relationship of the MTHFD1 (rs2236225), eNOS (rs1799983), CBS (rs2850144) and ACE (rs4343) gene polymorphisms in a population of Iranian pediatric patients with congenital heart defects. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:442-448. [PMID: 28865601 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects are structural cardiovascular malformations that arise from abnormal formation of the heart or major blood vessels during the fetal period. To investigate the association of 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MTHFD1, eNOS, CBS and ACE genes, we evaluated their relationship with CHD in Iranian patients. In this case-control study, a total of 102 children with CHD and 98 control children were enrolled. Four SNPs including MTHFD1 G1958A, eNOS G894T, CBS C-4673G and ACE A2350G were genotyped by PCR-SSCP, Multiplex ARMS PCR and PCR-RFLP methods and confirmed by direct sequencing. We genotyped 102 patients and 98 controls for four polymorphisms by statistically analysis. There were three SNPs including MTHFD1 G1958A, eNOS G894T and ACE A2350G which might increase the risk of CHD, but CBS C-4673G was not significantly different between patients and controls. (P = 0.017, P = 0.048, P = 0.025 and P = 0.081 respectively). The allele frequencies of three SNPs for MTHFD1 G1958A, eNOS G894T and ACE A2350G in CHD are higher than that in control. Our results show that there is a significant relationship between MTHFD1 G1958A, eNOS G894T and ACE A2350G polymorphisms with CHD. Therefore, The AA and GA genotypes of MTHFD1 G1958A, TT and GT genotypes of eNOS G894T and the AA and GA genotypes of ACE A2350G are susceptible factors for CHD and may increase the risk of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Khatami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
| | | | - Saba Tajfar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Akrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
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Jiang MH, Su YM, Tang JZ, Shen YB, Deng XT, Yuan DS, Wu J, Pan M, Huang ZW. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene 2350 G/A polymorphism and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in Han Chinese patients with essential hypertension. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:1428-32. [PMID: 24270955 PMCID: PMC3812555 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2013(11)08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is one of the most studied candidate genes related to atrial fibrillation. Among the polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, the 2350 G/A polymorphism (rs4343) is known to have the most significant effects on the plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme concentration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2350 G/A polymorphism with atrial fibrillation in Han Chinese patients with essential hypertension. METHODS A total of 169 hypertensive patients were eligible for this study. Patients with atrial fibrillation (n = 75) were allocated to the atrial fibrillation group, and 94 subjects without atrial fibrillation were allocated to the control group. The PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was used to assess the genotype frequencies. RESULTS The distributions of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2350 G/A genotypes (GG, GA, and AA, respectively) were 40.43%, 41.49%, and 18.08% in the controls and 18.67%, 46.67%, and 34.66% in the atrial fibrillation subjects (p = 0.037). The frequency of the A allele in the atrial fibrillation group was significantly greater than in the control group (58.00% vs. 38.83%, p = 0.0007). Compared with the wild-type GG genotype, the GA and AA genotypes had an increased risk for atrial fibrillation. Additionally, atrial fibrillation patients with the AA genotype had greater left atrial dimensions than the patients with the GG or GA genotypes (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study indicate that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2350 G/A polymorphism is associated with atrial fibrillation and that the A allele shows an increased risk for atrial fibrillation in Han Chinese patients with essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hui Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene deletion allele increases the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy: evidence from a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10063-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Jang Y, Kim SM. Influences of the G2350A polymorphism in the ACE gene on cardiac structure and function of ball game players. J Negat Results Biomed 2012; 11:6. [PMID: 22239999 PMCID: PMC3278340 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Except for the I/D polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene, there were few reports about the relationship between other genetic polymorphisms in this gene and the changes in cardiac structure and function of athletes. Thus, we investigated whether the G2350A polymorphism in the ACE gene is associated with the changes in cardiac structure and function of ball game players. Total 85 healthy ball game players were recruited in this study, and they were composed of 35 controls and 50 ball game players, respectively. Cardiac structure and function were measured by 2-D echocardiography, and the G2350A polymorphism in the ACE gene analyzed by the SNaPshot method. Results There were significant differences in left ventricular mass index (LVmassI) value among each sporting discipline studied. Especially in the athletes of basketball disciplines, indicated the highest LVmassI value than those of other sporting disciplines studied (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant association between any echocardiographic data and the G2350A polymorphism in the ACE gene in the both controls and ball game players. Conclusions Our data suggests that the G2350A polymorphism in the ACE gene may not significantly contribute to the changes in cardiac structure and function of ball game players, although sporting disciplines of ball game players may influence the changes in LVmassI value of these athletes. Further studies using a larger sample size and other genetic markers in the ACE gene will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwoo Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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10
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The higher exercise intensity and the presence of allele I of ACE gene elicit a higher post-exercise blood pressure reduction and nitric oxide release in elderly women: an experimental study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2011; 11:71. [PMID: 22136292 PMCID: PMC3261092 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-11-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The absence of the I allele of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been associated with higher levels of circulating ACE, lower nitric oxide (NO) release and hypertension. The purposes of this study were to analyze the post-exercise salivary nitrite (NO2-) and blood pressure (BP) responses to different exercise intensities in elderly women divided according to their ACE genotype. METHODS Participants (n = 30; II/ID = 20 and DD = 10) underwent three experimental sessions: incremental test - IT (15 watts workload increase/3 min) until exhaustion; 20 min exercise 90% anaerobic threshold (90% AT); and 20 min control session without exercise. Volunteers had their BP and NO2- measured before and after experimental sessions. RESULTS Despite both intensities showed protective effect on preventing the increase of BP during post-exercise recovery compared to control, post-exercise hypotension and increased NO2- release was observed only for carriers of the I allele (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Genotypes of the ACE gene may exert a role in post-exercise NO release and BP response.
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Firouzabadi N, Tajik N, Shafiei M, Ebrahimi SA, Bakhshandeh H. Interaction of A-240T and A2350G related genotypes of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is associated with decreased serum ACE activity and blood pressure in a healthy Iranian population. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:241-7. [PMID: 21810419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Most of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphisms have not yet been studied in the Iranian population. In the present study, the frequencies of common polymorphisms in the RAS genes, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) and three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), i.e., A-240T, T-93C and A2350G, angiotensinogen M235T, angiotensin II receptor type 1 A1166C and angiotensin II receptor type 2 C3123A variants were determined in DNAs extracted from venous blood of 104 healthy Iranian volunteers. Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Serum ACE activity was also assayed using reverse phase HPLC. Combined polymorphisms of TT (A-240T) and GG (A2350G) was significantly associated with decreased serum ACE activity (P=0.042) and decreased diastolic blood pressure (P=0.040). The angiotensin II receptor type 1 A1166C polymorphism (CC genotype) showed a significant association with declined diastolic blood pressure (P=0.028). Serum ACE activity was significantly higher in men compared to women (P=0.033). ACE activity also showed a direct association with diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). No association was obtained among each single polymorphism with body mass index (BMI), fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile and ACE activity. In conclusion, combined polymorphisms of A-240T and A2350G seem to affect serum ACE level as well as diastolic blood pressure in our study population. However, it also might be hypothesized that they are in strong linkage disequilibrium with other functional mutations not studied yet. Our findings revealed that gene interactions can play an important role in various biological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yu Jin, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Richart T, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Yanping Liu, Fagard R, Manunta P, Bianchi G, Staessen JA. Association of echocardiographic left ventricular structure with the ACE D/I polymorphism: a meta-analysis. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:243-53. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320310387178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In a previous meta-analysis, we derived pooled estimates for the association of left ventricular mass (LVM) and hypertrophy (LVH), as diagnosed by electrocardiography or echocardiography, with the ACE D/I polymorphism. We updated this meta-analysis until May 2009 only considering echocardiographic phenotypes. Methods: We computed pooled estimates from a random-effects model. Results: Across 38 studies, both DD homozygotes ( n = 2440) and DI heterozygotes ( n = 4310) had higher ( p ≤ 0.002) LVM or LVM index than II homozygotes ( n = 2229). Across 21 studies with available data, this was due to increased mean wall thickness (MWT) with no difference in left ventricular internal diameter (LVID). Standardised differences (DD versus II) were 0.39 ( p < 0.001) for LVM, 0.34 ( p = 0.009) for MWT, and 0.066 ( p = 0.26) for LVID. Across 16 studies (4894 participants), the pooled odds ratios of LVH (versus II homozygotes) were 1.11 ( p = 0.29) and 1.02 ( p = 0.88) for the DD and DI genotypes, respectively. Sensitivity analyses were confirmatory. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis supports the hypothesis that the enhanced ACE activity associated with the D allele is associated with higher LV mass. Smaller sample size might explain the lack of significant association with LVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutgarde Thijs
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Richart
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, First Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Yanping Liu
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Department of Ultrasonography, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Fagard
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paolo Manunta
- Divisione di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Ipertensione, Università Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bianchi
- Divisione di Nefrologia, Dialisi e Ipertensione, Università Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan A Staessen
- Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands or
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Mary J, Chetboul V, Sampedrano CC, Abitbol M, Gouni V, Trehiou-Sechi E, Tissier R, Queney G, Pouchelon JL, Thomas A. Prevalence of the MYBPC3-A31P mutation in a large European feline population and association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Maine Coon breed. J Vet Cardiol 2010; 12:155-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Angiotensin converting enzyme DD genotype not associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease in the Iranian population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:163-7. [PMID: 20079615 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The coronary artery disease (CAD) is of the main causes of heart failure and there is evidence supporting the association of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the susceptibility to CAD. Therefore, the relevance of ACE polymorphism for CAD was determined in the Iranian population. 487 age-matched individuals including 224 patients with >50% angiographically established coronary stenosis and 263 healthy subjects genotyped for ACE gene I/D polymorphism by a standard method. Paraclinical characteristics including lipid profile were also determined for both groups. While the systolic (p<0.0001) and diastolic (p<0.0001) blood pressure, serum cholesterol (p<0.005) and LDL-C (p<0.05) were significantly increased in CAD patients, our results show that there was no increased risk of CAD in association with DD genotype in Iranian population. Allele frequencies were also similar in both groups. Although, we found a significant difference in ID (p<0.005) and II (p<0.05) genotype between patients and healthy subjects. The present study showed that DD genotype does not increase the CAD susceptibility in the studied Iranian population and may not be as a risk factor. Therefore, further studies together with the other polymorphisms of ACE gene may be required to determine the relation between cardiovascular disease susceptibility and ACE genetic variations in Iranian population.
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Alvi FM, Hasnain S. ACE I/D and G2350A Polymorphisms in Pakistani Hypertensive Population of Punjab. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:471-80. [DOI: 10.1080/10641960902825479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism insertion (I) or deletion (D) has been widely studied in different populations, and linked to various functional effects and associated with common diseases. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the ACE I/D frequency in different populations and geographic location; ACE I/D allele frequency in the Lebanese population and ACE II genotype contribution to the geographic trend were also identified. Five hundred and seventy healthy volunteers were recruited from the Lebanese population. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal cells, and amplified by polymerase chain reaction; products were then identified by gel electrophoresis. The frequencies of the different ACE I/D genotypes were determined and tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). To assess the relationship between ACE I/D frequency and geographic location, and to identify how the Lebanese population contributes to the geographic trend in ACE I/D frequencies, Eurasian population samples and Asians were incorporated in the analyses from the literature. The frequency of the I allele in the Lebanese population was 27% and the corresponding II genotype was at a frequency of 7.37% (in HWE; P=0.979). The ACE I allele and genotype frequencies show an association with longitude, with frequencies increasing eastwards and westwards from the Middle East.
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Sivitskaya LN, Kushniarevich EI, Danilenko NG, Novogrodski TA, Davydenko OG. Gene polymorphism of the renin-angiotensin system in six ethnogeographic regions of Belarus. RUSS J GENET+ 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795408050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Barrick CJ, Rojas M, Schoonhoven R, Smyth SS, Threadgill DW. Cardiac response to pressure overload in 129S1/SvImJ and C57BL/6J mice: temporal- and background-dependent development of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2119-30. [PMID: 17172276 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00816.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, is commonly caused by essential hypertension. Three geometric patterns of LVH can be induced by hypertension: concentric remodeling, concentric hypertrophy, and eccentric hypertrophy. Clinical studies suggest that different underlying etiologies, genetic modifiers, and risk of mortality are associated with LVH geometric patterns. Since pressure overload-induced LVH can be modeled experimentally using transverse aortic constriction (TAC) and since C57BL/6J (B6) and 129S1/SvImJ (129S1) strains, which have different baseline cardiovascular phenotypes, are commonly used, we conducted serial echocardiographic studies to assess cardiac function up to 8 wk of post-TAC in male B6, 129S1, and B6129F1 (F1) mice. B6 mice had an earlier onset and more pronounced impairment in contractile function, with corresponding left and right ventricular dilatation, fibrosis, change in expression of hypertrophy marker, and increased liver weights at 5 wk of post-TAC. These observations suggest that B6 mice had eccentric hypertrophy with systolic dysfunction and right-sided heart failure. In contrast, we found that 129S1 and F1 mice delayed transition to decompensated heart failure, with 129S1 mice exhibiting preserved systolic function until 8 wk of post-TAC and relatively mild alterations in histology and markers of hypertrophy at 5 wk post-TAC. Consistent with concentric hypertrophy, our results show that these strains manifest different cardiac responses to pressure overload in a time-dependent manner and that genetic susceptibility to initial concentric hypertrophy is dominant to eccentric hypertrophy. These results also imply that genetic background differences can complicate interpretation of TAC studies when using mixed genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia J Barrick
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Zhang L, Miyaki K, Araki J, Song Y, Kimura T, Omae K, Muramatsu M. Interaction of angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion-deletion polymorphism and daily salt intake influences hypertension in Japanese men. Hypertens Res 2007; 29:751-8. [PMID: 17283861 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.29.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of angiotensin I-converting enzyme insertion-deletion polymorphism (ACE I/D) to salt-sensitivity hypertension has been extensively studied by means of salt-loading tests, but whether or not the interaction with daily salt intake affects blood pressure still remains to be clarified. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study of 284 Japanese male workers (age range, 20-64 years) to examine the effect of ACE I/D genotype and daily salt intake on hypertension. Blood pressure was measured and the ACE I/D was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Daily salt intake was calculated from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In multivariate analyses, we explored the interaction of ACE I/D and salt intake by means of logistic regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. ACE I/D per se was not associated with blood pressure levels or hypertension. ACE I/D interacted with daily salt intake and correlated with hypertension (p for interaction = 0.047). In the ID+II genotype, hypertension was increased by high salt intake (p = 0.005), while in the DD genotype it was not (p = 0.257). The interaction was more prominent in the overweight group (p = 0.039) than in non-overweight group. In the overweight group, high salt intake induced a 10.5 mmHg higher diastolic blood pressure in the ID+II genotype than in the DD genotype (p = 0.042). Our results suggest that ACE I/D and daily salt intake constitute a gene-environment interaction, which may be further modulated by overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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20
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Darbar D, Motsinger AA, Ritchie MD, Gainer JV, Roden DM. Polymorphism modulates symptomatic response to antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4:743-9. [PMID: 17556195 PMCID: PMC1948880 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) deletion allele, ACE D, is associated with increased ACE activity and adverse outcomes in cardiovascular disease. Although activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) now appears to play a role in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF), it remains to be determined if ACE genotype impacts response to conventional AAD therapy in patients with AF. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate whether response to antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy in patients with AF is modulated by the ACE I/D polymorphism. METHODS We studied 213 patients (147 men, 66 women; ages 52 +/- 15 years) prospectively enrolled in the Vanderbilt AF Registry. AAD therapy outcome was defined prospectively as response if there was a >or=75% reduction in symptomatic AF burden or nonresponse if AF burden was unchanged, necessitating a change in drugs or therapy. RESULTS Lone AF (age <65 years, no identifiable cause) was present in 72 (34%) patients, whereas hypertension was the most common underlying disease in the remaining 141 (41%). AF was paroxysmal in 170 (80%) and persistent in 43 (20%). The frequencies of the DD, ID, and II genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Lone AF and DD/ID genotypes were highly significant predictors of failure of drug therapy (P <.005). In patients with lone AF, failure of drug response was 5%, 41%, and 47% in patients with II, ID, and DD genotypes, respectively, (P <.005, II vs. ID/DD). CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence for a role of RAAS activation in the pathophysiology of AF and point to a potential role for stratification of therapeutic approaches by ACE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawood Darbar
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37323-6602, USA.
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Wang S, Fu C, Wang H, Shi Y, Xu X, Chen J, Song X, Sun K, Wang J, Fan X, Wang H, Yang X, Huan T, Hui R. Polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α gene are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and not with hypertension hypertrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 45:962-7. [PMID: 17579564 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical phenotype of both hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) induced by hypertension is heterogeneous. Genetic factors may contribute to this heterogeneity. Evidence is accumulating that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) gene plays a role in cardiac hypertrophy. The aim of our study was to identify the association between PGC-1alpha gene polymorphisms and cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS A total of 270 consecutive HCM patients and 2486 hypertensive patients, comprising 1180 with LVH and 1306 without LVH, as well as 894 healthy controls, were successfully investigated. Polymorphisms of the PGC-1alpha gene were genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and confirmed by sequencing. RESULTS The Ser482 allele (rs8192678 G>A and A>A) and CC genotype of Thr394Thr (rs2970847) conferred increased risk for HCM [odds ratio (OR) 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.11; OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.15-1.98, respectively]. The maximum ventricular thickness was greater in HCM patients carrying the Ser482 risk allele than in carriers of the non-risk allele (20.7+/-4.1 vs. 19.1+/-4.3 mm, p<0.05) and for the CC Thr394Thr genotype (20.9+/-4.6 vs. 19.0+/-4.2 mm, p<0.05). No association was found between PGC-1alpha polymorphism and hypertension with or without LVH. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that variants of the PGC-1alpha gene are correlated with increased risk for HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Wang
- Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Genetics of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
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Pan M, Zhu JH, Liu ZH, Jiang WP, Cui ZC, Yu XH, Li HM, Yang XJ. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene 2350 G/A Polymorphism Is Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy but Not Essential Hypertension. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:31-7. [PMID: 17460369 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene (ACE) is one of the most studied candidate genes related to essential hypertension (EH) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). ACE rs4343 synonymous coding polymorphism (2350 G/A) is known among the polymorphisms of this gene to have the most significant effect on plasma ACE concentrations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of this polymorphism with EH and LVH in 440 subjects (246 EH patients and 194 controls) from a Chinese Han population. In this study, 2350 G/A genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction and restriction digestion in all study participants, and left ventricular mass was assessed by 2-mode echocardiography in 178 untreated EH patients. There was no significant difference in either genotype distribution (p=0.3659) or allele frequency (p=0.1453) between EH and control groups. In addition, the 2350 G/A polymorphism had no effect on blood pressure in either controls or untreated EH patients. The distribution of genotypes differed significantly when patients with LVH were examined, i.e., 14.71% GG, 54.41% GA, and 30.88% AA patients had this complication, and 36.36% GG, 42.73% GA, and 20.91% AA patients did not (p=0.0070). The LVH patients had a higher A allele frequency (58.09%) than patients without LVH (42.27%) (p=0.0037). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the association between the A allele and LVH was independent of age, blood pressure, and body mass index. The relative risk of LVH in patients bearing the A allele (GA+AA group) compared with that of GG hypertensive patients was 3.31 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.43 to 7.68). These findings suggest an association between LVH and the 2350A allele in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, P.R. China
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Sabbagh AS, Otrock ZK, Mahfoud ZR, Zaatari GS, Mahfouz RAR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism and allele frequencies in the lebanese population: prevalence and review of the literature. Mol Biol Rep 2006; 34:47-52. [PMID: 17103020 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-006-9013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the distribution of the D/D, I/D, and I/I genotypes of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in a sample of healthy Lebanese individuals to assess their prevalence and compare them with other populations. ACE genotypes were determined using the Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) StripAssay, which is based on a Polymerase Chain Reaction-Reverse hybridization technique. DNA from 133 unrelated healthy donors from our HLA-bank was used. The prevalence of D/D, I/D, and I/I genotypes was found to be 39.1, 45.1, and 15.8% respectively, with D and I allelic frequency of 61.7 and 38.3%, respectively. The sampled Lebanese population showed ACE genotypic distributions similar to Caucasians; however, with tendency towards harboring high D allele frequency together with a low I allele frequency just like the Spanish population. This first report from Lebanon will serve as a baseline statistical data for future investigations of the prevalence of ACE genotypes in association with various clinical entities notably cardiovascular diseases. The medical literature was also reviewed in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S Sabbagh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Takahashi M, Minatoguchi S, Nishigaki K, Kawasaki M, Arai M, Uno Y, Fujiwara H. Long-Term and Strict Blood Pressure Lowering by Imidapril Reverses Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients with Essential Hypertension: An Evaluation Using a Novel Indicator of Burden on the Left Ventricle. Hypertens Res 2006; 29:89-94. [PMID: 16755142 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.29.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the effect of long-term and strict antihypertensive therapy with and without the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) imidapril on left ventricular hypertrophy using a novel indicator of chronic burden on the left ventricle, the area under the blood pressure curve x the duration of high blood pressure (AUSBP and AUDBP), in patients with essential hypertension. The patients were divided into 2 groups: an ACEI group, in which imidapril was used in addition to antihypertensive drugs such as Ca channel blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics or angiotensin II antagonist; and a non-ACEI group, in which Ca channel blockers and diuretics were used. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP) were both maintained at below 140 and 90 mmHg, respectively, for 2 years. There was no significant difference in the left ventricular mass (LVM) assessed by echocardiography at baseline and that at 2 years of follow-up in the non-ACEI group. However, the LVM in the ACEI group was significantly decreased at 2 years of follow-up as compared to that at the baseline visit. There was no difference in the mean AUSBP and AUDBP between the ACEI and non-ACEI groups. Changes in the LVM were not correlated with the AUSBP or AUDBP in both the ACEI and non-ACEI groups. These findings suggest that the decrease in the LVM in the ACEI group was mediated through mechanisms other than the blood pressure lowering-effect and that AUSBP and AUDBP may be novel indicators of the long-term burden on the left ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Takahashi
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1911, Japan
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Akasaka H, Katsuya T, Saitoh S, Sugimoto K, Fu Y, Takagi S, Ohnishi H, Rakugi H, Ura N, Shimamoto K, Ogihara T. Effects of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Gene Polymorphisms on Insulin Resistance in a Japanese General Population: The Tanno-Sobetsu Study. Hypertens Res 2006; 29:961-7. [PMID: 17378368 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.29.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although gene polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are predisposing factors for cardiovascular diseases, the precise mechanisms and interactions among confounding factors have not been clarified. We investigated whether genetic variants of RAS are involved in insulin sensitivity in a Japanese general population. During a medical checkup in 2001, participants (n=550) were recruited from among the residents of the towns of Tanno and Sobetsu, and written informed consent was obtained to participate in the genetic analysis and the epidemiological study. The insertion/deletion (lID) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE), the Met235Thr polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene (AGT), and the A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene (AGTR1) were determined by gel electrophoresis or the TaqMan PCR method. We assessed insulin sensitivity using the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The RAS gene polymorphisms were not associated with log-transformed values of HOMA-IR, whereas borderline association (p=0.02) was found between the A1166C polymorphism and dichotomous categorization of insulin resistance (defined as HOMA-IR > or =1.73). Our results suggested that the A1166C polymorphism of AGTR1 might affect insulin resistance by altering the responsiveness to angiotensin II signaling, though this mechanism is as yet inconclusive. Further study is required to confirm these findings in a larger, multi-ethnic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akasaka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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